{"data":{"Lingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingula BRUGUI\u00c8RE, 1797, pl. 250","Type_species":"L. anatina LAMARCK, 1801, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pharetra Bolten, 1798, p. 159 (type, P. monoculoides), Ligula Cuvier, 1798, p. 435, Ligularius Dum\u00e9ril, 1806, p. 170, Lingularius Schuchert & LeVene, 1929, p. 76","Synonyms":"Pharetra, Ligula, Ligularius, Lingularius","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval to subrectangular, ventral pseudointerarea with wide triangular pedicle groove, ventral visceral area extending to midvalve, with impression of pedicle nerve curving around unpaired umbonal muscle scar, dorsal interior with visceral area extending somewhat anterior to midvalve, dorsal central and anterior lateral muscle scars closely spaced, bisected by weak median septum, vascula media absent. Shell of living species poorly mineralized laterally.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous, Tertiary","First_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous, Tertiary-Holocene","Geography":"cosmopolitan (exact stratigraphic and geographic distribution of fossil forms is very uncertain)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 8, 1a-f. * L. anatina Lamarck, Holocene, a, b, dorsal valve exterior, both valves lateral view, Moreton Bay, Australia, X0.8 (Emig, 1982), c, d, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, x0.62, e, f, ventral visceral area, dorsal visceral area, Viti Levu, Fiji, USNM 76709, X1.9 (new)., Fig. 8, Ig, h. L. adamsi Dall, Holocene, Chihli, China, dorsal, ventral pseudointerarea, RMS Br 137380, X3.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nEmig, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 8. lingulidae (p. 36-39).\nfig. 8. lingulidae (p. 36-39).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-067.jpg?height=1691&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-067.jpg?height=1691&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apsilingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apsilingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apsilingula A. J. WILLIAMS, 1977, p. 403","Type_species":"A. parkesensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval with subparallel lateral margins, dorsal and ventral pseudointerareas poorly known, both valves strongly thickened posteriorly, with deeply impressed muscle scars, ventral visceral area extending to midvalve, transmedian scars possibly asymmetrical, ventral vascula lateralia strongly convergent, becoming subparallel anteriorly, dorsal visceral area extending anteriorly beyond midvalve, with anterior lateral and central muscle scars widely spaced, dorsal median septum wide, extending from central muscle scars and almost reaching anterior margin, dorsal vascular system unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 8, 2a, b. *A. parkesensis, Mandagery Sandstone, Hervey Group, Parkes, a, holotype, latex cast of ventral internal mold, ANU 34486 X2.8, b, paratype, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, ANU 34486C, X2.1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 8. lingulidae (p. 36-39).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-067.jpg?height=1691&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barroisella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Barroisella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barroisella Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 62","Type_species":"B. campbelli Cooper, 1942, p. 228, nom. nov. pro Lingula subspatulata Meek & Worthen, 1868, p. 437, non Hall & MEEK, 1856, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Barroisella Clarke, 1889, p. 43, nom. nud.\"","Synonyms":"Barroisella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, ventral pseudointerarea with small but prominent, solid propareas, ventral visceral field extending to midvalve, with V-shaped impression of pedicle nerve possibly passing lateral to poorly impressed, unpaired umbonal muscle scar, ventral transmedian scars apparently asymmetrical, dorsal visceral area extending far anterior to midvalve, bisected by low, broad median ridge, bifurcating near midvalve, second low ridge intercalated between bifurcation, probably bearing anterior lateral muscle scars, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, short, converging anteriorly, dorsal vascula lateralia subperipheral, parallel in posterior half, vascula media apparently absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian, Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian, Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian, Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"USA, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 9, 1a-e. *B. campbelli Cooper, Barroisella beds, Upper Devonian, Ohio River, New Albany, Indiana, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 459667a, X6.2, b, ventral valve interior, X6.7, c, oblique posterior view of ventral valve interior, USNM 459667b, x12.5, d, dorsal valve interior, x6.2, e, oblique posterior view of dorsal valve interior, USNM 459667b, x16.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 9. lingulidae (p. 36-38).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-068.jpg?height=1833&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glottidia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glottidia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glottidia DALL, 1870, p. 157","Type_species":"Lingula albida HINDS, 1844, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell strongly elongate, ventral pseudointerarea small, with vestigial propareas and pedicle groove, ventral visceral area extending somewhat anterior to midvalve, with posterolateral margins bounded by two divergent septa, serving as places of attachment for oblique muscles and support of body wall, pedicle nerve curving around unpaired umbonal muscle scar, dorsal visceral area with median septum extending from umbonal to transmedian muscles, mantle canal system with papillae, vascula media absent","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous, Tertiary","First_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous, Tertiary-Holocene","Geography":"Antarctica, Cretaceous; Europe, Tertiary; North America, Tertiary-Holocene; South America, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 9, 2a-c. *G. albida (Hinds), Holocene, Anaheim Bay, California, a, dorsal valve exterior, X 1.8, b, c, ventral, dorsal valve interior, MCZ 4423, X2.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"MCZ","figure_index":"fig. 9. lingulidae (p. 36-38).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-068.jpg?height=1833&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Langella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Langella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Langella MENDES, 1961, p. 2","Type_species":"Lingula imbituvensis de OLIVEIRA, 1930, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Barroisella, but with much shorter dorsal median ridge, and lacking anterior intercalated ridge","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous, Permian","Geography":"Brazil","Figure_captions":"Fig. 10a, b. *L. imbituvensis (Oliveira), Tubar\u00e3o Series, Paran\u00e1, a, ventral internal mold, DNGM 4251, x6, b, dorsal internal mold, DGM 3555, X6 (Mendes, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mendes, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 10. lingulidae (p. 36).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-069.jpg?height=497&width=632&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=822)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lingularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingularia Biernat & EMIG, 1993, p. 10","Type_species":"L. similis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval with subparallel lateral margins, ventral pseudointerarea small, with broad triangular pedicle groove and vestigial propareas, umbonal muscle scar heart-shaped, bisected by impression of pedicle nerve, dorsal visceral area extending anteriorly beyond midlength, with short median ridge bisecting anterior lateral muscle scars, vascula lateralia in both valves convergent, but generally somewhat shorter in ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Cretaceous, ?Tertiary","Last_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous-Cretaceous, ?Tertiary","Geography":"Tertiary: Europe, Carboniferous\u2013Cretaceous; North America, TriassicCretaceous; ? South America, Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary; Australia, ? Antarctica, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Cretaceous; Bear Island, Spitsbergen, Triassic\u2013Jurassic; Russia, ?Japan, New Zealand, northern Siberia, Pakistan, Triassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 9,3a\u2013d. *L. similis, Brentskardhaugen beds, Toarcian\u2013Aalenian, Wimanfjellet, Spitsbergen; a, holotype, internal mold of dorsal valve, ZPAL Br XXIV\/385, \u00d71.7; b, paratype, internal mold of dorsal valve, ZPAL Br XXIV\/432, \u00d7 2.5; c, paratype, internal mold ofventral valve, ZPAL Br XXIV\/418, \u00d7 2.5; d, paratype, internal mold of ventral valve, ZPAL Br XXIV\/416, \u00d7 2.5 (Biernat & Emig, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 9. lingulidae (p. 36-38).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-068.jpg?height=1833&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semilingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Semilingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semilingula POPOV in EGOROV & POPOV, 1990, p. 113","Type_species":"*Lingula arctica MILORADOVICH, 1936, p. 37; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Lingularia, but with vestigial dorsal vascula media.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Russia (Komi, Novaya Zemlya, Siberia), Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 8,3a,b. *S. arctica (MILORADOVICH), Kungurian, Kozhim River, Komi, Russia; ventral, dorsal view of internal mold, CNIGR 3\/9644, \u00d7 2.5 (Ifanova, 1972).\u2014\u2014Fig. 8,3c,d. S. taimyrensis (E INOR ), Lower Permian, Daldyn River, central Siberia, Russia; c, internal mold of ventral valve, CNIGR 2\/12675, \u00d7 2.5; d, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 7\/12675, \u00d7 2.5 (Egorov & Popov, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 8. lingulidae (p. 36-39).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-067.jpg?height=1691&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudolingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Pseudolingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudolingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudolingula MICKWITZ, 1909, p. 771","Type_species":"Crania quadrata von EICHWALD, 1829, p. 273, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate subrectangular, ventral pseudointerarea with narrow, deep pedicle groove, ventral visceral area extending anteriorly beyond midvalve, oblique muscle scars placed on broadly divergent ridges, dorsal visceral area bisected by broad median septum, extending from beak to anterior lateral muscle scars, dorsal central and anterior lateral muscle scars placed close together, vascula lateralia of both valves short, submedian, slightly converging, vascula media absent, inner surface of both valves with conspicuous wrinkling directly lateral to vascula lateralia","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Great Britain, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, northwestern Russia, Ukraine (Podolia), Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 11, 1 a-f .* P. quadrata (von Eichwald), lower Ashgill, Estonia, a, b, ventral internal mold, lateral view of both valves, x0.6, c, anterior part of ventral internal mold showing mantle canals, Hiiumaa Island, RMS Br 135782, X1.7, d, e, interior of dorsal, ventral valve, Hiiumaa Island, RMS Br 65960, X1.7, f, posterior view of both valves, showing pseudointerareas, Lehtse, BMNH B 86354, X3.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 11. pseudolingulidae (p. 39).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-071.jpg?height=1812&width=1289&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bicarinatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Pseudolingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bicarinatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bicarinatina BATRUKOVA, 1969, p. 59","Type_species":"Lingula bicarinata KUTORGA, 1837, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Liralingua Graham, 1970, p. 153 (type, L. indicis Graham, 1970)","Synonyms":"Liralingua","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subrectangular to elongate subelliptical, ornamented by growth lines or concentric rugellae, both valves with two or three broad, radial plications, ventral pseudointerarea short, with deep, narrow pedicle groove, ventral visceral area large, rhomboidal, extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area bisected by long median ridge, with wide, semielliptical anterior projection extending anterior to midvalve, central muscle scars large, situated close to anterior lateral muscle scars","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, northwestern Russia, Scotland, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 11, 2a-d. *B. bicarinata (Kutorga), Narova Formation, Eifelian, Pechora and Luga River, northwestern Russia, a, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136342, X2.5, b, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136343, x2.5, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.7, d, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 1 \/ 6933, X1.7 (n e w).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 11. pseudolingulidae (p. 39).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-071.jpg?height=1812&width=1289&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tarutiglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Pseudolingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tarutiglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tarutiglossa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1984, p. 63","Type_species":"T. platyfaba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate subrectangular with slightly concave anterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea poorly known, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, ventral visceral area weakly impressed, not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral field with narrow, anterior projection, extending anteriorly beyond midvalve, dorsal anterior lateral and central muscles closely spaced, mantle canal system unknown","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian)","Geography":"Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 12, 1a, b. *T. platyfaba, Tarut Formation, Famennian, Jabal Fezzan, a, holotype, dorsal external mold, x3 . 3, ~ b, dorsal internal mold, x5 . 8 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & R\u00f6hlich, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek & R\u00f6hlich, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 12. pseudolingulidae (p. 39-40).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-072.jpg?height=1467&width=1231&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wadiglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Pseudolingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wadiglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wadiglossa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1984, p. 63","Type_species":"W. supramarginalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, subequivalved, ventral pseudointerarea small, divided by shallow, broadly triangular pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea catacline, poorly defined, ventral visceral area weakly impressed, extending to midvalve, with weak median ridge or pair of slender ridges extending anteriorly beyond visceral field, dorsal visceral area poorly defined, bisected by low median ridge, extending anteriorly beyond midvalve, dorsal central muscles scars large subcircular, ventral mantle canals unknown, dorsal vascula lateralia submedian, slightly converging.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 12, 2a-c. *W. supramarginalis, a, holotype, internal mold of dorsal valve, X5, b, lateral view of a, (X6, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X5 (new), \u2014\u2014Fig. 12, 2d. W. wadigena Havl\u00ed\u010dek, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, x7.5 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 12. pseudolingulidae (p. 39-40).\nfig. 12. pseudolingulidae (p. 39-40).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-072.jpg?height=1467&width=1231&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=193)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-072.jpg?height=1467&width=1231&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Agalatassia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Agalatassia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Agalatassia Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 51","Type_species":"A. triangularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate triangular, ornamented by fine rugellae, forming zigzag pattern, ventral pseudointerarea small, triangular, with shallow, broadly triangular pedicle groove, and reduced propareas, ventral visceral area subtriangular, slightly thickened anteriorly, extending to midlength, ventral vascula lateralia submarginal, dorsal pseudointerarea poorly developed, not raised above valve floor, dorsal umbonal scar undivided, placed on platform, dorsal visceral area with narrow median projection, extending somewhat anterior to midlength, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal and long, vascula media long.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Geography":"Kazakhstan (Kendyktas Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 13, 2a-e. * A. triangularis, Kendyktas Range, Agalatas River, a, ventral valve exterior, Agalatas Formation, RMS Br 135982, X4.2, b, dorsal valve exterior, Kurdai Formation, RMS Br 135977, X2.5, c, ventral internal mold, Kurdai Formation, RMS Br 135974, x2.5, d, dorsal internal mold, Kurdai Formation, RMS Br 135979, X2.5, e, holotype, dorsal valve interior, Agalatas Formation, RMS Br 135982, X2.5 (Popov & Holmer, 1994)","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 13. obolidae (p. 40-43).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-073.jpg?height=1666&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aksarinaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Aksarinaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aksarinaia KONEVA, 1992, p. 92","Type_species":"A. triquetra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subtriangular, flatly biconvex, pseudointerareas of both valves with flexure lines, ventral pseudointerarea orthocline with deep, subtriangular pedicle groove and strongly raised, narrow propareas, dorsal pseudointerarea moderately high, with broad median groove and narrow, elevated propareas, dorsal visceral area slightly thickened, extending anterior to midvalve, dorsal vascula media marginal, arcuate. Middle Cambrian: Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau), Russia (eastern Siberia).","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau), Russia (eastern Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 13,3af. *A. triquetra, Amgaian, Kyrshabakty River; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d713.8; b, lateral view, \u00d716.7; c, larval shell, RMS Br 136344, \u00d750; d, oblique view of ventral interior, RMS Br 136345, \u00d775; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d733.3; f, oblique view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136347, \u00d766.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 13. obolidae (p. 40-43).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-073.jpg?height=1666&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anomaloglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Anomaloglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anomaloglossa PERCIVAL, 1978, p. 125","Type_species":"A. porca, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, slightly unequivalved, ventral pseudointerarea with wide triangular pedicle groove, bisected by low median plication, dorsal pseudointerarea poorly developed and undifferentiated, ventral visceral area with short median ridge in posterior part, dorsal visceral area with weakly defined median ridge","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 14,1a\u2013d. *A. porca, Goonumbla Volcanics, Eastonian, New South Wales; a, latex cast of ventral internal mold, \u00d70.8; b, ventral pseudointerearea and pedicle groove, mmF 16096, \u00d72.5; c, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, SUP 41483, \u00d7 0.8; d, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, SUP 62455, \u00d7 0.8 (Percival, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 14. obolidae (p. 40-46).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-074.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apatobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Apatobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apatobolus POPOV in NAZAROV & POPOV, 1980, p. 81","Type_species":"*A. plicatus; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paldiskites HAVL\u00cdCEK, 1982, p. 34 (type, Lingula sulcata BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 106; OD)","Synonyms":"Paldiskites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell oval to subcircular, thin shelled, ornamented by growth lines and low irregular radial plications; pseudointerareas of both valves low and short, lacking \ufb02exure lines; ventral pseudointerarea with shallow pedicle groove; ventral umbonal muscle scars divided by two short, parallel ridges.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc):","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig\u2013lower Caradoc):","Geography":"Kazakhstan, lower Caradoc; Bohemia, Arenig; Sweden, England, Llanvirn.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 14,3a\u2013e. *A. plicatus, Bestamak Formation, Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone, Chingiz Range; a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 3\/11352, \u00d7 4.2; b, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 7\/ 11352, \u00d7 4.2 (Nazarov & Popov, 1980); c, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 37.5; d, lateral view of dorsal pseudointerarea, RMS Br 136348, \u00d750; e, ventral interior, RMS Br 136349, \u00d745.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 14. obolidae (p. 40-46).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-074.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barbatulella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Barbatulella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barbatulella Williams & LOCKLEY, 1983, p. 393","Type_species":"B. lacunosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Apatobolus, but lacking radial ornamentation, and with marginal spines, ventral pseudointerarea with well-defined flexure lines","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 14,3a\u2013e. *A. plicatus, Bestamak Formation, Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone, Chingiz Range; a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 3\/11352, \u00d7 4.2; b, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 7\/ 11352, \u00d7 4.2 (Nazarov & Popov, 1980); c, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 37.5; d, lateral view of dorsal pseudointerarea, RMS Br 136348, \u00d750; e, ventral interior, RMS Br 136349, \u00d745.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams & Lockley, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 15. obolidae (p. 43-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-075.jpg?height=1770&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chakassilingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Chakassilingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chakassilingula USHATINSKAYA, 1992, p. 81","Type_species":"C. erbiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell subpentagonal, slightly unquivalved, ventral pedicle groove narrow, with well-defined median furrow, bounded laterally by two subparallel plications, ventral propareas strongly raised, with well-defined flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea high, subtriangular with two broad, submedian plications, ventral visceral area slightly raised anteriorly, extending to midvalve, dorsal interior with low median ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","First_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Russia (Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 13,4a\u2013c. *C. erbiensis, Amgaian, Opistocephalus\u2013Schistocephalus Biozone, Batenev Ridge, Altai; a, ventral valve exterior, PIN 4377\/208, \u00d7 16.7; b, ventral valve interior, PIN 4377\/203, \u00d725; c, dorsal valve interior, PIN 4377\/210, \u00d725 (Ushatinskaya, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 13. obolidae (p. 40-43).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-073.jpg?height=1666&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dicellomus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Dicellomus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dicellomus HALL, 1871a, p. 3","Type_species":"Lingula polita Hall, 1861a, p. 24, ICZN, 1965a, opinion no. 721","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell small, subcircular to subtriangular, unequivalved, ventral pseudointerarea with narrow pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial, ventral visceral area thickened anteriorly, dorsal anterior lateral and central muscle scars closely spaced, dorsal visceral area extending slightly anterior to midvalve, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, straight and somewhat divergent in posterior half, dorsal vascula lateralia subperipheral, dorsal vascula media long and divergent.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian","Geography":"North America, Cedaria-Crepicephalus Zones","Figure_captions":"Fig. 15,3a\u2013h. D. ?amblia BELL , 1944, Gros Ventre Group, Sheridan County, Wyoming; a,b, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, USNM 459668a, \u00d75.4; c, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d76.7; d, lateral view of dorsal valve, USNM 459668b, \u00d78.3; e, dorsal valve visceral area with central muscle scars, \u00d712.5; f, dorsal pseudointerarea, \u00d720.1; g, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459668c, \u00d7 5.4; h, ventral valve interior, USNM 459668d, \u00d75.4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 15. obolidae (p. 43-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-075.jpg?height=1770&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Euobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Euobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Euobolus MICKWITZ, 1896, p. 129","Type_species":"Obolus (Euobolus) elegans, SD Popov & Khazanovitch in Popov and OTHERS, 1989, p. 102","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, with parvicostellate radial ornamentation, ventral pseudointerarea with well-defined, narrow, pedicle groove, dorsal valve unknown. Upper Cambrian: Estonia, Ingria.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Estonia, Ingria","Figure_captions":"Fig . 15,4a,b. *E. elegans (M ICKWITZ ), Tosna Formation (redeposited), western Ingria (core 190); ventral valve exterior, interior, CNIGR 24\/ 12348, \u00d7 12.5 (Popov and others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov and others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 15. obolidae (p. 43-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-075.jpg?height=1770&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Expellobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Expellobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Expellobolus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 25","Type_species":"Lingula expulsa BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 110, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate subrectangular, ornamentation with thin, radial capillae, ventral pseudointerarea with narrow, shallow pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea forming crescent-shaped strip along posterior margin, dorsal visceral area narrow, and not extending to midvalve, bisected by low median ridge, dorsal anterior lateral and central muscle scars closely spaced, vascula lateralia of both valves submarginal, divergent in posterior half.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician , ?Tremadoc (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Arenig-?Llanvirn","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig, ?Llanvirn)","Geography":"Bohemia, ? Tremadoc-lower Arenig; Wales, Tremadoc; ?Baltoscandia, Arenig-?Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 15, 1a-c. *E. expulsus (Barrande), Trenice Formation, Bohemia, a, ventral internal mold, Krusna hora, OMR VH 3130, X2.1, b, dorsal internal mold, Otroc\u00edn, NM L 30790, x2.1, c, dorsal internal mold, Bukov, NM L 28821, X2.1 (new). Michal Mergl","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM","figure_index":"fig. 15. obolidae (p. 43-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-075.jpg?height=1770&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Experilingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Experilingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Experilingula Koneva & POPOV, 1983, p. 113","Type_species":"E. divulgata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex, unequivalved, elongate, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline, anteromedian parts of ventral propareas deflected strongly dorsally, to form triangular opening, pedicle groove deep, bounded laterally by ridges, and bisected by narrow furrow, flexure lines well developed in both valves, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, with concave median groove, elevated above valve floor, ventral visceral area not extending to midlength, dorsal visceral area small, bisected by low median ridge, with narrow anterior projection extending to midlength, dorsal vascula lateralia peripherally placed, arcuate, dorsal vascula media long, moderately divergent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 16,1a\u2013e. *F. perfecta (W ALCOTT ), Weeks Limestone, Middle Cambrian, Weeks Canyon, House Range, Utah; a, paratype, ventral valve exterior, USNM 51947b, \u00d7 5.8; b, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 51947c, \u00d7 5.8; c, paratype, dorsal valve interior, USNM 51947d, \u00d7 5; d, ventral valve visceral area and pseudointerarea, USNM 459669b, \u00d7 8.3; e, oblique posterior view of ventral pseudointerarea and pedicle groove, USNM 459669b, \u00d718 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer & Popov, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 14. obolidae (p. 40-46).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-074.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fordinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Fordinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fordinia WALCOTT, 1908, p. 64","Type_species":"Obolus (Fordinia) perfecta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell suboval, slightly unequivalved, both valves with shallow sulcus, ventral pseudointerarea lacking flexure lines, with narrow, deep pedicle groove bisected by furrow, dorsal pseudointerarea raised, undivided, flattened, ventral visceral area slightly thickened, extending to midvalve, divided by two broad, divergent ridges, dorsal visceral area slightly thickened, bisected by low median ridge, with narrow, long, anterior projection extending almost to anterior margin, dorsal central muscle scars small, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, converging, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, slightly arcuate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig . 16,1a\u2013e. *F. perfecta (W ALCOTT ), Weeks Limestone, Middle Cambrian, Weeks Canyon, House Range, Utah; a, paratype, ventral valve exterior, USNM 51947b, \u00d7 5.8; b, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 51947c, \u00d7 5.8; c, paratype, dorsal valve interior, USNM 51947d, \u00d7 5; d, ventral valve visceral area and pseudointerarea, USNM 459669b, \u00d7 8.3; e, oblique posterior view of ventral pseudointerarea and pedicle groove, USNM 459669b, \u00d718 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 16. obolidae (p. 46-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-077.jpg?height=1701&width=1291&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Foveola":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Foveola","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Foveola GORJANSKY, 1969, p. 30","Type_species":"F maarduensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Faveolla Popov in Nazarov & Popov, 1980, p. 81","Synonyms":"Faveolla","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell rounded, unequivalved, thin shelled, postlarval shell coarsely pitted, ventral pseudointerarea with deep, narrow pedicle groove, ventral propareas elevated, lacking flexure lines, ventral and dorsal interior poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn, ?Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig-Llanvirn, ?Llandeilo)","Geography":"Estonia, lower Arenig (Paroistodus proteus Zone)\u2013upper Llanvirn; ?Ireland, ?Kazakhstan, Arenig; ?USA (Alabama), ?Llandeilo.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 17,1a\u2013d. *F. maarduensis, Leetse Formation, Hunneberg, Estonia; a, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136352, \u00d73.3 (new); b, dorsal valve exterior, Maardu quarry, CNIGR 52\/9960, \u00d7 2.5 (Gorjansky, 1969); c, ventral valve exterior, oblique view, \u00d741.7; d, detail of ornamentation of ventral valve, Keila-Joa, RMS Br 136353, \u00d7100 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nGorjansky, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 17. obolidae (p. 46-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-078.jpg?height=1728&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gorjanskya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Gorjanskya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gorjanskya TENJAKOVA, 1980, p. 131","Type_species":"G. tselinogradica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subtriangular to suboval, unequivalved, ventral pseudointerarea elongated, widely triangular with well-developed pedicle groove and flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea with narrow median groove, and flexure lines, ventral visceral area thickened anteriorly, rhomboidal in outline, extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area moderately thickened, bisected by weak median ridge, with long anterior projection extending to midvalve, vascula lateralia of both valves marginal, arcuate, vascula media long, divergent. No satisfactory material available for illustrations.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Ordovician (Llanvirn), central Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kyrshabaktella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Kyrshabaktella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kyrshabaktella KONEVA, 1986a, p. 52","Type_species":"K. certa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kyrshabactella Ushatinskaya, 1992, p. 83","Synonyms":"Kyrshabactella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval or suboval, subequally biconvex, slightly unequivalved, ventral beak with large, semicircular emarginature, ventral pseudointerarea with wide, subrectangular pedicle groove and short, raised propareas with flexure lines, dorsal visceral area with wide median ridge in posterior half, and long median projection, extending anterior to midlength, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, straight, slightly divergent in posterior half, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, vascula media short, slightly divergent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian), Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Russia (Siberia, Altai), Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau), Kirghizia, Australia (Northern Territory)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 18, 1a-e. * K. certa, Aktas Formation, Amgaian, Kyrshabakty River, Kazakhstan, a, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136354, X33.3, b, ventral valve interior, x27.1, c, posterior oblique view showing emarginature, RMS Br 136355, X41.7, d, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136356, X23, e, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136357, X23 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leontiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Leontiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leontiella YADRENKINA, 1982, p. 73","Type_species":"L. gloriosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Khalfinella Yadrenkina, 1982, p. 211, obj.","Synonyms":"Khalfinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Lingulella, but with radial, papillose microornamentation, and short, crescent-shaped dorsal pseudointerarea, dorsal visceral field extending anterior to midvalve, bisected by long, broad median ridge","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Russia (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 16,2a\u2013d. *L. gloriosa, Guragur Formation, Kulumbe River; a, dorsal valve interior, IGiG 712\/ 10, \u00d7 1.7; b, dorsal valve exterior, IGiG 712\/6, \u00d71.7; c, ornamentation of ventral valve, IGiG 712\/ 7, \u00d7 6.7; d, ventral valve exterior, IGiG 712\/13, \u00d71.7 (Yadrenkina, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 16. obolidae (p. 46-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-077.jpg?height=1701&width=1291&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptembolon":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Leptembolon","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptembolon MICKWITZ, 1896, p. 130","Type_species":"Obolus (Leptembolon) lingulaeformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval to subtriangular, subacuminate, ventral pseudointerarea with narrow, triangular pedicle groove and well-defined flexure lines, ventral visceral area thickened anteriorly, rhomboidal, extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area slightly thickened anteriorly, bisected by low median ridge, with long, anterior projection, extending close to anterior margin, vascula lateralia of both valves submarginal and slightly arcuate.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia, Poland, Estonia, Russia (Ingria, Southern Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 18,3a\u2013d. *L. lingulaeformis (M ICKWITZ ), Leetse Formation, lower Arenig (Paroistodus proteus Zone), Estonia; a, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136258, \u00d72; b, ventral valve interior, Iru, TAGI BR 3505, \u00d71.7; c, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136359, \u00d71.7; d, dorsal valve interior, Leetse, TAGI BR 3506, \u00d72.1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lindinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Lindinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lindinella Mergl & \u0160LEHOFEROV\u00c1, 1990, p. 74","Type_species":"L. kordulei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell strongly acuminate, equivalved, with ornamentation of pronounced rugae that become coalescent laterally, ventral pseudointerarea long with prominent flexure lines and deep, narrow pedicle groove, dorsal interior with fine, long median septum, extending almost to anterior margin, dorsal visceral area extending anterior to midvalve.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Bohemia, ?Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 18, 4a-c. *L. kordulei, Jince Formation, Brdy Mountains, a, paratype, ventral composite mold, GS YA 1285, X3.2, b, paratype, dorsal composite mold, GS YA 1290, X3.2, c, holotype, latex cast of ventral exterior, GS YA 1290, X8.3 (Mergl & \u0160lehoferov\u00e1, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mergl & \u0160lehoferov\u00e1, 1990","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Lingulella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulella SALTER, 1866, p. 333","Type_species":"Lingula davisii M'Cor, 1851, p. 405, SD DALL, 1870, p. 159","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval to subtriangular, thin shelled, subacuminate, ventral pseudointerarea with narrow, triangular pedicle groove, ventral propareas with well-defined flexure lines, visceral areas of both valves weakly impressed, dorsal visceral area with low median ridge, extending anterior to midvalve, anterior lateral and central muscle scars closely spaced, vascula lateralia peripherally placed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician","Geography":"cosmopolitan (exact stratigraphic and geographic range very uncertain at present)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 17, 2a-c. *L. davisii (M'Coy), Lingula Flags, Merioneth Series, northern Wales, a, ventral internal mold, USNM 51740b, x2.1, b, dorsal internal mold, USNM 51740d, x2.1, c, ventral internal mold, NMW 24.479.G9, X1.7 (new).-Fig. 17, 2d. L. antiquissima (Jeremejew), Tosna Formation, Cordylodus proavus Biozone, Syas River, Ingria, ventral valve exterior, neotype, CNIGR 180\/12348, X2.5 (Popov & others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nNMW, \nCNIGR, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 17. obolidae (p. 46-50).\nfig. 17. obolidae (p. 46-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-078.jpg?height=1728&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-078.jpg?height=1728&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulepis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Lingulepis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulepis HALL, 1863c, p. 129","Type_species":"Lingula pinnaformis Owen, 1852, p. 583, SD DALL, 1870, p. 161","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell strongly acuminate, subtriangular, unequivalved, ventral beak strongly elongate, pseudointerarea elongate triangular, with narrow pedicle groove and flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea poorly known, ventral visceral area short, not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area slightly thickened, extending to midvalve, bisected by two divergent ridges, ventral vascula lateralia strongly arcuate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian, ?Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian, ?Ordovician","Geography":"North America, ?Europe, Greenland, Siberia, ?China (exact stratigraphic and geographic range quite uncertain at present)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 15, 5a, b. *L. pinnaformis (Owen), Upper Cambrian, Wisconsin, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 51888d, x2.3, b, dorsal valve exterior, AMNH 39076 B, X2.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nUSNM","figure_index":"fig. 15. obolidae (p. 43-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-075.jpg?height=1770&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Lingulobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulobolus MATTHEW, 1895, p. 260","Type_species":"Lingulella affinis BILLINGS, 1872, p. 468, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sphaerobolus Matthew, 1895, p. 263 (type, ?Lingulella spissa Billings, 1872, p. 468)","Synonyms":"Sphaerobolus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subtriangular, strongly biconvex, with radial ornamentation of fine striae, ventral pseudointerarea narrow, subtriangular with broadly triangular pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial, undivided, ventral visceral area slightly thickened anteriorly, dorsal visceral area weakly defined, extending anterior to midlength, dorsal anterior lateral and central muscle scars closely spaced, ventral vascula lateralia straight, subperipheral, divergent proximally, dorsal vascula lateralia peripheral, arcuate","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Lower Ordovician","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician","Geography":"Canada (Newfoundland), ?Europe (France, Great)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 16,3a\u2013c. *L. af\ufb01nis (BILLINGS), Bell Island Group, Bell Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland; a, latex cast of ventral internal mold, USNM 51673b, \u00d7 1.2; b, dorsal internal mold, \u00d71; c, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, USNM 51679a, \u00d71.2 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 16,3d,e. L. spissus (BILLINGS), Bell Island Group, Bell Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland; d, ventral internal mold, USNM 51679k, \u00d7 1.7; e, dorsal internal mold, USNM 51678e, \u00d7 1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 16. obolidae (p. 46-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-077.jpg?height=1701&width=1291&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notiobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Notiobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notiobolus Popov in Popov & SOLOVIEV, 1981, p. 67","Type_species":"N. tenuis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell rounded to subtriangular, thin-shelled, unequivalved, pseudointerareas of both valves with flexure lines, ventral pseudointerarea with flattened propareas and deep, narrow pedicle groove, ventral visceral area subtriangular, not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area bisected by low median ridge, bounded laterally by two ridges, with anterior projection extending slightly anterior to midvalve, vascula lateralia of both valves peripheral, arcuate, vascula media long, widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 17, 4a-c. * N. tenuis, erratic boulder, Middle Cambrian, Shackleton Range, a, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136360, X3.8 (new), b, ventral internal mold, CNIGR 26\/11378, x4.2, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 25\/11378, X4.2 (Popov & Soloviev, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov & Soloviev, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 17. obolidae (p. 46-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-078.jpg?height=1728&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oepikites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Oepikites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oepikites Khazanovitch & Popov in Khazanovich, Popov, & MELNIKOVA, 1984, p. 40","Type_species":"O. macilentus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subacuminate, elongate oval to subtriangular, unequivalved, propareas of both valves high, with well-defined flexure lines, visceral areas of both valves slightly thickened, bisected by short median ridge, with long anterior projection, vascula lateralia of both valves submarginal, arcuate, vascula media short, divergent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Estonia, Russia (Ingria, Moscow basin, Altai), Sweden, ?USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 17, 3a-c. * O. macilentus, Sablinka Formation, Middle Cambrian, Ingria, a, ventral valve interior, Sarya River, CNIGR 61\/12348, X6.7, b, dorsal valve interior, Sarya River, CNIGR 62\/12348, X6.7, c, dorsal valve exterior, Tosna River, CNIGR 58\/12348, X6.7 (Popov & others, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 17, 3d, e. O. triquetrus Popov & Khazanovitch, Ladoga Formation, Upper Cambrian, Syas River, Ingria, d, ventral valve interior, CNIGR 67\/12348, X5, e, holotype, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 72\/12348, x6.7 (Popov & others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov & others, 1989, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 17. obolidae (p. 46-50).\nfig. 17. obolidae (p. 46-50).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-078.jpg?height=1728&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-078.jpg?height=1728&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Palaeobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeobolus MATTHEW, 1899, p. 201","Type_species":"P. bretonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Notiobolus, but with more strongly developed concentric ornamentation, both valves lacking lateral ridges, both valves with almost parallel, submedian vascula lateralia","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)-Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Canada (Nova Scotia), Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau Range), China, ?Korea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 19, 2a-c. * P. bretonensis, Bourinot Group, Cape Breton, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 51664a, X2.2, b, partly exfoliated dorsal valve, USNM 51664b, x2.1, c, partly exfoliated ventral valve, ROM CM (A), X2.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"ROM, \nUSNM","figure_index":"fig. 19. obolidae (p. 50-52)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-081.jpg?height=1864&width=1271&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Palaeoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeoglossa COCKERELL, 1911, p. 96, nom. nov. pro Glossina PHILLIPS, 1848, p. 370, non W IEDEMANN, 1830","Type_species":"*Lingula attenuata SOWERBY in MURCHISON, 1839, p. 641; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Palaeoglossina D UNBAR & C ONDRA, 1932, p. 35","Synonyms":"Palaeoglossina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Lingulella, but with oval more biconvex and elongate. May be junior synonym of Lingulella.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc\u2013Caradoc)","Geography":"Great Britain, Arenig\u2013Caradoc; USA, Llanvirn\u2013Caradoc; Bohemia, ? Upper Tremadoc\u2013Caradoc; Russia, Southern Urals, upper Tremadoc.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 19,4a\u2013d. *P. attenuata (SOWERBY ), Meadowntown Beds, Llandeilo, Lower Wood Brook, Shropshire, Great Britain; a, ventral valve exterior, latex cast, BMNH BB 37112, \u00d7 3.8; b, dorsal valve internal mold, BMNH BB 37118b, \u00d73; c, ventral valve internal mold, BMNH BB 37115, \u00d72.3; d, detail of ventral pseudointerarea, BMNH BB 37111a, \u00d714.4 (Williams, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"BMNH","figure_index":"fig. 19. obolidae (p. 50-52)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-081.jpg?height=1864&width=1271&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":481.96,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeoschmidtites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Palaeoschmidtites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeoschmidtites KONEVA, 1979, p. 35","Type_species":"P. minimus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, elongate oval, slightly unequivalved, ventral pseudointerarea with broad, subtriangular pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea with wide median groove, and reduced propareas, ventral visceral area slightly thickened anteriorly, extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area completely bisected by long median ridge, with anterior projection extending slightly anterior to midvalve, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, straight, and slightly divergent in posterior half, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, arcuate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)-Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Australia, Canada, Yukon","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Pseudobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudobolus COOPER, 1956, p. 194","Type_species":"Palaeoglossa gibbosa WILLARD, 1928, p. 256, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell oval, dorsibiconvex, ventral pseudointerarea anacline, ventral beak incurved, interior characters unknown","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"USA (Virginia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 19, 3a-c. *P. gibbosus (Willard), Murat Formation, Virginia, pedicle, ventral exterior, both valves lateral, brachial ventral exterior, USNM 109422a, X2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 19. obolidae (p. 50-52)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-081.jpg?height=1864&width=1271&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ralfia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Ralfia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ralfia Popov & Khazanovitch in Popov & OTHERS, 1989, p. 126","Type_species":"Ungula ovata PANDER, 1830, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell triangular, rounded, subequivalved, ventral pseudointerarea small, rhomboidal, with narrow, deep pedicle groove and subparallel flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea reduced, rhomboidal, ventral visceral area slightly thickened, extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area with long median projection extending anterior to midlength, ventral vascula lateralia subparallel, submarginal, dorsal vascula media short, divergent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian, ?Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian, ?Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Russia, Ingria, Upper Cambrian; ?Sweden, Tremadoc","Figure_captions":"Fig. 19, 1a-d. * R. ovata (Pander), Ladoga Formation, Izhora River, Ingria, a, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 206\/12348, X6.7, b, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 202\/12348, X6.7, c, ventral valve interior, holotype, CNIGR 203\/12348, X6.7, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 203\/12348, X6.7 (Popov & others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 19. obolidae (p. 50-52)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-081.jpg?height=1864&width=1271&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rebrovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Rebrovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rebrovia Popov & Khazanovitch in Popov & OTHERS, 1989, p. 112","Type_species":"R. chernetskae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell acuminate, elongate oval to subtriangular, subequibiconvex, unequivalved, ornamentation of fine undulating rugae, pseudointerareas of both valves lacking flexure lines, ventral pseudointerarea with narrow pedicle groove, bounded laterally by low ridges, dorsal pseudointerarea undivided, dorsal visceral area with narrow anterior projection extending anterior to midvalve, vascula lateralia of both valves marginal, slightly divergent in posterior half, dorsal vascula media short, slightly divergent to subparallel","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Estonia, Russia (Ingria, White Sea)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 20, 2a-e. *R. chernetskae, Ladoga Formation, Syas River, Ingria, a, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 85\/12348, \u00d712.5 (Popov & others, 1989), b, ventral valve interior, \u00d718, c, oblique lateral view of ventral pseudointerarea, \u00d723, RMS Br 136361 (new), d, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 84\/12348, X8.3 (Popov & others, 1989), e, detail of ornamentation, RMS Br 136363, \u00d7100 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov & others, 1989, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 20. obolidae (p. 52-54).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-083.jpg?height=1706&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schmidtites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Schmidtites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schmidtites Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929, p. 121","Type_species":"Schmidtia celata von VOLBORTH, 1869, p. 209, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval or subtriangular, ventribiconvex, thick-shelled, ventral pseudointerarea with deep narrow pedicle groove, ventral propareas elevated, slightly concave, with flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerareas with concave median groove and reduced, elevated propareas, visceral areas of both valves thickened, shallow heart-shaped depression in ventral valve, dorsal visceral area with long median projection bisected by low median ridge, vascula lateralia of both valves subparallel, marginally, dorsal vascula media short, widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Estonia, Russia (Ingria), Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 20, 4a-c. *S. celatus (von Volborth), Cordylodus andresi Biozone, Turjekelder Rivulet, Estonia, a, ventral valve exterior (covered by the encrusting problematic Marcusodictyon priscum (Bassler), TAGI BR 1711, X6.7, b, ventral valve interior, TAGI BR 1709, x6.7 (Kaljo & others, 1986), c, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 98\/12348, X6.7 (Popov & others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nKaljo & others, 1986, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 20. obolidae (p. 52-54).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-083.jpg?height=1706&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Sinoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinoglossa MEI, 1993, p. 415","Type_species":"S. amygdalina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subcircular, ventral pseudointerarea high, triangular, ventral propareas with pair of deep, oblique grooves, posterolateral muscle fields in both valves large, ovoid, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, widely divergent in proximal part, dorsal visceral area with weak median ridge","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"northern China (Hebei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 18, 2a, b. *S. amygdalina, Zhangxia Formation, Middle Cambrian, Wanxian County, a, holotype, ventral valve interior, MCMB 91063, X30, b, paratype, dorsal valve interior, MCMB 91064, X30 (Mei, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mei, 1993","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinilingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Spinilingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinilingula COOPER, 1956, p. 210","Type_species":"S. intralamellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline and internal morphology similar to Lingulella, but with lamellose ornamention with short prone spines along anterior edge of lamellae","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-Llandeilo)","Geography":"USA (Alabama, Nevada), Sweden, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 20,1a\u2013f. *S. intralamellata, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama; a, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 116784a, \u00d78.3; b, paratype, ventral valve interior, USNM 116784f, \u00d7 8.3; c, paratype, dorsal valve interior, USNM 116784h, \u00d78.3 (Cooper, 1956); d, oblique lateral view of ventral pseudointerarea, USNM 459670a, \u00d7 23.3; e, oblique lateral view of dorsal pseudointerarea, USNM 459670b, \u00d7 18.3; f, detail of ornamentation, USNM 459670c, \u00d741.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 20. obolidae (p. 52-54).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-083.jpg?height=1706&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Squamilingulella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Squamilingulella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Squamilingulella XU, 1978, p. 284","Type_species":"S. zhonghuaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell elongate oval, with distinctive ornamentation forming a chevron pattern, ventral beak somewhat acute, pseudointerareas and internal characters of both valves inadequately known.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Trigonoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonoglossa Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 35","Type_species":"Lingula nebrascensis MEEK, 1872a, p. 158, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate triangular, ornamented by strongly raised rugae, separated by broad flat interspaces, dorsal pseudointerarea well developed, undivided, dorsal visceral area with broad anterior projection, extending close to the anterior margin, and bisected by a long median ridge, large, elongate, suboval central muscle scars placed in the middle of the valve, anterior lateral muscle scars placed close to the anterior valve margin, dorsal vascula lateralia subperipheral, subparallel, vascula media very short, subparallel.","Beginning_age":"Silurian","First_Occurrence":"Silurian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Silurian, Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"North America, Great Britain, Lower Carboniferous; ?Estonia, Silurian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 21, 3a. *T. nebrascensis (\u041c\u0435\u0435\u043a), Graham, Texas, ventral valve exterior, USNM 459673, X1.4 (Rowell, 1965a), Fig. 21, 3b, c. T. spatiosa (Hall), Milesbury, Pennsylvania, USNM 459672, b, latex cast of dorsal external mold, x1.7, c, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, x1.7 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nRowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 21. obolidae (p. 54).\nfig. 21. obolidae (p. 54).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-085.jpg?height=1633&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-085.jpg?height=1633&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ungula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Ungula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ungula PANDER, 1830, p. 57","Type_species":"U. convexa, SD ROWELL, 1965a, p. 266","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ungulites Quenstedt, 1837, p. 143","Synonyms":"Ungulites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, subcircular to suboval, smooth or with concentric rugae, posterior half of the shell strongly thickened, pseudointerareas of both valves with flexure lines, ventral pseudointerarea with a narrow, deep pedicle groove, which may be sealed in adults, dorsal pseudointerarea wide, with a somewhat concave median groove, elevated above the valve floor, ventral visceral area elevated anteriorly, forming a low platform with a heart-shaped, median depression, dorsal visceral area slightly thickened, ventral and dorsal vascula lateralia arcuate, peripherally placed, dorsal vascula media short, widely divergent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Estonia, Lithuania, Russia (Ingria), Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 20, 3a-f. *U. convexa, Ladoga Formation, Ingria, a, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 128\/ 12348, x2.5, b, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 120\/ 12348, x2.5, c, ventral valve interior, CNIGR 137\/ 12348, x1.7, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 118\/ 12348, X2.5, e, dorsal valve interior of juvenile, Izhora River, CNIGR 129\/12348, X2.5, f, ventral valve interior, Lava River, CNIGR 114\/12348, X3.3 (Popov & others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 20. obolidae (p. 52-54).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-083.jpg?height=1706&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Westonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Westonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Westonia WALCOTT, 1901, p. 683","Type_species":"Lingula aurora HALL, 1861a, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate suboval to subtriangular, gently biconvex, unequivalved, ornamented by fine, concentric growth lines crossed by irregular, transverse lines, forming zigzag lines in posterior half of valve, ventral pseudointerarea with narrow, triangular pedicle groove and slightly elevated propareas with flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea with flexure lines and median groove, visceral areas weakly impressed in both valves, dorsal visceral area with median projection extending anterior to midlength, dorsal central and anterior lateral muscle scars widely spaced, dorsal median ridge variably developed, vascula lateralia in both valves submarginal, arcuate","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Canada, USA, Russia, Spain, China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 21,1a\u2013d. *W. aurora (HALL), St. Croix Sandstone, Upper Cambrian, Wisconsin; a, latex cast of ventral internal mold, USNM 51681c, \u00d7 1.7; b, ventral internal mold, USNM 51681a, \u00d71.7; c, latex cast of dorsal external mold, USNM 51681d, \u00d71.7 (new); d, detail of ornamentation of external mold of ventral valve, USNM 459674, \u00d78.3 (Savazzi, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR","figure_index":"fig. 21. obolidae (p. 54).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-085.jpg?height=1633&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Westonisca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Westonisca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Westonisca HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 28","Type_species":"Lingula lamellosa BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 106, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell equally biconvex or slightly dorsibiconvex, elongate oval, ornamentation by concentric rugae, crossed by irregular, transverse lines, forming irregular zigzag lines, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline, lacking flexure lines, with shallow pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea crescent shaped, forming narrow strip along posterior margin, ventral visceral area short, rhomboidal, not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area with long anterior projection, extending almost to anterior margin, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, arcuate, dorsal vascula lateralia subperipheral, subparallel, dorsal vascula media short, widely divergent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Lower Ordovician","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 21, 2ac. *W. lamellosa (Barrande), Trenice Formation, Libecov, a, partly exfoliated ventral valve, OMR VH 3193, X5, b, dorsal valve exterior, OMR VH 2990a, X3.3, c, dorsal valve exterior, OMR VH 2990b, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR","figure_index":"fig. 21. obolidae (p. 54).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-085.jpg?height=1633&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Glossella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossella COOPER, 1956, p. 228","Type_species":"G. papillosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, with well-developed radial papillose ornamentation, ventral pseudointerarea with broad triangular groove, visceral area of both valves not thickened, ventral visceral area not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area with anterior projection extending somewhat anterior to midvalve, bisected by weak median septum, ventral vascula lateralia submarginal, subparallel, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, slightly converging, dorsal vascula media not known","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Caradoc)","Geography":"USA, Scotland, Sweden, Poland, Estonia, Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 22, 1a-h. *G. papillosa, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, a, b, ventral valve interior, exterior, X4.2, c, holotype, detail of papillose ornamentation, USNM 116787b, X6.7 (Cooper, 1956), d, detail of ventral pseudointerarea, USNM 459687a, x12.5, e, detail of dorsal larval shell, x9.2, f, oblique lateral view of dorsal larval shell, x12.5, g, detail of edge of dorsal larval shell, X 41.2, h, detail of papillose ornamentation, USNM 459687b, X271 (new).-Fig.","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Anx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anx HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1980a, p. 301","Type_species":"A. angens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell minute, subequally biconvex, ventral valve acuminate, much longer than dorsal valve, ventral pseudointerarea large, with shallow, triangular to parallel-sided pedicle groove, interior characters poorly known. Genus poorly understood, might be juvenile. Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill): Bohemia.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 22,5. A. ater (HAVL\u00cdCEK ), Bohdalec Formation, Prague; paratype, internal mold of ventral valve, OMR VH 3349, \u00d7 11.7 (new). [MICHAL MERGL]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Casquella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Casquella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Casquella PERCIVAL, 1978, p. 128","Type_species":"C. bifida, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell thick, subtriangular, subacuminate, ornamented by fine, concentric rugae, ventral pseudointerarea with wide triangular pedicle groove and poorly developed flexure lines, ventral visceral area strongly thickened, not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area elongate oval, extending to midvalve, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, slightly divergent, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, dorsal vascula media long, slightly divergent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 22, 2a-d. * C. bifida, Goonumbla Volcanics, Eastonian, New South Wales, a, paratype, latex cast of dorsal external mold, SUP 614472, X1.7, b, holotype, ventral internal mold, SUP 61504, X1.7, c, dorsal internal mold, SUP 62468, X1.7, d, latex cast of ventral internal mold, SUP 61500, x3.3 (Percival, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1978","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ectenoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Ectenoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ectenoglossa SINCLAIR, 1945, p. 63","Type_species":"Lingula lesueuri ROUALL, 1850, p. 727, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly understood.  Shell strongly elongate and narrow, ventral pseudointerarea orthocline, strongly triangular, with reduced propareas, ventral visceral area with two short, subparallel ridges in posterior part, dorsal interior and vascular marks in both valves unknown.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"France, Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 22, 4a, b. *E. lesueuri (Rouallt), Arenig, pebbles in Triassic Budleigh Salterton Pebble Bed, Devon, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.2, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.2 (Rowell, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell, 1965","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fezzanoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Fezzanoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fezzanoglossa Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & MASSA, 1973, p. 273","Type_species":"F. fezzanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell elongate oval, with median plication, ornamentation of fine, closely spaced rugae and fine radial striation, visceral areas of both valves poorly defined, dorsal visceral area extending slightly anterior to midvalve, bisected by long median ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 23, 2a, b. * F. fezzanica, Melez Chograne Formation, Djebel Fezzan, a, latex cast of ventral exterior, CFP UA 374\/1, X2.1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Massa, 1973), b, external mold showing ornamentation, XI0 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Massa, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 23. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-088.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptoglossella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Glyptoglossella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptoglossella Cooper, 1960, p. 601, nom. nov. pro Glyptoglossa Cooper, 1956, p. 226, non BRENSKE, 1895","Type_species":"Glyptoglossa cavellosa COOPER, 1956, p. 227, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"nom. nov. pro Glyptoglossa Cooper, 1956, p. 226, non Brenske, 1895","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell elongate oval, ornamentation of concentric lamellae scalloped along their anterior margins, dorsal interior with median ridge reaching midvalve, muscle scars and vascular system unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"USA (Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania), Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 23, 1a-d. *G. cavellosa (Cooper), Shippensburg Formation, Pennsylvania, a, dorsal valve exterior, x3 . 3,  b, lateral view of both valves, x1.7, c, holotype, detail of ornamentation, USNM 109273, X5, d, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 109272d, X1.7 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 23. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-088.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lachrymula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Lachrymula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lachrymula GRAHAM, 1970, p. 158","Type_species":"L. inusitata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell moderately convex, subtriangular to subovate, subacuminate, ornamented by concentric rugae and fine, radial striae, ventral pseudointerarea well defined, with deep triangular pedicle groove, lacking flexure lines, internal characters unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 23, 4a, b. *L. inusitata, Orchard Limestone, Scotland, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, IGS GSE 13933, X4.2 (new), Fig. 23, 4c. L. latior (M'Cor), Motherwell Bridge, ventral valve exterior, IGS GSE 12393, X. 2 (Graham, 1970)","Museum_or_author_information":"GSE, \nGraham, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 23. obolidae (p. 57-60).\nfig. 23. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-088.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-088.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Leptobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptobolus HALL, 1871b, p. 2","Type_species":"L. lepis, SD DALL, 1877, p. 42","Synonyms_with_authors":"Leptobulus Hall, 1871b, nom. neg.\"","Synonyms":"Leptobulus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, elongate oval, ventral pseudointerarea with deep triangular pedicle groove, ventral visceral area thickened antriorly, bisected by median ridge, bifurcating near anterior end, dorsal visceral area with one to three low ridges.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Bohemia, Sweden, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 22, 3a, b. *L. lepis, West Covington, Kentucky, a, ventral valve interior, USNM 45239a, X13.3, b, dorsal valve interior, USNM 45239b, X13.3 (Cooper, 1956).\u2014Fig. 22, 3c. L. insignis Hall, Eden Formation, St. Thomas, Kentucky, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 71887c, X13.3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Libyaeglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Libyaeglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Libyaeglossa Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & MASSA, 1973, p. 275","Type_species":"L. collombi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell of medium size, unequivalved, dorsibiconvex, elongate subtriangular, ventral pseudointerarea large with deep pedicle groove, ornamentation of fine concentric rugae. Interior poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 24, 4a, b. *L. collombi, Melez Chograne Formation, a, paratype, latex cast of ventral external mold, Oued Kedawal, CFP UA 225\/ 24, X1.7, b, paratype, latex cast of dorsal external mold, Djebel Fezzan, CFP UA 374\/5, X1.7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Massa, 1973).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Massa, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 24. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-089.jpg?height=1605&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pachyglossella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Pachyglossella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pachyglossella Cooper, 1960, p. 601, nom. nov. pro Pachyglossa Cooper, 1956, p. 223, non Hodgson, 1843, nec FAUVEL, 1868","Type_species":"Pachyglossa dorsiconvexa COOPER, 1956, 225, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pachyglossa Cooper, 1956, p. 223, non Hodgson, 1843, nec Fauvel, 1868","Synonyms":"Pachyglossa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, dorsibiconvex, ornamented by concentric rugae, postlarval shell with pitted microornamentation, ventral pseudointerarea with deep pedicle groove, dorsal visceral area slightly thickened, with narrow anterior projection extending slightly anterior to midvalve, vascula lateralia in both valves submarginal.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"USA (Alabama, Oklahoma, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Virginia), Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 24, 1a-d. * P. dorsiconvexa (Cooper), Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 459675a, X2.7, b, ventral valve interior, USNM 459675b, X5.8, c, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459675c, X7.5, d, detail of pitted microornamentation, USNM 459675d, X150 (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 24, 1e. P. biconvexa (Cooper), Bromide Formation, Hickory Creek, Oklahoma, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459676a, X2.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 24. obolidae (p. 57-60).\nfig. 24. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-089.jpg?height=1605&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-089.jpg?height=1605&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Plectoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectoglossa COOPER, 1956, p. 222","Type_species":"P. oklahomensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, dorsibiconvex, ornamented by concentric rugae, ventral pseudointerarea divided medianly by low fold, interior characters of both valves unknown","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Arenig, Caradoc, ?Ashgill)","Geography":"Great Britain and Ireland, ?Arenig; USA, Oklahoma, Virginia, Caradoc; ?South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 23, 5a-c. *P. oklahomensis, Bromide Formation, Pooleville Member, Spring Creek, Oklahoma, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view of both valves, USNM 116783, X4.2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 23. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-088.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rafanoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Rafanoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rafanoglossa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1980b, p. 4","Type_species":"Lingula impar BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 103, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glossella, but lacking papillose ornamentation, dorsal visceral area completely bisected by well-developed median ridge","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Ashgill)","Geography":"France, Arenig; Bohemia, Arenig-Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 24, 2a, b. * R. impar (Barrande), Dobrotiv\u00e1 Formation, Bohemia, a, ventral internal mold, Prague, OMR VH 3188b, X5.8, b, dorsal internal mold, Mal\u00e9 Pr\u00edlepy, OMR","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR","figure_index":"fig. 24. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-089.jpg?height=1605&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spondyglossella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Spondyglossella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spondyglossella HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1980b, p. 5","Type_species":"S. spondylifera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell slightly elongate oval, ventral pseudointerarea small with vestigial propareas, elevated above valve floor, and supported anteriorly by short median ridge, other characters unknown","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig-Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 24, 3a-c. *S. spondylifera, Arenig, Montagne Noire, France, a, paratype, ventral valve, X9.2, b, paratype, internal mold of dorsal valve, X8.3, c, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, X8.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 24. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-089.jpg?height=1605&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tunisiglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Tunisiglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tunisiglossa Massa, Havl\u00ed\u010dek, & BONNEFOUS, 1977, p. 13","Type_species":"T. tripolitanea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell equivalved, subrectangular in outline, ventral pseudointerarea minute, with fine pedicle groove, ornamentation of fine concentric rugae of uneven size","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Tunisia, Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 23, 3a-d. * T. tripolitanea, Sanrhar Formation, Rhadabes basin, a, paratype, external mold of ventral valve, x2.4, b, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, x3 . 1,  c, paratype, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.4, d, paratype, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.8 (Massa, Havl\u00ed\u010dek, & Bonnefous, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMassa, Havl\u00ed\u010dek, & Bonnefous, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 23. obolidae (p. 57-60).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-088.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elliptoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Elliptoglossinae","Genus":"Elliptoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elliptoglossa COOPER, 1956, p. 241","Type_species":"Leptobolus ovalis BASSLER, 1919, p. 230, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Visceral fields of both valves weakly impressed, not thickened.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-lower Ashgill), ?Tremadoc, Arenig, Tremadoc-Llanvirn, Tremadoc-Caradoc, Arenig-Llanvirn, Arenig-Caradoc, Caradoc-lower Ashgill","Geography":"Poland, ?Tremadoc, Arenig; Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden, Estonia, Ingria, Tremadoc-Llanvirn; Kazakhstan, Tremadoc-Caradoc; Russia, Southern Urals, Arenig-Llanvirn; USA, Great Britain, Ireland, Arenig-Caradoc; Australia, Caradoc-lower Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 25, 1a-d. *E. ovalis (Bassler), Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, a, dorsal valve exterior, X_11 1.2, b, posterior view of dorsal larval shell, USNM 459676a, X_41 7, c, dorsal valve interior, X_11 1.2, dorsal interior, oblique lateral view, USNM 459676b, x33.3 (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 25, 1e. E. sylvanica Cooper, Shundy Formation, lower Llanvirn, Sary-Kumy, central Kazakhstan, detail of ventral posterior margin with vestigial pseudointerarea, RMS Br 136364, X30.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 25. obolidae (p. 60-61).\nfig. 25. obolidae (p. 60-61).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-090.jpg?height=1122&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-090.jpg?height=1122&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulops":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Elliptoglossinae","Genus":"Lingulops","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulops Hall, 1872a, p. 245, =Ligulops Hall, 1871b, p. 2, ICZN opinion no. 1151, 1980","Type_species":"L. whitfieldi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ligulops Hall, 1871b, p. 2, ICZN opinion no. 1151, 1980","Synonyms":"Ligulops","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Elliptoglossa, but with visceral fields of both valves forming low platforms, central and anterior lateral muscle scars closely spaced.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Caradoc-Ludlow; Estonia, Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 25, 2a-d. L. norwoodi (James), Lexington Limestone, Kentucky, a, dorsal valve exterior, West Covington, USNM 45219a, x10, b, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, latex cast, Ludlow, USNM 15863, times_10, d, dorsal internal mold, West Covington, USNM 45219a, x10 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 25. obolidae (p. 60-61).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-090.jpg?height=1122&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Eoobolidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoobolus Matthew, 1902, p. 97, Clivosilingula USHATINSKAYA, 1993b, p. 133","Type_species":"Obolus (Eoobolus) triparilis Matthew, 1902, p. 94, SD ROWELL, 1965a, p. 263","Synonyms_with_authors":"Clivosilingula Ushatinskaya, 1993b, p. 133 (type, Lingulella clivosa Pelman, 1983, p. 125, OD)","Synonyms":"Clivosilingula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell inequivalved, dorsibiconvex, elongate suboval to subcircular, pedicle groove deep, narrow, subtriangular, both valves with well-developed flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea moderately high with broad median groove, visceral areas of both valves slightly thickened anteriorly, dorsal valve usually with fine median ridge and pair of submedian ridges bisecting visceral field, ventral vascula media submarginal, arcuate","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)-Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Canada, Nova Scotia, lower Middle Cambrian; Pakistan, Salt Range, Botomian; Russia, Siberia, Botomian-Amgaian; Australia, South Australia, Toyonian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 26, 1a-e. *E. triparilis (Matthew), Bourinot Group, Cape Breton, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 57013, X4.2, b, dorsal valve exterior, ROM 510 CM (A), X4.2, c, ventral valve exterior, USNM 51855a, X4.2, d, internal mold of ventral valve, USNM 57013c, x3.3, e, dorsal internal mold, USNM 57013d, x3.8 (new).-Fig. 26, 1f-h. E. clivosus (Pelman), Amgaian, Kharbusuonka River, Siberia, f, dorsal valve exterior, x3 3 . 3 ,  PIN 4290 \/ 51, g, ornamentation of larval shell, x2250, h, ornamentation of postlarval shell, PIN 4290\/50, X225 (Ushatinskaya, 1993b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 26, 1i, j. E. elata (Pelman), Amgaian, Olenek River, Siberia, i, dorsal valve interior, PIN 4290\/59, x16.7, ~ j, ventral valve interior, PIN 4290\/60, X16.7 (Ushatinskaya, 1993b).","Museum_or_author_information":"ROM, \nUSNM, \nUshatinskaya, 1993, \nUshatinskaya, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 26. eoobolidae (p. 61).\nfig. 26. eoobolidae (p. 61).\nfig. 26. eoobolidae (p. 61).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-092.jpg?height=1708&width=1297&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=162)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-092.jpg?height=1708&width=1297&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=162)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-092.jpg?height=1708&width=1297&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vassilkovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Eoobolidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vassilkovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vassilkovia Popov & Khazanovitch in Popov & OTHERS, 1989, p. 123","Type_species":"V. granulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell equibiconvex, inequivalved, ornament of growth lines crossed by irregular, transverse lines and small, closely spaced granules, pseudointerarea of both valves well developed, pedicle groove deep, narrow, interior characters of both valves weakly impressed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 26,2a\u2013c. *V. granulata, Ladoga Formation, Lava River, Ingria; a, holotype, ventral valve interior, CNIGR 176\/ 12348, \u00d7 2.5; b,c, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, interior, CNIGR 177\/12348, \u00d72.5 (Popov & others, 1989).\u2014\u2014Fig. 26,2d,e. V. sp., Tosna Formation, Ingria (Lava River); d, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 2.5; e, detail of ornamentation, CNIGR 178\/ 12348, \u00d76.7 (Popov & others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 26. eoobolidae (p. 61).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-092.jpg?height=1708&width=1297&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhanatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zhanatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhanatella KONEVA, 1986a, p. 50","Type_species":"Z. rotunda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex, circular, with ventral emarginature, ornament of regularly spaced, high, concentric rugae, ventral pseudointerarea wide, with deep, narrow pedicle groove and flattened, elevated propareas, with flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea with wide median groove, ventral visceral field slightly thickened anteriorly, not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral field small, with narrow, anterior projection, not extending to midvalve, and bordered laterally by low ridges, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, widely divergent in posterior half and arcuate anteriorly, dorsal vascula lateralia subperipheral, arcuate, vascula media long, divergent. Upper Cambrian: Kazakhstan, ?Australia, Antarctica, North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan, ?Australia, Antarctica, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 27,1a\u2013h. *Z. rotunda, Kujandy Formation, Satpak, north-central Kazakhstan; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d75.4; b, lateral view, RMS Br 136041, \u00d7 6.2; c, oblique view of ventral larval shell with emarginature, RMS Br 136044, \u00d7 83.3; d, oblique lateral view of dorsal pseudointerarea and visceral area, RMS Br 136046, \u00d725; e, detail of pitted microornamentation of dorsal valve, RMS Br 136050, \u00d7229; f, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 10; g, oblique view of ventral pseudointerarea and visceral area, RMS Br 136045, \u00d719.2; h, oblique posterior view of dorsal larval shell, RMS Br 136047, \u00d741.7 (Holmer & Popov, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 27. zhanatellidae (p. 61-66).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-093.jpg?height=1629&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Canalilatus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Canalilatus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Canalilatus Pelman, 1983, p. 126, Pelmania KONEVA, 1992, p. 89","Type_species":"C. paululus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pelmania Koneva, 1992, p. 89 (type, P. perrara, OD)","Synonyms":"Pelmania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subcircular, ventral pseudointerarea small, pedicle groove wide, shallow, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial, undivided, ventral visceral field slightly thickened posteromedially, not extending to midlength, dorsal visceral field slightly thickened posteriorly with broad anterior projection, extending anteriorly beyond midlength, bounded laterally by ridges and bisected by fine median ridge. Genus poorly understood, may represent juvenile zhanatellid. Middle Cambrian (Amgaian): Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau).","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","First_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 27, 2a, b. * C. paululus, Kuonamka Formation, Amgaian, Kuonamka River, Siberia, a, oblique lateral view of dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136365, X62.5, b, detail of pitted microornamentation of dorsal larval shell, RMS Br 136366, x625 (new)., \"\u2014\u2014Fig. 27, 2c-f. C. perrarus (Koneva), Aktas Formation, Amgaian, Kyrshabakty River, c, ventral valve exterior, x3 3 . 3,  d, lateral view, RMS Br 136367, X37.5, e, dorsal valve interior, X_31.2, f, oblique view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136368, X62.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 27. zhanatellidae (p. 61-66).\nfig. 27. zhanatellidae (p. 61-66).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-093.jpg?height=1629&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-093.jpg?height=1629&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fossuliella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fossuliella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fossuliella Popov & USHATINSKAYA, 1992, p. 66","Type_species":"Lingulella linguata PELMAN, 1977, p. 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate suboval, weakly biconvex, ventral pseudointerarea with deep pedicle groove and elevated propareas with flexure lines, ventral beak with deep emarginature, dorsal pseudointerarea moderately high, with wide median groove and vestigial propareas, ventral visceral field small, subtriangular, not extending to midvalve, ventral vascula lateralia submarginal, straight to slightly arcuate, dorsal visceral field slightly thickened, with anterior projection extending anteriorly beyond midvalve, dorsal vascula lateralia marginal, arcuate. Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian)-Upper Cambrian: Russia, Siberia, upper Atdabanian-Middle Cambrian, Kazakhstan, Upper Cambrian.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian)-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Russia, Siberia, upper Atdabanian-Middle Cambrian; Kazakhstan, Upper Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 28, 1a-f. F. konevae Popov & Holmer, Kujandy Formation, Upper Cambrian, Satpak, north-central Kazakhstan, a, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136032, x10, b, dorsal valve exterior, x13.3, c, detail of pitted microornamentation of dorsal valve, RMS Br 136031, x417, d, lateral view of dorsal valve, RMS Br 136029, x18.3, e, ventral pseudointerarea and pedicle groove, RMS Br 136036, X31.7, f, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136030, X17.5 (Holmer & Popov, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer & Popov, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 28. zhanatellidae (p. 64-67).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-095.jpg?height=1618&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":37,"beginning_date":518.6,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hyperobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hyperobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hyperobolus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 15","Type_species":"Lingula feistmanteli BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 106, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex to dorsibiconvex, subtriangular to subpentagonal, ornament of fine, evenly spaced, concentric rugae, larval and postlarval shell with pitted microornamentation, pseudointerareas of both valves orthocline, raised highly above valve floor, pedicle groove narrow, deep, ventral visceral field thickened, rhomboidal, not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral field with wide anterior projection, extending to or somewhat anterior to midvalve, anterior lateral muscle scars large, close to central scars, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, slightly divergent in posterior half, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, slightly divergent, vascula media short, widely divergent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, ?Arenig, lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Bohemia, Kazakhstan (Southern Urals, Malyi Karatau)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 29, 3a, b. *H. feistmanteli (Barrande), Trenice, Bohemia, a, latex cast of ventral internal mold, Holyvrch, OMR VH 3133a, x1.6, b, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, Obis, OMR VH 3144a, X1.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 29. zhanatellidae (p. 64).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-096.jpg?height=1708&width=1275&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paldiskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paldiskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paldiskia GORJANSKY, 1969, p. 28","Type_species":"*P. obscuricostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequibiconvex, subtriangular, ornament of narrow, raised concentric rugae and radial ribs in apical region of both valves, larval and postlarval shell with pitted microornamentation, pedicle groove broadly triangular, ventral flexure lines poorly defined, ventral visceral area weakly impressed. Dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian, Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian, Ordovician (?Tremadoc, lower Arenig)","Geography":"Estonia, upper Tremadoc-lower Arenig; ?Russia, Moscow basin, eastern White Sea coast, ?Upper Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 29, 2a-c. *P. obscuricostata, Leetse Formation, Estonia, Maardu quarry, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 43\/9960, x2.5, b, ventral valve interior, CNIGR 58\/9960, x2.5, c, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 9960, x2.5 (Gorjansky, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nGorjansky, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 29. zhanatellidae (p. 64).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-096.jpg?height=1708&width=1275&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rosobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rosobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rosobolus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 18","Type_species":"R. robertinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subtriangular to suboval, slightly elongated, pitted microornamentation, pseudointerareas of both valves wide, strongly raised and shelflike, pedicle groove narrow, deep, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, undivided, ventral visceral field subtriangular, slightly elevated anteriorly, dorsal visceral field bounded laterally by slender ridges, dorsal central and anterior lateral muscle scars large, elongate, bisected by median ridge, ventral vascula lateralia submarginal, straight, parallel anteriorly, slightly divergent posteriorly, dorsal vascula lateralia marginal, vascula media long, slightly divergent","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig, ?Llanvirn)","Geography":"Bohemia, ?Tremadoc; ?Sweden, Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 29, 1 a-d. *R. robertinus, Trenice, Holoubkov, Bohemia, a, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 3064b, X5.8 (new), b, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 3080b, X5.8, c, latex cast of dorsal external mold, OMR VH 703, \u00d7 5.8 (Havli\u010dek, 1982), d, detail of microornamentation, X 112 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavli\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 29. zhanatellidae (p. 64).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-096.jpg?height=1708&width=1275&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rowellella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rowellella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rowellella WRIGHT, 1963b, p. 233","Type_species":"R. minuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, elongate oval to subrectangular, ornament of concentric rugae, becoming lamellose peripherally, apical region of both valves usually poorly preserved, ventral pseudointerarea with wide pedicle groove and narrow, elevated propareas lacking flexure lines, dorsal valve geniculate ventrally, with low, undivided pseudointerarea, ventral visceral field slightly thickened anteriorly, not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral field with thickened anterior platform bearing central and anterior lateral muscle scars, placed far anterior of midvalve, vascula lateralia of both valves peripheral, vascula media short, divergent","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"Silurian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-Ashgill), ?Silurian","Geography":"Poland, Tremadoc-Llanvirn; Sweden, Tremadoc-Caradoc, ?Silurian; Bohemia, Russia, Ingria, Southern Urals, Arenig-Llanvirn; USA, Alabama, Nevada, Arenig-Llandeilo; Estonia, Arenig-Ashgill; Kazakhstan, Llanvirn-Ashgill; Ireland, Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig . 27,3a\u2013d. *R. minuta, Portrane Limestone, Ashgill, Portrane County, Ireland; a,b, holotype, ventral, lateral view of both valves, BMNH BB 28223, \u00d725; c, dorsal valve exterior, BMNH BB 28225, \u00d725; d, anterior of dorsal valve exterior, BMNH BB 28226 (Wright, 1963b).\u2014\u2014Fig . 27,3e\u2013g. R. rugosa G ORJANSKY , Obukhovo Formation, Llanvirn, Pskov district, Pechory Core, Russia; e,f, dorsal valve exterior, oblique lateral view, \u00d7 17.5; g, detail of pitted microornamentation, RMS Br 136370, \u00d7 417 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 27. zhanatellidae (p. 61-66).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-093.jpg?height=1629&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thysanotos":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thysanotos","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thysanotos MICKWITZ, 1896, p. 130","Type_species":"Obolus siluricus von EICHWALD, 1840, p. 195, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mickwitzella Walcott, 1908, p. 70, obj., Thysanotus Koliha","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"postlarval shell with pitted microornamentation, pseudointerarea of both valves with well-defined flexure lines, ventral pseudointerarea orthocline, pedicle groove narrow, triangular, deep, dorsal pseudointerarea low, anacline, with well-defined median groove, ventral interior with subtriangular visceral field, slightly raised anteriorly, not extending to midvalve, dorsal interior with well-defined visceral area, anterior projection bounded laterally by low ridges, and extending anteriorly beyond midlength, dorsal central muscle scars large, elongate suboval, divided by groove, ventral vascula lateralia submarginal, straight, widely divergent anteriorly, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, vascula media poorly impressed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig, ?Llanvirn)","Geography":"Germany, Bavaria, Thuringia, ?Tremadoc, ?Arenig; Bohemia, ?Tremadoc-lower Arenig; Kazakhstan, Arenig; Poland, Holy Cross Mountains, ?Serbia, ?Arenig; Estonia, Russia, Urals, Arenig, ?Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 28, 2 a-e . *T. siluricus (von Eichwald), Leetse beds, Estonia, a, b, ventral view, lateral view of both valves, Hundikuristik, TAGI BR 3501, x1.2, c, dorsal valve exterior, Leetse, LMT 6574t, x2.9, d, ventral valve interior, M\u00e4ek\u00fcla, TAGI BR 3503, X1.2, e, dorsal valve interior, Leetse, TAGI BR 3510, X1.2 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 28. zhanatellidae (p. 64-67).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-095.jpg?height=1618&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tropidoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tropidoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tropidoglossa ROWELE, 1966, p. 31","Type_species":"Linnarssonella modesta WALCOTT, 1908, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small and thin, elongate oval, dorsibiconvex, larval and postlarval shell with pitted microornamentation, ventral beak with distinctive, short keel, ventral pseudointerarea with deep pedicle groove and well-developed flexure lines, beak of dorsal valve with two short, divergent ridges, dorsal pseudointerarea narrow, with poorly developed median groove, visceral field and mantle canals not clearly impressed. Upper Cambrian: USA (Utah), Dunderbergia Biozone.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian: USA (Utah), Dunderbergia Biozone","Geography":"USA (Utah), Dunderbergia Biozone","Figure_captions":"Fig. 28, 3a-g. *T. modesta (Walcott), Orr Formation, House Range, USNM loc. 30k, Utah, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 459677a, X19.6, b, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459677b, X19.6, c, dorsal view of complete shell, USNM 459677c, x13.8, d, ventral valve interior, x10, e, oblique lateral view of ventral pseudointerarea, USNM 459677d, x20.8, f, posterior view of dorsal valve, USNM 459677e, X22.9, g, detail of pitted microornamentation, USNM 459677f, X_425 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT","figure_index":"fig. 28. zhanatellidae (p. 64-67).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-095.jpg?height=1618&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elkania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Elkania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elkania Ford, 1886b, p. 325, nom. nov. pro Billingsia Ford, 1886a, p. 466, non de Koninck, 1876, Obolella desiderata BILLINGS, 1862a, p. 69, OD","Type_species":"Obolella desiderata BILLINGS, 1862a, p. 69, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell moderately to strongly biconvex, subcircular, ornament of fine concentric rugae, dorsal beak strongly incurved, covered by ventral pseudointerarea, ventral propareas weakly anacline, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, crescent shaped, forming low, wide strip along margin, pedicle groove narrow, deep.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (Llanvirn), Upper Cambrian or Lower Ordovician, Lower Ordovician, Arenig, Llanvirn","Geography":"USA, Nevada, Alaska, Upper Cambrian or Lower Ordovician; Canada, Quebec, Lower Ordovician; Kazakhstan, Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 30, 2a, b. * E. desiderata (Billings), Levis Shale, Levis, Quebec, a, dorsal internal mold, USNM 51943d, x3.8, b, ventral internal mold, USNM 51943b, x4.8 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).-Fig. 30, 2c-e. E. alaskensis Ulrich & Cooper, Squaw Mountain, Yukon, Alaska, c, ventral view of both valves, GSC 9121, X4.2, d, ventral internal mold, GSC 9121b, X3.6, e, dorsal view of both valves, GSC 9121, X4.2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).-Fig. 30, 2f, g. E. hamburgensis (Walcott), Goodwin Formation, Eureka district, Hamburg Ridge, Nevada, posterior view of both valves, lateral view of both valves, USNM 17286b, X4. 8 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGSC, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 30. elkaniidae (p. 67-69).\nfig. 30. elkaniidae (p. 67-69).\nfig. 30. elkaniidae (p. 67-69).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-098.jpg?height=1827&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-098.jpg?height=1827&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-098.jpg?height=1827&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Broeggeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Broeggeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Broeggeria Walcott, 1902, p. 605, nom. correct. Ulrich & Cooper, 1936b, p. 618, pro Br\u00f6ggeria WALCOTT, 1902, p. 605, nom. imperf.","Type_species":"Obolella salteri HOLL, 1865, p. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell rounded to subtriangular, moderately biconvex, with slightly longer ventral valve, larval and postlarval shell ornamented by subcircular pits, ventral pseudointerarea broadly triangular with widely triangular pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea crescent shaped, with wide median groove, visceral areas of both valves moderately thickened, not extending to midvalve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (lower Llanvirn), Upper Cambrian-Tremadoc, Upper Cambrian-Arenig, Upper Cambrian-lower Llanvirn, Tremadoc, ?Tremadoc, ?Tremadoc-lower Arenig","Geography":"Great Britain, Upper Cambrian\u2013Tremadoc; Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Upper Cambrian\u2013Arenig; Kazakhstan, Upper Cambrian\u2013lower Llanvirn; ?Argentina, Canada, Nova Scotia, Tremadoc; ?Belgium, ?Tremadoc; ?Bohemia, ?Tremadoc\u2013lower Arenig.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 30, 3a-e. *B. salteri (Holl), a, ventral valve exterior, X 5, b, pitted microornament of ventral valve, Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5sholmen Formation, Tremadoc, Ottenby, Sweden, RMS Br 133940, X500 (Popov & Holmer, 1994), c, ventral valve interior, latex cast, Tremadoc, Clonograptus tenellus Biozone, Cwm Crymlyn, South Wales, IGS RU 8949, X8.3 (Owens & others, 1982); d, dorsal valve exterior, WhiteLeaved-Oak Shales, Merioneth Series, Malvern Hills, South Wales, IGS GSM 32733, \u00d76.7 (Owens & others, 1982); e, dorsal internal mold, lower Tremadoc Shales, Clyn-c\u00f4ch, South Wales, NMW 77.1G.46, \u00d76.7 (Owens & others, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nPopov & Holmer, 1994, \n6.7 (Owens & others, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 30. elkaniidae (p. 67-69).\n","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-098.jpg?height=1827&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)\n","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elkanisca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Elkanisca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elkanisca HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 51","Type_species":"Obolus klouceki KOLIHA, 1918, p. 133, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell strongly dorsibiconvex, rounded, postlarval shell ornamented by concentric rugae, microornamentation with lenticular pits, ventral pseudointerarea wide, apsacline, with widely triangular pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea low, crescent shaped, interior of both valves as in Elkania","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, lower Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 31, 1a, b. * E. klouceki (\u041a\u043e\u0446\u0456\u043d\u0430), holotype, dorsal external mold, dorsal internal mold, Klabava Formation, Zebr\u00e1k, NM L18156, X4.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982).-Fig. 31, 1c. E. obesa (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), detail of pitted microornamentation, OMR VH 65778, x200 (new).-Fig. 31, 1d. E. lineola Havl\u00ed\u010dek, ventral internal mold, Klabava Formation, X4.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 31. elkaniidae (p. 69-72).\nfig. 31. elkaniidae (p. 69-72).\nfig. 31. elkaniidae (p. 69-72).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-100.jpg?height=1820&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-100.jpg?height=1820&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-100.jpg?height=1820&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Keskentassia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Keskentassia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Keskentassia Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 66","Type_species":"K. multispinulosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell strongly biconvex, slightly inequivalved, ventral pseudointerarea forming crescent-shaped strip, ventral propareas strongly elevated, flat, lacking flexure lines, ventral vascula lateralia submedial, dorsal pseudointerarea reduced, mainly consisting of wide median groove, dorsal transmedian, outside lateral, and middle lateral muscle scars placed on separate muscle platforms along posterolateral margins of visceral area, postlarval shell with finely pitted microornament, and spinose valve margin","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Geography":"Kazakhstan (Kendyktas Range)","Figure_captions":"FIG . 30,1a\u2013g. *K. multispinulosa, Agalatas Formation, Kendyktas Range, Agalatas River, Kazakhstan; a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 7.5; b, holotype, ventral valve lateral view, RMS Br 136026, \u00d710; c, ventral valve interior, \u00d78.3; d, oblique view of visceral area and pseudointerarea, \u00d7 16.3; e, marginal spines, RMS Br 136021, \u00d7 67; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d711.3; g, oblique lateral view of interior, RMS Br 136023, \u00d713.8 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 30. elkaniidae (p. 67-69).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-098.jpg?height=1827&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamanskya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lamanskya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamanskya Moberg & Segerberg, 1906, p. 71, Dictyobolus Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 189","Type_species":"L. splendens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dictyobolus Williams & Curry, 1985, p. 189 (type, D. transversus, OD)","Synonyms":"Dictyobolus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell strongly biconvex, more than half as thick as wide, with wide truncated posterior margin, exterior smooth or with subdued rugae, microornamentation of lenticular pits, ventral pseudointerarea low, apsacline, with deep, triangular pedicle groove bounded laterally by strong plications, dorsal pseudointerarea strongly incurved medially, with vestigial median groove, visceral platforms of both valves as in Broeggeria","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llanvirn), Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig), Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Sweden, Norway, Tremadoc\u2013Arenig; Estonia, Ireland, Arenig; Russia, Ingria, Southern Urals, Arenig\u2013Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 31,2a\u2013e. *L. splendens; a, ventral pseudointerarea, pedicle groove, RMS 133942, \u00d7 25.8; b, pitted microornamentation of ventral valve, Latorp Limestone, Megistaspis armata Biozone, Uddag\u00e5rden quarry, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Sweden, RMS 133940, \u00d7 425; c,d, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view, Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5sholmen Formation, Ottenby, \u00d6land, Sweden, LO 1795T, \u00d74; e, partly exfoliated dorsal valve showing visceral platform and vascula media, Latorp Limestone, Megistaspis planilimbata Biozone, Ottenby, \u00d6land, Sweden, RMS Br 133692, \u00d75.7 (Holmer, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 31. elkaniidae (p. 69-72).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-100.jpg?height=1820&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monobolina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Monobolina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monobolina SALTER, 1866, p. 334","Type_species":"Lingula plumbea Salter in MURCHISON, 1859, p. 50, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Monobilina Rowell, 1965a, p. 270","Synonyms":"Monobilina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shape of shell and interior characters similar to Broeggeria, but with distinctive ornamentation of concentric fila and radial costellae","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llandeilo)","Geography":"Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 32, 2a-e. * M. plumbea (Salter), Mytton Flags, Arenig, Shropshire, a, latex cast of ventral external mold, x5, b, detail of ventral ornamentation, BMNH BB 35468, X10, c, latex cast of dorsal external mold, BMNH BB 35470a, x4.5, d, latex cast of ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 35473a, X2.2, e, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 35469a, X2.3 (Williams, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nWilliams, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 32. elkaniidae (p. 69-72).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-101.jpg?height=1753&width=1284&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudodicellomus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudodicellomus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudodicellomus Bell in Bell & ELLINWOOD, 1962, p. 407","Type_species":"Dicellomus mosaicus BELL, 1941, p. 216, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudodicellomus Bell in Bell & Ellinwood, 1962, p. 407 *Dicellomus mosaicus Bell, 1941, p. 216, OD","Synonyms":"Pseudodicellomus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, subcircular, larval and postlarval shell with pitted microornamentation, pedicle groove deep, broadly triangular, ventral propareas narrow with flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea low, with wide median groove, interior of both valves with low visceral platforms, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, widely divergent posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Texas, Montana)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 32, 1 a-d. * P. mosaicus (Bell), Morgan Creek Limestone, Texas, a, ventral valve interior, USNM 125574, X5, b, dorsal valve interior, USNM 125576, x5, c, ventral valve interior, oblique anterior view, x9.2, d, detail of pitted microornamentation of ventral valve, USNM 459678a, X200 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 32. elkaniidae (p. 69-72).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-101.jpg?height=1753&width=1284&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tilasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tilasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tilasia HOLMER, 1991b, p. 197","Type_species":"*T. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely suboval, moderately to subequally biconvex, ornament of concentric rugae, and with microornament of regular rhomboidal pits, ventral pseudointerarea with wide propareas and deep, triangular pedicle groove, bounded laterally by plications, dorsal pseudointerarea with widely triangular median groove and narrow propareas, ventral interior poorly known, dorsal interior with short visceral platform, bisected by weak median ridge, dorsal central and anterior lateral muscle scars closely spaced.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Llandeilo-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"USA, Alabama, Llandeilo; Sweden, upper Llandeilo-lower Ashgill; Kazakhstan, Chu-Ili Range, Caradoc","Figure_captions":"Fig. 31,3a\u2013d. *T. rugosa, Boda Limestone, Siljan District, Sweden; a,b, ventral valve exterior, lateral view of both valves, \u00d72.5; c, holotype, internal mold of dorsal valve, Jutj\u00e4rn, RMS Br 133686, \u00d7 2.2; d, detail of pitted microornamentation, Sk\u00e5lberget, RMS Br 133691, \u00d7 50 (Holmer, 1991b).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 31. elkaniidae (p. 69-72).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-100.jpg?height=1820&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":79,"beginning_date":460.54,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Volborthia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Elkaniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Volborthia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Volborthia von M\u00d6LLER, 1870, p. 409","Type_species":"Acrotreta recurva KUTORGA, 1848, p. 277, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, with conical dorsal valve, strongly inequivalved, larval shell with circular pits, postlarval shell ornamented by rhomboidal pits, ventral pseudointrarea rudimentary, anacline with a narrow, deep pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea high, triangular, procline, divided by low ridge, visceral platforms in both valves poorly mineralized, other interior characters poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Sweden, Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 32, 3a-f. * V. recurva (Kutorga), upper Arenig-lower Llanvirn, Asaphus expansus Biozone, Ingria, a, b, neotype, ventral valve exterior, posterior view of both valves, Lava River, RMS Br 136305, x1.7, c, dorsal valve posterior view, x1.7, d, detail of pitted microornamentation, Putilovo quarry, RMS Br 136341, x179, e, dorsal valve, lateral view, Putilovo quarry, RMS Br 136307, X1.7, f, detail of pedicle groove, Volkhov River, RMS Br 136308, X8.3 (Holmer & Popov, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer & Popov, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 32. elkaniidae (p. 69-72).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-101.jpg?height=1753&width=1284&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulonotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Aulonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aulonotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulonotreta Kutorga, 1848, p. 260, =Obolus antiquissimus von EICHWALD, 1843, p. 143","Type_species":"A. sculpta, SD Hall & Clarke, 1892, p. 82, =Obolus antiquissimus von EICHWALD, 1843, p. 143","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acritis von Volborth, 1869, p. 212, obj., Rohonodus Schallreuter, 1983, p. 108 (type, R. vastorfensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Acritis, Rohonodus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Characters as for family = Shell very thick, strongly biconvex, lamellose; ornamented by undulating, evenly spaced rugae; postlarval shell with microornamentation of \ufb01ne rhomboidal pits; ventral pseudointerarea well developed, lacking \ufb02exure lines, with narrow, deep pedicle groove; dorsal pseudointerarea \ufb02attened, with straight posterior margin and poorly de\ufb01ned median groove; visceral area of both valves strongly thickened, extending to midvalve; dorsal central and anterior lateral muscle scars closely placed, bisected by low median ridge; vascula lateralia of both valves submedian, slightly convergent; vascula media absent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Sweden, lower Llanvirn; Estonia, Russia, Ingria, upper Arenig","Figure_captions":"Fig. 33,1a\u2013g. *A. antiquissima (VON EICHWALD), upper Arenig, Estonia; a, ventral valve exterior, M\u00e4ek\u00fcla, RMS Br 133729, \u00d72.5; b, lateral view of both valves, Leetse, LMT 1201ql:51, \u00d7 1.8; c, dorsal valve interior, Tallinn, RMS Br 133538, \u00d73.1; d, dorsal valve exterior, Ingria, BMNH B 5999, \u00d7 1.7; e, ventral valve interior, Tallinn, RMS Br 65717, \u00d7 4.2; f, detail of ornamentation of dorsal valve, \u00d741.7; g, detail of pitted microornamentation, RMS Br 65709, \u00d7112 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 33. aulonotretidae and lingulasmatidae (p. 72-75).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-103.jpg?height=1451&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulellotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulellotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lingulellotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulellotreta Koneva in Gorjansky & KONEVA, 1983, p. 132","Type_species":"L. ergalievi, OD, =Lingulepis malongensis RONG, 1974, p. 114","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lingulepis malongensis Rong, 1974, p. 114","Synonyms":"Lingulepis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval to subtriangular, ventral pseudointerarea orthocline with well-developed flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea with wide, concave median groove and short propareas, visceral areas of both valves not thickened, ventral visceral area extended to midvalve, dorsal visceral area with anterior projection extending slightly anterior to midvalve","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian-Toyonian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, China (Yunnan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 34, 1a-d. *L. malongensis (Rong), a, dorsal view of external mold, with impression of pedicle, Chiungchussu Formation, Chengjiang, NIGP 113916, x4.2, b, external mold of ventral valve, NIGP 113922, X12.9 (Jin, Hou, & Wang, 1993), c, ventral valve interior, MANK 2224\/34, X16.7, dorsal valve interior, Ushbass River, MANK 2224\/36, X16.7 (Gorjansky & Koneva, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nJin, Hou, & Wang, 1993, \nGorjansky & Koneva, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 34. lingulellotretidae (p. 72-75).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-104.jpg?height=1877&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":510.38,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aboriginella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulellotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aboriginella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aboriginella Koneva in Koneva & POPOV, 1983, p. 121","Type_species":"A. denudata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, moderately to strongly biconvex, ventral pseudointerarea lacking flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea flat, undivided, highly elevated, ventral visceral field raised, forming platform, extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral field strongly thickened posteriorly, with low, narrow anterior projection, extended to midvalve, dorsal central and anterior lateral muscle scars small, closely spaced","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 34, 2a-d. *A. denudata, Zhumabai Formation, Malyi Karatau, a, detail of ventral pseudointerarea with pedicle foramen, MANK 427\/247, X8.3, b, ventral internal mold, MANK 427\/119, x5, c, dorsal pseudointerarea, MANK 427\/248, X16.7 (Koneva & Popov, 1983), d, dorsal internal mold, MANK 427\/123, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koneva & Popov, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 34. lingulellotretidae (p. 72-75).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-104.jpg?height=1877&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mirilingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulellotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mirilingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mirilingula Popov in Koneva & POPOV, 1983, p. 116","Type_species":"M. mutabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Exterior and pseudointerareas similar to Aboriginella, but with shallow sulcus in both valves, both valves lacking lacking visceral platforms, dorsal interior with low median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 34,4a\u2013c. *M. mutabilis, Cordylodus proavus Biozone, Batyrbai, Malyi Karatau; a, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 27\/11991, \u00d7 2.5; b, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 29\/11991, \u00d7 2.5 (Koneva & Popov, 1983); c, detail of ventral pseudointerarea with pedicle foramen, RMS Br 136369, \u00d7 31.7 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 34,4d. M. sp., Selety Limestone, Upper Cambrian, Selety River; dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136034, \u00d722.9 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nKoneva & Popov, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 34. lingulellotretidae (p. 72-75).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-104.jpg?height=1877&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vaculina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulellotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vaculina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vaculina KONEVA, 1992, p. 90","Type_species":"V. obscura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, subequally to somewhat dorsibiconvex, ventral propareas highly elevated with flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea with shallow median groove, ventral visceral area forming low rhomboidal platform, slightly raised anteriorly, extending to midvalve, ventral vascula lateralia straight, slightly divergent, submarginal, dorsal visceral area forming low, subtriangular platform with narrow anterior projection, extending anteriorly beyond midvalve and bisected by median ridge, dorsal vascula lateralia marginal, slightly arcuate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","First_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 34,3a\u2013d. *V. obscura, Zhumabai Formation, Upper Cambrian, Malyi Karatau, Kyrshabakty River; a,b, holotype, ventral valve exterior, lateral view of both valves, MANK 427\/583, \u00d7 2.5; c, dorsal internal mold, MANK 427\/584, \u00d72.5; d, ventral internal mold, MANK 427\/578, \u00d73.3 (Koneva, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koneva, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 34. lingulellotretidae (p. 72-75).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-104.jpg?height=1877&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lingulasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulasma Ulrich, 1889, p. 383, Lingulelasma MILLER, 1889, p. 351","Type_species":"L. schucherti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lingulelasma Miller, 1889, p. 351","Synonyms":"Lingulelasma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Characters as for family. Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill): Sweden, Norway, Llanvirn, Russia (Ingria), Llanvirn-Llandeilo, Estonia, Llanvirn-Caradoc, Lithuania, Llandeilo-Caradoc, Great Britain, Ireland, Llandeilo-Ashgill, Canada, Ontario, Quebec, USA, Caradoc-Ashgill.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill), Llanvirn, Llanvirn-Llandeilo, Llanvirn-Caradoc, Llandeilo-Caradoc, Llandeilo-Ashgill, Caradoc-Ashgill","Geography":"Sweden, Norway, Llanvirn; Russia (Ingria), Llanvirn-Llandeilo; Estonia, Llanvirn-Caradoc; Lithuania, Llandeilo-Caradoc; Great Britain, Ireland, Llandeilo-Ashgill; Canada, Ontario, Quebec, USA, Caradoc-Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig . 33,2a,b. *L. schucherti, Ashgill, Wilmington, Illinois; a, cast of dorsal internal mold, \u00d7 0.8; b, cast of ventral internal mold, USNM 45194, \u00d7 0.8 (Rowell, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig . 33,2c. L. galenense W INCHELL & S CHUCHERT , Decorah Formation, middle Caradoc, Decorah, USNM loc. no. 303, Iowa; lateral view of internal mold of both valves, USNM 459769, \u00d7 1.7 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 33,2d. L. compactum C OOPER , Oranda Formation, lower Caradoc, Linville Station, Virginia; holotype, detail of pustulose ornamentation, USNM 109347, \u00d76.7 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nRowell, 1965, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 33. aulonotretidae and lingulasmatidae (p. 72-75).\nfig. 33. aulonotretidae and lingulasmatidae (p. 72-75).\nfig. 33. aulonotretidae and lingulasmatidae (p. 72-75).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-103.jpg?height=1451&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-103.jpg?height=1451&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-103.jpg?height=1451&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paterula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Paterulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paterula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paterula BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 110","Type_species":"P. bohemica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Characters as for family. Ordovician (Arenig)-Silurian, ?Devonian: USA, Canada, Arenig-Silurian, Bohemia, Llanvirn-Caradoc, Russia, Arenig-Caradoc, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Arenig-Ashgill, Great Britain, Ireland, Llanvirn-Ashgill, Australia, Caradoc-Ashgill, ?Thailand, ?Devonian.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Silurian, ?Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Devonian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)-Silurian, ?Devonian, Arenig-Silurian, Llanvirn-Caradoc, Arenig-Caradoc, Arenig-Ashgill, Llanvirn-Ashgill, Caradoc-Ashgill, ?Devonian","Geography":"USA, Canada, Arenig-Silurian; Bohemia, Llanvirn-Caradoc; Russia, Arenig-Caradoc; Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Arenig-Ashgill; Great Britain, Ireland, Llanvirn-Ashgill; Australia, Caradoc-Ashgill; ?Thailand, ?Devonian","Figure_captions":"Fig . 35a\u2013h. P. perfecta COOPER; a, ventral valve interior, Oranda Formation, lower Caradoc, Linville Station, Virginia, USNM 109404g, \u00d725 (Cooper, 1956); b, ventral valve exterior, \u00d720.8; c, oblique posterior view of ventral valve, \u00d726.7; d, detail of ventral larval shell and pedicle notch, \u00d7 125; e, microornamentation of ventral larval shell, \u00d71142; f, microornamentation of postlarval shell, USNM 459680a, \u00d7333; g, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459680b, \u00d7 42.7; h, detail of interior pedicle notch, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Alabama, USNM 459680c, \u00d7 62.5 (new).\u2014\u2014FIG . 35i. P. circina HAVL\u00cdCEK , Dobrotiv\u00e1 Formation, Bohemia (Liben-B\u00edl\u00e1 sk\u00e1la); paratype, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 3239, \u00d79.2 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nUSNM, \nCooper, 1956, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 35. paterulidae (p. 75).\nfig. 35. paterulidae (p. 75).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-106.jpg?height=1245&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-106.jpg?height=1245&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dysoristus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Dysoristidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dysoristus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dysoristus BELL, 1944, p. 146","Type_species":"D. lochmanae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dysozistus Gorjansky, 1960, p. 182","Synonyms":"Dysozistus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell biconvex, subtriangular, elongate oval, pedicle foramen widely subtriangular, covered apically by plate, ventral visceral field not extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral field with narrow anterior projection, extending anteriorly beyond midvalve, and bisected by weak median ridge, vascula lateralia of both valves marginal, arcuate, vascula media divergent. Upper Cambrian: USA, Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 36,1a\u2013f. *D. lochmanae, Dresbachian, Dunderbergia Zone, Nevada; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d720; b, lateral view, \u00d722.5; c, oblique posterior view of pedicle foramen, RMS Br 136267, \u00d7 41.7; d, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136266, \u00d7 18.3; e, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 18.3; f, lateral view, RMS Br 136265, \u00d7 25 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 36,1g\u2013i. D. orientalis P OPOV & HOLMER, Aksak-Kujandy Mountain; g, ventral interior, pseudointerarea, lateral view, RMS Br 136059, \u00d7 20.8; h, dorsal interior, \u00d7 20; i, lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136061, \u00d7 33.3 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 36. dysoristidae (p. 75-76).\nfig. 36. dysoristidae (p. 75-76).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-107.jpg?height=1570&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-107.jpg?height=1570&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ferrobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Dysoristidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ferrobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ferrobolus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 71","Type_species":"F. catharinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, pedicle track elongate triangular, with rounded pedicle foramen, ventral visceral area small, not extending to midvalve, ventral vascula lateralia submedian","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (Arenig), ?Tremadoc-lower Arenig","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Bohemia, ?Tremadoc-lower Arenig","Figure_captions":"Fig . 36,2a\u2013c. *F. catharinus, Trenice Formation, Holoubkov, Bohemia; a, holotype, latex cast of ventral external mold, NM L 18125, \u00d76.7; b, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 3067, \u00d7 6.7 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1982); c, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 3066a, \u00d7 6.7 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 36,2d\u2013f. F. fragilis POPOV & HOLMER, Olenty Formation, Sasyksor Lake, Kazakhstan; d, detail of ventral pseudointerarea and internal pedicle foramen, RMS Br 136064, \u00d7 62.5; e, ventral valve exterior, \u00d726.7; f, detail of pitted microornamentation of ventral valve, RMS Br 136066, \u00d7 417 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982, \nPopov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 36. dysoristidae (p. 75-76).\nfig. 36. dysoristidae (p. 75-76).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-107.jpg?height=1570&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-107.jpg?height=1570&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bistramia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Linguloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bistramia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bistramia von HOEK, 1912, p. 247","Type_species":"B. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, subtriangular, with fine rugae, ventral valve with acuminate beak, ventral pseudointerarea small, subtriangular, with narrow pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea forming narrow strip along short posterior margin, dorsal visceral area slightly thickened, rhomboidal, extending anteriorly beyond midvalve and bisected by fine median ridge, vascula lateralia of both valves submarginal, straight and divergent proximally, vascula media short, subparallel. Ordovician (?Caradoc): Bolivia.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Caradoc)","Geography":"Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 37, 3a-d. *B. elegans, Bolivia, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 459681a, x2.1, b, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459681b, x2.1, c, ventral internal mold, USNM 459681c, x2.1, d, dorsal ventral internal mold, USNM 459681c, x2.1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 37. uncertain (p. 77-79).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-108.jpg?height=1419&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dignomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Linguloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dignomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dignomia HALL, 1871a, p. 2","Type_species":"Lingula alveata Hall, 1863a, p. 23, SM HALL, 1872a, pl. 13","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subtriangular to suboval, ventral interior with two widely divergent ridges posteriorly (may be impression of pedicle nerve), dorsal interior with long median ridge. All other characters inadequately known.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"USA (New York, Ohio)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 37, 5a, b. * D. alveata (Hall), Hamilton Group, New York, a, latex cast of ventral internal mold, latex cast, Cayuga Lake, Ludlowville, AMNH 36787, x0.8 (new), b, dorsal internal mold, Seneca Lake, USNM 91851, X0.8 (Rowell, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nUSNM, \nRowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 37. uncertain (p. 77-79).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-108.jpg?height=1419&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laima":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Linguloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Laima","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laima GRAVITIS, 1981, p. 448","Type_species":"L. latgalica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate suboval to subrectangular, equally biconvex. All other characters unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Latvia","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulipora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Linguloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lingulipora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulipora GIRTY, 1898, p. 387","Type_species":"Lingula (Lingulipora) williamsana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, coarsely punctate, ventral pseudointerarea well developed, with deep, triangular pedicle groove and elevated propareas, lacking flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea absent, interior of both valves poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian-Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"USA (Virginia, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Texas), Poland, Russia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 37,4. *L. williamsana (G IRTY ), Upper Devonian, Virginia; dorsal valve exterior, USNM 97988a, \u00d73.3 (Rowell, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lunoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Linguloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lunoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lunoglossa XU & XIE, 1985, p. 469","Type_species":"L. puqiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, ventral pseudointerarea well developed, with pedicle groove, interiors of both valves poorly known. Upper Permian: China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oxlosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Linguloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oxlosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oxlosia Ulrich & Cooper, 1936b, p. 619, nom. nov. pro Eunoa Clarke, 1902, p. 606, non MALMGREN, 1867","Type_species":"Eunoa accola CLARKE, 1902, p. 607, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly biconvex, elongate oval, with fine rugae, both valves with submarginal apex, interior of both valves and ventral valve inadequately known","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Canada (Quebec), Arenig; Kazakhstan, Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig . 37,1. *O. accola (C LARKE ), Levis Shale, Quebec (Levis), Canada; dorsal valve exterior, USNM 71832, \u00d78.3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 37. uncertain (p. 77-79).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-108.jpg?height=1419&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Timalina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Linguloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Timalina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Timalina BATRUKOVA, 1969, p. 70","Type_species":"T. miranda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known, pseudointerarea and interior characters unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian","Geography":"Russia (Komi)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tomasina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Linguloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tomasina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tomasina Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 65","Type_species":"Lingula criei Davidson in GUILLIER, 1881, p. 372, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tomasina Hall, 1891, p. 15, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Tomasina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate subrectangular, ventral beak distinctly elevated above plane of commissure, triangular opening beneath beak","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"France, Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 37, 2a, b. *T. criei (DavidSON), Sarthe, latex cast of ventral valve external mold, posterior view of pseudointerarea, x1.2 (Rowell, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nRowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 37. uncertain (p. 77-79).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-108.jpg?height=1419&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trematis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Trematidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trematis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trematis Sharpe, 1848, p. 66, *Orbicula terminalis Emmons, 1842, p. 395, SD DAVIDSON, 1853, p. 130","Type_species":"Orbicula terminalis Emmons, 1842, p. 395, SD DAVIDSON, 1853, p. 130","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell dorsibiconvex, circular to suboval, ornament of small, rounded to rectangular, superficial pits variably arranged, commonly in rough quincunx or in rows radiating from beak, ventral valve with subcentral apex, margins of pedicle notch straight or concave toward midline, dorsal pseudointerarea not raised above valve floor, dorsal median ridge low, variably developed, separating two beanshaped composite muscle scars.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), ?Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"Silurian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill), ?Silurian","Geography":"Great Britain, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Llandeilo-Ashgill; Jordan, Caradoc-Ashgill; USA, Canada, Caradoc-Ashgill, ?Silurian; Bohemia, Norway, South Africa, Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 40, 1a, b. *T. terminalis (Emmons), Trenton Group, Caradoc, New York, a, ventral internal mold, Trenton Falls, USNM 92255, X3.3, b, dorsal internal mold, Black Creek, USNM 459682, X3.3 (new)., Fig. 40, 1c, d. T. millipunctata Hall, Wagnesville Formation, Ashgill, Wagnesville, Ohio, dorsal valve exterior, ventral valve exterior, USNM 40441, X2.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT","figure_index":"fig. 40. trematidae (p. 83-85).\nfig. 40. trematidae (p. 83-85).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-115.jpg?height=1814&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-115.jpg?height=1814&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drabodiscina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Trematidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Drabodiscina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drabodiscina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1972, p. 231","Type_species":"Discina grandis BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 97.1, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Trematis, but larger, planoconvex, with only rectangular pits, pedicle opening not reaching posterior valve margin","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc-)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 40, 3a-c. *D. grandis (Barrande), Letn\u00e1 Formation, Caradoc, Prague basin, a, ventral internal mold, NM, X1.2, b, dorsal external mold, NM, x1 . 2,  c, detail of ornamentation, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NM","figure_index":"fig. 40. trematidae (p. 83-85).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-115.jpg?height=1814&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Trematidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizocrania Hall & WHITFIELD, 1875, p. 71","Type_species":"Orbicula filosa HALL, 1847, p. 99, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ptychopeltis Perner, 1903, p. 42 (type, P. incola, OD), Orbiculothyris Wolfart in Wolfart, Bender, & Stein, 1968, p. 528 (type, O. costellata, OD)","Synonyms":"Ptychopeltis, Orbiculothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to subtriangular, convexoplane to convexoconcave, dorsal valve ornamented by fine costellae, ventral valve less costellate or lacking costellae, ventral valve circular in outline, pedicle opening broadly triangular, with straight margins, listrium small, posterior margin of dorsal valve slightly thickened.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician-Lower Devonian, Ordovician-Silurian, upper Llanvirn-Ludlow, Llandeilo-early Caradoc, Caradoc-Ashgill, Ashgill, Silurian, upper Silurian-Lower Devonian, Lower Devonian","Geography":"Peru, Ordovician-Silurian; Ireland, upper Llanvirn-Ludlow; Bohemia, Llandeilo-early Caradoc; Jordan, Caradoc-Ashgill; USA, Canada, Caradoc-Lower Devonian; Libya, Ashgill; Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, Silurian, Great Britain, France, upper Silurian-Lower Devonian; Ukraine (Podolia), Lower Devonian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 40, 2a-d. *S. filosa (Hall), Caradoc-Ashgill, USA, a, dorsal valve exterior, X1.7, b, detail of ornamentation of dorsal valve, Trenton Group, Middleville, New York, AMNH 29755, X4. 2 (new), c, cluster of attached valves, Maysville, Ohio, USNM 459683, X1.2 (Rowell, 1965a), d, dorsal internal mold, AMNH 29753, x2.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nUSNM, \nRowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 40. trematidae (p. 83-85).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-115.jpg?height=1814&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Trematidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizobolus ULRICH, 1886, p. 25","Type_species":"Discina truncata Hall, 1863a, p. 28, OD, =Lingula concentrica VANUXEM, 1842, p. 168","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ljaschenkovia BatruKOVA, 1969, p. 71 (type, L. udmurtica, OD)","Synonyms":"Ljaschenkovia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, weakly biconvex, both valves with beak placed posteriorly, not marginal, pedicle opening forming triangular notch extending from beak to posterior margin, lacking listrium, dorsal valve with short, straight posterior margin, dorsal interior with low ridge extending to midvalve","Beginning_age":"Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Devonian","Ending_age":"Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Devonian","Geological_periods":"Devonian","Geography":"USA, Uruguay, Brazil, Russia (Komi), Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 40,4a,b. *S. concentricus (VANUXEM), Middle Devonian, Poor Valley, Tennessee; a, ventral internal mold, USNM 459685a, \u00d7 4.2; b, dorsal external mold, USNM 459685b, \u00d74.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 40. trematidae (p. 83-85).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-115.jpg?height=1814&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tethyrete":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Trematidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tethyrete","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tethyrete HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1994, p. 63","Type_species":"T. frigerum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to convexoplane Trematis, but with reticulate ornament of radial costellae with crossbars, Satisfactory material not available for illustration","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":445.21,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Discina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Discina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Discina LAMARCK, 1819, p. 236","Type_species":"D. ostreoides, OD, =Crania striata SCHUMACHER, 1817, p. 102","Synonyms_with_authors":"Crania striata Schumacher, 1817, p. 102","Synonyms":"Crania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell irregularly subcircular, biconvex to convexoconcave, ventral valve cemented to substrate, pedicle opening may be sealed in adults, both valves with subcentral apex, ornament of concentric growth lines and fine costellae, ventral interior with high, subtriangular median septum (probably attachment site of oblique internal muscle) extending short distance posteriorly of apex, partially closing pedicle opening, and almost forming pedicle tube, lophophore spirolophous. Holocene: western Africa.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"western Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 41, 1 a-f. *D. striata (Schumacher), Holocene, western Africa, a, dorsal valve exterior, X, b, detail of dorsal apex, x7.5 (new), c, ventral valve exterior, Cape Palmas, USNM 5962, x3.3, d, dorsal valve interior, X 4.2, e, ventral valve interior, X 4.2, f, lateral oblique view of ventral visceral area, Gambia, RMS Br 136372, X8.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 41. discinidae (p. 86).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-117.jpg?height=1781&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrosaccus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acrosaccus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrosaccus WILLARD, 1928, p. 258","Type_species":"A. shuleri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex to planoconvex, subcircular, postlarval shell with pitted microornamentation superposed on elevated, concentric fila, both valves with beak posterior, not marginal, ventral valve low to high conical, pedicle track narrow, mainly closed by listrium, foramen at posterior end of listrium, continued as internal tube, dorsal valve flattened.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 41, 2a-c. *A. shuleri, Rich Valley Formation, Caradoc, Virginia, a, b, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, USNM 109699a, X3.3, c, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 109699c, X3.3 (Cooper, 1956)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 41, 2d-h. A. willardi (Cooper), Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, d, ventral valve exterior, x9.2, e, lateral view of ventral valve, x20.8, f, detail of ventral larval shell, USNM 459688a, X54.2, g, oblique lateral view of dorsal apex, X 19.5 \/ 61.2, h, detail of postlarval pitted microornamentation of dorsal valve, USNM 459688b, X112 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 41. discinidae (p. 86).\nfig. 41. discinidae (p. 86).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-117.jpg?height=1781&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-117.jpg?height=1781&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chrustenotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chrustenotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chrustenotreta HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1994, p. 60","Type_species":"C. chrustenica HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1994, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schizotreta, but with subcentral ventral umbo and lacking internal pedicle tube, Ordovician (Caradoc): Bohemia","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Discinisca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Discinisca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Discinisca DALL, 1871b, p. 37","Type_species":"Orbicula lamellosa BRODERIP, 1833, p. 124, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex to convexoconcave, subcircular, ornamentation of fine growth lines that may become lamellose peripherally, with or without fine ribs, ventral valve with large depressed area around pedicle track, internally with small triangular median septum extending posteriorly from apex on to listrium, lophophore in recent forms spirolophous. ?Triassic, Lower JurassicHolocene: ?cosmopolitan (exact stratigraphic and geographic range is very uncertain).","Beginning_age":"Triassic, Lower Jurassic, Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Triassic","Ending_age":"Triassic, Lower Jurassic, Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Triassic, Lower Jurassic, Holocene","Geography":"cosmopolitan (exact stratigraphic and geographic range is very uncertain)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 42,2ag. *D. lamellosa (BRODERIP), Holocene, Callao, Peru; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71.4; b, oblique posterior view, \u00d71.7; c, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d71.4; d, lateral view, \u00d71.8; e, ventral valve interior, \u00d71.2; f, dorsal valve interior, USNM 17826, \u00d71.2 (new); g, cluster of valves, \u00d70.7 (Rowell, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nRowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 42. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-118.jpg?height=1779&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Discradisca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Discradisca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Discradisca STENZEL, 1964, p. 627","Type_species":"Orbicula antillarum D'ORBIGNY, 1845, p. 368, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Discinisca but with wide, transversely suboval pedicle track, closed apically by semicircular, gently concave listrium, ornamentation of fine costellae and growth lamellae","Beginning_age":"Lower Tertiary , Holocene (Danian)","First_Occurrence":"Danian","Ending_age":"Lower Tertiary , Holocene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Lower Tertiary (Danian), Holocene","Geography":"Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Brazil","Figure_captions":"Fig . 41,3a\u2013c. *D. antillarum ( D \u2019O RBIGNY ), Holocene; a, ventral view of both valves, \u00d73.3; b, detail of ventral umbonal area, \u00d775; c, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 442685, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 41. discinidae (p. 86).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-117.jpg?height=1781&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kosoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kosoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kosoidea Havl\u00ed\u010dek & MERGL, 1988, p. 171","Type_species":"K. fissurella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell similar to Lindstroemella but smaller, convexoplane to convexoconcave, with submarginal dorsal beak, lacking dorsal median septum and ridges bounding dorsal anterior adductor scars","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia, Estonia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 43,1a,b. *K. \ufb01ssurella, Kopanina Formation, Bohemia; a, holotype, ventral valve interior, OMR VH 4534c, \u00d710.8; b, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, OMR VH 4531a, \u00d77.5 (Havl\u00edcek\u02c7 & Mergl, 1988). [MICHAL MERGL]","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek & Mergl, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 43. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-119.jpg?height=1882&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lindstroemella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lindstroemella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lindstroemella Hall & Clarke, 1890, p. 134, Lindstromella Clarke, 1889, p. 43, nom. nud., Lindstoemelia Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 49","Type_species":"L. aspidium, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lindstromella Clarke, 1889, p. 43, nom. nud., Lindstoemelia Dunbar & Condra, 1932, p. 49","Synonyms":"Lindstromella, Lindstoemelia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, ornament of well-developed, concentric fila, ventral valve with central apex, pedicle track long, narrow, not completely closed posteriorly, dorsal valve with subcentral apex, dorsal interior with low median ridge anterior to apex, two lateral ridges bounding anterior adductor scars and converging anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous, Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous, Carboniferous, Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian-Carboniferous, Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous, Carboniferous, Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"USA (New York, Nebraska, Ohio, Kansas, Kentucky), Middle Devonian\u2013Lower Carboniferous; ?Peru, ?Russia (Urals), Carboniferous; ?Belgium, Upper Carboniferous","Figure_captions":"Fig . 43,3a,b. *L. aspidium, Hamilton beds, Middle Devonian, Hamilton, New York; a, ventral external mold, NYSM 1483, \u00d70.6; b, dorsal internal mold, NYSM 1482, \u00d70.6 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NYSM","figure_index":"fig. 43. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-119.jpg?height=1882&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulodiscina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lingulodiscina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulodiscina WHITFIELD, 1890, p. 121","Type_species":"Lingula exilis HALL, 1860b, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex to convexoplane, elongate oval, pedicle track broad, transversely suboval, dorsal valve with submarginal beak, internal characters inadequately known","Beginning_age":"Silurian, Devonian, ?Carboniferous, ?Permian","First_Occurrence":"Silurian","Ending_age":"Silurian, Devonian, ?Carboniferous, ?Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Silurian, Devonian, ?Carboniferous, ?Permian","Geography":"Germany, Silurian; ?Ghana, ?New Zealand, Devonian; USA, Devonian, ?Carboniferous; ?Peru, ?Brazil, ?Carboniferous; ?European Russia, Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 42,4a,b. *L. exilis (HALL), Middle Devonian, Hamilton, New York; a, ventral valve exterior, AMNH 36776, \u00d71.9; b, dorsal valve exterior, AMNH 36779, \u00d71.9 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 42. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-118.jpg?height=1779&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lochkothele":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lochkothele","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lochkothele Havl\u00ed\u010dek & MERGL, 1988, p. 169","Type_species":"Discina intermedia BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 99, fig. 4.2, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, subcircular, ventral valve with subcentral apex, pedicle track short, with","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 43,4a\u2013c. *L. intermedia (BARRANDE ), Radot\u00edn Limestone, Kosor; a, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 4510f, \u00d7 5.4; b, dorsal valve exterior, OMR VH 4521c, \u00d7 5.4; c, ventral valve exterior, OMR VH 4510e, \u00d78.3 (Havl\u00edcek\u02c7 & Mergl, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 43. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-119.jpg?height=1882&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oehlertella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oehlertella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oehlertella Hall & Clarke, 1890, p. 133, Oehlertella CLARKE, 1889, p. 43, nom. nud.","Type_species":"Discina pleurites \u041c\u0415EK, 1875, p. 278, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Oehlertella Clarke, 1889, p. 43, nom. nud.\"","Synonyms":"Oehlertella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known. Shell dorsibiconvex, ventral valve similar to Discinisca, but pedicle track parallel-sided and ventral interior lacking median septum, dorsal apex submarginal. ?Silurian, Devonian-Carboniferous: ?Estonia, Silurian, Libya, Devonian-Carboniferous, USA (New York, Ohio), Scotland, Carboniferous.","Beginning_age":"Silurian, Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Silurian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Silurian, Devonian-Carboniferous","Geography":"Estonia, Silurian; Libya, Devonian-Carboniferous; USA (New York, Ohio), Scotland, Carboniferous","Figure_captions":"Fig . 42,3. *O. pleurites (M EEK ), Cuyahoga Formation, Upper Carboniferous, Trumbull County, Ohio; dorsal valve exterior, OSU 22336, \u00d71.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"OSU","figure_index":"fig. 42. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-118.jpg?height=1779&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbiculoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orbiculoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbiculoidea D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 269","Type_species":"Orbicula forbesii Davidson, 1848, p. 334, ICZN opinion 722, 1965b","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell strongly dorsibiconvex to convexoplane, subcircular, ornament of both valves usually with well-developed, concentric fila, dorsal valve conical to subconical, apex variably positioned, ventral valve low subconical to gently concave, pedicle track narrow, closed anteriorly by listrium, foramen at posterior end of listrium, continued as internal tube to open in front of posterior margin.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician, Silurian","First_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician, Silurian-Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan (exact stratigraphic and geographic range is very uncertain)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 43,2a\u2013c. *O. ?forbesii (DAVIDSON), Wenlock, England; ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view of both valves, \u00d7 4 (Rowell, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 43. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-119.jpg?height=1882&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pelagodiscus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pelagodiscus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pelagodiscus DALL, 1908, p. 440","Type_species":"Discina atlantica KING, 1868, p. 170, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Discinisca but smaller, very thin-shelled, lophophore schizolophous","Beginning_age":"Miocene, Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Miocene, Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Miocene, Holocene","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 43,5a\u2013c. *P. atlanticus (KING), Holocene; a,b, dorsal, ventral valve exterior (photographed underwater), North Atlantic Ocean (Rowell, 1965a); c, oblique lateral view of two attached shells, north-eastern Paci\ufb01c Ocean, USNM 384198, \u00d75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nRowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 43. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-119.jpg?height=1882&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Roemerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Roemerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Roemerella Hall & Clarke, 1890, p. 137, Roemerella CLARKE, 1889, p. 43, nom. nud.","Type_species":"Orbicula grandis VANUXEM, 1842, p. 152, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Roemerella Clarke, 1889, p. 43, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Roemerella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known. Shell large, convexoconcave, ventral valve with central apex and pedicle track on broadly elevated area, dorsal valve high conical with subcentral apex. Devonian: USA (New York, Indiana, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan), ?South Africa, ?Belgium, ?Germany.","Beginning_age":"Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Devonian","Ending_age":"Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Devonian","Geological_periods":"Devonian","Geography":"USA (New York, Indiana, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan), ?South Africa, ?Belgium, ?Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 42,5a,b. *R. grandis (VANUXEM), Hamilton Group, New York; a, ventral external mold, USNM 26064, \u00d70.8; b, dorsal valve exterior, AMNH 5139, \u00d71.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nUSNM","figure_index":"fig. 42. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-118.jpg?height=1779&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizotreta KUTORGA, 1848, p. 272","Type_species":"Orbicula elliptica KUTORGA, 1846, p. 123, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell convexoplane to ventribiconvex, elongate oval, postlarval shell with pitted microornamentation, superposed on elevated, concentric fila, both valves with submarginal beaks, ventral valve low, subconical, pedicle track short, mainly closed by listrium, with small foramen slightly posterior to apex, continued as internal tube, dorsal valve flattened with submarginal apex. Ordovician (Arenig)-Silurian: ?cosmopolitan (exact stratigraphic and geographic range is very uncertain).","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"Silurian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)-Silurian","Geography":"cosmopolitan (exact stratigraphic and geographic range is very uncertain)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 42,1a\u2013f. S. corrugata COOPER, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama; a,b, ventral valve exterior, interior, specimen lost, \u00d75; c, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 116808k, \u00d7 6.7; d, dorsal valve interior, USNM 116808e, \u00d73.3 (Cooper, 1956); e, oblique lateral view of ventral valve, \u00d7 20.8; f, detail of ventral larval shell, USNM 459686, \u00d754.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 42. discinidae (p. 86-90).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-118.jpg?height=1779&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizotretinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizotretinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizotretinia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1994, p. 61","Type_species":"S. euxina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1994, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, convexoplane, ornamented by highly raised concentric rugellae, ventral valve with subcentral umbo and subtriangular median notch in posterior margin, pedicle track elongate elliptical, does not reach posterior valve margin, dorsal valve with submarginal umbo.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":445.21,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrothele":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Acrothelidae","Subfamily":"Acrothelinae","Genus":"Acrothele","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrothele Linnarsson, 1876, p. 20","Type_species":"A. coriacea, SD OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1270","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dearbornia Walcott, 1908, p. 78 (type, D. clarki), Redlichella Walcott, 1908, p. 89 (type, Acrotreta granulata Linnarsson, 1876, p. 24), Glyptacrothele Termier & Termier, 1974, p. 45 (type, G. courtessolei)","Synonyms":"Dearbornia, Redlichella, Acrotreta, Glyptacrothele","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament of fine, concentric growth lines, usually with additional irregular wavy ridges bearing minute granules, dorsal pseudointerarea forming obtusely triangular plate not raised above valve floor, internal pedicle tube absent, ventral larval shell with median tubercle","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian","Geography":"cosmopolitan (exact stratigraphic and geographic range is very uncertain)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 45,1a\u2013l. *A. coriacea, Middle Cambrian; a, ventral valve exterior, Bornholm, Denmark, USNM 51983a, \u00d7 6.3; b, ventral valve interior, USNM 18208a, \u00d7 6.3; c, dorsal valve interior, Scania (Andrarum), Sweden, USNM 18208d, \u00d7 6.3; d, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d711; e, lateral view of dorsal valve, \u00d718; f, lateral view of dorsal larval shell, \u00d762; g, detail of dorsal larval spine and pitting, SGU 8498, \u00d7 229; h, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, SGU 8499, \u00d717.5; i, ventral valve exterior, \u00d719.2; j, detail of ventral larval shell, \u00d7 62.5; k, posterior view of ventral valve, SGU 8500, \u00d7 42; l, ventral valve interior, \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland (Knivinge), Sweden, SGU 8501, \u00d7 33.3 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 45,1m\u2013o. A. granulata (L INNARSSON ), Middle Cambrian, Paradoxides oelandicus Biozone, \u00d6land (Borgholm), Sweden; m, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 511991c, \u00d73.3; n, ventral valve exterior, USNM 511991a, \u00d7 3.3; o, dorsal valve interior, USNM 511991d, \u00d73.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSGU","figure_index":"fig. 45. acrothelidae (p. 92).\nfig. 45. acrothelidae (p. 92).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-123.jpg?height=1648&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-123.jpg?height=1648&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eothele":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Acrothelidae","Subfamily":"Acrothelinae","Genus":"Eothele","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eothele ROWELL, 1980, p. 17","Type_species":"E. spurri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with commissure flexed strongly ventrally, ventral valve low subconical, with sharply pointed apex somewhat anterior to posterior margin, pedicle foramen relatively large, elongate lens shaped, dorsal beak strongly depressed below posterolateral flanks of valve, ventral interior with short pedicle tube, ventral larval shell with median tubercle","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Cambrian-lower Middle Cambrian, upper Lower Cambrian, Amgaian","Geography":"USA (Nevada), Canada (Yukon), upper Lower Cambrian; Australia (New South Wales), Amgaian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 46, 2 a-e . * E. spurri, Lower Cambrian, BonniaOlenellus Biozone, Mount Ely, Nevada, a, dorsal valve exterior, x20.8, b, paratype, posterior view of dorsal valve, KUMIP 115531, x52.5, c, paratype, dorsal valve interior, KUMIP 115530, x20.8, d, e, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, KUMIP 115528, X20.8 (Rowell, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 46. acrothelidae (p. 92).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-124.jpg?height=1592&width=1302&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbithele":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Acrothelidae","Subfamily":"Acrothelinae","Genus":"Orbithele","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbithele SDZUY, 1955, p. 9","Type_species":"Discina contraria BARRANDE, 1868, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Acrothele but with marginal spines, internal pedicle tube supported anteriorly by short septum","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Ordovician , upper Middle Cambrian, lower Upper Cambrian, Tremadoc, ?Tremadoc, Tremadoc-Arenig, ?Tremadoc-lower Arenig, Arenig (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian-Ordovician (Arenig), upper Middle Cambrian, lower Upper Cambrian, Tremadoc, ?Tremadoc, Tremadoc-Arenig, ?Tremadoc-lower Arenig, Arenig","Geography":"Greenland, upper Middle Cambrian; Australia, USA, lower Upper Cambrian; Denmark, Tremadoc; Germany, Morocco, Mauritania, ?Tremadoc; Norway, Poland, Russia (Southern Urals), Sweden, Tremadoc\u2013Arenig; Estonia, Arenig; Bohemia, ?Tremadoc\u2013lower Arenig","Figure_captions":"Fig. 46, 1a-i. O. ceratopygarum (Br\u00f8GGER), a, ventral valve exterior, X .5, b, oblique lateral view of ventral valve, X 10, c, detail of marginal spines of dorsal valve, RMS Br 20791a, X33.3, d, dorsal valve exterior, X 6.2, e, detail of dorsal larval shell, X79.2, f, detail of granular postlarval ornamentation, LO 6564t, X 131, g, ventral larval shell and pedicle foramen, LO 6565t, X 62.5, h, ventral valve interior, LO 1787t, Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5sholmen Limestone, Tremadoc, \u00d6land (Ottenby), Sweden, X, i, dorsal valve interior, Kidryas Formation, Tremadoc, Southern Urals (Tyrmantau Ridge), Russia, RMS Br 136299, X 10 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"LO, \nPopov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 46. acrothelidae (p. 92).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-124.jpg?height=1592&width=1302&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":506.75,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizopholis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Acrothelidae","Subfamily":"Acrothelinae","Genus":"Schizopholis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizopholis Waagen, 1885, p. 752, Discinolepis WAAGEN, 1885, p. 749 (type, D. granulata)","Type_species":"S. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Discinolepis Waagen, 1885, p. 749 (type, D. granulata)","Synonyms":"Discinolepis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, subcircular, ventral valve with submarginal beak, pedicle opening long, narrow slit immediately posterior to apex, not extending to posterior margin, ventral interior with broad, subparallel, submedian vascula lateralia, dorsal interior with long, broad median ridge, extending anteriorly beyond midvalve, other internal characters poorly known","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Pakistan, ?Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 45, 2a-d. * S. rugosa, Neobolus Beds, Salt Range, Pakistan, a, b, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, X5, c, dorsal internal mold, X5, d, dorsal valve exterior, X5 (Rowell, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 45. acrothelidae (p. 92).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-123.jpg?height=1648&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinulothele":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Acrothelidae","Subfamily":"Acrothelinae","Genus":"Spinulothele","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinulothele ROWELL, 1977, p. 76","Type_species":"Siphonotreta dubia WALCOTT, 1912, p. 625, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known. Externally similar to Acrothele but with posteriorly placed ventral beak, and slightly lamellose, concentric, growth frills crossed by fine impersistent ribs, producing low, radially arranged, spinelike nodes. Lower Cambrian: USA (Nevada).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Conodiscus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Acrothelidae","Subfamily":"Conodiscinae","Genus":"Conodiscus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Conodiscus Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 619","Type_species":"Acrothele burlingi KOBAYASHI, 1935a, p. 45, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve similar to Acrothele, dorsal interior with low median ridge extending posteriorly from apex","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian, ?Lower Ordovician","Geography":"USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 47, 1a-d. *C. burlingi (KobayASHI), Upper Cambrian or Lower Ordovician, Hard Luck Creek, Alaska, a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 92830b, X3.3, b, cast of ventral valve exterior, USNM 92830a, X4.2, c, dorsal valve interior, USNM 92829, X3.3, d, ventral valve interior, USNM 92829a, X3.3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 47. acrothelidae (p. 94-95).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-125.jpg?height=1075&width=1269&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Discotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Acrothelidae","Subfamily":"Conodiscinae","Genus":"Discotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Discotreta Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 619","Type_species":"Acrothele levisensis WALCOTT, 1908, p. 85, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely suboval, both valves with apex positioned posteriorly, pedicle foramen small, situated immediately behind the apex and bounded laterally by two short folds, ventral interior with short internal pedicle tube and weakly defined median ridge bisecting visceral area, dorsal interior with elongate suboval central muscle scars and small paired anterior lateral muscle scars, at about Institute midvalve","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Canada (Quebec)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 47, 2a-d. *D. levisensis (Walcott), Levis Shale, Levis, Quebec, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 92832a, x5, b, ventral valve interior, USNM 92832d, x2.9, c, dorsal valve interior, USNM 92832f, x2.1, d, ventral valve exterior, USNM 92832b, x4.2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 47. acrothelidae (p. 94-95).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-125.jpg?height=1075&width=1269&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Botsfordia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Botsfordia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Botsfordia MATTHEW, 1891, p. 148","Type_species":"Obolus pulcher MATTHEW, 1889, p. 306, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mobergia Redlich, 1899, p. 5 (type, M. granulata)","Synonyms":"Mobergia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, ventral pseudointerarea catacline, ventral interior with small, slightly thickened visceral field, with three anterior lobelike projections, not extending to midvalve, dorsal interior with narrow anterior projection extending to midvalve, bisected by median ridge, ventral larval shell with single median tubercle","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian-Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Pakistan, ?Korea, ?Australia, USA (New York, Vermont), Lower Cambrian; Canada (Quebec, Labrador, New Brunswick), ?Spain, Lower Cambrian\u2013Middle Cambrian; Norway, Sweden, Lower Cambrian, ?lower Middle Cambrian; ?Greenland, upper Lower Cambrian; Russia (Siberia), upper Atdabanian\u2013Amgaian; Kazakhstan, Botomian\u2013Toyonian; ?Mongolia, ?China, Middle Cambrian; Bohemia, Morocco, lower Middle Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 48, 1a, b. * B. pulchra (Matthew), Hanford Brook Formation, Brunswick, Canada, USNM loc. no. 308d, a, ventral valve exterior, ROM 164 (C), X3.3, b, dorsal valve exterior, ROM 164 (~B), X3.3 (new) .- Fig. 48, 1 c-g. B. caelata (Hall), Lower Cambrian, Troy, New York, USNM loc. no. 2b, USNM 34617, c, detail of ventral valve ornamentation, X_18.3, d, posterior view of ventral valve, X_13.3, e, ventral pseudointerarea and pedicle groove, x17.5, f, interior of ventral valve, X4.2, g, dorsal valve interior, X4.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"ROM, \nUSNM","figure_index":"fig. 48. botsfordiidae (p. 95-97).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-126.jpg?height=1924&width=1293&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bomina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bomina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bomina Korovnikov & USHATINSKAYA, 1994, p. 128","Type_species":"B. tuvaensis Korovnikov & USHATINSKAYA, 1994, p. 130, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, subcircular, umbonal area finely pustulose with weakly developed radial ornament, smooth peripherally, dorsal larval shell with single pair of tubercles, ventral interior with slightly raised visceral area, dorsal interior with low posterolateral muscle platforms and fine median ridge. Genus inadequately known, originally referred to the Paterinida. Lower Cambrian (Botomian): Russia (Tuva).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Geography":"Russia (Tuva)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diandongia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diandongia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diandongia RONG, 1974, p. 113","Type_species":"D. pista, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to and possibly congeneric with Edreja, but differs in having a shorter ventral visceral platform, not extending to midlength, pseudointerareas of both valves and dorsal interior inadequately known. Lower Cambrian: South China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 48,2a\u2013c. *D. pista, upper Chiungchussu Formation, Wuding, Yunnan; a, holotype, dorsal internal mold, NIGP 22149, \u00d7 2.5; b, paratype, ventral internal mold, NIGP 22146, \u00d7 2.5; c, paratype, dorsal external mold, ornamentation, NIGP 22150, \u00d716.7 (Rong, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nRong, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 48. botsfordiidae (p. 95-97).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-126.jpg?height=1924&width=1293&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Edreja":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Edreja","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Edreja KONEVA, 1979, p. 49","Type_species":"E. crassa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, lamellose peripherally, ventral pseudointerarea orthocline to apsacline with well-developed propareas, dorsal pseudointerarea forming a narrow, crescent-shaped rim, ventral visceral field forming a narrow, elevated, three-lobed platform, extending to midvalve, dorsal interior with a long, low median septum extending to midvalve, dorsal central muscle scars placed on elevated ridges, directly lateral to the septum, dorsal posterolateral muscle field forming low, elongate, slightly divergent platforms. Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian-Botomian): Australia (Northern Territory), upper Atdabanian, Kazakhstan, Botomian.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian-Botomian)","Geography":"Australia (Northern Territory), upper Atdabanian; Kazakhstan, Botomian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 48, 3 a-f .* E. crassa, Edrei beds, Botomian, Edrei Mountains, a, paratype, ventral valve exterior, MANK 2138\/149, x8.3, b, c, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view, MANK 2138\/154, X2.5 (Koneva, 1979), d, latex cast of ventral internal mold, RMS Br 136374, X2.9 (new), e, f, paratype, dorsal internal mold, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, MANK 2138\/159, X2.5 (Koneva, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koneva, 1979, \nKoneva, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 48. botsfordiidae (p. 95-97).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-126.jpg?height=1924&width=1293&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":37,"beginning_date":518.6,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptias":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glyptias","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptias WALCOTT, 1901, p. 675","Type_species":"Lingula favosa LINNARSSON, 1869, p. 356, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell thick, lamellose posteriorly, subtriangular, ventral valve subacuminate, ventral propareas vestigial, ventral visceral field very short, slightly thickened anteriorly, not extending to midvalve, dorsal interior with a broad median ridge and narrow anterior projection extending to midvalve, dorsal posterolateral muscle fields placed on elevated, slightly diverging ridges. Lower Cambrian: Sweden, ?Norway.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Sweden, ?Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 49, 2a-e. *G. favosa (Linnarsson), Lingulide Sandstone, Sweden, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 35264, X5.8, b, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 25264b, X5.4, c, ventral internal mold, Lugn\u00e5s, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, USNM 35264c, x4.6, d, dorsal internal mold, SGU 84502, X6.2, e, detail of ventral umbonal area, G\u00e4vle (glacial erratic), SGU 84503, X12.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSGU","figure_index":"fig. 49. botsfordiidae (p. 97).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-128.jpg?height=1098&width=1279&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karathele":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Karathele","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karathele KONEVA, 1986b, p. 206","Type_species":"K. coronata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequibiconvex, subcircular, ventral pseudointerarea catacline, lacking propareas, delthyrium semioval, dorsal valve slightly sulcate, ventral visceral field very small and short, only slightly thickened, dorsal median ridge not extending to midvalve, ventral larval shell with three tubercles","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","First_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)-Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Australia (Northern Territory, South Australia), Antarctica","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig. 49, 1a-d. *K. coronata, Amgaian, Kyrshabakty, Malyi Karatau, a-c, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, interior, MANK 427\/365, x17.5, d, ventral larval shell, MANK 427\/375, X42 (Koneva, 1986b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koneva, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 49. botsfordiidae (p. 97).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-128.jpg?height=1098&width=1279&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":513.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neobolus WAAGEN, 1885, p. 756","Type_species":"N. warthi, SD OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1263","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lakhmina Oehlert, 1887b, p. 1265, nom. nov. pro Davidsonella Waagen, 1885, p. 762 (type, D. linguloides), non Munier-Chalmas, 1880, nec Fredericks, 1926","Synonyms":"Lakhmina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Botsfordia, but differs in having a well-developed dorsal visceral platform","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Pakistan, ?Germany, ?Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 49, 3a-d. *N. warthi Waagen, Neobolus Beds, Salt Range, Pakistan, a, ventral valve exterior, x2.5, b, posterior view of ventral valve, x3 . 3, c, dorsal valve exterior, X3.3, dorsal valve interior, X_3.3 (Rowell, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 49. botsfordiidae (p. 97).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-128.jpg?height=1098&width=1279&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acrotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrotreta KUTORGA, 1848, p. 275","Type_species":"A. subconica, SD DAVIDSON, 1853, p. 133","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell finely pustulose with a wide posterior margin, ventral valve highly conical, pseudointerarea well defined, apsacline to catacline or weakly procline, foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea with a wide median groove and propareas, apical process forming a high septum and muscular platform, perforated by a pedicle tube that usually occupies more than half valve height, strongly impressed pinnate mantle canals, with three pairs of trunks, dorsal interior with a triangular median septum, median buttress","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig-Llandeilo)","Geography":"Bohemia, ?Tremadoc, Arenig; Poland, Arenig; Estonia, Russia (Ingria, Southern Urals), Sweden, Arenig-Llanvirn; USA, Alabama, Llandeilo","Figure_captions":"Fig. 52, 1a-g. *A. subconica, Billingen Stage, a, b, ventral valve, posterior view, lateral view, P\u00e4ite beds, Lava River, Vassilkovo, Ingria, Russia, CNIGR 134\/9960, X8.3 (Gorjansky, 1969), c, dorsal valve exterior, x13.8, d, oblique lateral view of dorsal valve, x16.2, e, detail of pitted ornamentation of dorsal larval shell, P\u00e4ite beds, M\u00e4ekalda, Tallinn, Estonia, RMS Br 133894 , X1133, f, ventral valve interior, M\u00e4ek\u00fcla beds, M\u00e4ek\u00fcla, Estonia, RMS Br 133890, X9.2, g, dorsal valve interior, P\u00e4ite beds, M\u00e4ekalda, Tallinn, Estonia, RMS Br 133895, X1 1.2 (Holmer & Popov, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nGorjansky, 1969, \nHolmer & Popov, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 52. acrotretidae (p. 103-104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-135.jpg?height=1785&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrothyra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acrothyra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrothyra MATTHEW, 1901, p. 303","Type_species":"Acrotreta proavia Matthew, 1899, p. 203, SD WALCOTT, 1912, p. 716","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex with short, convex posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea well defined, apsacline, foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial, concave undivided plate, ventral interior with elongate triangular apical process, thickened anteriorly, located anterior to foramen, apical pits anterior to foramen on lateral sides of apical process, dorsal valve with low triangular median ridge, median buttress elongated.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"USA (California, Nevada, Idaho), Canada (Nova Scotia), ?France, ?England, Russia (?Novaya Zemlya, Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 52,2a\u2013e. A. urania (W ALCOTT ), Middle Cambrian, Utah, USNM loc. 55u; a\u2013d, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, lateral view, interior, USNM 139491, \u00d7 12.5; e, dorsal valve interior, USNM 139493, \u00d712.5 (Rowell, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nRowell, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 52. acrotretidae (p. 103-104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-135.jpg?height=1785&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aktassia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aktassia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aktassia Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1976, p. 37","Type_species":"A. triangularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate triangular with short, convex posterior margin, ventral valve narrow, conical, pseudointerarea orthocline, poorly defined laterally, undivided, external pedicle tube with minute foramen, enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea poorly developed, undivided, apical process absent, dorsal interior with moderately high, triangular, bladelike median septum, dorsal median buttress absent, cardinal muscle fields poorly defined","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Geography":"Sweden, Kazakhstan (Chingiz Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 52, 3a, b. *A. triangularis, Bestamak Formation, Chingiz Range, Kazakhstan, a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136390, X62.5, b, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136391, x41.7 (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 52, 3c, d. A. sp. cf. A. triangularis Popov, Gullh\u00f6gen Formation, Sk\u00f6vde, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, c, ventral valve, lateral view, x162, d, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 132788, x83.3 (Holmer, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 52. acrotretidae (p. 103-104).\nfig. 52. acrotretidae (p. 103-104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-135.jpg?height=1785&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-135.jpg?height=1785&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amictocracens":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Amictocracens","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amictocracens Henderson & MACKINNON, 1981, p. 295","Type_species":"A. teres, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with short, weakly concave posterior margin, ventral valve low, conical, pseudointerarea procline, poorly defined laterally with fine interridge, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex with poorly defined pseudointerarea, forming concave, undivided plate, apical process forming bosslike projection anterior to internal foramen, dorsal interior with moderately high, triangular, bladelike median septum, dorsal median buttress poorly developed.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Australia (Queensland), New Zealand, ?northern China (Hebei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 52, 5a-d. *A. teres, Mailchange Limestone, Goniagnostus nathorsti Biozone, Georgina basin, Queensland, a, dorsal valve interior, JCF 10718, x22.5, b, c, ventral valve exterior, lateral view of both valves, JCF 10719, x35, d, ventral valve interior, JCF 10717, X20.8 (Henderson & MacKinnon, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Henderson & MacKinnon, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 52. acrotretidae (p. 103-104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-135.jpg?height=1785&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anabolotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anabolotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anabolotreta Rowell & HENDERSON, 1978, p. 8","Type_species":"A. tegula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with short, weakly concave posterior margin, ornament of distinctive growth lamellae, ventral valve low conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline, poorly defined laterally with intertrough poorly defined or absent, foramen directly posterior to beak, not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve moderately convex, dorsal pseudointerarea poorly defined, undivided, concave, apical process elongate, subtriangular, anterior to foramen, dorsal median ridge sometimes developed.","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian, upper Middle Cambrian, Dresbachian, upper Mayaian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Greenland, upper Middle Cambrian; USA (Great Basin), Dresbachian; Russia (Novaya Zemlya, Siberia), Kazakhstan, upper Mayaian\u2013Upper Cambrian; Australia (Queensland, New South Wales), New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 52, 4a-f. *A. tegula, Mungerebar Limestone, western Queensland, Australia, a, dorsal valve exterior, CPC 17935, \u00d7 33.3, b, dorsal valve interior, JCF 10312, X30, c, holotype, ventral valve interior, JCF 10311, \u00d7 33.3, d, ventral valve exterior, CPC 17934, X33.3, e, f, lateral view of both valves, posterior view, CPC 17937, X50 (Rowell & Henderson, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nRowell & Henderson, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 52. acrotretidae (p. 103-104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-135.jpg?height=1785&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":506.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anelotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anelotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anelotreta Pelman in Ermak & PELMAN, 1986, p. 198","Type_species":"A. magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell large for family, transversely oval, foramen large, transversely oval, not enclosed within larval shell, directly posterior to beak, ventral pseudointerarea procline with well-defined intertrough, dorsal valve flattened, dorsal propareas well defined, narrow, ventral cardinal muscle field forming low platform, apical process subtriangular, forming high median boss directly anterior to foramen, dorsal interior with small cardinal muscle fields and well-defined anterocentral scars, dorsal median buttress well developed, dorsal median ridge low, both valves with baculate mantle canals.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","First_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Geography":"Russia (north-central Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 53, 2a-c. *A. magna, Mayaktakh Formation, Lena River at Chekurovka, Siberia, a, detail of ventral valve exterior, x25, b, lateral view of ventral valve, RMS Br 136392, x12.5, c, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136393, x8.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 53. acrotretidae (p. 104-107).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-136.jpg?height=1873&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":499.63,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Angulotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Angulotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Angulotreta PALMER, 1954, p. 769","Type_species":"A. triangularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with weakly convex posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea procline to weakly apsacline with intertrough, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea with wide median groove, apical process well developed, long, forming broad ridge along posterior slope, partly enclosing internal pedicle tube anteriorly, apical pits well developed, deep, placed posterior to internal foramen, dorsal triangular median septum high, may be digitate, dorsal median buttress and anterocentral muscle scars present","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Texas, Montana, Wyoming, Missouri), Estonia, Russia (Ingria, ?Siberia, Novaya Zemlya), lower Upper Cambrian; West Antarctica, ?northern China (Hebei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 53, 1a-b. *A. triangularis, Dresbachian, Aphelaspis Biozone, central Texas, a, dorsal valve exterior, x1 8 . 3, b, detail of pitted ornamentation of the dorsal larval shell, USNM 459689a, x558, c, ventral valve exterior, X16.7, d, lateral view of ventral valve, X_20, e, posterior view of ventral valve, USNM 459689b, X18.3, f, dorsal valve interior, X_18.3, g, oblique lateral view of dorsal valve, USNM 459689c, X23.3, h, ventral valve interior, USNM 459689d, X29.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 53. acrotretidae (p. 104-107).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-136.jpg?height=1873&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aphelotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aphelotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aphelotreta ROWELE, 1980, p. 10","Type_species":"* A. minuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell biconvex, subcircular with short, weakly concave posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea low catacline to moderately apsacline with indistinct intertrough, foramen small, not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea with short anacline to orthocline propareas and wide median groove, apical process vestigial, forming low, elongate triangular thickening anterior to foramen, dorsal interior with poorly developed median ridge and median buttress.","Beginning_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"lower Wuliuan","Ending_age":"lower Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"lower Middle Cambrian-lower Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Nevada), Russia (northcentral Siberia), ?Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 53, 3a-d. *A. minuta, Pioche Shale, Albertella Biozone, Highland Range, Nevada, a, ventral valve exterior, KUMIP 115472, x41.7, b, dorsal valve exterior, KUMIP 115511, X41.7, c, ventral valve interior, KUMIP 115469, x41.7, dorsal valve interior, KUMIP 115471, x41.7 (Rowell, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 53. acrotretidae (p. 104-107).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-136.jpg?height=1873&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":493.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apsotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apsotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apsotreta PALMER, 1954, p. 770","Type_species":"A. expansa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with short, weakly convex anterior margin, ventral valve strongly convex to low subconical, pseudointerarea low, apsacline with interridge, short external pedicle tube enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea well developed with broadly triangular median groove and short orthocline to anacline propareas, broad, ridgelike apical process mainly on anterior slope, long, parallel-sided or expanding anteriorly, dorsal interior with low triangular median septum, elongate median buttress. Upper Cambrian: USA (Missouri, Texas).","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Missouri, Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 53, 4a-f. *A. expansa, upper Dresbachian, Dunderbergia Biozone, central Texas, a, b, dorsal valve interior, oblique lateral view, RMS Br 136394, X16.7, c, lateral view of ventral valve exterior, x20, detail of ventral larval shell, RMS Br 136395, x123, e, oblique anterior view of ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136397, x40, f, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136396, x20 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 53. acrotretidae (p. 104-107).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-136.jpg?height=1873&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Araktina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Araktina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Araktina KONEVA, 1992, p. 94","Type_species":"A. intermedia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to transversely suboval with wide, straight posterior margin, ventral valve low conical, pseudointerarea catacline to procline with poorly defined intertrough, foramen elongate, lens shaped, enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea wide, straight with shallow median groove, apical process broad, subtriangular, anterior to foramen, ventral mantle canals baculate, dorsal cardinal muscle fields small, thickened, dorsal median buttress small, dorsal median ridge low, triangular","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","First_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Russia (eastern Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 54, 3a-d. *A. intermedia, Upper Cambrian, Glyptagnostus stolidotus Biozone, Malyi Karatau, Kazakhstan, a, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136398, X25, b, detail of ventral larval shell, RMS Br 136399, x91, c, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136400, x19.2 (new), d, dorsal valve interior, MANK 726\/486, x13.3 (Koneva, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koneva, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 54. acrotretidae (p. 107-110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-138.jpg?height=1722&width=1271&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":499.63,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Canthylotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Canthylotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Canthylotreta ROWELL, 1966, p. 5","Type_species":"Acrotreta marjumensis WALCOTT, 1908, p. 94, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, ventral valve moderately convex with weakly incurved beak, pseudointerarea low, apsacline with intertrough, foramen immediately posterior of beak, not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea well defined with broad median groove and short anacline propareas, apical process subtriangular, partly enclosing pedicle tube, apical pits small, directly adjacent to foramen, dorsal interior with thin, moderately high triangular septum and median buttress, dorsal anterocentral muscle scars well defined.","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian, ?Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Utah, Nevada), Greenland, upper Middle Cambrian; ?northern China (Hebei), upper Middle Cambrian\u2013Upper Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 54,1a\u2013h. *C. marjumensis (W ALCOTT ), upper Middle Cambrian, Cedaria Biozone, Utah, USNM loc. 11n; a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459690a, \u00d7 11.2; b,c, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, \u00d7 11.2; d, oblique posterior view of ventral pseudointerarea, USNM 459690b, \u00d745.8; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d713.8; f, lateral view of dorsal valve, \u00d7 16.7; g, oblique lateral view of dorsal pseudointerarea, USNM 459690c, \u00d7 45.8; h, oblique lateral view of ventral valve interior, showing the apical process, USNM 459690d, \u00d7 27.1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 54. acrotretidae (p. 107-110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-138.jpg?height=1722&width=1271&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":506.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Conotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Conotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Conotreta WALCOTT, 1889, p. 365","Type_species":"C. rusti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Geinitzia Clarke, 1889, p. 43, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Geinitzia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve externally similar to Angulotreta, but usually with fine interridge, ventral mantle canals pinnate, apical process forming low ridge along anterior slope of valve, dorsal median septum high, triangular, usually with anterior denticles or spines, dorsal interior with large cardinal muscle scars and median buttress","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Caradoc)","Geography":"USA, Ireland, Sweden, Russia (Ingria), Estonia, Kazakhstan, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 55,1a\u2013g. *C. rusti, Denley Limestone, Trenton Falls, New York; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 41.7; b, detail of dorsal larval shell, OSU 48101, \u00d7162; c, oblique view of dorsal pseudointerarea, OSU 48102, \u00d7 33.3; d, ventral valve exterior, \u00d731.7; e, oblique view of larval shell and foramen, OSU 48103, \u00d7100; f, detail of apical process, OSU 48104, \u00d720.8; g, paratype, latex cast of ventral internal mold, showing apical process and pinnate mantle canals, MCZ 8840, \u00d720.8 (new). \u2014\u2014Fig. 55,1h\u2013l. C. siljanensis HOLMER, FurudalDalby limestones, Llandeilo, Siljan district, Sweden; h, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 132467, \u00d722.9; i,j, holotype, dorsal valve interior, lateral view, RMS Br 132374, \u00d7 25; k,l, paratype, ventral valve, lateral view, posterior view, RMS Br 132445, \u00d712.5 (Holmer, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":"OSU, \nUSNM, \nMCZ, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 55. acrotretidae (p. 107-110)\nfig. 55. acrotretidae (p. 107-110)\nfig. 54. acrotretidae (p. 107-110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-139.jpg?height=1849&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-139.jpg?height=1849&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-138.jpg?height=1722&width=1271&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtonotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyrtonotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtonotreta HOLMER, 1989b, p. 93","Type_species":"Conotreta depressa COOPER, 1956, p. 251, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to transversely oval with straight, wide posterior margin, ventral valve moderately conical, procline to apsacline, ventral pseudointerarea commonly with interridge, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex, sulcate, dorsal pseudointerarea wide, orthocline to anacline with median groove, apical process forming broad, thickened ridge anterior and lateral to interior foramen, pinnate mantle canal deeply impressed, dorsal interior with long triangular median septum and broad median buttress","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llandeilo)","Geography":"USA (Alabama), Sweden, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 54, 2a-g. *C. depressa (Cooper), Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459691a, x5, b, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459691b, x6.5 (new), c, dorsal valve interior, USNM 116815k, \u00d77.5 (Cooper, 1956), d, ventral valve exterior, X 5.4, e, posterior view of ventral valve, x4 . 6, ~ f, oblique lateral view of ventral valve, USNM 459691c, X5.4 (new), g, holotype, ventral valve interior, USNM 116815e, X5 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 54. acrotretidae (p. 107-110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-138.jpg?height=1722&width=1271&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dactylotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dactylotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dactylotreta Rowell & HENDERSON, 1978, p. 3","Type_species":"D. redunca, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with convex posterior margin, ventral valve highly conical, ventral pseudointerarea catacline to weakly procline, poorly defined laterally with narrow intertrough, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea long and high with well-developed median groove and anacline to orthocline propareas, apical process large, completely occluding apex, apical pits posterolateral to foramen, dorsal interior with low triangular median septum and median buttress.","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian-Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Greenland, upper Middle Cambrian; USA (Great Basin), upper Dresbachian\u2013lower Franconian; Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Upper Cambrian; Russia (Southern Urals), Sweden, Norway, Tremadoc; Australia (Queensland), Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)\u2013Upper Cambrian; West Antarctica, Upper Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 55, 2a-e. *D. redunca, Upper Cambrian, Georgina Basin, Queensland, a, b, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, interior, JCF 10309, x33.3, c, d, paratype, ventral valve exterior, interior, JCF 10304, X33.3, e, paratype, ventral valve, posterior view, JCF 10307, X41.7 (Rowell & Henderson, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell & Henderson, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 55. acrotretidae (p. 107-110)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-139.jpg?height=1849&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":506.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dicondylotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dicondylotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dicondylotreta MEI, 1993, p. 410","Type_species":"D. parallela, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, subcircular, ventral pseudointerarea weakly apsacline, foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea with median groove, apical process forming median ridge between posterior and anterior slopes of valve, perforated posteriorly by pedicle tube, dorsal interior with low, triangular median sepum","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Wuliuan","Ending_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian","Geography":"northern China (Hebei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 56, 1 a-e . *D. parallela, Middle Cambrian (Mayaian), Taitzuia-Damesella Biozones, Qingxing, Wanxian County, a, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, MCMB 91011, x25, b, paratype, dorsal valve interior, MCMB 91009, x25, c, paratype, ventral valve exterior, MCMB 91013, x25, d, holotype, ventral valve interior, MCMB 91008, X25, e, paratype, detail of ventral larval shell, MCMB 91131, x217 (Mei, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mei, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 56. acrotretidae (p. 110-112).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-141.jpg?height=1741&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":506.75,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ditreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ditreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ditreta BIERNAT, 1973, p. 65","Type_species":"D. dividua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell rounded, with straight posterior margin, ventral valve moderately conical, pseudointerarea poorly defined laterally, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea with median groove, apical process broad, dorsal median ridge low, short. Genus poorly understood.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eschatelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eschatelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eschatelasma POPOV, 1981, p. 34","Type_species":"E. rugosum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with convex posterior margin, ornament of evenly spaced rugae, ventral valve moderately conical, pseudointerarea poorly defined laterally, procline to catacline with weak intertrough, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve flat, dorsal pseudointerarea with shallow, broadly triangular median groove, apical process vestigial or lacking, dorsal median septum long, triangular, dorsal cardinal muscle field large, extending to midvalve","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Estonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 55, 3 a-e . E. rugosum, Parmaja Formation, Jaani Stage, Ohesaare Core, Saaremaa, Estonia, a, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, TAGI BR 1612, \u00d7 30, b, dorsal valve interior, X 2 3.3, c, holotype, oblique lateral view of dorsal valve, TAGI BR 1615, X27.5, d, ventral valve exterior, X 50.8, e, paratype, lateral view of ventral valve, TAGI BR 1618, X55 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 55. acrotretidae (p. 107-110)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-139.jpg?height=1849&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eurytreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eurytreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eurytreta ROWELL, 1966, p. 9","Type_species":"Acrotreta curvata WALCOTT, 1902, p. 584, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Euritreta Popov in Nazarov & Popov, 1980, p. 91\"","Synonyms":"Euritreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to transversely oval with short, weakly convex posterior margin, ventral valve convex to subconical, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline to catacline, poorly defined laterally with poorly defined intertrough or interridge, foramen usually forming short tube, enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex, sulcate with low pseudointerarea divided by wide median groove, apical process subtriangular, anterior to foramen, bearing semicircular depression, dorsal interior with triangular median ridge or septum, dorsal cardinal muscle fields short, small, rounded, relatively close together, median buttress wide, dorsal anterocentral muscle scars usually well defined, small, rounded.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician  (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (lower Caradoc), Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (lower Llanvirn), Upper Cambrian-Tremadoc, Upper Cambrian-Arenig, Upper Cambrian-lower Caradoc, Tremadoc, Tremadoc-Llanvirn","Geography":"USA, Canada, Upper Cambrian\u2013Ordovician (lower Llanvirn); Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Upper Cambrian\u2013Tremadoc; Russia (Ingria, Southern Urals), Upper Cambrian\u2013Arenig; Kazakhstan, Upper Cambrian\u2013lower Caradoc; Estonia, Tremadoc; Poland, Tremadoc\u2013Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 56, 2a-g. *E. curvata (Walcott), Pogonip Limestone, ?Tremadoc, Eureka district, Nevada, USNM loc. 203a, a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459664a, x10.8, b, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459664c, x12.5, c, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, USNM 459664d, x15, d, e, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, USNM 459664e, x16.7, f, lateral view of ventral valve, USNM 459664f, X20.8, g, ventral valve interior, USNM 459664g, x20 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 56. acrotretidae (p. 110-112).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-141.jpg?height=1741&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fascicoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fascicoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fascicoma Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1980, p. 92","Type_species":"F. obscura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with short, convex posterior margin, ventral valve conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline, poorly defined laterally with interridge, foramen forming short, external pedicle tube, enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex, weakly sulcate, dorsal pseudointerarea orthocline to anacline with median groove, apical process forming broad ridge posterior to foramen, completely occluding apex in gerontic specimens, dorsal median septum high, triangular, strongly spinose, dorsal interior with small, rounded cardinal muscle scars and median buttress, ventral mantle canals pinnate.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Galinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Galinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Galinella POPOV & HOLMER, 1994, p. 108","Type_species":"Acrotreta retrorsa LERMONTOVA , 1951, p. 5; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve widely conical, strongly geniculated dorsally; ventral pseudointerarea procline to catacline, undivided; pedicle foramen within larval shell; dorsal valve geniculated ventrally in adults; ventral interior with ridgelike apical process, expanding posteriorly; ventral mantle canal system baculate with vascula lateralia slightly divergent anteriorly; dorsal median septum low, triangular, sometimes with bulbous projection; dorsal cardinal muscle \ufb01elds small, subcircular, deeply impressed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"northcentral Kazakhstan (Kujandy Formation)","Figure_captions":"Fog. 56, 3a\u2013h. *G. retrorsa (L ERMONTOVA ), Cambrian olistoliths in Satpak Formation, Kujandy Mountain, Kazakhstan; a\u2013c, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, lateral view, RMS Br 136134, \u00d7 20; d, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d720; e, oblique lateral view, RMS Br 136124, \u00d7 17; f, ventral valve interior, RMS 136132, \u00d727.5; g,h, dorsal valve interior, lateral view, RMS 136125, \u00d7 18 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"RMS","figure_index":"fig. 56. acrotretidae (p. 110-112).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-141.jpg?height=1741&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hadrotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hadrotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hadrotreta ROWELL, 1966, p. 12","Type_species":"Acrotreta primaea WALCOTT, 1902, p. 593, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with short, rounded posterior margin, ventral apex moderately convex to subconical, ventral pseudointerarea catacline to gently procline with shallow intertrough, foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve gently convex with broad, shallow median sulcus, dorsal pseudointerarea narrowly triangular, orthocline to anacline with shallow median groove, apical process forming rounded boss anterior to internal foramen, apical pits immediately lateral of pedicle tube, dorsal median ridge low, mantle canals baculate","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Cambrian-Middle Cambrian, upper Lower Cambrian-lower Middle Cambrian, lower Amgaian","Geography":"USA (Nevada), upper Lower Cambrian\u2013lower Middle Cambrian; Russia (Novaya Zemlya, Altai), Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Amgaian; Kazakhstan, Amgaian\u2013Mayaian; Australia, lower Amgaian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 57, 1a-f. * H. primaea (Walcott), Pioche Shale, upper Bonnia-Olenellus-pre-Albertella Biozones, Nevada, USNM loc. 316, a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459692a, x8.3, b, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459692b, x8.3, c, anterior view of ventral pseudointerarea, USNM 459692c, times.5, detail of apical process, USNM 459692d, X13.3 (new), e, ventral valve exterior, KUMIP 115512, x15.8, f, ventral valve interior, KUMIP 115525, X15.8 (Rowell, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nRowell, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 57. acrotretidae (p. 112-115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-143.jpg?height=1810&width=1286&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hansotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hansotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hansotreta Krause & ROWELL, 1975, p. 46","Type_species":"H. acrobela, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with short, convex posterior margin, ventral valve high, narrowly conical, foramen apical, enclosed within larval shell, ventral pseudointerarea poorly defined, procline to apsacline with narrow interridge, dorsal valve flattened to somewhat concave, dorsal pseudointerarea raised with triangular median groove and strongly anacline propareas, ventral apex occluded by elongate triangular apical process, anterior to internal foramen, dorsal interior with elongated cardinal muscle fields and anterocentral muscle scars, dorsal median ridge well developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 57, 2a-f. *H. acrobela, Antelope Valley Limestone, Meiklejohn Peak, a, dorsal valve exterior, x29.2, b, detail of dorsal larval shell, USNM 250200a, x229, c, ventral valve exterior, X_13.1, d, posterior view of ventral valve, USNM 250200b, x18.3, e, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, USNM 250200c, X20, f, ventral valve interior, USNM 250200 d , x16.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 57. acrotretidae (p. 112-115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-143.jpg?height=1810&width=1286&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hisingerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hisingerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hisingerella Henningsmoen in Waern, Thorslund, & HENNINGSMOEN, 1948, p. 388","Type_species":"Atrypa nitens von HISINGER, 1837, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with short, weakly convex posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea procline to apsacline with interridge, foramen forming short tube, enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve flattened, somewhat sulcate, dorsal pseudointerarea orthocline to anacline with wide median groove, apical process vestigial to absent, dorsal interior with raised cardinal muscle fields, divided by broad median buttress, dorsal median septum triangular with single upper septal rod.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?upper Llanvirn, Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"USA (Nevada), upper Llanvirn; Sweden, ?Llanvirn, Llandeilo\u2013lower Ashgill; ?Scotland, Caradoc; Norway, upper Caradoc; Estonia, Lithuania, Caradoc\u2013Ashgill; Australia (New South Wales), upper Caradoc\u2013lower Ashgill; Ireland, Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 57, 3a-h. H. tenuis Holmer, Bestorp Limestone, Pleurograptus linearis Biozone, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland (Sk\u00f6vde), Sweden, a-c, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, oblique lateral view of exterior, oblique lateral view of interior, RMS Br 128522, X20.8 (Holmer, 1986), d, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136401, x20 (new), e, ventral valve exterior, x27.5, f, lateral view of ventral valve, RMS Br 128521, x30.8, g, oblique posterior view of both valves, RMS Br 128516, X\/5 (Holmer, 1986), h, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136402, X31.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer, 1986, \nHolmer, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 57. acrotretidae (p. 112-115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-143.jpg?height=1810&width=1286&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kotylotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kotylotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kotylotreta KONEVA, 1990, p. 49","Type_species":"K. undata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with fine rugae, ventral valve low conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline with intertrough weakly defined laterally, foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial with wide, shallow median groove, apical process broad, extending between posterior and anterior slope of valve and perforated posteriorly by short pedicle tube, apical pits deeply impressed, directly lateral to foramen, ventral mantle canals baculate, cardinal muscle fields transversely oval, weakly thickened, anterocentral scars situated on low ridge, dorsal median ridge low.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","First_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian-Mayaian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 58, 1 a-f . * K. undata, Aktas lower Zhumabai formations, Kyrshabakty River, a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 135403, x50, b, dorsal valve interior, X 41.7, c, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 135404, x62.5, d, lateral view of ventral exterior, x41.7, e, detail of ventral larval shell, RMS Br 136405, x150, f, oblique lateral view of ventral interior, RMS Br 136406, x75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 58. acrotretidae (p. 112-115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-144.jpg?height=1748&width=1306&top_left_y=132&top_left_x=160)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linnnarssonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Linnnarssonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linnarssonella W ALCOTT , 1902, p. 601","Type_species":"L. girtyi; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to elongate oval with cal process elongate triangular, perforated by foramen; dorsal median ridge low.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Dresbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Dresbachian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","Last_Occurrence":"Franconian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Dresbachian-Franconian)","Geography":"USA, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 58, 3a\u2013h. *L. girtyi, Franconian (Elvinia Biozone), South Dakota, USNM loc. 88a; a, dorsal view of both valves, \u00d741.7; b, lateral view of both valves, \u00d7 54.2; c, oblique posterior view of both valves, USNM 459694a, \u00d7 138; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 15; e, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, \u00d7 33.3; f, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, USNM 459694b, \u00d7 15; g, ventral valve exterior, USNM 459694c, \u00d715; h, oblique anterior view of ventral interior, USNM 459694d, \u00d720.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 58. acrotretidae (p. 112-115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-144.jpg?height=1748&width=1306&top_left_y=132&top_left_x=160)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":87.5,"ending_date":491.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linnarssonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Linnarssonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linnarssonia Walcott, 1885, p. 115, Pegmatreta BELL, 1941, p. 231","Type_species":"Obolella transversa Hartt in DAWSON, 1868, p. 644, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pegmatreta Bell, 1941, p. 231 (type, P. perplexa)","Synonyms":"Pegmatreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to transversely oval with short, convex posterior margin, ventral valve convex to low subconical, ventral pseudointerarea catacline to procline, rarely apsacline with intertrough, foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve gently convex with vestigial, undivided pseudointerarea, apical process high, bosslike, anterior to foramen, dorsal interior with high median ridge and median buttress, anterocentral scars well defined","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian-Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Germany, Lower Cambrian; Great Britain, Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Lower Cambrian\u2013Middle Cambrian; Sweden, Norway, ?Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian; ?Mexico (Sonora), USA (Utah, Montana, Alaska), Canada, ?China, West Antarctica, Middle Cambrian; Greenland, upper Middle Cambrian; Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 58, 2a-g. L. ophirensis (Walcott), Middle Cambrian, lower Bolaspidella or Bathyuriscus-Elrathia Biozones, Utah, USNM loc. 3e, a, dorsal valve interior, X12.5, b, oblique posterior view of dorsal interior, USNM 459693a, x31.7, c, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459693b, x13.1, d, ventral valve exterior, X16.7, e, oblique lateral view of ventral exterior, X20, f, oblique posterior view of ventral umbo, USNM 459693c, X66.7, g, ventral valve interior, USNM 459693d, X25 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 58. acrotretidae (p. 112-115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-144.jpg?height=1748&width=1306&top_left_y=132&top_left_x=160)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Longipegma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Longipegma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Longipegma Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 110","Type_species":"L. gorjanskii Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 111, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kotujotreta Ushatinskaya, 1994, p. 51 (type, K. memorabilis, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Kotujotreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell distinctly inequivalved, ventral valve transversely suboval, low conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline to catacline, divided by intertrough, dorsal valve elongate subtriangular, with elongate subtriangular pseudointerarea, usually occupying more than half of valve width, median groove widely subtriangular, apical process high, ridgelike, dorsal cardinal muscle scars closely spaced, dorsal median ridge or septum starting directly anterior to pseudointerarea, postlarval shell ornamented by evenly spaced rugellae","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Russia (northcentral Siberia), Upper Cambrian; Sweden, Tremadoc","Figure_captions":"Fig. 59, 1a-h.*L. gorjanskii, Upper Cambrian, Kety Regional Stage, Botorchuk Rivulet, north-central Siberia, a, ventral valve exterior, x25, b, lateral view, x26.7, c, ornamentation of postlarval shell, RMS Br 136273, X54.2, d, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136270, X12.5, e, ornamentation of dorsal larval shell, RMS Br 136276, X833, f, ventral interior showing apical process, RMS Br 136276, x42.7, g, holotype, dorsal valve interior, X12.2, h, oblique lateral view of interior, RMS Br 136271, X12.2 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 59. acrotretidae (p. 115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-146.jpg?height=1717&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neotreta SOBOLEV, 1976, p. 132","Type_species":"N. tumida, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex, transversely oval with wide, straight posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea vestigial, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial, concave, undivided plate, apical process poorly developed, dorsal interior with thickened cardinal muscle fields and variably developed median ridge, lacking median buttress.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"lower Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-lower Upper Cambrian","Geography":"England, upper Middle Cambrian; Sweden, Middle Cambrian; Russia (southeastern Siberia), Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Australia (Queensland), northern China (Hebei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 59, 3a-c. *N. tumida, Upper Cambrian, ?Glyptagnostus reticulatus Biozone, Dzhagdy Range (Verkhniaia Dzavodi River), Siberia, a, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 135922, X37.5, b, ventral valve exterior, X37.5, c, detail of ventral larval shell, RMS Br 135923, X101 (Popov, Berg-Madsen, & Holmer, 1994)., Fig. 59, 3d-f. N. kargailensis Popov, Berg-Madsen, & Holmer, Kargaily Formation, northern Tien Shan, Kargaily River, Kirghizia, d, dorsal valve exterior, X31.2, e, oblique lateral view of dorsal exterior, RMS Br 135926, X37.5, f, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 135928, X37.5 (Popov, Berg-Madsen, & Holmer, 1994)., Fig. 59, 3g. N. davidi Popov, Berg-Madsen, & Holmer, Mungerebar Limestone, western Queensland, holotype, detail of ventral pseudointerarea and larval shell, QMF 25634, X83.3 (Popov, Berg-Madsen, & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov, Berg-Madsen, & Holmer, 1994, \nPopov, Berg-Madsen, & Holmer, 1994, \nPopov, Berg-Madsen, & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 59. acrotretidae (p. 115).\nfig. 59. acrotretidae (p. 115).\nfig. 59. acrotretidae (p. 115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-146.jpg?height=1717&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-146.jpg?height=1717&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-146.jpg?height=1717&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":493.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Olentotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Olentotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Olentotreta Koneva, Popov, & Ushatinskaya in Koneva & OTHERS, 1990, p. 161","Type_species":"O. olentensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with straight posterior margin, ventral valve conical, ventral pseudointerarea catacline, flattened, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex, flattened peripherally, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, wide with median groove, apical process low, occluding apex of valve, perforated by short pedicle tube, dorsal median ridge low with anterocentral muscle scars at posterior end, dorsal median buttress well defined.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 57, 4a-c. * O. olentensis, Kujandy Formation, Semiz-Bugu Mountain, northcentral Kazakhstan, a, dorsal valve exterior, x23.3, b, detail of dorsal larval shell, RMS Br 136407, X138, c, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136408, X27.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 57. acrotretidae (p. 112-115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-143.jpg?height=1810&width=1286&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Opisthotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Opisthotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Opisthotreta PALMER, 1954, p. 771","Type_species":"O. depressa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell almost equibiconvex, subcircular with short, rounded posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea low, apsacline, dorsal valve moderately convex with wide median groove and vestigial propareas, apical process low, expanding anteriorly, dorsal median ridge vestigial to absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Texas), Russia (southeastern Siberia), northern China (Hebei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 59, 2a-d. *O. depressa, middle Dresbachian, Coosella Biozone, Arizona, a, ventral valve exterior, x25, b, lateral view of ventral exterior, x3 1 . 7, c, posterior view of ventral larval shell, RMS Br 136409, x100, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136410, X27.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 59. acrotretidae (p. 115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-146.jpg?height=1717&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Physotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Physotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Physotreta ROWELL, 1966, p. 19","Type_species":"Acrotreta spinosa WALCOTT, 1905, p. 302, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acrotreta spinosa Walcott, 1905, p. 302, OD","Synonyms":"Acrotreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with straight to gently convex posterior margin, ornament of closely spaced rugae, ventral valve moderately conical, ventral pseudointerarea poorly defined, procline to catacline with weak intertrough, foramen at margin of larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea relatively long, anacline with broadly triangular median groove, apical process occluding apex, perforated by wide pedicle tube, apical pits lateral to foramen, dorsal interior with triangular median septum and median buttress, dorsal anterocentral muscle scars well defined.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","First_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)-Upper Cambrian, ?Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llandeilo)","Geography":"Russia (Altai), Mayaian; USA (Nevada), Dresbachian; ?Australia (New South Wales), Upper Cambrian; ?Kazakhstan, Tremadoc; ?Sweden, Llandeilo","Figure_captions":"Fig. 60, 1a-f. * P. spinosa (Walcott), Upper Cambrian, Dunderbergia Zone, Nevada, USNM loc. 61, a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459695a, x9.2, b, dorsal valve interior, X9.2, c, detail of dorsal cardinal muscle fields and pseudointerarea, USNM 459695b, x22.5, d, ventral valve exterior, x11.2, e, lateral view of ventral exterior, USNM 459695c, x15, f, ventral valve interior, USNM 459695d, x12.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 60. acrotretidae (p. 115-118).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-147.jpg?height=1715&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":499.63,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Picnotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Picnotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Picnotreta Henderson & MACKINNON, 1981, p. 301","Type_species":"P. debilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell almost equibiconvex, subcircular to subtriangular with narrow, convex posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline, short, depressed, dorsal valve moderately convex, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial, undivided, apical process low, elongate subtriangular, anterior to foramen, dorsal interior with low triangular median septum, lacking median buttress","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"lower Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian, lower Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA; Greenland, upper Middle Cambrian; ?Antarctica (northern Victoria Land), Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, Australia (Queensland), New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 60, 3a-c. * P. debilis, Bottom Rock Limestone, Tasman Formation, Cobb Valley, northwestern Nelson, New Zealand, a, dorsal valve interior, UCM 888, X31.7, b, c, ventral valve interior, oblique lateral view of ventral interior, UCM 887, X35 (Henderson & MacKinnon, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Henderson & MacKinnon, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 60. acrotretidae (p. 115-118).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-147.jpg?height=1715&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":493.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prototreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Prototreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prototreta BELL, 1938, p. 405","Type_species":"P. trapeza, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Homotreta Bell, 1941, p. 230 (type, H. interupta, OD)","Synonyms":"Homotreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to transversely oval with weakly convex posterior margin, ornament of fine rugae, ventral valve conical to highly conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline to apsacline with intertrough, foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea long, anacline with broad triangular median groove, apical process broad, ridgelike, penetrated by pedicle tube, apical pits posterolateral to foramen, dorsal median septum triangular, sometimes digitate or with thickened rod or platform near top, dorsal median buttress narrow, elongate","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan; ?Germany, Lower Cambrian; USA (Montana, Utah), Greenland, upper Middle Cambrian; Russia (Novaya Zemlya, Altai, ?Siberia), Mayaian; ?China; ?West Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 61,2a\u2013h. P. attenuata (MEEK), Swazy Limestone, Middle Cambrian, Topaz Mountain, Utah; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d720.8; b, detail of dorsal larval shell, RMS Br 136411, \u00d7 91.7; c, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136412, \u00d710; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d712.5; e, detail of digitate dorsal median septum, RMS Br 133660, \u00d741.7; f, oblique posterior view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 136413, \u00d715.8; g, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136414, \u00d722.5; h, detail of ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136415, \u00d726.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 61. acrotretidae (p. 118-120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-149.jpg?height=1635&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadrisonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Quadrisonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadrisonia Rowell & HENDERSON, 1978, p. 6","Type_species":"Q. minor, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with relatively short, straight posterior margin, ventral valve low subconical to conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline to catacline, undivided or with very shallow intertrough, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea short, orthocline with wide median groove, apical process elongate subtriangular, perforated by pedicle tube, dorsal median ridge variably developed, dorsal cardinal muscle fields small, subcircular, close to each other, dorsal anterocentral scars well defined","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Sweden, Australia, West Antarctica, USA (Great Basin), Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 62, 1 a-e .* Q. minor, Orr Formation, Elvinia Zone, Steamboat Pass, Utah, a, b, dorsal valve exterior, interior, KUMIP 115506, X20.8, c, holotype, ventral valve lateral view, KUMIP 115501, x20.8, d, e, ventral valve interior, exterior, KUMIP 115502, X21.7 (Rowell & Henderson, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell & Henderson, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 62. acrotretidae (p. 118-121).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-150.jpg?height=1714&width=1292&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhondellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhondellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhondellina ROWELE, 1986, p. 1059","Type_species":"R. dorei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly dorsibiconvex, transversely oval with short, gently convex posterior margin, larval shell with regularly spaced pits of varying size, ventral pseudointerarea vestigial, apsacline, foramen within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea minute with vestigial propareas, ventral interior with long, ridgelike apical process anterior to foramen, dorsal interior lacking median ridge and buttress.","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Wuliuan","Ending_age":"lower Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Dresbachian","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian-lower Upper Cambrian, upper Middle Cambrian, Dresbachian, Mayaian-Dresbachian","Geography":"Greenland, upper Middle Cambrian; USA (Great Basin), Dresbachian; Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau), Dresbachian; ?Russia (north-central Siberia), Mayaian\u2013Dresbachian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 61, 1a-e. *R. dorei, Hamburg Limestone, Crepicephalus Biozone, McGill, Nevada, a, dorsal valve interior, X33.3, b, detail of dorsal interior, KUMIP 118204, X66.7, c, ventral valve exterior, KUMIP 118206, x29.2, d, ventral valve interior, x33.3, e, detail of apical process, KUMIP 118207, x66.7 (Rowell, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rowell, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 61. acrotretidae (p. 118-120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-149.jpg?height=1635&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":506.75,"ending_stage":"Paibian","fraction_up_ending_stage":73.3,"ending_date":494.95,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Satpakella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Satpakella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Satpakella Koneva, Popov, & Ushatinskaya in Koneva & OTHERS, 1990, p. 162","Type_species":"S. inconstans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval, ventral valve subcylindrical, pseudointerarea procline to apsacline, poorly defined laterally with weak intertrough, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline or orthocline with wide median groove, apical process small, perforated by short pedicle tube, dorsal median septum triangular, strongly thickened with bulbous projection at top, median buttress present, dorsal cardinal muscle field forming thickened platform","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 63, 2a-c. *S. inconstans, Kujandy Formation, Erzhan, northeast-central Kazakhstan, a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136416, x25, b, dorsal valve interior, x20.8, c, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136417, x25 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 63. acrotretidae (p. 118-122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-151.jpg?height=713&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semitreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Semitreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semitreta BIERNAT, 1973, p. 75","Type_species":"S. maior, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hansotreta, but with poorly developed apical process and poorly divided ventral pseudointerarea","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (Tremadoc-lower Arenig)","Geography":"Poland, Russia (north-central Siberia, ?Southern Urals), ?Estonia, ?Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 61, 3a-f. *S. maior, Tremadoc chalcedonites, Wysoczki, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136418, x25, b, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136419, x27.5, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, RMS Br 136420, x50, d, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136421, x11.2, e, lateral view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 136422, X27.5, f, posterior view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 136423, X13.1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 61. acrotretidae (p. 118-120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-149.jpg?height=1635&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spondylotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spondylotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spondylotreta COOPER, 1956, p. 255","Type_species":"S. concentrica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with straight posterior margin, ornament of fine rugae, ventral valve highly conical, ventral pseudointerarea well defined, catacline to slightly procline with interridge, foramen forming short tube, enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve gently convex, sulcate, dorsal pseudointerarea wide with median groove, internal pedicle tube along posterior slope of valve, continued as forked ridge, supported apically by median septum, dorsal interior with long, triangular median septum and median buttress","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill), Llanvirn-Llandeilo, Llandeilo-lower Caradoc, Caradoc, upper Caradoc-Ashgill, Ashgill","Geography":"USA (Alabama, Nevada, ?Virginia), Llanvirn\u2013Llandeilo; Sweden, Llandeilo\u2013lower Caradoc; Kazakhstan, Caradoc; Estonia, upper Caradoc\u2013Ashgill; Ireland, Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 62, 2a-g. *S. concentrica, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, a, dorsal valve exterior, x9.2, b, dorsal valve interior, x8 . 3,  c, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 133934, x1 0, d, ventral valve exterior, x11.2, e, lateral view of ventral exterior, X_12.5,  f, detail of ventral larval shell, RMS Br 133935, X75 (Holmer & Popov, 1994), g, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136418, X33.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer & Popov, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 62. acrotretidae (p. 118-121).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-150.jpg?height=1714&width=1292&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stilpnotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Stilpnotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stilpnotreta Henderson & MACKINNON, 1981, p. 297","Type_species":"S . magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell almost equibiconvex, subcircular to transversely oval with short, convex posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea vestigial, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea orthocline with wide median groove and vestigial propareas, apical process subtriangular, occluding apex, extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral field with narrow anterior projection extending to midvalve, bisected by low median ridge, dorsal median buttress absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Russia (Novaya Zemlya, Siberia), Antarctica, Sweden, Australia (Queensland), New Zealand, Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 62,3a\u2013e. *S. magna; a,b, holotype, dorsal valve interior, oblique lateral view, Mungerebar Limestone, western Queensland, Australia, JCF 10720, \u00d741.7; c,d, ventral valve interior, oblique lateral view, JCF 10721, \u00d745.8; e, oblique posterior view of dorsal interior, Tasman Formation, northwestern Nelson (Cobb Valley), New Zealand, UCM 878, \u00d7 41.7 (Henderson & MacKinnon, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 62. acrotretidae (p. 118-121).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-150.jpg?height=1714&width=1292&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Treptotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Treptotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Treptotreta Henderson & MACKINNON, 1981, p. 293","Type_species":"T. jucunda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with straight to weakly convex, moderately wide posterior margin, ventral valve conical, pseudointerarea procline with intertrough vestigial or absent, foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex or flattened, dorsal pseudointerarea wide, orthocline with median groove, apical process widening anteriorly, sometimes forming ridge, perforated by pedicle tube, dorsal median septum high, triangular.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Australia (Queensland, ?New South Wales), New Zealand, West Antarctica, Russia (Novaya Zemlya, Siberia), Kazakhstan, Upper Cambrian; ?northern China (Hebei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 62, 4a-d.*T. jucunda, Mungerebar Limestone, western Queensland, Australia, a, b, dorsal valve interior, oblique lateral view, JCF 10716, x18.3, c, oblique posterior view of ventral exterior, JCF 10715, x19.2, d, holotype, ventral valve interior, JCF 10714, x16.7 (Henderson & MacKinnon, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHenderson & MacKinnon, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 62. acrotretidae (p. 118-121).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-150.jpg?height=1714&width=1292&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vandalotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vandalotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vandalotreta Mergl, 1988, p. 292, Luhotreta Mergl & SLEHOFEROV\u00c1, 1990, p. 95","Type_species":"V. vafra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Luhotreta Mergl & Slehoferov\u00e1, 1990, p. 95 (type, L. pompeckji)\"","Synonyms":"Luhotreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval to subcircular with narrow, convex posterior margin, ventral valve wide conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline to catacline, poorly defined laterally with intertrough, foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea short with broadly triangular median groove, apical process forming bosslike thickening anterior to internal foramen, dorsal visceral field with narrow anterior projection, bisected by vestigial median ridge, dorsal median buttress developed.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Cambrian-lower Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Sweden, Kazakhstan, Antarctica (King George Island), Toyonian; Australia (South Australia, Northern Territory), Toyonian-lower Amgaian; Morocco, Amgaian; Bohemia, lower Middle Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 63, 1a-e. *V. vafra, Middle Cambrian, Amgaian, High Atlas Mountains (Yagour inlier), Morocco, a, ventral valve exterior, GSP mm 343, X29.2, b, c, posterior view of ventral exterior, lateral view, GSP mm 338, X_41.7, d, dorsal valve exterior, GSP mm 346, X29.2, e, dorsal valve interior, GSP mm 336, x5 (Mergl, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mergl, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 63. acrotretidae (p. 118-122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-151.jpg?height=713&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scaphelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Scaphelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Scaphelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scaphelasma COOPER, 1956, p. 259","Type_species":"S. septatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve low conical to conical, ventral pseudointerarea poorly defined, procline, foramen large, oval, apical process variably developed, dorsal valve with high median septum, median buttress absent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Ashgill), southern China, Arenig-Llanvirn, Poland, Arenig-Llanvirn, ?Ashgill, Sweden, Kazakhstan, Arenig-Ashgill, Ireland, upper Arenig-Ashgill, USA (Alabama, Nevada, Iowa), Llanvirn-Ashgill, Estonia, Russia (Ingria), upper Arenig-lower Llanvirn","Geography":"southern China, Arenig-Llanvirn; Poland, Arenig-Llanvirn, ?Ashgill; Sweden, Kazakhstan, Arenig-Ashgill; Ireland, upper Arenig-Ashgill; USA (Alabama, Nevada, Iowa), Llanvirn-Ashgill; Estonia, Russia (Ingria), upper Arenig-lower Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 64,1a\u2013d. *S. septatum, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d731.7; b, detail of dorsal larval shell, RMS Br 136419, \u00d7 112; c, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136420, \u00d730; d, oblique lateral view of ventral interior, RMS Br 136421, \u00d7 20 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 64,1e,f. S. mica POPOV, Karakan Limestone, upper Arenig, northern Betpak-Dala, Kazakhstan; e, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 133672, \u00d733.3; f, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 133673, \u00d7 33.3 (Holmer, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 64. scaphelasmatidae (p. 122-123).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-153.jpg?height=1511&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Artiotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Scaphelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Artiotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Artiotreta IRELAND, 1961, p. 1138","Type_species":"A. parva; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"May be junior synonym of Scaphelasma.","Synonyms":"Scaphelasma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Scaphelasma, but smaller; foramen circular; dorsal pseudointerarea with vestigial median groove and propareas. May be junior synonym of Scaphelasma.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian","First_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Ending_age":"upper Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian","Geography":"USA (Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 64,2a\u2013e. *A. parva, Chimney Hill Limestone, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma; a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459696a, \u00d750; b, dorsal valve interior, \u00d750; c, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, USNM 459696b, \u00d7 165; d, ventral valve exterior, \u00d750; e, detail of ventral larval shell, \u00d7151.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 64. scaphelasmatidae (p. 122-123).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-153.jpg?height=1511&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Batenevotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Scaphelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Batenevotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Batenevotreta USHATINSKAYA, 1992, p. 87","Type_species":"B. formosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with fine rugae, ventral valve low conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline to catacline, poorly defined laterally with shallow, wide intertrough, foramen circular, dorsal valve moderately convex, dorsal pseudointerarea low, anacline with shallow median groove, apical process broad, semicircular, anterior to short pedicle tube, dorsal interior with small median buttress and low median ridge, dorsal cardinal muscle fields large, transversely oval, thickened.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","First_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Russia (Altai)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoscaphelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Scaphelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoscaphelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoscaphelasma Koneva, Popov, & Ushatinskaya in Koneva & OTHERS, 1990, p. 165","Type_species":"E. satpakensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with weakly concave posterior margin, ornament of fine rugae, sometimes lamellose peripherally, ventral valve low conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline, poorly defined laterally with broad intertrough, foramen elongate oval, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea low, orthocline with median groove, apical process vestigial, perforated by foramen or short pedicle tube, dorsal median ridge vestigial to absent. Upper Cambrian: Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 65, 2a-f. * E. satpakensis, Kujandy Formation, Olenty River, Kazakhstan, a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136199, x27.5, b, dorsal valve interior, x25, c, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, RMS Br 136192, X62.5, d, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136196, X 41.7, e, oblique lateral view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 136334, x37.5, f, detail of ventral larval shell, RMS Br 136197, x125 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 65. scaphelasmatidae (p. 122-123).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-154.jpg?height=674&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhysotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Scaphelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhysotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhysotreta COOPER, 1956, p. 258","Type_species":"R. corrugata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with ornament of strong rugae, ventral valve highly conical, ventral pseudointerarea flattened, procline to catacline, foramen unusually large, rounded triangular, dorsal valve flattened, dorsal pseudointerarea wide and long, flattened with poorly defined median groove, dorsal apical process lacking, dorsal interior with high, triangular median septum and variably developed median buttress","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America (Nevada, Alabama), Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 64, 3a\u2013g. *R. corrugata, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama; a, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459697a, \u00d713.8; b, ventral valve exterior, \u00d720.8; c, posterior view of ventral exterior, \u00d7 17.9; d, lateral view of ventral exterior, USNM 459697b, \u00d715; e, oblique lateral view of dorsal valve exterior, \u00d717.9; f, detail of dorsal larval shell, USNM 459697c, \u00d7 83.3; g, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, USNM 459697d, \u00d720.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 64. scaphelasmatidae (p. 122-123).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-153.jpg?height=1511&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tobejalotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Scaphelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tobejalotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tobejalotreta KONEVA, P OPOV , & U SHATINSKAYA in KONEVA & others, 1990, p. 163","Type_species":"T. aseptata; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with straight posterior margin; ornament of rugae; ventral valve highly conical; ventral pseudointerarea procline with intertrough; foramen large, elongate subtriangular; dorsal valve \ufb02attened; dorsal pseudointerarea \ufb02attened with shallow, widely triangular median groove; apical process absent; dorsal interior with broad median buttress, lacking median septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 65, 1a,b. *T. aseptata, Olenty River; a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136422, \u00d7 27.5; b, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136423, \u00d725 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"RMS","figure_index":"fig. 65. scaphelasmatidae (p. 122-123).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-154.jpg?height=674&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Torynelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Torynelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Torynelasma COOPER, 1956, p. 257","Type_species":"T. toryniferum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral pseudointerarea catacline to weakly apsacline, dorsal median septum high with flat to dorsally concave surmounting platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"USA (Alabama, Nevada), Sweden, Kazakhstan, Russia (Pskov district), southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 66, 1a-b. * T. toryniferum, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, a, dorsal valve exterior, X_19, b, oblique lateral view of dorsal exterior, USNM 459698a, x20.8, c, dorsal valve interior, X 17.9, d, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, x27.5, e, detail of dorsal median septum, USNM 459698b, x31.7, f, ventral valve exterior, X 16.7, g, lateral view of ventral exterior, X16.7, h, detail of ventral larval shell, USNM 459698c, X162 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT","figure_index":"fig. 66. torynelasmatidae (p. 124-125).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-155.jpg?height=1730&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrotretella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acrotretella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrotretella IRELAND, 1961, p. 1139","Type_species":"A. siluriana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve wide conical, ventral pseudo- interarea procline to catacline, apical process and internal pedicle tube absent, dorsal pseudointerarea undivided, dorsal median septum low to high with dorsally concave surmounting platform, dorsal larval shell bulbous","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"upper Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-upper Silurian, Caradoc-lower Silurian, Ashgill, upper Silurian","Geography":"Sweden, Caradoc\u2013lower Silurian; Ireland, Ashgill; USA (Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois), upper Silurian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 66, 3a, b. *A. siluriana, Chimney Hill Limestone, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 459699a, X 45.8, b, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459699b, X41.7 (new), Fig. 66, 3c-e. A. sp., Bestorp Limestone, Pleurograptus linearis Biozone, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland (Sk\u00f6vde), Sweden, c, ventral valve exterior, X66.7, d, lateral view of ventral exterior, X5, e, detail of pitted dorsal larval microornament, RMS Br 128506, X1508 (Holmer, 1986)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHolmer, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 66. torynelasmatidae (p. 124-125).\nfig. 66. torynelasmatidae (p. 124-125).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-155.jpg?height=1730&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-155.jpg?height=1730&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cristicoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cristicoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cristicoma Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1980, p. 89","Type_species":"C. sincera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally like Torynelasma, apical process forming septum, supported anteriorly by long pedicle tube, occluding apex in gerontic forms, dorsal median septum high, triangular with numerous spines","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 66, 4a-d. *C. sincera, Karakan Limestone, northern Betpak-Dala, Kazakhstan, a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136424, X37.5, b, dorsal valve interior, X 19.6, c, lateral view of dorsal exterior, RMS Br 136425, x25, d, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136426, X27.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 66. torynelasmatidae (p. 124-125).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-155.jpg?height=1730&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Issedonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Issedonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Issedonia Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1980, p. 103","Type_species":"I. spinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally like Torynelasma, dorsal median septum with spines and dorsally concave surmounting platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"central Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 66,2a\u2013g. *I. spinosa, Shundy Formation, Sary-Kumy, Kazakhstan; a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136427, \u00d7 27.5; b, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, \u00d720.8; c, dorsal valve interior, \u00d717.9; d, detail of dorsal median septum, RMS Br 136428, \u00d737.5; e, ventral valve exterior, \u00d725; f, oblique posterior view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 136429, \u00d717.9; g, oblique lateral view of both valves, RMS Br 136430, \u00d717.9 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 66. torynelasmatidae (p. 124-125).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-155.jpg?height=1730&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mylloconotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mylloconotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mylloconotreta Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 203","Type_species":"M. elimata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Torynelasma, but with subcylindrical, geniculate ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig . 67,1a\u2013d. *M. elimata, Tourmakeady Limestone, Mayo, Ireland; a, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, BMNH BB 95422, \u00d720; b, holotype, dorsal valve interior, BMNH BB 95420, \u00d713.3; c, paratype, detail of dorsal median septum, BMNH BB 95357, \u00d725.8; d, paratype, lateral view of ventral exterior, BMNH BB 95423, \u00d711.7 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 67. torynelasmatidae (p. 125-126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-156.jpg?height=1186&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paratreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paratreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paratreta BIERNAT, 1973, p. 68","Type_species":"P. similis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve subconical, ventral pseudointerarea catacline to procline, dorsal valve gently convex, dorsal pseudointerarea with median groove, apical process subtriangular, anterior to foramen, dorsal interior with high, triangular median septum and large, thickened cardinal muscle fields. Genus poorly known. Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn): Poland.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Polylasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Polylasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Polylasma Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1980, p. 105","Type_species":"P. subsciduum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Torynelasma but with concave surmounting plate bearing numerous dorsally directed lateral plates along its lower surface","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 67,2a\u2013f. *P. subsciduum, Karakan Limestone, northern Betpak-Dala, Kazakhstan; a, dorsal valve interior, \u00d725; b, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, \u00d7 41.7; c, detail of dorsal median septum, RMS Br 136431, \u00d766.7; d\u2013f, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, lateral view, RMS Br 136432, \u00d733.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 67. torynelasmatidae (p. 125-126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-156.jpg?height=1186&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sasyksoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sasyksoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sasyksoria Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 135","Type_species":"S. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve low conical, ventral pseudointerarea flattened, procline to catacline, divided by wide interridge, dorsal pseudointerarea wide, dorsal median groove wide, poorly defined, apical process low, ridgelike, penetrated posteriorly by internal pedicle foramen, dorsal median septum simple, triangular, cardinal buttress high, wide, postlarval shell covered by strong, evenly spaced lamellae","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Geography":"north-central Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 67, 3a-e. *S. rugosa, Ordovician, Olenty Formation, Lake Sasyksor, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, x20.8, b, posterior view, x20.8, c, lateral view, X33.3, d, larval shell, RMS Br 136252, X83.3, e, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136251, X23.3 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 67. torynelasmatidae (p. 125-126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-156.jpg?height=1186&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ephippelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ephippelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ephippelasma COOPER, 1956, p. 261","Type_species":"E. minutum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve narrow, high conical, pseudointerarea catacline to weakly apsacline with intertrough, dorsal valve with symmetrical, saddlelike median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"USA (Alabama), Llandeilo: Sweden, upper Llandeilo: Kazakhstan, Llandeilo-Caradoc; Ireland, ?China (Yangtze), Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 68, 1 a-h .* E. minutum, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136433, x41.7, b, dorsal valve interior, x41.7, c, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136434 , X50, detail of dorsal median septum, RMS Br 136435, X66.7, e, f, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, x41.7, g, lateral view of ventral exterior, X33.3, h, detail of ventral larval shell, USNM 459700a, X125 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 68. ephippelasmatidae (p. 127-129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-158.jpg?height=1838&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Akmolina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Akmolina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Akmolina Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 125","Type_species":"A. olentensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve widely conical, ventral pseudointerarea usually catacline, more rarely somewhat procline or apsacline, intertrough wide and shallow with median plication, pedicle foramen at end of short pedicle tube, enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea low, divided by median groove, ventral interior with short internal pedicle tube fused with posterior valve slope, apical process forming low elevation anterior and lateral to pedicle tube, becoming slightly ridged anteriorly, median buttress and dorsal median ridge weakly developed or absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Drepanoistodus proteus Biozone","Figure_captions":"Fig . 68,2a\u2013i. *A. olentensis, Kujandy Formation, Aksak-Kujandy Mountain, Kazakhstan; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d733.3; b, lateral view, \u00d741.7; c, lateral view of larval shell, RMS Br 136164, \u00d7125; d, holotype, posterior view of conjoined valves, RMS Br 136169, \u00d745.8; e,f, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d727.5, lateral view, \u00d750, RMS Br 136167; g, ventral valve interior showing apical process, RMS Br 136171, \u00d783.3; h, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 27.5; i, oblique lateral view of pseudointerarea, \u00d7 110 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 68. ephippelasmatidae (p. 127-129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-158.jpg?height=1838&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lurgiticoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lurgiticoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lurgiticoma Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1980, p. 99","Type_species":"L. singularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval, ventral valve wide conical, ventral pseudointerarea procline with interridge, dorsal valve moderately convex, apical process occluding apex, dorsal median septum high, folded asymmetrically, strongly spinose, median buttress present","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 69, 1a-g. *L. singularis, Shundy Formation, Sary-Kumy, central Kazakhstan, a, dorsal exterior, X 19.6, b, oblique lateral view of dorsal exterior, RMS Br 136436, X25, c, dorsal interior, X19.6, d, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136437, X26.7, e, ventral valve exterior, X 19.6, f, posterior view of ventral exterior, X 20.8, g, lateral view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 136438, X 25 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"RMS","figure_index":"fig. 69. ephippelasmatidae (p. 127-130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-159.jpg?height=1310&width=1269&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mamatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mamatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mamatia POPOV & HOLMER, 1994, p. 128","Type_species":"Paratreta retracta POPOV in NAZAROV & POPOV, 1980, p. 95; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve conical; ventral pseudointerarea undivided, catacline to apsacline; pedicle foramen forming short external pedicle tube, within larval shell; dorsal valve evenly convex, with wide, narrow pseudointerarea, and well developed propareas; apical process completely occluding apex, perforated by short internal pedicle tube; ventral vascula lateralia baculate; median buttress well developed; dorsal median septum triangular, low to moderately high, with a single septal rod; dorsal cardinal muscle \ufb01elds strongly impressed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Geography":"Russia (Southern Urals), Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 69, 3a\u2013g. *M. retracta (P OPOV ); a, ventral valve exterior, Olenty Formation, Lake Sasyksor, Kazakhstan, \u00d7 33.3; b, lateral view, Olenty Formation, Lake Sasyksor, Kazakhstan, \u00d7 41.7; c, posterior view, Olenty Formation, Lake Sasyksor, Kazakhstan, \u00d737.5, RMS Br 136181; d, dorsal valve exterior, Olenty Formation, Lake Sasyksor, Kazakhstan, RMS Br 136174, \u00d7 33.3; e, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136187 Koagash Formation, Karabutak River, Southern Urals, \u00d733.3; f, dorsal valve interior Koagash Formation, Karabutak River, Southern Urals, \u00d7 41.7; g, lateral view Koagash Formation, Karabutak River, Southern Urals, RMS Br 136177, \u00d733.3 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"RMS, Popov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 69. ephippelasmatidae (p. 127-130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-159.jpg?height=1310&width=1269&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Myotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Myotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Myotreta GORJANSKY, 1969, p. 67","Type_species":"M. crassa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversly oval, ventral pseudointerarea catacline to apsacline with intertrough, dorsal median septum high, triangular, simple or folded, generally with upper rod","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Sweden, Poland, Estonia, Russia (Ingria, Pskov district), Lithuania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 68, 3a-e. *M. crassa, Kunda Stage, Pechory core, Pskov district, a, dorsal valve interior, X_mathbf4 5.8, b, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136439, x54.2, c, ventral valve exterior, x4 1 . 7,  d, lateral view of ventral exterior, X45.8, e, posterior view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 136440, X50 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 68. ephippelasmatidae (p. 127-129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-158.jpg?height=1838&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Numericoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Numericoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Numericoma Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1980, p. 100","Type_species":"N. ornata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally like Ephippelasma, dorsal median septum folded asymmetrically with numerous spines","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llandeilo), Arenig, Arenig-Llanvirn, Arenig-Llandeilo, Llanvirn","Geography":"Bohemia, Arenig; Poland, Russia (Ingria, Pskov district), Estonia, Lithuania, southern China, Arenig-Llanvirn; Kazakhstan, Sweden, Arenig-Llandeilo; USA (Nevada), Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig. 68,4a\u2013c. *N. ornata, Karakan Limestone, upper Arenig, northern Betpak-Dala, Kazakhstan; a, dorsal valve interior, \u00d741.7; b, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136441, \u00d745.8; c, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136442, \u00d766.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 68. ephippelasmatidae (p. 127-129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-158.jpg?height=1838&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pomeraniotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pomeraniotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pomeraniotreta Bednarczyk, 1986, p. 415, Anatreta MEI, 1993, p. 405 (type, A. transversa)","Type_species":"P. biernatae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Anatreta Mei, 1993, p. 405 (type, A. transversa)\"","Synonyms":"Anatreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Numericoma, but more narrow, high conical, apical process occluding apex, dorsal median septum absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (Arenig), Upper Cambrian, TremadocArenig, Arenig","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Upper Cambrian; Poland, Norway, Sweden, TremadocArenig; Bohemia, Arenig; northern China (Hebei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 70, 2a-h. *P. biernatae, Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5sholmen Limestone, upper Tremadoc, Sweden, a, b, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view, RMS Br 129085, X33.3, c, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 129086, X33.3, d, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 129089, X33.3, ef, lateral view of ventral exterior, posterior view, Flagabro, Scania, RMS Br 128088, X19.6, g, ventral larval shell, X 138, h, detail of pitted larval microornamentation, Ottenby, \u00d6land, RMS Br 136282, X 1400 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 70. ephippelasmatidae (p. 129-130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-160.jpg?height=1049&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhinotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhinotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhinotreta HOLMER, 1986, p. 113","Type_species":"R. muscularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, ventral valve with long exterior pedicle tube, dorsal valve flat, dorsal median ridge low","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Sweden, Estonia, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 69, 2a-g. * R. muscularis, Dicranograptus clingani Biozone, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland (Sk\u00f6vde), Sweden, a, dorsal valve exterior, x6 2 . 5,  b, oblique lateral view of dorsal exterior, X 75, c, holotype, detail of dorsal larval shell, RMS Br 128556 , x138, d, dorsal valve interior, x66.7, e, paratype, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 128555, x75, f, g, paratype, ventral valve exterior, oblique lateral view, RMS Br 128564, x75 (Holmer, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 69. ephippelasmatidae (p. 127-130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-159.jpg?height=1310&width=1269&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Veliseptum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Veliseptum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Veliseptum Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1976, p. 38","Type_species":"V. fragile, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Numericoma, but dorsal median septum high, triangular with spines along anterior slope and upper rod or surmounting plate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilol)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland, Sweden, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 70,1a\u2013g. V. strictum HOLMER, Dicranograptus clingani Biozone, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland (Sk\u00f6vde), Sweden; a, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 128549, \u00d7 66.7; b, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 41.7; c, holotype, detail of dorsal median septum, RMS Br 128532, \u00d7 150; d,e, paratype, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, RMS Br 128528, \u00d737.5; f, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136443, \u00d766.7; g, paratype, posterior view of both valves, RMS Br 128532, \u00d766.7 (Holmer, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 70. ephippelasmatidae (p. 129-130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-160.jpg?height=1049&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biernatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Biernatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Biernatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biernatia HOLMER, 1989b, p. 133","Type_species":"Torynelasma minor rossicum GORJANSKY, 1969, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal interior with strongly dorsally convex surmounting plate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician  (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-Ashgill), southern China, Arenig-Llanvirn, Russia (Ingria, Pskov district), Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Arenig-Caradoc, USA (Alabama, Nevada), Llanvirn-Llandeilo, Kazakhstan, Llanvirn-Ashgill, Libya, Caradoc","Geography":"Sweden, Tremadoc-Ashgill; southern China, Arenig-Llanvirn; Russia (Ingria, Pskov district), Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Arenig-Caradoc; USA (Alabama, Nevada), Llanvirn-Llandeilo,;Kazakhstan, Llanvirn-Ashgill; Libya, Caradoc","Figure_captions":"Fig . 71,1a\u2013g. *B. rossica (GORJANSKY), Kunda Stage, Pechory core, Pskov district; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 58.3; b, detail of dorsal larval shell, \u00d7162; c,d, dorsal valve interior, lateral view, \u00d754.2; e, detail of dorsal median septum, RMS Br 133684, \u00d7 125; f, oblique posterior view of ventral exterior, \u00d750; g, lateral view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 133685, \u00d7 31.7 (Holmer, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 71. biernatidae (p. 131-132).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-161.jpg?height=1366&width=1271&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ceratreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ceratretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ceratreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ceratreta BELL, 1941, p. 233","Type_species":"C. hebes, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval with moderately wide posterior margin, ornament of evenly spaced rugae, ventral valve strongly convex to subconical, ventral pseudointerarea procline to apsacline with intertrough, foramen, elongate, lens shaped, apical process long, ridgelike, supporting pedicle tube along posterior slope, dorsal median septum long, triangular","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Montana, Wyoming, Texas), Sweden, Finland (\u00c5land Islands), Estonia, Russia (Ingria, southeast Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 72, 1a-g. *C. hebes, middle Franconian, Conaspis Biozone, Montana, a, dorsal valve exterior, RMS Br 136443, x17.9, b, dorsal valve interior, x17.9, c, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, RMS Br 136444, x20.8, d, ventral exterior, x15, e, lateral view of ventral exterior, x1 7 . 9,  f, posterior view of ventral exterior, RMS Br 136445, x16.2, g, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136446, x13.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 72. ceratretidae (p. 132-133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-163.jpg?height=1324&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bozshakolia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ceratretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bozshakolia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bozshakolia Ushatinskaya in Ushatinskaya, Gidaspov, & RIAZANTSEV, 1986, p. 38","Type_species":"B. coniformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular with short, weakly convex posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea procline, divided by narrow intertrough, foramen relatively small, elongate oval, apical process swollen, ridgelike, dorsal interior with poorly developed median septum or high ridge, dorsal median buttress wide.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Sweden, upper Lower Cambrian; central Kazakhstan, Middle Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 72, 2a-d. *B. coniformis, Kysyl-Kojandy Formation, Maya, a, dorsal valve exterior, PIN 4377\/1, X6.7, b, c, dorsal valve interior, x8.3, pseudointerarea, x16.7, PIN 4377 \/ 9, d, e, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, RMS 126342, x11.2, f, holotype, ventral valve, posterior view, PIN 4377\/5, x17.5, g, ventral larval shell and pedicle foramen, RMS 126342, x75, h, ventral valve interior, PIN 4377\/14, X27.5 (Holmer & Ushatinskaya, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer & Ushatinskaya, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 72. ceratretidae (p. 132-133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-163.jpg?height=1324&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Erbotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ceratretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Erbotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Erbotreta Holmer & USHATINSKAYA, 1994, p. 207","Type_species":"E. singularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subrectangular, ventral valve highly conical, ventral pseudointerarea, procline to catacline, divided by broad, weakly defined intertrough, pedicle foramen elongate lenticular, dorsal valve flattened, dorsal pseudointerarea with wide median groove and narrow propareas, ventral interior with apical process occluding apex, penetrated by pedicle tube, dorsal median ridge poorly developed","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","First_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Russia (Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 73, 1 a-h . * E. singularis, Sladky Korenya Formation, Batenev Ridge, a, dorsal valve exterior, PIN 4377\/1, X6.7, b, c, dorsal valve interior, x8.3, pseudointerarea, x16.7, PIN 4377 \/ 9, d, e, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, RMS 126342, x11.2, f, holotype, ventral valve, posterior view, PIN 4377\/5, x17.5, g, ventral larval shell and pedicle foramen, RMS 126342, x75, h, ventral valve interior, PIN 4377\/14, X27.5 (Holmer & Ushatinskaya, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer & Ushatinskaya, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 73. ceratretidae (p. 132).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-164.jpg?height=1559&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Keyserlingia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ceratretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Keyserlingia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Keyserlingia Pander in von Helmersen, 1861, col. 46, Orbicula reversa de Verneuil, 1845, p. 289, SD DALL, 1871a, p. 75","Type_species":"Orbicula reversa de Verneuil, 1845, p. 289, SD DALL, 1871a, p. 75","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kayserlingia Beecher, 1891, p. 354, Clistotrema Rowell, 1963, p. 35, nom. nov. pro Orbicella d'Orbigny, 1847, p. 269 (type, Orbicula buchii de Verneuil, 1845, p. 288), non Dana, 1846, p. 204","Synonyms":"Kayserlingia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, ventral valve low conical with thickened rim of lamellose shell along posterior margin, ventral pseudointerarea procline to catacline with broad intertrough, foramen elongate, lens shaped, apical process forming high, thickened septum with spoonlike anterior projection, cardinal muscle fields of both valves forming strongly elevated, sometimes undercut platforms, dorsal median septum low, triangular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Russia (Ingria, Moscow basin), Estonia, Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 73, 2a-e. *K. reversa (de Verneuil), a, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136447, X15, b, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136448, X12.5, c, ventral valve exterior, Ladoga Formation, Ingria (Dudergof), Russia, RMS Br 136449, x10 (new), d, e, oblique posterior view of ventral exterior, lateral view, Obolus sandstone, south Bothnian Sea (Finngrundet Core), Sweden, PM B582, times_12.5 (Puura & Holmer, 1993).-Fig. 73, 2f-i. K. buchii (de Verneuil), Maardu beds, Cordylodus andresi Biozone, Estonia, f, dorsal valve exterior, Turjekelder, TAGI BR 1713, X6.9, g, dorsal valve interior, \u00dclgase, CNIGR 242\/12348, x9.2, h, ventral valve interior, Valkla, CNIGR 241\/12348, X5.5 (Popov & others, 1989), i, detail of apical process, J\u00e4gala Juga, RMS Br 67185, x15 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPuura & Holmer, 1993, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 73. ceratretidae (p. 132).\nfig. 73. ceratretidae (p. 132).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-164.jpg?height=1559&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-164.jpg?height=1559&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kleithriatreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ceratretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kleithriatreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kleithriatreta Roberts in Roberts & JELL, 1990, p. 289","Type_species":"K. lamellosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Ceratreta but with more procline ventral valve, deeply excavated dorsal cardinal muscle fields, dorsal median septum with blunt, spinose process","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (?Toyonian)","First_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (?Toyonian), Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales), lower Amgaian; Kirghizia (northern Tien Shan), Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 72, 3a-h. *K. lamellosa, Coonigan Formation, Mootwingee area, New South Wales, Australia, a, b, dorsal valve interior, oblique lateral view, x20, c, dorsal valve exterior, X_15, d, oblique lateral view of dorsal exterior, x18.8, e, ventral valve exterior, x15, f, oblique posterior view of ventral exterior, x1 5, g, oblique lateral view of ventral exterior, x18.3, h, ventral valve interior, X13.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 72. ceratretidae (p. 132-133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-163.jpg?height=1324&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":513.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoconulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Eoconulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoconulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoconulus COOPER, 1956, p. 282","Type_species":"E. rectangulatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Dorsal valve conical, usually with subcentral apex, cardinal muscle fields of both valves generally strongly thickened.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Ashgill), Arenig, Arenig-Llanvirn, Arenig-Caradoc, Arenig-Ashgill, Ashgill","Geography":"USA (Alabama, Nevada), Bohemia, Arenig; Russia (Ingria, Southern Urals), southern China, Arenig\u2013Llanvirn; Sweden, Kazakhstan, Arenig\u2013Caradoc; Estonia, Poland, Arenig\u2013Ashgill; Ireland, Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 74, 1a-c. *E. rectangulatus, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama, a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 20.8, b, posterior view of dorsal exterior, USNM Br 117977a, \u00d7 16.7, c, dorsal valve interior, USNM Br 117977b, \u00d7 16.7 (new)., Fig. 74, 1d, e. E. sp. cf. E. clivosus Popov, Sk\u00e4rl\u00f6v Limestone, Llanvirn, Siljan district, Sweden, d, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 20.8, e, ventral valve oblique lateral view, RMS Br 128960, \u00d7 25 (Holmer, 1989b)., Fig. 74, 1f. E. sp. cf. E. semiregularis Biernat, Gullh\u00f6gen Limestone, Llandeilo, Siljan district, Sweden, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 132719e, \u00d7 33.3 (Holmer, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHolmer, 1989, \nHolmer, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 74. eoconulidae and curticiidae (p. 133-136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-165.jpg?height=1789&width=1286&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Otariconulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Eoconulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Otariconulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Otariconulus Holmer & Popov, herein, nom. nov. pro Otariella Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 141","Type_species":"Otariella prisca Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 141, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Otariconulus Holmer & Popov, herein, nom. nov. pro Otariella Popov & Holmer, 1994, p. 141, non Waterhouse, 1978","Synonyms":"Otariconulus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell inequally biconvex, usually more or less asymmetrical, pedicle foramen partly outside larval shell, dorsal valve convex with marginal beak, dorsal pseudointerarea well defined, apical process anterior to internal foramen, ventral cardinal muscle fields large, thickened, placed posterolaterally, dorsal cardinal muscle fields large, elongate oval, dorsal median ridge usually present","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-lower Arenig)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Russia (Southern Urals), Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig . 74,3a\u2013f. *O. priscus (P OPOV & H OLMER ), Aksak-Kujandy, north-central Kazakhstan; a,b, holotype, ventral valve, exterior, lateral view, Satpak Formation, RMS Br 136211, \u00d7 32.7; c, ventral larval shell and pedicle foramen, olistolith in Olenty Formation, RMS Br 136212, \u00d7 150; d, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136210, \u00d737.5; e, dorsal valve exterior, Satpak Formation, RMS Br 136213, \u00d732.7; f, dorsal valve exterior, olistolith in Olenty Formation, RMS Br 136214, \u00d7 32.7 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 74. eoconulidae and curticiidae (p. 133-136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-165.jpg?height=1789&width=1286&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undiferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Eoconulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Undiferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undiferina COOPER, 1956, p. 262","Type_species":"U. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve like Eoconulus, but higher, dorsal valve with marginal beak, dorsal pseudointerarea orthocline to anacline with median groove, dorsal interior with high, triangular median septum with rod or narrow thickened surmounting plate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-Llandeilo)","Geography":"USA (Nevada, Alabama), central Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 74,4a\u2013d. *U. rugosa, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 10; b, detail of ornamentation, USNM 116833a, \u00d7 150; c, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 11.2; d, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, USNM 116833b, \u00d7 33.3 (new). \u2014\u2014Fig. 74,4e,f. U. nevadensis ROWELL & KRAUSE, Shundy Formation, Llanvirn, Sary-Kumy, central Kazakhstan; e, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 13.8; f, oblique lateral view, RMS Br 136450, \u00d717.9 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 74. eoconulidae and curticiidae (p. 133-136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-165.jpg?height=1789&width=1286&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Curticia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Curticiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Curticia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Curticia WALCOTT, 1905, p. 319","Type_species":"C. elegantula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Characters as for family. upper Middle CambrianUpper Cambrian: USA (Montana, Minnesota), Greenland, ?England.","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian, Upper Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Montana, Minnesota), Greenland, ?England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 74, 2a-c. *C. elegantula, St. Croix Sandstone, Upper Cambrian, Taylors Falls, Minnesota, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM Br 51402a, \u00d7 7.1, b, dorsal valve interior, USNM Br 51902e, X6.7, c, ventral valve exterior, USNM Br 5192d, X3.3 (Rowell & Bell, 1961)., \"Fig. 74, 2d, e. C. minuta Bell, Upper Cambrian, Crepicephalus Biozone, Half Moon Pass, Big Snowy Mountain, Montana, d, ventral valve, posterior view, UT 12393, X23.3 (Rowell & Bell, 1961), e, detail of ventral pseudointerarea, USNM 459701a, X31.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nRowell & Bell, 1961, \nRowell & Bell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 74. eoconulidae and curticiidae (p. 133-136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-165.jpg?height=1789&width=1286&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":506.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Craniotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Craniotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Craniotreta T ERMIER & M ONOD, 1978, p. 149","Type_species":"C. caltepensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Craniotrata TERMIER & MONOD, 1978, p. 149, nom. null.; Graniotreta TERMIER & M ONOD, 1978, p. 149, nom. null. May be synonym of Linnarssonia.","Synonyms":"Craniotrata, Graniotreta, Linnarssonia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known. Described as siphonotretid, but with acrotretid-like shell structure, apical process and muscle scars. May be synonym of Linnarssonia.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Turkey (western Taurus Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dzhagdicus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dzhagdicus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dzhagdicus SOBOLEV, 1992, p. 107","Type_species":"D. sentus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subquadrate with wide, straight posterior margin, lamellose peripherally, dorsal valve gently convex with marginal beak, dorsal pseudointerarea orthocline, dorsal interior with short median ridge and large, thickened, transversely oval cardinal muscle fields. Upper Cambrian: Russia (southeastern Siberia).","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Russia (southeastern Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizotretoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizotretoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizotretoides Termier & MONOD, 1978, p. 151","Type_species":"S. tauricus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known. Acrotretidlike. Ordovician: Turkey (western Taurus Mountains).","Beginning_age":"Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Ending_age":"Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Ordovician","Geography":"Turkey (western Taurus Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Siphonotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Siphonotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Siphonotreta de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 286","Type_species":"Crania unguiculata von Eichwald, 1829, p. 274, SD DAVIDSON, 1853, p. 131","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventri- or equibiconvex, elongate oval, ornamented by undulating fila superposed on thick, widely spaced lamellae, with very closely spaced, evenly distributed, short spines of uniform size, foramen circular, apical, ventral pseudointerarea large, apsacline, orthocline to anacline, undivided, and flattened, with concave median depression, dorsal pseudointerarea orthocline, shelflike, fitting closely into median depression in ventral pseudointerarea, median groove wide, poorly defined, with propareas reduced, visceral area of both valves thickened, forming platforms, internal pedicle tube long, possibly closed in adults, emerging through visceral platform, with possible umbonal muscle scar, dorsal anterior lateral muscle scars placed between central muscle scars, and bisected by low median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Russia (Ingria), Estonia, Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 77, 1a-f. *S. unguiculata (von Eichwald), a, b, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, x1 . 7, c, lateral view of both valves, lower Llanvirn, Kunda, GMK 3975, x2.9, d, posterior view of ventral valve exterior, boldsymbolX 4.2, e, detail of ventral pedicle opening, lower Llanvirn, Volkhov River, Ingria, BMNH B 14159, x12.5, f, detail of visceral area and pedicle tube of ventral valve interior, Arenig, Iswos at Volkhov River, Ingria, RMS Br 73882, X4.2 (new)., Fig. 77, 1g, h. S. intermedia Gorjansky, Llandeilo-lower Caradoc, g, dorsal valve interior, Kukruse, Estonia, RMS Br 133503, X2.5, h, detail of spinose ornamentation of dorsal valve exterior, Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia, RMS Br 133696, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 77. siphonotretidae (p. 139-141).\n","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-171.jpg?height=1525&width=1296&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)\n","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthambonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acanthambonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthambonia COOPER, 1956, p. 211","Type_species":"A. minutissima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell close to equibiconvex, with evenly spaced spines of uniform size, foramen apical, circular, minute, ventral pseudointerarea short, widely triangular, orthocline to anacline, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial, ventral interior with flattened pedicle tube attached to valve floor, visceral areas of both valves poorly defined.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Ashgill)","Geography":"Sweden, Ireland, Bohemia, Arenig\u2013Ashgill; USA (Alabama, Virginia), Llandeilo\u2013Caradoc; Estonia, Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 77,2a\u2013f. *A. minutissima, Pratt Ferry beds, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Alabama; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d715; b, ventral valve, lateral view, USNM 116796a, \u00d717.5; c, ventral pseudointerarea and internal pedicle tube, USNM 116796b, \u00d775; d, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 14.2; e, dorsal valve, lateral view, USNM 116796c, \u00d715; f, dorsal valve interior, USNM 116796d, \u00d715 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 77,2g,h. A. delicata H OLMER , Siljan district, Sweden; g, paratype, ventral larval shell and pedicle opening,","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 77. siphonotretidae (p. 139-141).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-171.jpg?height=1525&width=1296&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alichovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alichovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alichovia GORJANSKY, 1969, p. 97","Type_species":"A. ramispinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell close to equibiconvex and equivalved, subtriangular, ornamented by widely spaced lamellae, with widely spaced, bifurcating (ramispinose) uniform spines, foramen circular, apical, ventral pseudointerarea low, highly apsacline, slightly convex, and divided by median plication, dorsal pseudointerarea with broad median plication in median groove, fitting closely into plication in ventral pseudointerarea, internal pedicle tube short, possibly closed in adults, other interior characters poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-Caradoc)","Geography":"northeastern Russia, Estonia, Caradoc; Poland, Tremadoc","Figure_captions":"Fig. 78, 1a-f. *A. ramispinosa, Viru Series, a, b, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, X1.7, c, lateral view of both valves, Idavere Stage (CIII), Pskov District (Sebezh Core 219, 430 m ), RMS Br 136335, x2.1, d, ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136336, X1.7, e, dorsal pseudointerarea, oblique lateral view, X, f, detail of ramispinose ornamentation, RMS Br 136337, middle Caradoc, Aluvere quarry, Estonia, x25 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 78. siphonotretidae (p. 141-143).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-172.jpg?height=1840&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Celdobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Celdobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Celdobolus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 63","Type_species":"Obolus complexus BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to elongate-oval, almost equibiconvex, ornamented by closely spaced thin lamellae, with evenly spaced spines of uniform size, foramen minute, circular, apical, ventral pseudointerarea low, flattened, apsacline, undivided, dorsal pseudointerarea undivided, wide, anacline to almost orthocline, striated, internal pedicle tube may be sealed in adults, ventral visceral area slightly thickened, rhomboidal, and extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area with possible scars of central and anterior lateral muscles, bisected by median ridge, vascula lateralia of both valves marginal, arcuate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia, ?Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 78, 2a-c. C. mirandus (Barrande), Klabava Formation, Strasice, Bohemia, a, latex cast of ventral external mold, OMR VH 65771, X8.3, b, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 65772, X5, c, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 65770, X8.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR","figure_index":"fig. 78. siphonotretidae (p. 141-143).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-172.jpg?height=1840&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrbasiotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyrbasiotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrbasiotreta Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 208","Type_species":"C. cirrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transversely oval to subcircular, with conical ventral valve and gently convex, sulcate dorsal valve, ornamented by lamellae, with marginal row of fine, evenly spaced spines of two sizes, pedicle track elongate oval, tapering posteriorly, covered posteriorly by concave plate, ventral pseudointerarea procline, divided by faint ridge, dorsal valve weakly sulcate, dorsal pseudointerarea narrow, undivided, visceral areas of both valves poorly defined, internal pedicle tube absent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 78, 3a-d. * C. cirrata, Tourmakeady Limestone, Mayo, Ireland, a, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, BMNH BB 95436, X13.3, b, paratype, oblique view of dorsal valve interior, BMNH BB 95438, x14.2, c, oblique view of ventral valve exterior, BMNH BB 95437, X11.7, d, paratype, oblique view of ventral valve interior, BMNH BB 95439, X15 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nWilliams & Curry, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 78. siphonotretidae (p. 141-143).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-172.jpg?height=1840&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eosiphonotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eosiphonotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eosiphonotreta HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 57","Type_species":"Terebratula verrucosa von EICHWALD, 1840, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, elongate oval, lamellose, ornamented by widely spaced, thick, very long spines and more numerous thin, short spines, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline to catacline, undivided, foramen small, apical, dorsal pseudointerarea orthocline, divided by wide, shallow median groove, ventral interior with long conical pedicle tube, sometimes enclosed by umbonal muscle platform, dorsal interior with elevated umbonal muscle platform, other interior characters unknown.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"lower Llanvirn","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-early Llanvirn), Arenig-lower Llanvirn","Geography":"Bohemia, Tremadoc\u2013Arenig; Russia (Ingria), Estonia, Arenig\u2013lower Llanvirn","Figure_captions":"Fig . 78,4a\u2013h. *E. verrucosa ( VON EICHWALD), Arenig; a\u2013d, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view of both valves, posterior view of both valves, Volkhov River, Ingria, BMNH B 5959, \u00d72.9; e, posterior view of ventral valve exterior with preserved spines, M\u00e4ekalda, Tallinn, RMS Br 135726, \u00d72.1; f, ventral valve interior, M\u00e4ekalda, Tallinn, RMS Br 133509 \u00d7 4.2; g, dorsal valve interior, \u00d74.2; h, lateral view of dorsal valve interior, M\u00e4ekalda, Tallinn, RMS Br 133509, \u00d76.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 78. siphonotretidae (p. 141-143).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-172.jpg?height=1840&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gorchakovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gorchakovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gorchakovia Popov & Khazanovitch in Popov & OTHERS, 1989, p. 135","Type_species":"G. granulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, ornamented by fine, evenly spaced spines of uniform size, pedicle track large, widely triangular, with small posterior plate, ventral pseudointerarea procline to catacline, undivided, and poorly defined laterally, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial, internal pedicle tube lacking, interior characters poorly defined. Upper Cambrian: Russia (Ingria).","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 79, 1a, b. * G. granulata, Volkhov River, a, holotype, dorsal exterior oblique view, CNIGR 258\/12348, X62.5, b, paratype, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 261\/12348, X50 (Popov & others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 79. siphonotretidae (p. 143-145).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-174.jpg?height=1807&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Helmersenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Helmersenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Helmersenia Pander in von HELMERSEN, 1861, column 48","Type_species":"Siphonotreta ladogensis Jeremejew, 1856, p. 73, SD WALCOTT, 1912, p. 367","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Acanthambonia, but ornamented with widely spaced spines, ventral pseudointerarea low, apsacline, dorsal pseudointeraea wide, shelflike, poorly divided, with anacline propareas, internal pedicle tube short, closed in adults, ventral visceral area slightly thickened, vascula lateralia of both valves submarginal, arcuate. Upper Cambrian-Ordovician: Russia (Ingria), Cordylodus proavus Biozone, Estonia, Cordylodus angulatus-C. rotundatus Biozone.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician","Geography":"Russia (Ingria), Cordylodus proavus Biozone, Estonia, Cordylodus angulatus-C. rotundatus Biozone","Figure_captions":"Fig. 79, 3a-e. *H. ladogensis (Jeremejew), Tosna Formation, Ingria, Russia, a, ventral valve exterior, X8.3, b, ventral larval shell and foramen, x22.5, c, lateral view of ventral valve exterior, Volkhov River, RMS Br 136338, x8.3 (new), d, dorsal valve interior, Kotly Village, CNIGR 253\/12348, X8.3, e, dorsal valve exterior, Volkhov River, CNIGR 254\/ 12348, x8.3 (Popov & others, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov & others, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 79. siphonotretidae (p. 143-145).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-174.jpg?height=1807&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karnotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Karnotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karnotreta Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 211","Type_species":"K. adnata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, ventribiconvex, lamellose peripherally, with marginal rows of flattened spines, foramen large, subcircular, tapering slightly posteriorly, ventral pseudointerarea narrow, triangular, apsacline, divided by low ridge, dorsal valve weakly sulcate, dorsal pseudointerarea undivided, arched medially to form convex fold, ventral interior with short pedicle tube, dorsal visceral area extending slightly anterior to center, bisected by weak median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 79, 4a-d. * K. adnata, Tourmakeady Limestone, Mayo, Ireland, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, BMNH BB 95414, b, paratype, ventral valve interior, BMNH BB 95416, c, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, BMNH BB 95415, d, paratype, dorsal valve interior, BMNH BB 95417, all x7.5 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nWilliams & Curry, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 79. siphonotretidae (p. 143-145).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-174.jpg?height=1807&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mesotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesotreta KUTORGA, 1848, p. 271","Type_species":"Siphonotreta tentorium KUTORGA, 1848, p. 270, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, with evenly spaced spines of two sizes, ventral valve low conical, with subcentral apex, foramen small, somewhat anterior to apex, dorsal valve unknown","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 79, 2. *M. tentorium (Kutorga), Arenig, Babino quarry, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136339, X2.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 79. siphonotretidae (p. 143-145).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-174.jpg?height=1807&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Multispinula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Multispinula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Multispinula ROWELL, 1962a, p. 147","Type_species":"Schizambon macrothyris COOPER, 1956, p. 267, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell thick, subcircular to elongate suboval, ornamented by strongly developed, evenly spaced lamellae, each bearing marginal spines of two sizes, ventral pseudointerarea low apsacline to procline, dorsal pseudointerarea low orthocline, divided by median groove, pedicle opening externally like Schizambon, but with internal pedicle tube.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-upper Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland, upper Arenig; Canada (Quebec), Llanvirn; USA (Virginia, Nevada, Oklahoma, Tennessee), Llanvirn-Caradoc; Kazakhstan, Llandeilo; Great Britain (Scotland), Llandeilo-upper Ashgill; Russia (Taimyr), Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 79, 5a-c. *M. macrothyris (Cooper), Wardell Formation, Virginia, holotype, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view of both valves, USNM 98204a, X1.7 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 79. siphonotretidae (p. 143-145).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-174.jpg?height=1807&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nushbiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nushbiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nushbiella Popov in Kolobova & POPOV, 1986, p. 252","Type_species":"Multispinula dubia POPOV, 1977, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Externally similar to Cyrbasiotreta, but with ornamentation of radial costellae, internal pedicle tube, dorsal pseudointerarea absent, visceral areas of both valves weakly impressed, dorsal interior with two large muscle scars on either side of thick median ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Caradoc","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-Caradoc), Llanvirn-Caradoc, Llandeilo-Caradoc","Geography":"Kazakhstan; Sweden, Llanvirn-Caradoc; USA (Virginia, Alabama), Llandeilo-Caradoc","Figure_captions":"Fig. 79, 6a-b. *N. dubia (Popov), Anderken Formation, Chu-Ili Range, Kazakhstan, a, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 26\/12361, X5, b, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 2\/12361, X5 (Kolobova & Popov, 1986)., Fig. 79, 6c-h. N. lillianae Holmer, Dalby Limestone, Siljan District, Sweden, c, dorsal valve exterior, X10, d, dorsal valve interior, X11.2, e, dorsal valve exterior, oblique lateral view, X11.2, f, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, detail of ornamentation, RMS Br 132543, X42, g, ventral valve exterior, X19.6, h, paratype, ventral valve exterior, oblique lateral view, RMS Br 132493, X23 (Holmer, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nKolobova & Popov, 1986, \nHolmer, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 79. siphonotretidae (p. 143-145).\nfig. 79. siphonotretidae (p. 143-145).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-174.jpg?height=1807&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-174.jpg?height=1807&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quasithambonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Quasithambonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quasithambonia Bednarczyk & BIERNAT, 1978, p. 303","Type_species":"Q. rarispinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly understood, possibly juvenile of Eosiphonotreta","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizambon":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizambon","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizambon WALCOTT, 1884, p. 69","Type_species":"S. typicalis, SD OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1266","Synonyms_with_authors":"Schizambonia Oehlert, 1887b, p. 1266\"","Synonyms":"Schizambonia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, ornament of closely spaced rugellae, short discontinuous costellae and evenly spaced, fine spines, ventral pseudointerarea low, undivided, apsacline to orthocline, pedicle track elongate triangular, posterior part covered by plate, dorsal pseudointerarea low, with poorly defined median groove, visceral areas of both valves slightly thickened, dorsal visceral area extending anteriorly to midvalve, with central and anterior lateral muscle scars, vascula lateralia of both valves marginal, arcuate. upper Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)-Ordovician (Arenig)","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","First_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)-Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Canada (New Brunswick, ?British Columbia), Upper Cambrian\u2013?Lower Ordovician; Russia (Altai), Mayaian; USA (Nevada, Colorado, Utah, Pennsylvania, Alaska), Argentina (Jujuy Province), ?Greenland, Lower Ordovician; West Antarctica, Upper Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig . 80,1a\u2013f. *S. typicalis, Pogonip Limestone, Eureka district, Nevada; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d79.2; b, detail of ornamentation, USNM 459671a, \u00d7 45.8; c, ventral valve interior showing pseudointerarea and internal foramen, USNM 459671b, \u00d7 31; d, lateral view of ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 10; e, detail of pedicle track, USNM 459671c, \u00d741.7 (new); f, dorsal valve interior, USNM 143025d, \u00d710 (Rowell, 1962a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":499.63,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Siphonobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Siphonobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Siphonobolus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982, p. 61","Type_species":"Siphonotreta simulans R\u00da\u017dI\u010cKA, 1927, p. 7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, elongate oval, ornamented by lamellae with evenly spaced spines of uniform size, foramen moderately large, subcircular, ventral pseudointerarea, low, undivided, poorly defined, dorsal pseudointerarea large, orthocline, divided by wide, poorly defined median groove, ventral interior with long pedicle tube and slightly thickened visceral area extending to midvalve, dorsal visceral area with long, broad anterior projection, extending almost to anterior margin, bisected by low median ridge, with well-defined scars of central and anterior lateral muscles, dorsal umbonal set on platform, vascula lateralia of both valves marginal, arcuate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia, Tremadoc, Southern Urals, Arenig","Figure_captions":"Fig. 80, 3a, b. *S. simulans (R\u016e\u017dI\u010cKA), a, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 2083a, X8.3, b, dorsal internal mold, Trenice Formation, Bohemia (Holoubkov), OMR VH 3059d, X8.3 (new)., Fig. 80, 3c-e. S. uralensis (Lermontova), Akbulaksai Formation, Alimbet Farm, Southern Urals, c, ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136074, x6.7, d, ventral valve interior, oblique anterior view, RMS Br 136080, X12.5, e, detail of foramen, RMS Br 136079, x62.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Siphonotretella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Siphonotretella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Siphonotretella Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 84","Type_species":"S. jani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex and subcircular, ventral valve subconical, ventral pseudointerarea procline to slightly apsacline, poorly defined laterally, pedicle foramen apical, small, rounded, not enlarged through resorption, dorsal valve gently convex, with maximum height somewhat anterior to apex, dorsal pseudointerarea extremely reduced, mainly consisting of median groove, shell surface covered by fine hollow spines of about equal size, internal characters of both valves poorly known","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (early Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"early Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-early Arenig)","Geography":"Poland (Holy Cross Mountains), Tremadoc; Sweden, Norway, upper Tremadoc; Kazakhstan (Southern Urals, north-central Kazakhstan), early Arenig","Figure_captions":"Fig. 80, 2a-c. * S. jani, Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5sholmen Limestone, Sweden, a, b, holotype, ventral valve, lateral view, X 62.5 , larval shell, LO 6525T, X167, c, dorsal valve interior, LO 6524 t , X62.5 (Popov & Holmer, 1994)., Fig. 80, 2d, e. S. sp., Koagash Formation, Karabutak River, Southern Urals, d, ventral valve exterior, x25, e, oblique lateral view, RMS Br 136083, x30.8 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"LO, \nPopov & Holmer, 1994, \nPopov & Holmer, 1994","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paterina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Paterinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paterina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"upper Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Cambrian-Middle Cambrian","Geography":"England, France, Spain, USA, Canada (Newfoundland), upper Lower Cambrian; Siberia, Middle Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 83,1a\u2013d. *P. labradorica (BILLINGS), Newfoundland, Canada; a, ventral valve exterior, normal view, \u00d74; b, syntype, ventral valve exterior, detail of ornament, GSC 381, \u00d712; c, ventral valve exterior, normal view, \u00d74; d, syntype, ventral valve exterior, detail of ornament, GSC 381a, \u00d712 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dictyonina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Paterinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dictyonina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dictyonina COOPER, 1942, p. 228","Type_species":"Trematis pannulus WHITE, 1874, p. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate, ventribiconvex, hinge line nearly straight, ventral valve strongly convex with prominent beak, ventral pseudointerarea variably defined, high, apsacline, with homeodeltidium short, dorsal valve moderately convex with low pseudointerarea, ornament of fine radiating rows of subhexagonal pits, increasing in size distally. Lower Cambrian-Upper Cambrian: ?France, central Kazakhstan, Lower Cambrian, Nevada, upper Lower Cambrian-lower Middle Cambrian, Turkmenistan, Kirghizia, Mexico, Arizona, Montana, Middle Cambrian, New South Wales, Idaho, Utah, lower Middle Cambrian, Siberian Platform, Amgaian, southern Kazakhstan, Russian Asia, Amgaian-Mayaian, Denmark (Bornholm), Norway, Jincella brachymetopa Zone, Antarctica, Germany, Upper Cambrian, Wyoming, Cedaria Zone, Texas, Aphelaspis Zone.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian-Upper Cambrian, Lower Cambrian, upper Lower Cambrian-lower Middle Cambrian, Middle Cambrian, lower Middle Cambrian, Amgaian, Amgaian-Mayaian, Jincella brachymetopa Zone, Upper Cambrian, Cedaria Zone, Aphelaspis Zone","Geography":"France, central Kazakhstan, Lower Cambrian, Nevada, upper Lower Cambrian-lower Middle Cambrian, Turkmenistan, Kirghizia, Mexico, Arizona, Montana, Middle Cambrian, New South Wales, Idaho, Utah, lower Middle Cambrian, Siberian Platform, Amgaian, southern Kazakhstan, Russian Asia, Amgaian-Mayaian, Denmark (Bornholm), Norway, Jincella brachymetopa Zone, Antarctica, Germany, Upper Cambrian, Wyoming, Cedaria Zone, Texas, Aphelaspis Zone","Figure_captions":"Fig. 83,2c,d. D. hexagona (BELL), lower Meagher Limestone, Montana; c, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 5; d, syntype, detail of ornament, UM 20816a, \u00d7 15 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dictyonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Paterinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dictyonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dictyonites COOPER, 1956, p. 187","Type_species":"D. perforata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semiovate, ventribiconvex, posterior margin nearly straight, ventral valve pyramidal, ventral pseudointerarea clearly defined, high, procline, with homeodeltidium well developed, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea very low, poorly defined, homeochilidium absent, shell deeply pitted or perforate, with depressions arranged radially on proximal portion of valve, irregularly on distal portion of valve, pits increasing in size distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Lower Ordovician","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Montana, Kazakhstan, Lower Ordovician, Alabama, Sweden, lower Middle Ordovician, Ireland, Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 84,1a\u2013d. *D. perforata, Pratt Ferry Formation, Alabama; a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, USNM 116830L, \u00d710; b,c, paratype, ventral valve in normal view, anteroventral view, USNM 116830J,\u00d7 10; d, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 116830I, \u00d710 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 84. paterinidae (p. 152-153).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-182.jpg?height=1163&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kolihium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Paterinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kolihium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kolihium HAVL\u00cdCEK, 1982, p. 55","Type_species":"*Kutorgina kolihai RUZICKA, 1927, p. 5; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semiovate, ventribiconvex with straight posterior margin; ventral valve pyramidal, with strong concentric rugae; ventral pseudointerarea clearly de\ufb01ned, catacline to procline, with large, strongly convex homeodeltidium; dorsal valve weakly convex with low, catacline pseudointerarea; homeochilidium narrow and strongly convex apically, broad and upturned distally; shell \ufb01nely and densely pitted, with pits arranged radially, becoming larger distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Czech Republic (bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 84,3a\u2013c. *K. kolihai (R UZICKA \u02c7\u00b0\u02c7 ), Trenice Formation, Holoubkov, Bohemia; a, dorsal valve exterior, NM L18129, \u00d78 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1982); b,c, ventral valve internal mold in anteroventral view, posterior view, CGS VH816A, \u00d78 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NM, CGS","figure_index":"fig. 84. paterinidae (p. 152-153).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-182.jpg?height=1163&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lacunites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Paterinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lacunites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lacunites GORJANSKY, 1969, p. 103","Type_species":"L. balaschovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semicircular in outline, ventribiconvex with straight posterior margin, ventral valve pyramidal, ventral pseudointerarea clearly defined, procline, with large, strongly convex homeodeltidium, dorsal valve weakly convex, dorsal pseudointerarea low, homeochilidium well defined, shell densely pitted with pits arranged radially and becoming larger distally. Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc): Southern Urals, northwestern Russia (St. Petersburg area), Czech Republic (Bohemia).","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Southern Urals, northwestern Russia (St. Petersburg area), Czech Republic (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 84, 2a, b. * L. balaschovae, Leetse Horizon, St. Petersburg region, a, ventral valve exterior, normal view, X4, b, holotype, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, CNIGR 247\/ 9960, X3 (Gorjansky, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nGorjansky, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 84. paterinidae (p. 152-153).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-182.jpg?height=1163&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Micromitra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Paterinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Micromitra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Micromitra MEEK, 1873, p. 479","Type_species":"Iphidea sculptilis \u041c\u0415EK, 1873, p. 479, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Iphidella Walcott, 1905, p. 304, nom. nov. pro Iphidea Billings, 1872, p. 477 (type, I. bella, OD), non Bayley, 1865, Icodonta Bell, 1941, p. 212 (type, I. typica, OD), ? Walcottina Cobbold, 1921, p. 334 (type, W. lapworthi, OD)","Synonyms":"Iphidella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to subcircular, ventribiconvex, hinge line nearly straight, ventral pseudointerarea variably defined, high, apsacline, catacline or procline, homeodeltidium small to large, dorsal pseudointerarea usually well defined, low, anacline to catacline, homeochilidium small, apical, ornament of sharply defined, evenly spaced concentric fila, with or without fine radial costellae, which in some species break up the concentric fila into short segments that are usually convex adapically","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian-Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Sweden, England, Yunnan, Anhui, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Lower Cambrian; Siberia, Tien Shan, Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Utah, Mexico, Greenland, Denmark (Bornholm), northeastern China, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Korea, New Zealand, Queensland, Northern Territory, New South Wales, Amgaian; Russian Asia, Antarctica, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Wyoming, Upper Cambrian","Figure_captions":"Fig . 83,3a\u2013d. *M. sculptilis (M EEK ), Gallatin County, Montana; a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, USNM 7864a, \u00d710; b, posterior view of conjoined valves, UM 20818a, \u00d7 10; c, ventral valve exterior, normal view, \u00d7 10; d, ventral valve exterior, detail of ornament, UM 20814a, \u00d7 15 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Cryptotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cryptotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptotreta PELMAN, 1977, p. 53","Type_species":"C. neguertchenensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate, biconvex with straight hinge line, ventral valve moderately convex with prominent beak, ventral pseudointerarea well defined, high, orthocline, with narrow median ridge, dorsal valve moderately convex, dorsal pseudointerarea very low, ornament of fine concentric growth lines, lamellose distally, with fine radial striae","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","First_Occurrence":"Tommotian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tommotian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","Geography":"Russia (Siberian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 85-d. *C. neguertchenensis, Aldan River, eastern Siberia, a, conjoined valves, dorsal view, x10 (Pelman, 1977), b, conjoined valves, ventral view, IGiG 492\/15, X10 (new), c, holotype, conjoined valves, ventral view, IGiG 492\/ 9\/3-1, X5, dorsal valve exterior, IGiG 492\/15\/81, x10 (Pelman, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nPelman, 1977, \nPelman, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 85. cryptotretidae (p. 153).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-184.jpg?height=1873&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":525,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":521,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aldanotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Cryptotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aldanotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aldanotreta PELMAN, 1977, p. 51","Type_species":"A. sunnaginensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate, biconvex, ventral valve broadly sulcate, hinge line straight, ventral pseudointerarea well defined, high, apsacline, delthyrium open, dorsal pseudointerarea well defined, high, hypercline, ornament of irregularly developed, concentric growth lamellae and fine radial lirae","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","First_Occurrence":"Tommotian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tommotian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","Geography":"Russia (Siberian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 86, 4a-c. *A. sunnaginensis, Aldan River, eastern Siberia, a, b, dorsal valve, dorsal, posterior view, IGiG 492\/6\/3-13, X5, c, holotype, conjoined valves, anterior view, IGiG 492\/7\/2-3, X7 (Pelman, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nPelman, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 86. cryptotretidae (p. 153-156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-185.jpg?height=1897&width=1290&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":525,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":521,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Askepasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Cryptotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Askepasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Askepasma LAURIE, 1986, p. 449","Type_species":"A. toddense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, ventribiconvex, ventral valve weakly, broadly sulcate, hinge line straight, ventral pseudointerarea well defined, high, slightly concave, apsacline, homeodeltidium absent, dorsal pseudointerarea well defined, planar, anacline to catacline, homeochilidium well developed, small, apical, ornament of irregularly developed, concentric growth lamellae, microornament of irregularly arranged, polygonal pits","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Geography":"Australia (Northern Territory, South Australia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 86,1a\u2013e. *A. toddense, Todd River Dolomite, near Deep Well, Northern Territory; a\u2013c, ventral valve exterior, interior, holotype, lateral view, CPC 23642, \u00d7 5; d, paratype, dorsal interior, CPC 23656, \u00d7 5 (Laurie, 1986); e, detail of microornament, CPC 23726, \u00d7200 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC","figure_index":"fig. 86. cryptotretidae (p. 153-156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-185.jpg?height=1897&width=1290&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":516.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dzunarzina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Cryptotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dzunarzina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dzunarzina USHATINSKAYA, 1993a, p. 116","Type_species":"\"*D. elenae, OD\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Askepasma but smaller, with planar ventral pseudointerarea, hypercline dorsal pseudointerarea, broad, weakly convex homeochilidium, lacking both ventral sulcus and microornament of pits. Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian): western Mongolia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Geography":"western Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 86, 3a, b. *D. elenae, Mount Dzun-Arza area, western Mongolia, a, dorsal valve exterior, PIN 3302\/5049, X22, b, ventral valve exterior, posterior oblique view, PIN 3302\/5048, X30 (Ushatinskaya, 1993a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 86. cryptotretidae (p. 153-156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-185.jpg?height=1897&width=1290&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":516.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Salanygolina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Cryptotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Salanygolina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Salanygolina USHATINSKAYA, 1987, p. 63","Type_species":"S. obliqua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semiovate with hinge line straight, long, ventral valve strongly convex, ventral pseudointerarea well defined, high, nearly flat, apsacline, homeodeltidium narrow, strongly convex, completely covering delthyrium, large supra-apical foramen present, dorsal valve weakly convex, pseudointerarea low, anacline, homeochilidium small, convex, ornament of uneven, discontinuous growth lines","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Geography":"western Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 86,2a\u2013c. *S. obliqua, Salany-Gol Section, western Mongolia; a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, PIN 3302\/5013, \u00d7 12; b, ventral valve, posterior view, PIN 3302\/5014, \u00d7 18 (Ushatinskaya, 1987); c, dorsal valve exterior, PIN 3302\/5019, \u00d725 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 86. cryptotretidae (p. 153-156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-185.jpg?height=1897&width=1290&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mickwitzia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Brachiopod-like Fossils","Subclass":"None","Order":"None","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Mickwitziidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mickwitzia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mickwitzia Schmidt, 1888, p. 24, Causea Wiman, 1902, p. 53, ?Microschedia GEYER, 1994, p. 710","Type_species":"Lingula monilifera LINNARSSON, 1869, p. 344, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Causea Wiman, 1902, p. 53 (type, C. formosa, OD);  ?Microschedia Geyer, 1994, p. 710 (type, M. amphitrite, OD)","Synonyms":"Causea, ?Microschedia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex to planoconvex, inequivalved, ovate to subcircular, apex of both valves commonly submarginal and erect, ventral apex may be curved over posterior margin, mature shell pustulose, commonly with pustules arranged in radiating rows, pseudointerareas of both valves usually poorly defined in adults, ventral pseudointerarea rarely anacline (in early growth stages), more commonly apsacline to procline (in adults), and sometimes with narrow pedicle groove in juveniles, ventral pseudointerarea of some forms with minute arch-shaped posterior ridge (homeodeltidium) flanked by small procline to apsacline interareas in juveniles, shell organophosphatic, but may generally have been poorly mineralized, punctate shell structure, finely stratiform, may include slender acrotretoid-type columns (but not yet observed from type species) and thicker canals (=punctae) that are usually orthogonal, but also may be close to parallel with shell laminae, thicker canals open to external surface, internal striations (imprints of microvilli) may be present, shell layers most commonly bend inward at insertion of canals and form distinct inward-pointing cones with canals, forming a central tube, canals open to interior and exterior through shallow funnels that may be associated with cylindrical depressions, some forms also with internally striated thicker canals on ventral pseudointerarea, mantle canals poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian), ?Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian-Toyonian), ?Middle Cambrian","Geography":"USA (California, Nevada), Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia), Greenland, Mexico, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, ?Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1710 a-k. * M. monilifera (Linnarsson), File Haidar Formation (Mickwitzia beds), Atdabanian, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Uppland (glacial erratics), Sweden, a-c, ventral valve exterior, oblique posterior, lateral view, PMB28, holotype of C. formosa Wiman, x0.6, d-f, ventral valve exterior, exfoliated, posterior view, x1, lateral view, SGUAa172, x2, g, detail of lateral margin, showing more irregularly distributed parallel canals, x24, h, juvenile ventral valve exterior, with pustulose ornamentation, RMBr 1609 , x7, i, detail of pustulose ornamentation of juvenile dorsal valve, slightly exfoliated, RMBr 1567, x 46, j, detail of margin of dorsal valve interior, exfoliated, showing possible terminal trunks of mantle canals, RMBr 1593, \\x3, k, detail of sectioned and polished section, etched with 3 \\\\% HCl, showing thick, orthogonal canals, with shell layers bending inward to form distinct inward-pointing cones, with canals forming a central tube, RMBr133552, x75 (new). \u2014Fig. 1711 a-c. * M. monilifera (Linnarsson), File Haidar Formation (Mickwitzia beds), Atdabanian, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Uppland (glacial erratics), Sweden, a, dorsal valve interior, exfoliated, x2.5, b, detail of central median section, showing section through 13 regularly spaced thicker canals that are parallel with shell laminae, and numerous orthogonal canals, x12, c, detail of parallel canal, RMBr 1567 , x110 (new).    \u2014Fig. 1711 d-i. M. occidens Walcott, Poleta Formation, upper Montezuman-lower Dyeran, Indian Springs Canyon, Esmeralda County, Nevada, USA, d, ventral valve exterior, exfoliated, with soft-bodied preservation of setae, \u00d7 3; e, detail of setae, backscatter image, \u00d7 40; f, detail of framboidal pyrite preservation of setae, USNM, \u00d7 160; g , detail of apex of ventral valve, smooth larval shell, and postlarval pustulose ornamentation, perforated by openings of thicker orthogonal canals, USNM, \u00d765; h, shell fragment with orthogonal and parallel canals, \u00d726; i, detail of striated interior of parallel canal, USNM, \u00d7600 (new). \u2014\u2014Fig. 1712 a\u2013c. M. sp. cf. occidens WaLcott, Bastion and Ella Island Formations, Botomian, northeastern Greenland; a, ventral pseudointerarea of early mature valve with pedicle groove, MGUH26308, \u00d7 105; b , oblique poste rior view of broken ventral apex, showing larval shell with nick points (disturbance by muscles of marginal setae), MGUH26300, \u00d7 95; c , ventral pseudointerarea, showing openings of setigerous thicker canals, causing cylindrical indentations in surrounding laminae, \u00d7 400 (new).  \u2014\u2014 Fig . 1713 a\u2013c. M. sp. cf. occidens WaLcott, Bastion and Ella Island Formations, Botomian, northeastern Greenland; a, detail of striated interior of two canals, MGUH26279, \u00d7 1900; b , fragmentary mature valve with pustulose ornamentation in radiating rows and openings of canals, MGUH26311, \u00d7 70; c, section through primary and secondary layer of mature shell, showing larger canals and columnar shell structure, MGUH26280, \u00d7 700 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"SGU","figure_index":"ALSO NEED FIGS. 1710,  1712 and 1713     \n fig. 1711. mickwitziids (p. 2581-2582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-314.jpg?height=1877&width=1289&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tianzhushanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Brachiopod-like Fossils","Subclass":"None","Order":"None","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Tianzhushanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tianzhushanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tianzhushanella LIU, 1979, p. 508","Type_species":"T. ovata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly understood, not sufficiently illustrated. Considered to be closely related to, but distinct from Apistoconcha and Aroonia. Lower Cambrian (Tommotian): Hubei, Shaanxi, China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","First_Occurrence":"Tommotian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tommotian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Tommotian)","Geography":"Hubei, Shaanxi, China","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":525,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":521,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apistoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Brachiopod-like Fossils","Subclass":"None","Order":"None","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Tianzhushanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apistoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apistoconcha Conway Morris in Bengtson & OTHERS, 1990, p. 171","Type_species":"A. apheles, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Interior of each valve has posterior plate with median or paired recesses and elongate toothlike structures, in one valve arcuately arranged about the midline, in the other, located laterally","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Geography":"Australia (South Australia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 87, 3a, b. * A. apheles, Parara Limestone, Horse Gully, a, holotype, dorsal valve interior, SAM.P 30771, x9 0, b, ventral valve interior, SAM.P 30777, x60 (Bengtson & others, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bengtson & others, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 87. mickwitziidae and tianzhushanellidae (p. 156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-187.jpg?height=1145&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":516.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aroonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Brachiopod-like Fossils","Subclass":"None","Order":"None","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Tianzhushanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aroonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aroonia Bengtson in Bengtson & OTHERS, 1990, p. 181","Type_species":"A. seposita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Interior of one valve with small conical median pit formed by inward deviation of posterior valve margin, other valve with bosslike callosity in corresponding position.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Geography":"Australia (South Australia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 87, 2a, b. *A. seposita Bengtson, Ajax Limestone, Mount Scott Range, valve with posterior pit, exterior, holotype, interior, x40, SAMP 30793 (Bengtson & others, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bengtson & others, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 87. mickwitziidae and tianzhushanellidae (p. 156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-187.jpg?height=1145&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":516.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Craniops":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniopsida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniopsoidea","Family":"Craniopsidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Craniops","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Craniops HALL, 1859b, p. 84","Type_species":"Orbicula squamiformis HALL, 1843a, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pholidops Hall, 1859a, p. 489, obj.","Synonyms":"Pholidops","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex, elongate oval, lamellose, both valves with growth holoperipheral, umbones posterior to center, visceral areas of both valves elevated anteriorly, forming low platforms, both valves with limbus, attached apically by cementation","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc), Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Canada, ?Upper Ordovician, Silurian\u2013Devonian; USA, ?Upper Ordovician, Silurian\u2013Tournaisian; Poland, Caradoc\u2013Silurian; China, Australia, Brazil, Silurian\u2013Devonian; Portugal, Great Britain, Sweden,Bohemia, Estonia, Silurian; Colombia, Devonian","Figure_captions":"Fig . 91,3a\u2013e. C. implicata (S OWERBY ), Wenlock, Mulde beds, Fr\u00f6jel, Gotland, Sweden; a, dorsal valve exterior, RM Br 24306a, \u00d715; b, lateral view of both valves, RM Br 24306b, \u00d725; c, ventral valve interior, \u00d719.2; d, oblique lateral view of ventral interior, RM Br 24306c, \u00d737.5; e, dorsal valve interior, RM Br 24306d, \u00d726.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 91. craniopsidae (p. 164-167).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-197.jpg?height=1708&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Discinopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniopsida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniopsoidea","Family":"Craniopsidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Discinopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Discinopsis Matthew in Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 105","Type_species":"Acrotreta gulielmi MATTHEW, 1886, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus inadequately known, shell probably biconvex, flattened, subcircular, growth apparently holoperipheral in both valves, umbones posterior to center, interiors of both valves poorly known, but with low visceral platforms bounded laterally by ridges.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Canada (New Brunswick)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 91, 1a-c. *D. gulielmi (Matthew), Seely Limestone, New Brunswick (St. John), Canada, paralectotypes, a, internal mold, ROM 642CM (D), b, external mold, ROM 642CM (F), c, internal mold, ROM 642CM (E), X8.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"ROM","figure_index":"fig. 91. craniopsidae (p. 164-167).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-197.jpg?height=1708&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heliomedusa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniopsida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniopsoidea","Family":"Craniopsidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heliomedusa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heliomedusa Sun & HOU, 1987, p. 261","Type_species":"H. orienta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell biconvex, inequivalved, subcircular, mixoperipheral growth in ventral valve, with beak marginal, and well-defined pseudointerarea, holoperipheral growth in dorsal valve, apex placed posterior to center, visceral area of both valves thickened slightly anteriorly, extending anterior to center, mantle canal system of both valves baculate, dorsal mantle canals with vascula media and vascula lateralia","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (?Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (?Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (?Botomian)","Geography":"China (Yunnan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 92, 1a-d. * H. orienta, Chiungchussu Formation, Chengjiang, a, internal cast of both valves, NIGP 113927, X2.5, b, dorsal internal mold, NIGP 100301, X6.7, c, dorsal internal mold, NIGP 113930, x6.7, d, setae around the margin of dorsal and ventral valves, NIGP 100282, X6.7 (Jin & Wang, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nJin & Wang, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 92. craniopsidae (p. 165-166).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-198.jpg?height=1866&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingulapholis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniopsida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniopsoidea","Family":"Craniopsidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lingulapholis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingulapholis SCHUCHERT, 1913b, p. 295","Type_species":"Pholidops terminalis HALL, 1859a, p. 490, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex, elongate oval, lamellose, mixoperipheral growth in both valves, marginal beaks, and well-developed pseudointerareas, visceral areas of both valves elevated anteriorly, forming low platforms, both valves with limbus, free lying.","Beginning_age":"Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Devonian","Ending_age":"Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Devonian","Geological_periods":"Devonian","Geography":"USA, Colombia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 91, 2a. * L. terminalis (Hall), Becraft Mountain, New York (Hudson), USA, cast of dorsal internal mold, NYSM 1745, X4.2 (new)., Fig. 91, 2b-f. L. calceola (Hall & Clarke), Camden Chert Quarry, Tennessee, USA, b, ventral valve exterior, USNM 459665c, X8.3, c, ventral valve interior, USNM 459665d, X10, d, e, dorsal valve exterior, oblique lateral view, USNM 459665a, x10, f, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459665b, x10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nNYSM","figure_index":"fig. 91. craniopsidae (p. 164-167).\nfig. 91. craniopsidae (p. 164-167).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-197.jpg?height=1708&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-197.jpg?height=1708&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paracraniops":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniopsida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniopsoidea","Family":"Craniopsidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paracraniops","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paracraniops WILLIAMS, 1963, p. 346","Type_species":"Craniops pararia WILLIAMS, 1962, p. 88, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Craniops, but lacking cicatrix and dorsal visceral platform, dorsal interior with two low ridges","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian , Caradoc, Caradoc-Llandovery, Caradoc-?Llandovery, Ashgill, Llandovery (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Llandovery), Caradoc, Caradoc-Llandovery, Caradoc-?Llandovery, Ashgill, Llandovery","Geography":"Turkey, China, Caradoc, Kazakhstan, Caradoc-Llandovery; Great Britain, Caradoc-?Llandovery; Sweden, Russia (Taimyr), Ashgill; Canada (Nova Scotia), Llandovery","Figure_captions":"Fig. 92, 2a-c. * P. pararia (Williams), Lower Ardmillan Series, Girvan, Scotland, a, paratype, ventral internal mold, BMNH BMNH 29799, X8.3, b, paratype, dorsal external mold, X8.3, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 26709, X8.3 (Williams, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nWilliams, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 92. craniopsidae (p. 165-166).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-198.jpg?height=1866&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudopholidops":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniopsida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniopsoidea","Family":"Craniopsidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudopholidops","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudopholidops B EKKER , 1921, p. 64","Type_species":"Pholidops scutellata; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sanxiaella R ONG & CHANG in C HANG , 1981, p. 558[565] (type, Paracraniops partibilis RONG, 1979, p. 2)].","Synonyms":"Sanxiaella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally like Lingulapholis, but with ventral median ridge and less thickened visceral areas.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"Estonia, Lithuania, Bohemia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 91, 4a\u2013c. *P. scutellata (BEKKER), Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia; a, dorsal valve exterior, TAGI BR 3507, \u00d7 17.5; b, dorsal valve interior, TAGI BR 3508, \u00d715.8; c, ventral valve interior, TAGI BR 3509, \u00d716.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BR","figure_index":"fig. 91. craniopsidae (p. 164-167).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-197.jpg?height=1708&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Crania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crania RETZIUS, 1781, p. 72","Type_species":"*Anomia craniolaris Linnaeus, 1758, p. 700, SD SCHMIDT, 1818, p. 71","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve subconical to conical, ventral valve convex, attached posteriorly at large cicatrix, beaks posterocentral, dorsal posterior face steep, pseudointerarea commonly developed, dorsal posterior margin straight, smooth with only faint growth laminae, ventral musculature deeply incised, posterior scars marginal, directed posteriorly, often perforating the valve externally, anterior scars central, united across rounded median ridge, with bounding rim, dorsal posterior adductors large, thickened, weak myophragm extending into anterior half of valve, well-developed, thickened, pustulose limbus.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Sweden, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Belgium, western Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 96, 1a-k. * C. craniolaris (Linnaeus), a-c, paralectotype, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, lower Campanian chalk, Iv\u00f6, Scania, southern Sweden, LS 183C, X3 (Lee & Brunton, 1986), d, e, ventral valve interior, exterior, lower Campanian chalk, Kristianstad, Scania, southern Sweden, PM Sk96, X3, f, g, ventral valve interior, exterior with musculature perforating the posterior tip of the valve, lower Campanian chalk, Kristianstad, PM Sk97, x3, h, i, ventral valve interior, exterior with large cicatrix, lower Campanian chalk, Iv\u00f6, RM Br 102250, X3, j, k, dorsal valve interior, lateral, Senonian, Barnak\u00e4lla, Scania, RM Br 94816, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lee & Brunton, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 96. craniidae (p. 171-174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-202.jpg?height=1785&width=1293&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ancistrocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ancistrocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ancistrocrania DALL, 1877, p. 13","Type_species":"Crania parisiensis DEFRANCE, 1818, p. 313, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve attached across entire surface and commonly simulates ornament of host, dorsal beak central, anterior face convex, posterior face long, concave, anterior dorsal adductors borne partly on two widely divergent, posterlaterally directed processes separated by short, high septum extending anteriorly as slender ridge, ventral anterior scars central, deeply incised, ventral rim commonly thickened, elevated as crest","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous ,  (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"lower Paleogene (?Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Maastrichtian), lower Paleogene (?Danian)","Geography":"France, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, England, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 97, 2a-f. *A. parisiensis (Defrance), upper Chalk, Senonian, England, a, b, dorsal valve exterior, lateral, Trimingham, Norfolk, SM B34482, x2, c, d, dorsal valve interior, oblique posterolateral showing processes, Trimingham, Norfolk, SM B34483b, X2, e, ventral valve interior, Norwich, SM B1067, X2, f, ventral valve interior, Gravesend, Kent, SM B807, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"SM","figure_index":"fig. 97. craniidae (p. 171-172).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-203.jpg?height=1601&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Craniscus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Craniscus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Craniscus DALL, 1871b, p. 27","Type_species":"Crania tripartita von M\u00dcNSTER, 1840, p. 297, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve weakly to strongly convex, beak excentric, ventral valve of type species unknown, flat in other species, attached by entire surface, smooth with fine growth laminae, ventral musculature unknown, dorsal anterior adductor scars raised on two strong ridges, united with a medium septum or ridge to divide valve into three chambers, valve margins not thickened","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian)-Holocene","Geography":"Europe, Australia, Japan, Indo-Pacific seas","Figure_captions":"Fig . 97,2a\u2013f. *A. parisiensis (DEFRANCE), upper Chalk, Senonian, England; a,b, dorsal valve exterior, lateral, Trimingham, Norfolk, SM B34482, \u00d72; c,d, dorsal valve interior oblique posterolateral showing processes, TrimingNorfolk, SM \u00d7 2; e, ventral valve Norwich, \u00d72; f, ventral valve Gravesend, B807, \u00d72 (new).\n","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 97. craniidae (p. 171-172).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-203.jpg?height=1601&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Conocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Conocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Conocrania SMIRNOVA, 1996, p. 262","Type_species":"Craniscus spinacostatum SMIRNOVA, 1972, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Micromorphic, dorsal valve strongly convex to subconical, beak close to straight posterior margin, ventral valve weakly convex, cemented across entire surface, coarsely costellate ribs elevated distally at thickened valve margins, dorsal posterior adductor scars large, abutting valve margin, anterior scars raised, crescentic to oval, ventral muscle scars small, slender with weak platform in front of anterior pair, subperipheral rim tuberculate, limbus flat to concave","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-upper Valanginian)","Geography":"Ukraine, Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 96, 2ac. *C. spinacostata (S MIRNOVA ), Berriasian sponge reef, Kuchki, Burulcha river, Crimea, Ukraine, topotypes; a, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR N168\/ 12942, \u00d7 20; b, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR N169\/12942, \u00d720; c, ventral valve interior, CNIGR N174\/12942, \u00d720 (Smirnova, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 96. craniidae (p. 171-174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-202.jpg?height=1785&width=1293&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Danocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Danocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Danocrania ROSENKRANTZ, 1964, p. 515","Type_species":"Crania tuberculata Nilsson, 1826, p. 326, OD, nom. conserv., ICZN, 1988c, p. 63, Opinion 1469, pro Craniolites brattenburgicus SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 246","Synonyms_with_authors":"Westralicrania Cockbain, 1967, p. 119 (type, W. allani)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Convexiplane, dorsal valve rarely subconical, ventral valve sometimes weakly concave, ornament pustulose to spinose, beaks set posteriorly, cicatrix at ventral umbo, pseudointerarea generally present, interiors commonly tuberculate, dorsal interior with articulatory ridge separating large, marginal posterior adductors, anterior scars widely separated, borne on low converging plates, short broad ridge extending anteriorly, short septum divides small anterior ventral scars, marginal rim rounded or as limbus","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"lower Paleogene (Danian, ?Thanetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)-lower Paleogene (Danian, ?Thanetian)","Geography":"Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Ukraine, Crimea, western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 98,2a\u2013f. *D. tuberculata (NILSSON), Danian, Denmark; a, dorsal valve interior, Faxe, BMNH BD3367, \u00d7 3; b,c, ventral valve interior, exterior, Faxe, BMNH BD3366, \u00d73; d, dorsal valve exterior, Saltholm Limestone, Copenhagen, BMNH B80856, \u00d7 3; e, ventral valve exterior, Saltholm Limestone, Copenhagen, BMNH B80850, \u00d7 3; f, ventral valve interior, Saltholm Limestone, Copenhagen, BMNH B80858, \u00d7 3 (Lee & Brunton, 1986).\u2014\u2014Fig . 98,2g\u2013k. D. spinulosa NILSSON, Senonian, Kjugestrand, Scania, southern Sweden; g,h, ventral valve interior, exterior, PM Sk110, \u00d73; i\u2013k, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, PM Sk111, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 98. craniidae (p. 173-176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-204.jpg?height=1565&width=1276&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Isocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isocrania JAEKEL, 1902, p. 1062","Type_species":"Crania egnabergensis Retzius, 1781, p. 75, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929, p. 69","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex to subconical, dorsal curvature generally stronger, beaks excentric or well toward commonly straight posterior margin, attached at umbonal cicatrix in early growth, mostly free lying as adults, coarsely costellate, dorsal posterior adductors large, separated by broad articulatory ridge, anterior scars smaller, paired, broad median ridge extending well toward anterior margin, ventral posterior adductors large, well separated, anterior scars small, alongside short septum extending anteriorly as tapering ridge, limbus wide, coarsely pustulose","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Campanian","Ending_age":"lower Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian)-lower Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":"Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, England, Africa, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 99, 1a-i. *I. egnabergensis (Retzius), lower Campanian chalk, southern Sweden, a, b, dorsal valve interior, exterior, Ignaberga, Scania, PM Sk115, X4, c, d, ventral valve interior, exterior, Ignaberga, Scania, PM Sk116, X4, e, f, dorsal valve interior, exterior, Ignaberga, Scania, PM Sk117, X4, g, ventral valve interior, Ignaberga, Scania, PM Sk118, X4, h, i, ventral, lateral views of complete shell, Maltesholm, Scania, RM Br 97732, x4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 99. craniidae (p. 176-178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-205.jpg?height=1627&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepidocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lepidocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepidocrania Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 246","Type_species":"L. tardispinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve gently convex to conical, strongly lamellose or scaly with scattered, stout spines, beak excentric, posterior adductor scars marginal, oblique laterals, anterior adductors commonly subequal, thickened, limbus variably wide, thickened, encrusting, ventral valve unknown. Lower Permian: USA (western Texas).","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 99, 2a-g. *L. tardispinosa, Road Canyon Formation, Wolfcampian, western Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, USNM 152582a, X4, d, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 151395a, X6, e-g, paratype, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, USNM 152583, X4 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 99. craniidae (p. 176-178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-205.jpg?height=1627&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nematocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nematocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nematocrania GRANT, 1976, p. 31","Type_species":"N. crassa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve calcified, cemented posterocentrally at cicatrix, plane or simulating substrate morphology, dorsal valve convex to low conical with posterocentral beak, steep posterior face, costellate with widely spaced growth laminae, dorsal anterior adductors large, thickened, posterior scars small, marginal, ventral anterior adductors deeply incised with bounding rim, limbus narrow, finely pustulose","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Geography":"southern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 100, 1 a-b. *N. crassa, Rat Buri Limestone, upper Artinskian, Ko Muk, a-c, holotype, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, USNM 211603, X4, d-f, paratype, dorsal exterior, ventral exterior, lateral, USNM 211595, X5.5, g, h, paratype, ventral valve interior, exterior, USNM 211612, X4 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 100. craniidae (p. 178-180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-206.jpg?height=1335&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoancistrocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neoancistrocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neoancistrocrania LAURIN, 1992, p. 344","Type_species":"N. norfolki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconical, inequivalved, ventral apex flattened Ancistrocrania, Holocene, South Pacific, Norfolk Ridge, 233 m","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"South Pacific, Norfolk Ridge","Figure_captions":"Fig. 101a-d. *N. norfolki, Holocene, Norfolk Ridge, South Pacific ( 233 m ), holotype, posterior, lateral, ventral interior, dorsal interior, MNHN, X4.5 (Laurin, 1992), Fig. 102 a-d .^* N. norfolki, Holocene, Norfolk Ridge, South Pacific ( 233 m ), paratype, dorsal valve interior, anterior vertical view of processes, lateral view of conjoined valves showing disposition of dorsal processes, oblique view of ventral valve illustrating height of posterior knobs, UD, X5 (Laurin, 1992)","Museum_or_author_information":"MNHN, \nLaurin, 1992, \nLaurin, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 101. craniidae (p. 178-179).\nfig. 102. craniidae (p. 178-179).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-207.jpg?height=1840&width=1267&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=177)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-208.jpg?height=1388&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neocrania Lee & BRUNTON, 1986, p. 150","Type_species":"Patella anomala M\u00fcller, 1776, p. 237, OD, ICZN plenary POWERS, 1988b, p. 62, Opinion 1468","Synonyms_with_authors":"Criopus Poli, 1791, p. 34 (type, C. fimbriatus Poli, 1795, p. 189), ICZN plenary powers, 1988a, p. 61, opinion 1467, Criopoderma Poli, 1795, p. 255, ICZN plenary powers, 1988a, p. 61, opinion 1467, Orbicula Cuvier, 1798, p. 435, obj., ICZN plenary powers, 1988b, p. 62, opinion 1468, Orbicularius Dum\u00e9ril, 1806, p. 170, Cryopus Deshayes in Lamarck, 1836, p. 314, ICZN plenary powers, 1988a, p. 61, opinion 1467, Criopododerma Agassiz, 1848, p. 301, ICZN plenary powers, 1988a, p. 61, opinion 1467\"","Synonyms":"Criopus, Criopoderma, Orbicula,  Orbicularius, Cryopus, Criopododerma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve convex to conical, beak subcentral to posterocentral, smooth, finely pustulose or rarely finely costellate, posterior margin commonly straight, recent species with dendroid shell punctation, dorsal posterior adductor scars large, rounded, thickened, widely separated, anterior scars commonly crescentic, raised above valve floor, weak myophragm bisects muscle field, encrusting, ventral valve uncalcified in recent species, otherwise sometimes thin, ventral posterior adductor scars large, anterior scars united medially, marginal mantle setae observed in recent forms, valve margins variably thickened, with limbus or faint submarginal rim","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 100,2a\u2013h. *N. anomala (M\u00dcLLER ), Holocene; a\u2013c, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, off western coast of Sweden, north of Hunnebostrand (60 to 120 m), NMW 98.10G.1, \u00d73; d,e, dorsal valve interior, exterior, off western coast of Sweden, north of Hunnebostrand (60 to 120 m), NMW 98.10G.2, \u00d7 3; f, dorsal interior with body preserved, off southwestern Yttre Vattenholmen, Kosterfjorden, western Sweden (40 to 65 m), NMW 98.11G.1, \u00d7 4 (new); g,h, lateral view of conical dorsal valve, dorsal interior with asymmetrical protractor scar, \u00d8resund, Denmark, BMNH ZB3955a, \u00d72 (Lee & Brunton, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMW","figure_index":"fig. 100. craniidae (p. 178-180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-206.jpg?height=1335&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthisocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthisocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthisocrania ROWELL, 1963, p. 39","Type_species":"Pseudocrania divaricata M'COY, 1851, p. 388, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Free lying, biplanate to weakly biconvex, beaks initially marginal, growth mixoperipheral, may become holoperipheral through ontogeny, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline to catacline, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, multicostellate, anterior adductor scars usually considerably larger than posterior scars in both valves, mantle canal system includes paired vascula media, limbus wide, smooth","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"England, Sweden, Estonia, Russia (Ingria), Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 103a. *O. divaricata (M\u2019COY ), Caradoc Series, Longvillian, Bryn Melyn, Bala, North Wales; syntype, ventral valve internal mold, SM A41949, \u00d7 2 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 103b\u2013f. O. planissima (VON EICHWALD), middle Ordovician, Ingria; b\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, CNIGR 114\/9960, \u00d73; e,f, dorsal, ventral interiors, CNIGR 116\/9960, 115\/9960, \u00d7 2 (Gorjansky, 1969).\u2014\u2014Fig . 103g\u2013k. O. depressa ( VON E ICH WALD), middle Ordovician; g\u2013i, ventral, dorsal, lateral, Estonia, CNIGR 118\/9960, \u00d72; j, dorsal interior, Ingria, CNIGR 119\/9960, \u00d73; k, dorsal exterior, Ingria, CNIGR 119\/9960, \u00d7 2 (Gorjansky, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"SM, \nCNIGR, \nGorjansky, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 103. craniidae (p. 180-181).\nfig. 103. craniidae (p. 180-181).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-209.jpg?height=1533&width=1278&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-209.jpg?height=1533&width=1278&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Petrocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Petrocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Petrocrania RAYMOND, 1911, p. 229","Type_species":"Craniella meduanensis OEHLERT, 1888, p. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Philhedrella Koz\u0141owski, 1929, p. 28 (type, Philhedra (Philhedrella) mimetica), Lissocrania Williams, 1943, p. 71 (type, Crania dodgei Rowley, 1908, p. 73), Petrocraniella Petrov, 1968, p. 74 (type, P. grandissima)\"","Synonyms":"Philhedrella, Lissocrania, Petrocraniella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve convex to subconical, beak subcentral to posterocentral, ornament only of concentric growth laminae or simulating morphology of the host, dorsal posterior adductor scars typically larger than anterior scars, but not exclusively, vascula lateralia commonly prominent, sigmoidal, valve margin not thickened, limbus narrow when developed, encrusting, ventral valve not known. Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)-Lower Carboniferous: cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)-Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 104a\u2013c. P. mimetica (K OZLOWSKI ), Borshchov horizon, Lochkovian, Podolia, Ukraine; a,b, dorsal valves on host rhynchonelloidean shell, USNM 84331, \u00d7 4; c, dorsal valve, NMW 80.14G.3, \u00d73 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 105a\u2013d. P. sp., Wenlock, Gotland, Sweden; a,b, dorsal interiors, Halla Formation, SGU Type Collection, \u00d7 3; c, dorsal view, upper Visby Formation, RM Br 108374, \u00d73; d, lateral view, upper Visby Formation, RM Br 108240, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nNMW","figure_index":"fig. 104. craniidae (p. 181-182).\nfig. 105. craniidae (p. 181-182).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-210.jpg?height=864&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-211.jpg?height=1476&width=1260&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Philhedra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Philhedra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Philhedra KOKEN, 1889, p. 465","Type_species":"P. baltica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Philedra Bekker, 1921, p. 34","Synonyms":"Philedra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve subconical, beak well posterior with steep, concave posterior face, ornament of thick, radially aligned hollow spines, concentric growth laminae, musculature unknown, encrusting, ventral valve unknown. Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc): eastern Baltic (Ingria, Estonia).","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"eastern Baltic (Ingria, Estonia)","Figure_captions":"FIG 106,1a\u2013f. *P. baltica, Viruan, Kukruse horizon, Kohtla-J\u00e3rve, Kuttjej\u00f5u, northern Estonia; a,b, dorsal valve exterior, lateral, \u00d74; c, detail of ornament, TAGI BR 1311, \u00d7 6; d\u2013f, dorsal valve exterior, posterior, lateral, TAGI BR 1313, \u00d7 4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"TAGI","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudocrania M'COR, 1851, p. 387","Type_species":"Orbicula antiquissima von Eichwald, 1840, p. 169, =Crania petropolitana Pander, 1830, p. 100, subj., SD DAVIDSON, 1853, expl. pl. 9","Synonyms_with_authors":"Palaeocrania von Eich- WALD, 1854, p. 20, obj.","Synonyms":"Palaeocrania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Free lying, dorsal valve convex to subconical, ventral valve plane to subconical, beaks subcentral, growth holoperipheral, ornament of randomly spaced fine papillae, growth laminae, internally similar to Orthisocrania, including development of vascula media.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"Sweden, Russia (Ingria), Estonia, northern Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig . 107a\u2013g. *P. petropolitana, Volkhov; a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, Ingria, CNIGR 108\/9960, \u00d72; d, dorsal valve interior, Ingria, CNIGR 109\/9960, \u00d72; e, ventral valve interior, Ingria, CNIGR 112\/ 9960, \u00d7 2 (Gorjansky, 1969); f, ventral interior, \u00d6land, Sweden, RM Br 15016, \u00d72; g, ventral valve exterior, H\u00e4lludden, \u00d6land, SGU Type Collection, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"SGU, \nCNIGR, \nGorjansky, 1969","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Valdiviathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Valdiviathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Valdiviathyris HELMCKE, 1940, p. 237","Type_species":"V. quenstedti; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve unknown; dorsal valve thinshelled, conical; beak posterocentral with steep posterior face; ornament of \ufb01ne growth laminae only; internally similar to Ancistrocrania but lacking septum, with processes less divergent, more ventrally directed. [Valdiviathyris remains imperfectly known from a single, probable juvenile valve (ROWELL, 1962b); it is not unlikely that it could be a synonym of Ancistrocrania, and until more material of the type species is found it is recommended that the generic name should not be used for other taxa].","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"southern Indian Ocean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 106 ,2a\u2013c. *V. quenstedti; holotype, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, MB 198, \u00d7 8 (Rowell, 1962b).","Museum_or_author_information":"MB","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trimerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trimerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trimerella BILLINGS, 1862c, p. 166","Type_species":"T. grandis, SD DALL, 1870, p. 160","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gotlandia Dall, 1870, p. 160 (type, G. lindstroemi, OD), Machaerocolella LI & Han, 1980, p. 15 (type, M. zhoujiashanensis, OD), Prosoponella Li, 1984, p. 778780 (type, P. jiangshanensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Gotlandia, Machaerocolella, Prosoponella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, elongate triangular, ventral valve flattened, ventral interarea high, triangular, apsacline, with deep concave homeodeltidium occupying more than half of interarea, dorsal valve strongly convex, beak incurved, ventral umbonal cavities small or vestigial, both valves with distinctly raised visceral platforms, extending anterior to center, visceral platforms with deep vaults, separated by median partition, extending anterior to platform, dorsal hinge plate high, strongly incurved, dorsal vascula lateralia broad, slightly divergent, lacking trace of bifurcation.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"China, Ashgill; Kazakhstan, Llandovery; USA, Canada, Sweden (Gotland), Australia, Russia (Altai), Wenlock","Figure_captions":"Fig. 109, 1a, b. *T. grandis, Guelph Limestone, Hespeler, Ontario, syntypes, GSC 2803, a, dorsal view of internal mold of both valves, \u00d70.6, b, oblique posterior view of both valves, x0.7 (new), Fig. 109, 1 c-e. T. lindstroemi Dall, H\u00f6gklint beds, Gotland, Sweden, c, detail of articulatory structure of both valves, Visby, Galgberget, RM Br 24466, X1.2, d, e, ventral valve interior, exterior, BMNH B 5958, X0.8 (new), Fig. 109, 1f. T. acuminata Billings, Guelph Limestone, Hespeler, Ontario, cast of ventral internal mold, BMNH B 14308, X0.8 (new), Fig. 109, 1g. T. ohioensis Meek, Niagara Group, Otwa County, Ohio, posterior view of internal mold of both valves, BMNH B 5959, x0.8 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, BMNH","figure_index":"fig. 109. trimerellidae (p. 185-186).\nfig. 109. trimerellidae (p. 185-186).\nfig. 109. trimerellidae (p. 185-186).\nfig. 109. trimerellidae (p. 185-186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-217.jpg?height=1807&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-217.jpg?height=1807&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-217.jpg?height=1807&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-217.jpg?height=1807&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costitrimerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Costitrimerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costitrimerella Rong & LI, 1993, p. 131138","Type_species":"C. costellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, costellate, ventral valve unknown, dorsal visceral platform solid, transversely oval, extending anteriorly to midvalve","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 109, 3a-c. * C. costellata, Huangnekang Formation, Jiangshan, NIGP 119155, a, holotype, latex cast of dorsal external mold, NIGP 119155, x4.2, b, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, x3.3, c, holotype, lateral view, NIGP 119155, x4.2 (Rong & Li, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nRong & Li, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 109. trimerellidae (p. 185-186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-217.jpg?height=1807&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dinobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dinobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dinobolus Hall, 1871a, p. 4, Obolus conradi Hall, 1867b, p. 368, Conradia HALL, 1872b, p. 107, obj.","Type_species":"Obolus conradi HALL, 1867b, p. 368, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Conradia Hall, 1872b, p. 107, obj.","Synonyms":"Conradia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex, subcircular, lamellose peripherally, ventral pseudointerarea widely triangular with narrow homeodeltidium, ventral umbonal cavities vestigial, ventral visceral platform rhomboidal, somewhat hollow anteriorly, extending to midvalve and supported anteriorly by short median septum, dorsal visceral platform extending somewhat anteriorly to midvalve, supported anteriorly by short median septum, dorsal hinge plate short, low, slightly incurved. Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock): USA, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden (Gotland), Estonia, Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, China.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden (Gotland), Estonia, Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 109, 2a, b. * D. conradi (Hall), Cedarville, Ohio, a, b, ventral view of internal mold of both valves, lateral view, USNM 459666, x0.8 (new).-Fig. 109, 2c. D. davidsoni (Salter), lectotype, dorsal view of internal mold of both valves, BMNH B 16510, X1.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 109. trimerellidae (p. 185-186).\nfig. 109. trimerellidae (p. 185-186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-217.jpg?height=1807&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-217.jpg?height=1807&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodinobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eodinobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodinobolus Rowell, 1963, p. 37, *Obolellina magnifica BILLINGS, 1871c, p. 329, OD","Type_species":"Obolellina magnifica BILLINGS, 1871c, p. 329, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex to weakly dorsibiconvex, subtriangular to transversely suboval, lamellose peripherally, ventral pseudointerarea orthocline, triangular, of variable height, with widely triangular, narrow homeodeltidium, visceral platforms of both valves massive, low elongated suboval, extending to or somewhat anterior of midvalve, sometimes with weak median ridge, ventral umbonal cavities absent, mantle canal system baculate, vascula lateralia of both valves short, subparallel or slightly convergent, lacking evidence of bifurcation, ventral vascula media subparallel.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Ireland, Great Britain, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Russia (Siberia, Urals), ?Uzbekistan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 109, 4a-e. *E. magnificus (Billings), Rockland Formation, Ontario, a, ventral valve exterior, USNM 116800a, x1.2, b, ventral valve interior, USNM 116800d, x1.2, c, d, dorsal valve exterior, oblique lateral view, USNM 116800b, x1 (new), e, dorsal valve interior, GSC 1161b, x1.2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGSC, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 109. trimerellidae (p. 185-186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-217.jpg?height=1807&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fengzuella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fengzuella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fengzuella Li & HAN, 1980, p. 17","Type_species":"F. zhejiangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, ventral pseudointerarea moderately high, with widely triangular, shallow, narrow homeodeltidium, ventral umbonal cavities poorly developed, ventral visceral platform broadly rhomboidal, bisected by low median ridge, slightly vaulted anteriorly, extending anteriorly to midvalve, supported anteriorly by short median septum, shallow cardinal socket bounded anteriorly by broad cardinal buttress, supported by low median ridge, dorsal interior with widely triangular, short, slightly vaulted anteriorly visceral platform, not extending to midvalve, supported by long median ridge that extends to anterior margin.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 110,1a,b. *F. zhejiangensis; Huangnekang Formation, Jiangshan, holotype, FD 144; a, ventral internal mold, \u00d73; b, dorsal internal mold, \u00d72.5 (Li & Han, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Han, 1980","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gasconsia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gasconsia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gasconsia NORTHROP, 1939, p. 161","Type_species":"G. schucherti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell convexiplane to convexiconcave, transversely suboval with long, straight posterior margin, ornament of indistinct low radial ribs, fine, concentric rugae, may be lamellose peripherally, ventral cardinal interarea low, apsacline, with narrow, poorly defined homeodeltidium, visceral platforms of both valves low, solid, median ridges of both valves vestigial or absent, dorsal hinge plate broad, low, bounded posteriorly by transverse furrow, mantle canal systems of both valves baculate with dorsal vascula media","Beginning_age":"Ordovician  (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Norway, Sweden, Kazakhstan, ashgill; USA, Wenlock; Canada, Bohemia, Ludlow","Figure_captions":"Fig. 110, 2a. *G. schucherti, Gascons and Bouleaux Formations, Quebec, paralectotype, dorsal internal mold, YPM 13312, X1.7 (Hanken & Harper, 1985)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 110, 2b, c. G. worsleyi Hanken & Harper, B\u00f8nsnes Formation, Rawtheyan, Ringerike, Oslo, b, holotype, ventral valve interior, PMO 13091, X0.8, c, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, PMO 104.000, X0.8 (Hanken & Harper, 1985)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 110, 2d. G. sp., Delphi, Indiana, USNM 62258, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, X0.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nPMO, \nHanken & Harper, 1985, \nHanken & Harper, 1985","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gyroselenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gyroselenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gyroselenella LI, 1985, p. 581, nom. nov. pro Selenella Li, 1984, p. 779, non Selenella Hall & Clarke, 1894a","Type_species":"Selenella circularis LI, 1984, p. 779","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly understood, known only from one valve, described as ventral but probably dorsal. Ordovician (Ashgill): China (Zhejiang).","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monomerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Monomerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monomerella BILLINGS, 1871b, p. 220","Type_species":"M. prisca, SD Davidson & KING, 1874, p. 155","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate subtriangular, sometimes ornamented by fine, concentric rugae, may be lamellose peripherally, ventral cardinal interarea apsacline, high, triangular, with broad, shallow homeodeltidium, dorsal valve moderately convex with incurved beak, ventral interior with deep umbonal cavities, ventral visceral platform slightly vaulted to solid, extending anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Australia, Caradoc; ?Kazakhstan, China, Ashgill; eastern USA, Canada, Sweden (Gotland), Estonia, Wenlock","Figure_captions":"Fig . 111,1a,b. *M. prisca, Guelph Formation, Hespeler, Ontario; a, syntype, ventral internal mold, GSC 2811d, \u00d70.8; b, latex cast of ventral internal mold, USNM 67179, \u00d70.8 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 111,1c. M. greeni HALL & CLARKE, Niagara Limestone, Rising Sun, Ohio; holotype, dorsal internal mold, OSU 7322, \u00d70.8 (new).\u2014Fig . 111,1d. M. walmstedti D AVIDSON & K ING , 1872, Slite beds, F\u00e5r\u00f6n, Lans\u00e5, Gotland; ventral valve interior, RM Br 24443, \u00d70.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"OSU, \nUSNM, \nGSC","figure_index":"fig. 111. trimerellidae (p. 188-191).\nfig. 111. trimerellidae (p. 188-191).\nfig. 111. trimerellidae (p. 188-191).\nfig. 111. trimerellidae (p. 188-191).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-218.jpg?height=1594&width=1300&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=163)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-218.jpg?height=1594&width=1300&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=163)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-218.jpg?height=1594&width=1300&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=163)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-218.jpg?height=1594&width=1300&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ovidiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ovidiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ovidiella Nikitin & POPOV, 1984, p. 130","Type_species":"O. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex with wide, straight posterior margin, subcircular, lamellose peripherally, ventral cardinal interarea moderately high, orthocline with very broad homeodeltidium and reduced propareas, dorsal valve moderately convex, beak slightly incurved, ventral interior with low, solid visceral platform, extending far anteriorly to midvalve, ventral scars of outside lateral and posterior adductor muscles on thickened, elongate semioval platforms, dorsal interior with solid, elongate oval visceral platform, ventral vascula lateralia with vestigial bifurcation, ventral vascula media short, subparallel, dorsal vascula lateralia bifurcate, with anterior branches slightly arcuate, convergent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 111, 3a-c. *O. plana, Bestamak Formation, Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone, Bestamak, Chingiz Range, a, holotype, ventral valve interior, CNIGR 15\/12095, x1.4, b, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 17\/12095, x1.4, c, dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 19\/12095, X1.4 (Nikitin & Popov, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nNikitin & Popov, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 111. trimerellidae (p. 188-191).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-218.jpg?height=1594&width=1300&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeotrimerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Palaeotrimerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeotrimerella Li & HAN, 1980, p. 10","Type_species":"P. orientalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell dorsibiconvex, elongate subtriangular, ornamented by irregular concentric rugellae, lamellose peripherally, ventral cardinal interarea high, orthocline, with shallow, relatively narrow homeodeltidium, dorsal valve moderately convex, ventral interior lacking umbonal cavities, visceral platforms of both valves low, solid, extending anteriorly to center, bisected by fine median ridges, dorsal visceral platform supported anteriorly by median septum, hinge plate low, thickened, mantle canal system bifurcate in both valves, with short subparallel vascula media in ventral valve.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 111, 2a-d. P. superba Nikitin & Popov, Bestamak Formation, Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone, Bestamak, Chingiz Range, a, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 13\/12095, X1.7, b, dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 8\/12095, x1.7, c, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 8a\/12095, x1.7, d, ventral internal mold, CNIGR 1\/11921, X1.7 (Nikitin & Popov, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nNikitin & Popov, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 111. trimerellidae (p. 188-191).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-218.jpg?height=1594&width=1300&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paradinobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paradinobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paradinobolus Li & HAN, 1980, p. 19","Type_species":"P. sinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, ventral cardinal interarea triangular, moderately high with narrow homeodeltidium, ventral interior without umbonal cavities, visceral platforms of both valves long, narrow, vaulted anteriorly, extending slightly anteriorly to midvalve, supported anteriorly by median septum. May be juvenile Sinotrimerella.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 110, 3a, b. * P. sinensis, Huangnekang Formation, Jiangshan, Zhejiang, holotype, FD 152, a, ventral internal mold, x2.5, b, dorsal internal mold, x2.5 (Li & Han, 1980)","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Han, 1980","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peritrimerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Peritrimerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peritrimerella LIANG, 1983, p. 257","Type_species":"P. chunanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Fengzuella but convexoplane, lacking ventral umbonal cavities and a median septum or ridge, short visceral platforms of both valves not extending to midvalve.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynobolus HALL, 1871a, p. 5","Type_species":"Obolus galtensis Billings, 1862c, p. 168, SD DALL, 1877, p. 61","Synonyms_with_authors":"Obolellina Billings, 1871b, p. 222, obj., Rhinobolus Hall & Clarke, 1892, p. 44","Synonyms":"Obolellina, Rhinobolus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, ventral cardinal interarea high, triangular with broad homeodeltidium, ventral umbonal cavities vestigial, ventral visceral platform very low, solid, dorsal hinge plate small, slightly convex, bounded posteriorly by transverse furrow, dorsal visceral platform moderately high, slightly vaulted anteriorly, visceral platforms in each valve may be supported by weak median ridge","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Sweden (Gotland)","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig. 111, 4a-e. * R. galtensis (Billings), Guelph Limestone, Ontario, a, holotype, dorsal view of internal mold of both valves, Galt, Canada, GSC 2818a, X0.8, b-d, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view, interior, GSC 2820a, x0.8, e, dorsal internal mold, Durham, Hespeler, GSC 2820b, X0.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC","figure_index":"fig. 111. trimerellidae (p. 188-191).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-218.jpg?height=1594&width=1300&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinotrimerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sinotrimerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinotrimerella Li & HAN, 1980, p. 13","Type_species":"S. jiangshanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell elongate oval to subtriangular, dorsibiconvex, ventral cardinal interarea high, triangular, with broad, shallow to moderately deep homeodeltidium, visceral platforms of both valves extending anteriorly to midvalve, slightly vaulted, each bisected medially by fine ridge, dorsal visceral platform supported anteriorly by short median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 112, 1a, b. *S. jiangshanensis, Huangnekang Formation, Jiangshan, a, holotype, ventral internal mold, FD 149, X1.3, b, paratype, dorsal internal mold, FD 148, X1.5 (Li & Han, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Han, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 112. trimerellidae (p. 191).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-220.jpg?height=842&width=1267&top_left_y=159&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yidurella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yidurella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yidurella ZENG, 1987, p. 210","Type_species":"Y. yiduensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell subequally biconvex, transversely oval, ventral cardinal interarea short, triangular, ventral interior with an elongate, solid visceral platform bisected by fine median ridge, supported anteriorly by short septum, dorsal interior with long median septum anterior to narrow, solid visceral platform.\"","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian","First_Occurrence":"lower Silurian","Ending_age":"lower Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Silurian","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig. 112, 2a, b. * Y. yiduensis, Shamao Formation, Tizikou, Yidu, a, paratype, ventral internal mold, IV 45872, x0.8, b, paratype, dorsal internal mold, IV 45876, X0.8 (Zeng, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 112. trimerellidae (p. 191).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-220.jpg?height=842&width=1267&top_left_y=159&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adensu":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Adensuidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Adensu","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adensu Popov & RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1986, p. 58","Type_species":"A. monstratum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell slightly ventribiconvex, ventral valve with strongly incurved posterior margin, ventral interior with broad, low median ridge bisecting visceral field, dorsal hinge plate massive, semielliptical, strongly incurved, dorsal anterior, posterior adductor muscles separated by deep, broad, widely divergent furrows, ventral vascula lateralia, vascula media very short","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 113,1a\u2013e. *A. monstratum, Dulankara Formation, Adensu River, Chu-Ili Range; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, interior, lateral view, CNIGR 1\/11544, \u00d7 0.4; d, paratype, ventral internal mold, CNIGR 9\/11544, \u00d70.4; e, paratype, posterior view of internal mold of both valves, CNIGR 6\/11544, \u00d70.4 (Popov & Rukavishnikova, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 113. adensuidae and ussuniidae (p. 191-192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-221.jpg?height=684&width=1278&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ussunia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Ussuniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ussunia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ussunia Nikitin & POPOV, 1984, p. 127","Type_species":"U. incredibilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequally biconvex, elongate oval, both valves thickened posteriorly, ventral interior with shallow, broad, median depression along posterior margin, ventral visceral field poorly defined, with two broad depressions diverging anteriorly, dorsal hinge plate vestigial, dorsal visceral field extending anteriorly to midvalve.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 113, 2a-e. *U. incredibilis, Bestamak Formation, Nemagraptus gracilis Biozone, Bestamak, Chingiz Range, a, b, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, interior, CNIGR 3\/12095, x0.8, c-e, paratype, ventral valve exterior, interior, lateral view, CNIGR 2\/12095, \u00d70.8 (Nikitin & Popov, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nNikitin & Popov, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 113. adensuidae and ussuniidae (p. 191-192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-221.jpg?height=684&width=1278&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Matutella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Chileida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Matutelloidea","Family":"Matutellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Matutella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Matutella COOPER, 1951, p. 6","Type_species":"M. clarki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subquadrate in outline, costellate, sporadically imbricate, homeodeltidium small, apical","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)-Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"USA, Russia (Siberia, Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 114, 1a-c. *M. clarki, Shady Formation, northeast of Austinville, Virginia, a, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 111689k, X1.7, b, anterior view of ventral valve, USNM 111689d, X1.7, c, holotype, ventral valve exterior, USNM 111689n, X1.7 (Cooper, 1951).--Fig. 114, 1 d-f. M. grata Andreeva, Toyonian, Rassokha River, Siberia, ventral valve exterior, anterior view, lateral view, CNIGR 8202, x1.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCNIGR, \nCooper, 1951","figure_index":"fig. 114. matutellidae (p. 195-196).\nfig. 114. matutellidae (p. 195-196).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-224.jpg?height=1075&width=1268&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=179)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-224.jpg?height=1075&width=1268&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=179)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kotujella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Chileida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Matutelloidea","Family":"Matutellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kotujella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kotujella ANDREEVA, 1962, p. 94","Type_species":"* K. calva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell externally similar to Matutella, but smooth and lacking pseudodeltidium","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","First_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","Geography":"Russia (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 114, 2a-h. * K. calva, Rassokha River, Siberia, a-c, ventral valve exterior, anterior view, posterior view, CNIGR 8202, x1.7, d-g, dorsal valve exterior, posterior view, anterior view, lateral view, CNIGR 8202, X1.7 (new), h, ventral valve interior, CNIGR 24\/ 8202, X5 (Andreeva, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nAndreeva, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 114. matutellidae (p. 195-196).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-224.jpg?height=1075&width=1268&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=179)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":513.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":510.38,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chile":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Chileida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Matutelloidea","Family":"Chileidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chile","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"C. mirabilis, Popov & TIKHONOV, 1990, p. 39","Type_species":"C. mirabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, semielliptical, smooth apically, costellate peripherally, ventral interarea low, orthocline, delthyrium small, covered apically by convex pseudodeltidium, large, elongate triangular perforation extending anteriorly to midvalve, covered apically by colleplax, ventral mantle canals with two or three pairs of main trunks, dorsal vascula lateralia widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Geography":"south Kirghizia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 115,2a\u2013g. *C. mirabilis, southern Tien Shan Range, Chachme River; a,b, holotype, lateral view of ventral valve exterior, exterior, CNIGR 3\/12589, \u00d73.3; c, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d73.3; d, paratype, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 7\/12589, \u00d74.2 (Popov & Tikhonov, 1990); e, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 7.5; f, paratype, detail of ventral interarea, delthyrium, RMS Br 136454, \u00d7 22.9; g, paratype, lateral view of ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136455, \u00d712.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 115. chileidae (p. 196).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-225.jpg?height=814&width=1271&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acareorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Chileida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Matutelloidea","Family":"Chileidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acareorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acareorthis Roberts in Roberts & JELL, 1990, p. 268","Type_species":"A. jelli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell planoconvex, bisulcate, subrectangular, ornament of costae and concentric lamellae, ventral interarea high triangular, catacline to apsacline, bisected by narrow, convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal interior with transverse ridge along posterior margin, divided medially by thickened internal oblique muscle scars, dorsal posterior, anterior adductor scars deeply impressed. Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)-Middle Cambrian (lower Amgaian): Greenland, Toyonian, Australia (New South Wales), lower Amgaian.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","First_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (lower Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)-Middle Cambrian (lower Amgaian)","Geography":"Greenland, Toyonian; Australia (New South Wales) lower Amgaian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 115, 1a-e. *A. jelli, Coonigan Formation, Mootwingee area, New South Wales, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, AMF 79654, X12.5, b, paratype, ventral valve, posterior view, AMF 79657, x10, c, paratype, ventral valve, lateral view, AMF 79658, x12.5, d, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, AMF 79659, x12.5, e, paratype, dorsal valve interior, AMF 79663, x15 (Roberts & Jell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMF, \nRoberts & Jell, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 115. chileidae (p. 196).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-225.jpg?height=814&width=1271&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":513.13,"ending_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":504.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eichwaldia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Dictyonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Eichwaldioidea","Family":"Eichwaldioidea","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eichwaldia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eichwaldia BILLINGS, 1858, p. 190","Type_species":"E. subtrigonalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament of fine fila, dorsal median septum prominent, extending close to anterior margin, with cardinal process forming boss at posterior end of septum, musculature unknown","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Canada (Ontario, Quebec)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 117, 1a, b. *E. subtrigonalis, Ottawa Formation, Allumette Island, Quebec, a, dorsal view of both valves, x1.7, b, oblique lateral view of both valves, GSC 1145, X3.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC","figure_index":"fig. 117. eichwaldiidae (p. 198-200).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-228.jpg?height=774&width=1269&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodictyonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Dictyonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Eichwaldioidea","Family":"Eichwaldioidea","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eodictyonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodictyonella Wright, 1994a, p. 908, nom. nov. pro Dictyonella Hall, 1867a, p. 274, non Dictyonella SCHMIDT, 1868, p. 10","Type_species":"Atrypa coralifera HALL, 1852, p. 281, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dyctionella Oehlert, 1887b, p. 1267","Synonyms":"Dyctionella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Eichwaldia, but with ornament of coarse pits, formed by intersecting, offset radiating rows of narrow ridges.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Lower Devonian, Ashgill-Silurian, Silurian, Silurian-Lower Devonian","Geography":"USA, Canada, Ashgill\u2013Silurian; Great Britain, Sweden, Estonia, Bohemia, Russia (Altai), Ukraine (Podolia), China, Silurian; Kazakhstan, Silurian\u2013Lower Devonian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 117, 2a-c. D. reticulata (Hall), Waldron Shale, Silurian, Waldron, Indiana, a, dorsal view of both valves, AMNH 36636, x2.5, b, posterior view of both valves, X 2.7, c, lateral view of both valves, USNM 303732, x2.1 (new)., \"--Fig. 117, 2d-g. D. gibbosa (Hall), Decatur Formation, Silurian, Linden, Tennessee, d, ventral valve exterior, USNM 459702a, X2.9, e, ventral valve interior, USNM 459702b, X4.7, f, dorsal valve interior, X2.5, g, posterior view, dorsal valve interior, USNM 459702c, X2.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nUSNM","figure_index":"fig. 117. eichwaldiidae (p. 198-200).\nfig. 117. eichwaldiidae (p. 198-200).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-228.jpg?height=774&width=1269&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-228.jpg?height=774&width=1269&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isogramma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Dictyonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Eichwaldioidea","Family":"Isogrammidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Isogramma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous-Permian","Geography":"Great Britain, Austria, Germany, Spain, Poland, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Carboniferous; USA, European Russia, Ukraine, China, Carboniferous\u2013Permian; Japan, Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 118,1a,b. I. texanum COOPER, Gaptank Formation, Carboniferous, Marathon, western Texas; a, dorsal external mold, \u00d7 1.1; b, holotype, ventral external mold, USNM 111688a, \u00d71.1 (Cooper, 1952a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 118,1c. I. lobatum COOPER & G RANT , Cathedral Mountain Formation, Permian, western Texas; dorsal interior, USNM 151384, \u00d7 0.8 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).\u2014\u2014Fig . 118,1d. I. salteri B RAND , Hotwells Limestone, Carboniferous, Compton Martin, Somerset; detail of colleplax, BGS Zo1525, \u00d75 (Wright, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 118. isogrammidae (p. 200).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-229.jpg?height=1873&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megapleuronia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Dictyonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Eichwaldioidea","Family":"Isogrammidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Megapleuronia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megapleuronia COOPER, 1952a, p. 117","Type_species":"Productus fabianii GRECO, 1947, p. 1, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex or concavoconvex, costate, with discontinuous, raised fila, ventral interior unknown, dorsal muscle platform free, supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Italy (Sicily)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 118, 2a. *M. fabianii (Greco), Sosio Limestone, Pietra di Salamone, Sosio Valley, dorsal valve interior, USNM 116346, X1.2 (Cooper, 1952a), Fig. 118, 2b-d. M. grecoi Cooper, Sosio Limestone, Pietra di Salamone, Sosio Valley, holotype, ventral view, dorsal view, posterior view of both valves, USNM 116347b, X1.2 (Cooper, 1952a)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1952, \nCooper, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 118. isogrammidae (p. 200).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-229.jpg?height=1873&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizopleuronia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Chileata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Dictyonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Eichwaldioidea","Family":"Isogrammidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizopleuronia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizopleuronia LIAO, 1983, p. 637","Type_species":"S. grandis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Megapleuronia, but sulcate, lacking dorsal muscle platform","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 118, 3a, b. *S. grandis, Heshan Formation, Guangxi, a, holotype, ventral view, NIGP 70460, X0.8, b, paratype, dorsal valve interior, NIGP 70462, X0.8 (Liao, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nLiao, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 118. isogrammidae (p. 200).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-229.jpg?height=1873&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obolella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Obolelloidea","Family":"Obolellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Obolella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obolella BILLINGS, 1861b, p. 6","Type_species":"O. chromatica, SD DALL, 1870, p. 163","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly biconvex, subcircular or elongate oval, ornament of fine striae, lamellose peripherally, ventral interarea low, narrow, apsacline to catacline, ventral beak marginal, dorsal interarea low, orthocline, ventral visceral field forming low, solid platform, bisected by shallow median groove","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (?Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian, ?Botomian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Greenland, Russia (Siberia, Altai), ?Norway, China, Spain, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 120, 2ac. * O. chromatica, Labrador, Canada, a, ventral valve interior, GSC 395i, X4.2 (new), b, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 14891c, x3.3 (Rowell, 1962a), c, dorsal interior, GSC 395m, X4.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGSC, \nRowell, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 120. obolellidae (p. 201-204).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-233.jpg?height=1481&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bicia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Obolelloidea","Family":"Obolellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bicia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bicia WALCOTT, 1901, p. 676","Type_species":"Obolella gemma BILLINGS, 1871b, p. 218, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subtriangular or ovate, ornament of weak, radial striae, ventral beak subacuminate, ventral interarea relatively high, orthocline, triangular, with delthyrium, bearing small denticles, dorsal pseudointerarea low, orthocline, ventral visceral field thickened, extending to midvalve, with median depression, dorsal median ridge broad, extending from beak, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"USA, Russia (southeastern Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 120,1a\u2013e. *B. gemma (BILLINGS), Troy, New York; a, ventral valve interior, GSC 387d, \u00d7 6.7; b, ventral valve exterior, USNM 51900, \u00d76.1; c, dorsal internal mold, USNM 51900d, \u00d75; d, dorsal valve interior, USNM 14889f, \u00d7 5; e, dorsal valve exterior, GSC 387, \u00d76.7 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGSC","figure_index":"fig. 120. obolellidae (p. 201-204).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-233.jpg?height=1481&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brevipelta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Obolelloidea","Family":"Obolellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brevipelta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brevipelta GEYER, 1994, p. 996","Type_species":"B. chouberti GEYER, 1994, p. 997, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve with deep delthyrial opening, ventral visceral field poorly defined, dorsal median septum poorly defined, dorsal adductor scars poorly defined, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Choubertella and Daguinaspis Zones)","Geography":"Morocco, Choubertella and Daguinaspis Zones","Figure_captions":"Fig . 121,1a\u2013d. *B. chouberti, Lower Cambrian, Amouslek Formation, western Anti-Atlas Mountains; a, dorsal valve exterior, IGR 19994g, \u00d76; b, ventral valve exterior, PIW 93119b, \u00d76; c, dorsal internal mold, PIW 93119q, \u00d76; d, ventral internal mold, PIW 93118a, \u00d76 (Geyer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ivshinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Obolelloidea","Family":"Obolellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ivshinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ivshinella KONEVA, 1979, p. 54","Type_species":"I. modesta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell almost equibiconvex, subcircular, or transversely oval, ornament of radial striae, ventral interarea orthocline, with low, triangular delthyrium, bearing small denticles, dorsal valve slightly sulcate, dorsal interarea low, orthocline, ventral visceral field moderately thickened, extending anteriorly to midvalve, dorsal visceral field broad, elongate oval, slightly thickened, extending to midvalve, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, slightly divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Geography":"central Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 120,3a\u2013f. *I. modesta, Edrej Beds, Edrej Mountains; a\u2013c, holotype, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, lateral view, MANK 2138\/198, \u00d73.3; d, ventral internal mold, MANK 2138\/204, \u00d7 3.3; e, dorsal valve exterior, MANK 2138\/211, \u00d7 3.3; f, dorsal internal mold, MANK 2138\/210, \u00d73.3 (Koneva, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 120. obolellidae (p. 201-204).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-233.jpg?height=1481&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magnicanalis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Obolelloidea","Family":"Obolellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Magnicanalis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magnicanalis ROWELL, 1962a, p. 140","Type_species":"Obolella mobergi WALCOTT, 1901, p. 673, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell gently biconvex, elongate to transversely oval, ornament of fine radial striae, ventral interarea low, apsacline, with delthyrium, dorsal interarea orthocline, ventral visceral field slightly thickened in posterior third, bisected by median groove, dorsal visceral field poorly defined, bisected by low median ridge, dorsal internal oblique muscles scars on strongly elevated notothyrial platform, bisected by low, median plication, dorsal posterior adductor scars on two widely divergent, ridgelike elevations, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, subparallel","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Sweden, Russia (southeastern Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 121,2a\u2013c. *M. mobergi (WALCOTT), Lingulid Sandstone, Sularp, Scania; a, ventral internal mold, LO 6575t, \u00d73.3; b, dorsal internal mold, LO 6576t, \u00d7 2.9; c, dorsal internal mold, LO 6577t, \u00d7 4.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trematobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Obolelloidea","Family":"Trematobolidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trematobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trematobolus MATTHEW, 1893, p. 276","Type_species":"T. insignis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Protosiphon Matthew, 1897, p. 70 (type, P. kempanum), Protosyphon Gorjansky, 1960, p. 181, Lamellodonta Vogel, 1962, p. 216 (type, L. simplex)","Synonyms":"Protosiphon, Protosyphon, Lamellodonta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell almost equibiconvex to somewhat dorsibiconvex, elongate or transversely oval, ventral interarea low, apsacline, with narrow, concave pseudodeltidium, pedicle foramen small, rounded, anterior to beak, pedicle track narrow, triangular, covered by concave plate, dorsal interarea low, orthocline or gently anacline, ventral visceral area strongly thickened, with broad median furrow posterior to foramen, notothyrial cavity sometimes with small sockets, dorsal diductor scars sometimes bisected by low median ridge, dorsal posterior adductor scars on two widely divergent, ridgelike elevations, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, subparallel, dorsal vascula lateralia straight, widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","First_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)-Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Russia (Siberia, Altai), Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 122, 1a-c. T. kempanum (Matthew), Lower Cambrian, Long Island, New Brunswick, a, ventral external mold, USNM 52212n, X3.3, b, ventral internal mold, USNM 52212c, x3 . 6,  c, dorsal internal mold, USNM 52212k, x1.7 (Rowell, 1962a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 122, 1d-h. T. pristinus bicostatus Gorjansky, Toyonian, Rassokha River, Siberia, d, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 11\/8362, X1.7, e, holotype, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 1\/ 8362, x1.7, f, detail of ventral umbonal area, CNIGR 5\/8362, X5 (Gorjansky, Egorova, & Savitskii, 1964), g, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR 15\/ 8362, X4.2, h, paratype, ventral valve interior, CNIGR 9\/8362, X4.2 (Gorjansky & Popov, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCNIGR, \nRowell, 1962, \nGorjansky, Egorova, & Savitskii, 1964, \nGorjansky & Popov, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 122. trematobolidae (p. 206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-235.jpg?height=1634&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":513.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alisina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Obolelloidea","Family":"Trematobolidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alisina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alisina R OWELL , 1962a, p. 141","Type_species":"Obolella atlantica W ALCOTT, 1890, p. 36; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell gently ventribiconvex, subcircular, sometimes with \ufb01ne striae; ventral interarea apsacline to catacline; concave pseudodeltidium with median plication; foramen rounded, apical; dorsal valve sometimes gently sulcate; dorsal interarea low, triangular, orthocline, with open notothyrium, bearing sockets, bounded by low ridges; ventral visceral \ufb01eld thickened anteriorly; dorsal adductor scars arranged radially, with smaller posterior scars; ventral vascula lateralia, submedian subparallel, or slightly divergent; dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, widely divergent; dorsal vascula media long, widely divergent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)-Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Spain, Morocco, Russia (Siberia, Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 122, 3a\u2013c. *A. atlantica (WALCOTT ), Lower Cambrian; a, ventral internal mold, Conception Bay, Newfoundland, USNM 18322a, \u00d7 5; b, dorsal internal mold, Bristol County, Massachusetts, USNM 143123, \u00d75; c, ventral external mold, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, USNM 51998b, \u00d7 3.3 (Rowell, 1962a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 122. trematobolidae (p. 206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-235.jpg?height=1634&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sibiria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Obolelloidea","Family":"Trematobolidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sibiria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sibiria Gorjansky in PELMAN, 1977, p. 47","Type_species":"S. magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, subcircular, smooth apically, lamellose peripherally, ventral valve subconical, ventral interarea procline to catacline, with deep, concave pseudodeltidium with median plication, beak anterior to margin, pedicle foramen small, apical, dorsal valve may be slightly sulcate, dorsal interarea low, orthocline, ventral visceral field somewhat thickened, notothyrial platform low, broadly triangular, bearing small sockets on its lateral sides, dorsal visceral area sightly raised, extending anteriorly to midvalve, ventral vascula lateralia submedian, straight, slightly divergent, dorsal vascula lateralia submarginal, widely divergent, vascula media long, divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Geography":"Russia (eastern Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 122, 2a-e. *S. magna, Kotuy River, a, b, paratype, ventral valve interior, internal mold, CNIGR 2\/10933, X1.7, c, d, holotype, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, CNIGR 1\/10933, X1.7, e, paratype, dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 3\/10933, X1.7 (Gorjansky, 1977), \u2014\u2014Fig. 122, 2f-h. S. glabra Gorjansky, Kotuy River, paratype, dorsal exterior, lateral view, posterior view, CNIGR 7\/10933, X1.7 (Gorjansky, 1977)","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nGorjansky, 1977, \nGorjansky, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 122. trematobolidae (p. 206).\nfig. 122. trematobolidae (p. 206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-235.jpg?height=1634&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-235.jpg?height=1634&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":516.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monoconvexa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dictyonellida - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Monoconvexa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monoconvexa PELMAN, 1977, p. 49","Type_species":"M. monoconvexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, transversely suboval, beaks of both valves marginal, interareas, internal characters of both valves unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Atdabanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (upper Atdabanian)","Geography":"Russia (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 123 a-c . M. monoconvexa, Lena River, ventral exterior, posterior view, anterior view, IGiG 392\/31, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG","figure_index":"fig. 123. uncertain (p. 206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-236.jpg?height=509&width=629&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":37,"beginning_date":518.6,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":516.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nochoroiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Obolellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dictyonellida - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nochoroiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nochoroiella Pelman in Grigorieva, Melnikova, & PELMAN, 1983, p. 54","Type_species":"N. isitica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, biconvex, transversely elliptical to subtriangular, both valves with marginal beaks, lacking interareas. Genus poorly known, may be an operculum. Lower Cambrian (upper Tommotian): Russia (Siberia).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (upper Tommotian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tommotian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (upper Tommotian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tommotian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (upper Tommotian)","Geography":"Russia (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":523,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":521,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Naukat":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Naukatida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Naukatoidea","Family":"Naukatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Naukat","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Naukat Popov & TIKHONOV, 1990, p. 41","Type_species":"N. proprium, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, transverse oval, smooth apically, coarsely costellate peripherally, anterior commissure uniplicate, ventral interarea apsacline, pseudodeltidium concave, perforated apically by elongate-oval pedicle foramen, ventral visceral platform small, strongly thickened anteriorly, dorsal interior with median septum, anterior adductor scars located on high, broad ridges lateral to septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Geography":"southern Kirghizia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 124,3a\u2013d. *N. proprium, Chachme River, southern Tien Shan Range; a, oblique posterior view of both valves, \u00d722.9; b, dorsal view of both valves, \u00d719.6; c, holotype, oblique lateral view of both valves, CNIGR 10\/12589, \u00d722.9 (new); d, paratype, ventral exterior, CNIGR 11\/ 12589, \u00d716.7 (Popov & Tikhonov, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 124. naukatidae (p. 207).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-238.jpg?height=1093&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bojarinovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Naukatida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Naukatoidea","Family":"Naukatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bojarinovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bojarinovia Aksarina in Aksarina & PELMAN, 1978, p. 106","Type_species":"B. levigata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell ventribiconvex, transversely oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, ventral interarea low, narrow, apsacline, pedicle opening, interior poorly known, dorsal valve (described originally as ventral) with anterior and posterior adductor scars forming elevated tripartite platform, divided by two deep furrows, vascula media straight, widely divergent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Russia (Altai)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":493.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bynguanoia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Naukatida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Naukatoidea","Family":"Naukatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bynguanoia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bynguanoia Roberts in Roberts & JELL, 1990, p. 281","Type_species":"B. perplexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, subcircular, anterior commissure sulcate, ornament of coarse, radial costae, ventral interarea low, narrow, apsacline, concave pseudodeltidium perforated apically by elongate-oval pedicle foramen, dorsal valve with vestigial interarea and shallow sulcus, ventral interior with strongly thickened anterior visceral platform, notothyrial platform narrow, strongly elevated, dorsal posterior adductor scars forming separate elevated platforms close to posterior margin.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (lower Amgaian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Amgaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (lower Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (lower Amgaian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 124, 1a-g. *B. perplexa, Coonigan Formation, Mootwingee area, a-e, paratype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views of both valves, AMF 79714, x3.3, f, holotype, ventral valve interior, AMF 79716, X3.3, g, paratype, dorsal valve interior, AMF 79718, X3.3 (Roberts & Jell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMF, \nRoberts & Jell, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 124. naukatidae (p. 207).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-238.jpg?height=1093&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":504.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Naukatida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Naukatoidea","Family":"Naukatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oina Popov & TIKHONOV, 1990, p. 42","Type_species":"O. rotunda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subequibiconvex, transverse oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, ventral interarea low, short, apsacline, delthyrium completely closed by concave pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea small, orthocline, ventral visceral platform strongly elevated, free distally, notothyrial platform strongly elevated, dorsal interior with three broad, high septa not extending to midvalve","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Geography":"southern Kirghizia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 124, 2a-g. *O. rotunda, Chachme River, southern Tien Shan Range, a, holotype, ventral valve interior, CNIGR 14\/12589, X3.3, b, paratype, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 18\/12589, X3.3 (Popov & Tikhonov, 1990), c, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 17\/12589, X3.3, d, paratype, oblique lateral view of ventral valve interior, RMS Br 136451, x13.8, e, oblique lateral view of ventral valve exterior, x6 . 2, ~ f, paratype, oblique posterior view of ventral valve exterior, RMS Br 136452, X8.3, g, paratype, dorsal valve interior, RMS Br 136453, X13.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov & Tikhonov, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 124. naukatidae (p. 207).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-238.jpg?height=1093&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Swantonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Naukatida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Naukatoidea","Family":"Naukatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Swantonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Swantonia WALCOTT, 1905, p. 296","Type_species":"Camerella antiquata BILLINGS, 1861b, p. 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subtriangular, with rectimarginate anterior commissure, ornament of coarse, rounded ribs, ventral interarea with concave pseudodeltidium, other characters unknown. Lower Cambrian: USA (Nevada, Vermont).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Nevada, Vermont)","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kutorgina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kutorginoidea","Family":"Kutorginidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kutorgina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kutorgina kolihai R\u00da\u017dI\u010cKA, 1927, p. 5, OD","Type_species":"Kutorgina kolihai R\u00da\u017dI\u010cKA, 1927, p. 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semiovate, ventribiconvex with straight posterior margin, ventral valve pyramidal, with strong concentric rugae, ventral pseudointerarea clearly defined, catacline to procline, with large, strongly convex homeodeltidium, dorsal valve weakly convex with low, catacline pseudointerarea, homeochilidium narrow and strongly convex apically, broad and upturned distally, shell finely and densely pitted, with pits arranged radially, becoming larger distally. Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc): Czech Republic (Bohemia).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)-Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"Canada, USA, Greenland, Sardinia, Russia (Siberia, southern Urals), Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Israel, Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 129, 1a\u2013g. K. catenata KONEVA, Lower Cambrian, Botomian, right side of Chachme River, southern Kirghizia; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d710; b, posterior view, \u00d7 11; c, lateral view, RM 137376, \u00d7 11; d, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 9; e, posterior view, RM 137377, \u00d710; f, dorsal valve interior, RM 137378, \u00d7 10; g, incomplete ventral valve interior, RM 137379, \u00d710 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"RM","figure_index":"fig. 129. kutorginidae (p. 211-213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-242.jpg?height=1777&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Agyrekia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kutorginoidea","Family":"Kutorginidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Agyrekia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Agyrekia KONEVA, 1979, p. 60","Type_species":"A. alta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell biconvex ornamented by fila and radial striations, ventral interarea high, triangular, catacline, or procline, beak slightly incurved, pseudodeltidium broad, gently convex, dorsal valve moderately to strongly convex with broad open notothyrium, short triangular interarea, ventral interior with short median septum near apex.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (lower Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)-Middle Cambrian (lower Amgaian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Australia (New South Wales), Russia (southwestern Siberia), Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 129, 2a-f. *A. alta, Botomian, Kazakhstan, Agyrek Mountains, a-c, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, posterior view, KAS 2138\/257, X3, d-f, ventral valve (illustrated as a dorsal valve by Koneva, 1979) exterior, posterior view, lateral view, KAS 2138\/258, X3 (Koneva, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"illustrated as a dorsal valve by Koneva, 1979, \nKoneva, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 129. kutorginidae (p. 211-213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-242.jpg?height=1777&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":504.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Haupiria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kutorginoidea","Family":"Kutorginidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Haupiria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Haupiria MACKINNON, 1983, p. 101","Type_species":"H. tasmani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Yorkia, but lacking apical foramen and internal tube. Middle Cambrian: New Zealand. Illustrated specimens not as informative as diagnosis.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schuchertina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kutorginoidea","Family":"Kutorginidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schuchertina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schuchertina WALCOTT, 1905, p. 323","Type_species":"S. cambria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known, shell subequally biconvex, smooth or filate, interarea, interior of ventral valve unknown, dorsal interior with short median ridge and pinnate mantle canals. Middle Cambrian: North America.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Satisfactory material not available for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yorkia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kutorginoidea","Family":"Kutorginidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yorkia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yorkia WALCOTT, 1897, p. 714","Type_species":"Y. wanneri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Quebecia Walcott, 1905, p. 320 (type, Obolella circe Billings, 1871b, p. 219)","Synonyms":"Quebecia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell subcircular or subtriangular in outline, smooth, ventral interarea low, apsacline, or rarely catacline, ventral beak small, perforated by minute foramen extending internally as subconical tube, dorsal valve with broad notothyrium, narrow triangular propareas, muscle scars, mantle canals in both valves imperfectly known.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"USA (New York, Pennsylvania), eastern Canada, Russia (Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig.129,3a\u2013c. *Y. wanneri, Lower Cambrian; a, ventral valve exterior, latex cast, Codorus Creek near Emigsville, Pennsylvania, USNM 26433a, \u00d7 2; b, ventral internal mold, 3 miles northwest of York, Pennsylvania, USNM 139470, \u00d72; c, dorsal internal mold, Codorus Creek near Emigsville, Pennsylvania, USNM 26433h, \u00d72 (Rowell, 1962a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 129. kutorginidae (p. 211-213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-242.jpg?height=1777&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nisusia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Nisusioidea","Family":"Nisusiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nisusia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nisusia WALCOTT, 1905, p. 247","Type_species":"Orthisina festinata BILLINGS, 1861b, p. 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, transverse rectangular or semioval in outline, ornamented by costellae normally bearing numerous Eoconcha, no spines, ventral interarea apsacline, interior of both valves imperfectly known","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian-Middle Cambrian","Geography":"USA, Canada, Greenland, Russia (Siberia), Kazakhstan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig .130,1a\u2013h. N. alaica P OPOV & T IK HONOV ; Botomian, right side of Chachme River, southern Kirghizia; a,b, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, CNIGR 31\/12589, \u00d7 3; c, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 18\/12589, \u00d73 (Popov & Tikhonov, 1990); d, dorsal valve, interior, \u00d710; e, ventral valve, posterior view, RM, no number, \u00d715 (new); f, complete shell of juvenile specimen, posterior view, CNIGR 34\/12589, \u00d7 10 (Popov & Tikhonov, 1990); g, complete shell of juvenile specimen, posterior view, RM, no number, \u00d715 (new); h, complete shell of juvenile specimen, posterior view, CNIGR 33\/12589, \u00d7 15 (Popov & Tikhonov, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 130. nisusiidae (p. 213-214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-243.jpg?height=1319&width=1273&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Nisusioidea","Family":"Nisusiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoconcha COOPER, 1951, p. 4","Type_species":"E. austini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell coarsely costellate, with ventral median sulcus, dorsal fold, no spines, ventral interarea apsacline, interior of both valves imperfectly known. Lower Cambrian-Middle Cambrian: USA (Virginia).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian-Middle Cambrian","Geography":"USA (Virginia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 130,2a,b. *E. austini, Lower Cambrian, Virginia; a, dorsal valve exterior, posterior view, \u00d71.5; b, ventral internal mold, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1951).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1951","figure_index":"fig. 130. nisusiidae (p. 213-214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-243.jpg?height=1319&width=1273&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Narynella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Nisusioidea","Family":"Nisusiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Narynella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Narynella ANDREEVA, 1987, p. 34","Type_species":"Nisusia ferganensis ANDREEVA, 1962, p. 89, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell finely costellate, with variably developed median sulcus, dorsal fold, similar to Nisusia, but lacking spines","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","First_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)-Middle Cambrian","Geography":"USA, Uzbekistan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 130, 3a-e. * N. ferganensis (Andreeva), Amgaian, Madygen, Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan, a-c, ventral valve exterior, posterior view, lateral view, CNIGR 7\/8202, X3, d, e, dorsal valve, exterior, lateral view, CNIGR 9\/8202, X3 (Andreeva, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nAndreeva, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 130. nisusiidae (p. 213-214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-243.jpg?height=1319&width=1273&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":513.13,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Khasagtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Nisusioidea","Family":"Nisusiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Khasagtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Khasagtina USHATINSKAYA, 1987, p. 66","Type_species":"K. primaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, elongate suboval in outline, costellate, with narrow, slightly incurved posterior margin, ventral valve with apical foramen, narrow apsacline interarea occupied mainly by convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve with orthocline interarea and two pairs of muscle scars.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (?Tommotian)","First_Occurrence":"Tommotian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tommotian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (?Tommotian, Atdabanian)","Geography":"Mongolia, France","Figure_captions":"Fig . 131,2a\u2013d. *K. primaria, Atdabanian, Bajangol Formation; Salany-Gol Rivulet, western Mongolia; a, holotype, ventral internal mold, PIN 3302\/5007, \u00d7 15; b, ventral internal mold, posterior view, PIN 3302\/5005, \u00d754; c, dorsal internal mold, PIN 3302\/5001, \u00d713; d, dorsal internal mold, posterior view, PIN 3302\/5007, \u00d720 (Ushatinskaya, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 131. nisusiidae (p. 214-215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-244.jpg?height=1568&width=623&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":525,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 2","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":521,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trematosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Nisusioidea","Family":"Nisusiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trematosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trematosia COOPER, 1976, p. 276","Type_species":"Obolus radifer Richter & RICHTER, 1941, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell biconvex, elongate oval to subcircular in outline, with rectimarginate anterior margin, smooth, lamellose peripherally, ventral valve with large subcircular foramen placed anteriorly to beak and narrow pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve with narrow, divided interarea bounding widely diverging furrows, internal characters of both valves poorly known.  [This genus is doubtfully assigned to the Kutorginata. The holotype and several syntypes of Trematosia radifer (Cooper, 1976, pl. 3, fig. 1-6, 32) are characterized by a large foramen anterior to the ventral beak, a poorly defined ventral interarea, and a different kind of dorsal interarea with distinctive hinge structures. Such features are unknown in kutorginids. Other specimens also assigned to T. radifer are those identi\ufb01ed as Trematosia sp. 1 (COOPER, 1976, pl. 1, \ufb01g. 39\u201341), probably better identi\ufb01ed as Yorkia].","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Israel, Jordan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 131, 1a\u2013d. *T. radifer (RICHTER & RICHTER), Nimra Formation, Ghor-es-Sa\ufb01, Jordan; a,b, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, interior, BMNH BB 61421, \u00d7 2; c,d, incomplete ventral valve interior, exterior, BMNH BB 61422, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"BMNH","figure_index":"fig. 131. nisusiidae (p. 214-215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-244.jpg?height=1568&width=623&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Strophomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophomena Rafinesque in de BLAINVILLE, 1824, p. 302","Type_species":"Leptaena planumbona Hall, 1847, p. 112, SD ICZN Opinion 1671, 1992","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rugomena R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993b, p. 115 (type, R. adilensis)","Synonyms":"Rugomena","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently resupinate, ornament variable from parvicostellate to costellate, prominent pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, teeth strong, sometimes with irregular denticles, crenulations, dental plates extending into elevated bounding ridges largely surrounding the subcircular to rhomboidal ventral muscle field, adductor scars not enclosed by diductor scars, ventral myophragm sometimes present, socket ridges sometimes crenulated, strong, short median ridge coming from the posterior edge of notothyrium, ridge sometimes forked anteriorly, dorsal muscle field gently impressed, with weak bounding ridges sometimes present laterally, occasional weak transmuscle ridges sometimes present, often absent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 135, 1a\u2013f. *S. (S.) planumbona (H ALL ), Trenton Group, Caradoc, Cincinnati, Ohio; a\u2013c, lectotype, ventral, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, AMNH 30247, \u00d7 1.5; d,e, ventral, anterior views of ventral interior, AMNH 30248, \u00d71.5; f, dorsal interior, AMNH 918\/5, \u00d71.5 (Rong & Cocks, 1994).\u2014 Fig . 135, 1g. S. adilensis (R\u00d5\u00d5MUSOKS), ventral interior, Adila Formation, Pirgu Stage, Ashgill, Vardi, Estonia, TAGI BR 1531, \u00d71.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993b).","Museum_or_author_information":"TAGI","figure_index":"fig. 135. strophomenidae (p. 220-222).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-252.jpg?height=1445&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Strophomena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"S. (Strophomena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Strophomena) Rafinesque in de BLAINVILLE, 1824, p. 302","Type_species":"Leptaena planumbona Hall, 1847, p. 112, SD ICZN Opinion 1671, 1992","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Keilamena) but with squatter, more triangular cardinal process lobes and dorsal side septa often weakly developed; similar to S. (Tetraphalerella) but generally larger, with \ufb02aring although small ventral adductor muscle scars and more anterolaterally directed socket plates rather than recurving back to the hinge line.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 135, 1a\u2013f. *S. (S.) planumbona (H ALL ), Trenton Group, Caradoc, Cincinnati, Ohio; a\u2013c, lectotype, ventral, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, AMNH 30247, \u00d7 1.5; d,e, ventral, anterior views of ventral interior, AMNH 30248, \u00d71.5; f, dorsal interior, AMNH 918\/5, \u00d71.5 (Rong & Cocks, 1994).\u2014 Fig . 135, 1g. S. adilensis (R\u00d5\u00d5MUSOKS), ventral interior, Adila Formation, Pirgu Stage, Ashgill, Vardi, Estonia, TAGI BR 1531, \u00d71.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993b).","Museum_or_author_information":"TAGI","figure_index":"fig. 135. strophomenidae (p. 220-222).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-252.jpg?height=1445&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Keilamena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"S. (Keilamena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Keilamena) R \u00d5\u00d5MUSOKS , 1993b, p. 114","Type_species":"Actinomena occidens M ANNIL in O RASPOLD , 1956, p. 59; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Strophomena), but with erect cardinal process lobes, no hint of dorsal side septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 135, 3a\u2013c. *S. (K.) occidens (M ANNIL), Keila Stage, middle Caradoc; a, ventral exterior, J\u00e4lgim\u00e4gi, Estonia, TAGI BR 2387, \u00d71; b, holotype, ventral interior, Keila, Estonia, TAGI BR 3091, \u00d7 1; c, dorsal interior, Kulna, Estonia, TAGI BR 2380, \u00d71.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 135. strophomenidae (p. 220-222).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-252.jpg?height=1445&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Tetraphalerella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"S. (Tetraphalerella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetraphalerella WANG, 1949, p. 28","Type_species":"T. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Strophomena), but with small ventral adductor muscle scars completely enclosed by diductor scars, socket plates more recurved laterally back toward the hinge line, dorsal transmuscle ridges not known","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 135, 2a-c. * (T.) cooperi, upper Elgin Limestone, lower Ashgill, Orleans, Winneshiek County, Iowa; holotype, dorsal exterior, ventral interior, dorsal interior, SUI 1860, \u00d7 1 (Wang, 1949).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 135. strophomenidae (p. 220-222).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-252.jpg?height=1445&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Actinomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Actinomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Actinomena \u00d6PIK, 1930, p. 166","Type_species":"Strophomena (A.) orta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently resupinate, ornament unequally parvicostellate with rugae only posterolaterally, with pseudodeltidium, chilidium, prominent teeth with irregular denticles on dorsal face, thick dental plates continuous anteriorly with curved to straight bounding ridges on lateral parts of subquadrate to subcircular ventral muscle field, faint dorsal transmuscle ridges, muscle-bounding ridges, side septa weakly developed in some species","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 136, 1 a-d. *A. orta, Kukruse Formation C2 beta, upper Llandeilo, a, dorsal exterior, K\u00e4va, TAGI BR 201, X1.5, b, ventral interior, Kukers, northwest of Jewe, Estonia, BMNH B 10881, X1.5, c, ventral interior, K\u00e4va, TAGI BR 1504, x1.5, d, dorsal interior, K\u00e4va, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 136. strophomenidae (p. 222-224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-253.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drummuckina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Drummuckina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drummuckina BANCROFT, 1949, p. 11","Type_species":"Stropheodonta donax REED, 1917, p. 892, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, ornament costellate, small deltidial plates, large chilidium, teeth with weak, irregular denticles, short dental plates continuous with elevated bounding ridges nearly enclosing trapezoidal ventral muscle field, myophragm present, socket ridges flaring laterally subparallel to hinge line, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed, small thin dorsal median ridge","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 136, 2a-c. *D. donax (Reed), Starfish Bed, Drummuck Group, Rawtheyan, Thraive Glen, Girvan, Strathclyde, Scotland, a, ventral exterior, BMNH B 72915, x1.5, b, lectotype, ventral internal mold, BMNH B 72906, x1.5, c, dorsal internal mold, BMNH B 72916, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 136. strophomenidae (p. 222-224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-253.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Esilia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Esilia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Esilia Nikitin & POPOV, 1985, p. 38","Type_species":"E. tchetvericovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile biconvex, with strong dorsal fold, ventral sulcus, ornament unequally costellate, with bifurcation, intercalation, strong pseudodeltidium, chilidium, dental plates continuous with elongate elliptical bounding ridges enclosing ventral muscle field except anteriorly, cardinal process robust, with lobes close together, situated on strong notothyrial platform, socket ridges fused to base of cardinal process lobes curving posteriorly, extending laterally very close to hinge line, dorsal muscle field faint, dorsal median ridge present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 137, 3a-e. *E. tchetvericovae, ?Andriushenskaya Formation, middle Ordovician, Ishim River, ?North Kuprianovka, central Kazakhstan, a, latex cast of dorsal exterior, CNIGR 32\/12209, X, b, c, dorsal, lateral views of dorsal exterior, BMNH BC 12930, X1.5, d, latex cast of ventral interior, CNIGR 17 \/ 12209, X, e, latex cast of dorsal interior, CNIGR 21\/12209, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 137. strophomenidae (p. 224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-255.jpg?height=1734&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holtedahlina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Holtedahlina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holtedahlina FOERSTE, 1924, p. 122","Type_species":"Leptaena sulcata de VERNEUIL, 1848b, p. 350, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently dorsibiconvex with strong ventral sulcus, dorsal fold anteriorly, ornament of unequal costellae, large pseudodeltidium, small chilidial plates, interior as in Strophomena, but dorsal transmuscle ridges weakly developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Llandeilolower Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Baltic, Kazakhstan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 136, 3a-c. *H. sulcata (de Verneuil), Whitewater Formation, upper Caradoclower Ashgill, Camden, Ohio, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 117747a, X1.5, b, ventral interior, USNM 117744, x1.5, c, dorsal interior, USNM 117747b, x1.5 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 136. strophomenidae (p. 222-224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-253.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":79,"beginning_date":460.54,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Infurca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Infurca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Infurca PERCIVAL, 1979a, p. 185","Type_species":"I. tessellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile convexoplanar to dorsibiconvex, ornament multicostellate with conspicuous growth lamellae, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, crenulate teeth supported by divergent dental plates with short bounding ridges to pentagonal muscle field, which is open anteriorly, cardinalia as in Strophomena, thin dorsal median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 137, 2a-c. * I. tessellata, Sandstone in Goonumbla Volcanoes, upper Caradoc, Currajong Park Homestead, Gunningbland, New South Wales, Australia, a, latex of ventral exterior mold, SUP 62566, X, b, latex of ventral internal mold, SUP 62564, times, c, holotype, latex of dorsal internal mold, SUP 62560, X(Percival, 1979a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 137. strophomenidae (p. 224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-255.jpg?height=1734&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Longvillia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Longvillia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Longvillia BANCROFT, 1933, p. 3","Type_species":"Orthis grandis J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 638, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile very gently resupinate, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, short divergent dental plates continuous with short bounding ridges only posterolateral to muscle field, which is open anteriorly, strong cardinal process with lobes close together, short thin socket ridges curving anteriorly, then laterally subparallel with hinge line, short dorsal median ridge present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 136, 4a-d. * L. grandis (J. de C. Sowerby), Cheney Longville Flags, Caradoc, Marsh Wood, Marshbrook, Shropshire, England, a, b, latex casts of ventral external, internal molds, BMNH B 8528, x1 (new), c, dorsal internal mold, X 1, d, magnification of latex cast of cardinalia, BMNH BB 30638, X5 (Rong & Cocks, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nRong & Cocks, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 136. strophomenidae (p. 222-224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-253.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudostrophomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Chilidiopsinae","Genus":"Pseudostrophomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudostrophomena R\u00d5\u00d3MUSOKS, 1963, p. 237","Type_species":"P. reclinis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Coolinia but small, subquadrate, and resupinate, median basal node between cardinal process lobes unknown, myophragm dividing ventral muscle scar, dorsal adductor scars faint. Note: It is pseudopunctate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician","Geography":"Baltic region","Figure_captions":"Fig. 488, 1a-f. * P. reclinis, upper Caradoc, Estonia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of shell, X1.7, d, holotype, posterior view of shell, x2.4 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1963), e, f, dorsal interior, ventral interior, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 488. chilidiopsidae (p. 674-675).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-708.jpg?height=1736&width=1296&top_left_y=134&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trotlandella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Trotlandella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trotlandella Neuman in Neuman & BRUTON, 1974, p. 95","Type_species":"T. loki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile dorsibiconvex, multicostellate ornament, pseudodeltidium large, chilidium small, dental plates extending anteriorly to bound short oval ventral muscle field, cardinal process lobes delicate, but socket ridges short, strong, curved laterally subparallel to hinge line, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 137, 1a-d. *T. loki, Whiterock, Llanvirn, siltstone block, Trotland Farm, H\u00f8londa area, Tr\u00f8ndelag, Norway, a, b, ventral, posterior views of latex cast of conjoined valves, PMO 89083, x1.5, c, ventral internal mold, PMO 89088, x1.5, d, holotype, latex cast of dorsal interior, PMO 89080, x1 (Neuman & Bruton, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO, \nT, \nNeuman & Bruton, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 137. strophomenidae (p. 224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-255.jpg?height=1734&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Furcitella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Furcitella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Furcitella COOPER, 1956, p. 875","Type_species":"F. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile dorsibiconvex with deeper dorsal valve, ventral valve often flat to concave anteriorly, ornament uncertain","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 138,1a\u2013c. *F. plicata, Oranda Formation, Caradoc, Linville Station, Virginia; a, plasticine cast of ventral exterior, USNM 117750d, \u00d72; b, ventral internal mold, USNM 117750c, \u00d72; c, plasticine cast of dorsal interior, USNM 117751c, \u00d7 2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 138. strophomenidae (p. 224-227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-256.jpg?height=1686&width=1280&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bajanhongorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Bajanhongorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bajanhongorella ROZMAN, 1977, p. 124","Type_species":"B. bajanhongorica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular outline, profile strongly dorsibiconvex, fasciculate ornament, interior poorly known, apart from strong dental plates, dorsal median septum, hence family uncertain.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 138, 2a-c. *B. bajanhongorica, lower Ashgill, Bayan Khongor, Mongolia, a, b, dorsal, lateral views of dorsal exterior, BMNH BB 75086, X3, c, partly exfoliated ventral valve, BMNH BB 75087, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 138. strophomenidae (p. 224-227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-256.jpg?height=1686&width=1280&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bekkerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Bekkerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bekkerina R\u014c\u014cMUSOKS, 1993, p. 50","Type_species":"Rafinesquina dorsata \u0412\u0415\u041a\u041a\u0415\u0413, 1921, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Haljalanites R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004, p. 29 (type, Rafinesquina anijana \u00d6p\u0131\u043a, 1930, p. 197, OD)","Synonyms":"Haljalanites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Haljalanites is identical in all significant external and internal generic characters to Bekkerina, whose type species, B. dorsata, was illustrated by Cocks & Rong, 2000, fig. 138, 3 a-d, and the two nominal genera also overlap in distribution.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1724, 1a-c. B. assatkini (Alichova), Kahula Formation, Hajala Stage, lower Caradoc, Aluvere Quarry, Estonia, a, ventral exterior, TUG 77-161, x2, b, ventral interior, TUG 1003-41, x2.5, c, dorsal interior, TUG 72-73, x2.5 (R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1724. strophomenidae (p. 2602).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-333.jpg?height=1799&width=1276&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bellimurina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Bellimurina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bellimurina COOPER, 1956, p. 854","Type_species":"Leptaena charlottae Winchell & SCHUCHERT, 1892, p. 288, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile biconvex centrally, concavoconvex in adults, gently geniculate dorsally, distinctive ornament of small concentric rugae interrupted by costellae, large pseudodeltidium, smaller chilidium, short divergent dental plates extending into curved bounding ridges to ventral muscle field, open anteriorly, cardinalia as in Furcitella, short dorsal median ridge often forked anteriorly, but variably developed, variably developed dorsal transmuscle ridges.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 138, 5a,b. *B. (B.) charlottae (WINCHELL & SCHUCHERT), Decorah Formation, Guttenberg Member, Caradoc, St. Paul, Minnesota; a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, YPM S3620a, \u00d72; b, dorsal interior, YPM S3619, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 138. strophomenidae (p. 224-227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-256.jpg?height=1686&width=1280&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Bellimurina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"B. (Bellimurina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bellimurina COOPER, 1956, p. 854","Type_species":"Leptaena charlottae Winchell & SCHUCHERT, 1892, p. 288, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to B. (Cyphomenoidea) but with continuous dorsal transmuscle ridges and lower dorsal subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 138, 5a,b. *B. (B.) charlottae (WINCHELL & SCHUCHERT), Decorah Formation, Guttenberg Member, Caradoc, St. Paul, Minnesota; a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, YPM S3620a, \u00d72; b, dorsal interior, YPM S3619, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 138. strophomenidae (p. 224-227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-256.jpg?height=1686&width=1280&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Cyphomenoidea)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"B. (Cyphomenoidea)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Cyphomenoidea) COCKS , 1968, p. 316","Type_species":"Leptaena wisgoriensis L AMONT & G ILBERT , 1945, p. 660; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to B. (Bellimurina) but dorsal transmuscle ridges vestigial to dotlike; dorsal side septa strong, high subperipheral rim present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian-Telychian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 138, 4a\u2013c. *B. (C.) wisgoriensis (LAMONT & GILBERT ), Wych Beds, upper Llandovery, Coneygore Coppice, Alfrick, Worcestershire, England; a, dorsal external mold, OUM C5612, \u00d7 2; b, ventral internal mold, OUM C5638, \u00d7 2; c, dorsal internal mold, OUM C5631, \u00d7 2 (Cocks, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 138. strophomenidae (p. 224-227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-256.jpg?height=1686&width=1280&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biparetis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Biparetis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biparetis AMSDEN, 1974, p. 54","Type_species":"B. paucirugosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, with strong dorsal geniculation, ornament unequally parvicostellate with weak, irregular rugae sometimes developed, large pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, teeth strong with occasional irregular denticles, crenulations, flaring dental plates with pair of short transverse ridges connecting them with hinge line, strong curved elevated bounding ridges to ventral muscle field except anteriorly, diductor scars enclosing adductor scars, distinctive curved pair of united side septa, dorsal muscle-bounding ridges extending anteriorly from anterolateral end of socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 139, 1a-d. * B. paucirigosus, Leemon Formation, upper Ashgill, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, a, b, holotype, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, OKGS 6707, X1.5, c, ventral interior, OKGS 6703, X1.5, d, dorsal interior, OKGS 6716, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 139. strophomenidae (p. 227-229).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-258.jpg?height=1801&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dactylogonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Dactylogonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dactylogonia Ulrich & Cooper, 1942, p. 623, Blyskavomena Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1976, p. 369, Cyphomena COOPER, 1956, p. 840","Type_species":"D. geniculata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Blyskavomena Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1976, p. 369 (type, D. blyskavensis Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, p. 85, OD), Cyphomena Cooper, 1956, p. 840 (type, Leptaena homostriata ButTs, 1942, p. 110, OD)","Synonyms":"Blyskavomena, Cyphomena, Leptaena","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, dorsally geniculate, ornament finely costellate to parvicostellate, large pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, short dental plates with curved muscle-bounding ridges variably developed from strong to absent in some specimens, short myophragm present or absent, cardinal process lobes ventrally directed, socket ridges widely divergent, dorsal median ridge variably developed, dorsal transmuscle ridges, side septa well developed, dorsal subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 139, 2a-c. * D. geniculata, Little Oak Formation, Caradoc, Cahaba Valley, Alabama, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 117588a, X2, b, ventral interior, X1, c, dorsal interior, USNM 108202, X3 (Cooper, 1956). - Fig. 139, 2d, e. D. homostriata (Butts), Oranda Formation, Caradoc, Strasburg, Virginia, d, ventral view of conjoined valves, USNM 117623a, X3, e, dorsal interior, USNM 117624, X3 (Cooper, 1956).-Fig. 139, 2f, g. D. blyskavensis (Havl\u00ed\u010cek), Letn\u00e1 Formation, lower Caradoc, Blyskava Hill, Chrustenice, Czech Republic, f, ventral internal mold, X2, g, holotype, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 337a, X1.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nUSNM, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956, \nHavli\u010dek, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 139. strophomenidae (p. 227-229).\nfig. 139. strophomenidae (p. 227-229).\nfig. 139. strophomenidae (p. 227-229).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-258.jpg?height=1801&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-258.jpg?height=1801&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-258.jpg?height=1801&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dzhebaglina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Dzhebaglina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dzhebaglina MISIUS, 1986, p. 169","Type_species":"D. kelpensis, OD, Ichkebash Formation (Middle Ordovician), OrtoNura River, Nura Mountains, northern Kirghizia","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile biconvex, with slight dorsal fold, ventral sulcus, ornament unequally parvicostellate, small interarea, small subparallel dental plates posterolaterally bounding small ventral muscle field with elevated bounding ridges uniting anteriorly to form a spondylium-like structure, cardinal process obscure, thus family assignment uncertain, short socket ridges, relatively small dorsal muscle field with side septa, short central dorsal median septum poorly developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 139, 3a-d. D. sp., Dulankara Formation, lower Ashgill, Dulankara, Kazakhstan, a-c, ventral, lateral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, X, d, ventral internal mold, X(Popov, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 139. strophomenidae (p. 227-229).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-258.jpg?height=1801&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geniculina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Geniculina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geniculina R\u00d5\u00d6MUSOKS, 1993a, p. 53","Type_species":"Strophomena pseudoalternata SCHMIDT, 1858, p. 214, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, gently concavoconvex profile, geniculate anteriorly with a trail of variable length, unequally parvicostellate ornament with irregular oblique wrinkles posterolaterally, prominent pseudodeltidium, chilidium, subcircular to trapezoidal ventral muscle field with bounding ridges, short ventral myophragm, ventroposteriorly directed robust cardinal process lobes, socket plates curving laterally to become subparallel with hinge line, crenulate posteriorly in center, one strong pair of dorsal side septa with other minor pairs variably developed, thin dorsal median septum extending anteriorly from myophragm, subperipheral rim present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltic, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 140, 1a-c. * G. pseudoalternata (Schmidt), Pirgu Stage, middle Ashgill, Estonia, a, ventral exterior, Piirsalu, TAGI BR 1463, x1.5, b, ventral internal mold, R\u00f6a, TAGI BR 1539, X1.5, c, lectotype, dorsal interior, Vardi, TAGI BR 1460, X1.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993a).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 140. strophomenidae (p. 229).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-260.jpg?height=1761&width=1297&top_left_y=135&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hostimena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Hostimena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hostimena Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160TORCH, 1990, p. 69","Type_species":"Strophomena hirundo explanans BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 47, fig. 11.3-11.5, 11.7-11.9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile strongly dorsibiconvex, with ventral valve flat posteriorly, moderately convex anteriorly, geniculate dorsally in some adult specimens, large pseudodeltidium, ventral muscle field relatively small, completely bounded by ridges, dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Sheinwoodian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sheinwoodian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian-Sheinwoodian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 139, 4a-d. *H. explanans (Barrande), Tuffaceous limestone in Motol Formation, Wenlock, Listice, near Beroun, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, b, ventral, posterior views of ventral exterior, OMR VH 4280a, x1.5, c, posterior view of dorsal exterior, OMR VH 4280b, x1.5, d, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 1945, x1.5 (Havli\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavli\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 139. strophomenidae (p. 227-229).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-258.jpg?height=1801&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iberomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Iberomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iberomena VILLAS, 1985, p. 97","Type_species":"Strophomena sardoa VINASSA, 1927, p. 481, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile flat to gently resupinate, ornament mainly unequally parvicostellate, pseudodeltidium small, chilidium reduced or absent, short thick dental plates joined to weak bounding ridges only developed in posterolateral part of subspherical to pentagonal ventral muscle field, short myophragm, short dorsal transmuscle ridges well developed, sometimes united with thin side septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 140, 2a-e. * I. sardoa (Vinassa), a, latex cast of ventral exterior, Fombuena Formation, upper Caradoc, Luesma, Cadenas Ib\u00e9ricas Orientales, Spain, DP 2300, X1.5, b, c, ventral internal mold, latex cast, Portixeddu Formation, upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill, Portixeddu, Sardinia, Italy, x1.5, d, e, dorsal internal mold, x1.5, enlargement of latex cast of cardinalia, Fombuena Formation, upper Caradoc, Luesma, Cadenas Ib\u00e9ricas Orientales, Spain, DB 2309, X6 (Villas, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Villas, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 140. strophomenidae (p. 229).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-260.jpg?height=1761&width=1297&top_left_y=135&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Katastrophomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Katastrophomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Katastrophomena COCKS, 1968, p. 293","Type_species":"Strophomena antiquata woodlandensis REED, 1917, p. 902, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resupinate with variable ventral geniculation, dorsal fold, ventral sulcus often developed anteriorly, irregularly and variably costellate ornament, large pseudodeltidium, chilidium, teeth with irregular denticles, crenulations sometimes developed, short dental plates merging with curved bounding ridges to relatively small subcircular ventral muscle field, not joined anteriorly, myophragm variably developed, short dorsal transmuscle ridges usually present, side septa often present, short dorsal median ridge present posteriorly, additional small central ridge sometimes developed between side septa","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig.141, 1a\u2013d. *K. (K.) woodlandensis (R EED ), Woodland Formation, Llandovery, Rhuddanian, Woodland Point, Girvan, Strathclyde, Scotland; a, dorsal exterior, BMNH B 73012, \u00d7 1.5; b,c, lectotype, ventral interior, latex cast, BMNH B 54490, \u00d7 1.5; d, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 31425, \u00d71.5 (Cocks, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 141. strophomenidae (p. 229-231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-261.jpg?height=231&width=342&top_left_y=1473&top_left_x=1099)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Katastrophomena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"K. (Katastrophomena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Katastrophomena COCKS, 1968, p. 293","Type_species":"Strophomena antiquata woodlandensis REED, 1917, p. 902, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to K. (Costistrophomena) but with \ufb01ner (but still irregular) radial costellae.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig.141, 1a\u2013d. *K. (K.) woodlandensis (R EED ), Woodland Formation, Llandovery, Rhuddanian, Woodland Point, Girvan, Strathclyde, Scotland; a, dorsal exterior, BMNH B 73012, \u00d7 1.5; b,c, lectotype, ventral interior, latex cast, BMNH B 54490, \u00d7 1.5; d, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 31425, \u00d71.5 (Cocks, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 141. strophomenidae (p. 229-231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-261.jpg?height=231&width=342&top_left_y=1473&top_left_x=1099)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Costistrophomena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"K. (Costistrophomena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Costistrophomena) SHEEHAN, 1987, p. 41","Type_species":"C. costata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to K. (Katastrophomena) except with coarser radial ornament, with strong, widely spaced growth lines","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 141, 2a-e. * K. (C.) costata, Lower Fosse Formation, Ashgill, VitrivalBruy\u00e8re, Ardennes, Belgium, a, ventral external mold, IRScNB 1608, x1.5, b, ventral internal mold, IRScNB 1612, X2, c, ventral internal mold, IRScNB 1615, X2, d, holotype, dorsal internal mold, IRScNB 1610, x2, e, dorsal internal mold, IRScNB 1613, \u00d72 (Sheehan, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sheehan, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 141. strophomenidae (p. 229-231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-261.jpg?height=231&width=342&top_left_y=1473&top_left_x=1099)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kirkina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Kirkina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kirkina SALMON, 1942, p. 598","Type_species":"K. millardensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently concavoconvex, ornament of fine parvicostellae, ventral interior unknown apart from dental plates present, socket ridges widely divergent, curving posterolaterally, dorsal muscle field diamond shaped with two or more pairs of side septa, poorly defined weak, broad myophragm present, but no dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Llandeilo)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 142, 2a, b. * K. millardensis, Pogonip Group, Llanvirn, Point of Rocks, Millard County, Utah, a, partly exfoliated ventral exterior, AMNH CU 25918, X1.5, b, holotype, dorsal interior, AMNH CU 25917, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH","figure_index":"fig. 142. strophomenidae (p. 229-233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-262.jpg?height=234&width=581&top_left_y=525&top_left_x=863)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laevicyphomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Laevicyphomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laevicyphomena COCKS, 1968, p. 317","Type_species":"Cyphomena (L.) feliciter, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transverse, profile dorsibiconvex, geniculate, radial ornament absent, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, muscle-bounding ridges enclosing small, often bilobed ventral muscle field, myophragm often present, erect cardinal process, short straight socket plates, distinctive pair of concave dorsal side septa as in Biparetis, united posteriorly with short muscle-bounding ridges","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 141, 3a\u2013e. *L. feliciter, Bog Quartzite, Aeronian, Bog Mine, Shropshire, England; a,b, holotype, ventral internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BB 31346, \u00d73; c\u2013e, dorsal external, internal molds, latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BB 31352, \u00d7 2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BMNH","figure_index":"fig. 141. strophomenidae (p. 229-231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-261.jpg?height=231&width=342&top_left_y=1473&top_left_x=1099)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Luhaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Luhaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Luhaia R\u014c\u014cMUSOKS, 1956, p. 1091","Type_species":"*L. vardi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile convexoconcave, geniculate in ventral direction, rugae irregular, variably developed but sometimes over whole shell, not broken by irregular parvicostellae, large pseudodeltidium, smaller chilidium, strong teeth uniting anterolaterally with pronounced muscle-bounding ridges that curve around subquadrangular ventral muscle field, progress posteriorly before merging with valve floor without uniting, short ventral median septum, socket ridges short, stout, small notothyrial platform developed, pair of curved side septa in dorsal valve center, as well as thin central median septum anterior of short, broad myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 142, 3a-c. *L. vardi, a, ventral exterior, Pirgu Formation, Ashgill, Khoskholm, Estonia, TAGI BR 1607, X2 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, new), b, ventral interior, Ashgill, Estonia, PM 1010a, x2, c, dorsal interior, Ashgill, Estonia, PM 1010b, x2 (Jaanusson, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 142. strophomenidae (p. 229-233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-262.jpg?height=234&width=581&top_left_y=525&top_left_x=863)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maakina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Maakina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maakina Andreeva in Nikiforova & ANDREEVA, 1961, p. 170","Type_species":"Oepikina (M.) kulinnensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semicircular outline, ventral valve with gently convex profile, dorsal valve flat with gentle geniculation anteriorly, distinctive ornament of strong to median rounded costellae, small pseudodeltidium, large chilidium, ventral interior poorly known, very divergent crenulated socket ridges curving laterally subparallel with hinge line, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed, but with thin, curved side septa, no median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"northern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 142, 1a-d. *M. kulinnensis, Baksansk Horizon, Mangazei Stage, Caradoc, Siberian Platform, Russia, a, holotype, latex cast of ventral exterior, CNIGR 7453\/420, x2, b, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 7453\/416, X2 (new), c, dorsal view of dorsal interior, CNIGR 7453\/418, X2, d, posterior view of dorsal interior, CNIGR 7453\/418, X5 (Popov, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 142. strophomenidae (p. 229-233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-262.jpg?height=234&width=581&top_left_y=525&top_left_x=863)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mansina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Mansina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mansina ANDREEVA, 1977, p. 116","Type_species":"M. uralica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with concavoconvex profile, subcircular outline, unequally parvicostellate ornament, large chilidium, ventral interior unknown, cardinal process poorly known, hence family uncertain, short socket ridges, small notothyrial platform, pair of dorsal side septa variably developed, curved posteriorly, subparallel anteriorly, small dorsal median septum poorly developed for short distance centrally.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 142, 4a-c. *M. uralica, Shchygoisk Formation, middle Ordovician, River Khosin, subpolar Urals, Russia, a, b, holotype, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, CNIGR 24\/10852, x1.5, c, dorsal interior, CNIGR 25\/10852, X (Popov, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 142. strophomenidae (p. 229-233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-262.jpg?height=234&width=581&top_left_y=525&top_left_x=863)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Molongcola":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Molongcola","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Molongcola PERCIVAL, 1991, p. 153","Type_species":"*M. variabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile planoconvex to unequally biconvex, not geniculate, ornament coarsely multicostellate, strong pseudodeltidium, very small chilidium, dental plates continuous anteriorly with bounding ridges that are sometimes short, sometimes curved to enclose most of muscle field, cardinalia prominent with ventral facing cardinal process lobes, dorsal median ridge short, small, sometimes absent, distinctive dorsal transmuscle ridges connected anteriorly to anterior ends of curved muscle-bounding ridges, continuing anteriorly as side septa, between which is small central ridge.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 143,1a\u2013c. *M. variabilis, Trilobite Hill Limestone Member, Cliefden Caves Limestone, Caradoc, Licking Hole Creek, New South Wales, Australia; a, dorsal exterior, SUP 68569, \u00d72; b, ventral interior, SUP 68562, \u00d7 1.5; c, oblique view of dorsal interior, SUP 68563, \u00d7 2 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 143. strophomenidae (p. 233-235).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-264.jpg?height=1741&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Murinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Murinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Murinella COOPER, 1956, p. 844","Type_species":"M. partita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex but variably biconvex to concavoconvex profile, costellate to unequally parvicostellate ornament, large interarea, pseudodeltidium, very small discrete chilidial plates, ventral muscle field short, subcircular with variably developed muscle-bounding ridges, adductors separated by median septum extending anteriorly beyond muscle field, short stout socket ridges, strong notothyrial platform, thin central dorsal median septum, one or two pairs of subparallel side septa weakly developed, elevated subperipheral rim in dorsal valve, sometimes with variably developed corresponding subperipheral groove in ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 143, 3a, b. *M. partita, Mountain Lake Member, Bromide Formation, Llandeilo-Caradoc, Sulphur, Murray County, Oklahoma, a, ventral interior, BMNH BC 12841, X2, b, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 12842, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 143. strophomenidae (p. 233-235).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-264.jpg?height=1741&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oepikina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Oepikina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oepikina SALMON, 1942, p. 589","Type_species":"O. septata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Oepikinella Wilson, 1944, p. 199 (type, O. affinis, OD)","Synonyms":"Oepikinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, concavoconvex profile with weak geniculation developed in older specimens, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, vestigial chilidium, crenulate teeth, dental plates short, weak, ventral muscle field poorly impressed, notothyrial platform well developed, extending anteriorly into variably developed, usually prominent dorsal median septum, two or more pairs of strong transmuscle septa, distinctive dorsal subperipheral rim","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 143, 2a-e. *O. septata, Doleroides Zone, Lebanon Formation, Caradoc, Knox Brook, near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, USNM 117828, x2, c, ventral interior, USNM 117829b, X2 (Cooper, 1956), d, holotype, dorsal interior, USNM 117829c, X2 (new), e, ventral interior, USNM 117827b, X2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 143. strophomenidae (p. 233-235).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-264.jpg?height=1741&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oslomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Oslomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oslomena SPJELDNAES, 1957, p. 161","Type_species":"O. osloensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells with strongly concavoconvex profile, parvicostellate ornament, large pseudodeltidium, chilidium, ventral muscle field bounded posterolaterally by dental plates merging anteriorly with curved muscle-bounding ridges not uniting anteriorly, cardinal process poorly known, hence family uncertain, widely divergent socket plates, poorly impressed dorsal muscle field with weak median septum, side septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 143, 5a, b. *O. osloensis, Arnestad Formation, lower Caradoc, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, Skien, Norway, PMO L153, X2, b, lateral view of ventral valve, BMNH BC 13036, Billingstad, Norway, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO","figure_index":"fig. 143. strophomenidae (p. 233-235).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-264.jpg?height=1741&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Panderites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Panderites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Panderites R\u00d6\u00d6MUSOKS, 1993a, p. 49","Type_species":"Plectambonites imbrex PANDER, 1830, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex small, regular rugae, open delthyrium with small pseudodeltidial plates, vestigial chilidium, strong teeth, dental plates merging with elevated muscle-bounding ridges not quite uniting anteriorly, strong, short, curved socket ridges, short notothyrial platform, prominent dorsal side septa, small central median ridge","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 143, 4a\u2013c. *P. imbrex (P ANDER ), Aseri Stage, upper Llanvirn, Pavlovsk, St. Petersburg, Russia; a, ventral view of conjoined valves, \u00d72; b, lateral view of conjoined valves, BMNH B 3959, \u00d7 1.5 (new); c, dorsal interior, RMS Br 131660, \u00d72 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993a).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993a","figure_index":"fig. 143. strophomenidae (p. 233-235).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-264.jpg?height=1741&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentlandina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Pentlandina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentlandina BANCROFT, 1949, p. 13","Type_species":"Strophomena (P.) tartana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse to subtriangular outline, biconvex profile with strong dorsal fold, ventral sulcus, parvicostellate ornament that breaks distinctive small, regular rugae, open delthyrium with small pseudodeltidial plates, vestigial chilidium, strong teeth, dental plates merging with elevated muscle-bounding ridges not quite uniting anteriorly, strong, short, curved socket ridges, short notothyrial platform, prominent dorsal side septa, small central median ridge","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian-Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe, North America, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 144, 2a\u2013d. *P. tartana, Llandovery (Telychian) Beds, North Esk Inlier, Pentland Hills, Borders region, Scotland; a,b, ventral internal mold, latex cast, BMNH B 8485, \u00d72; c,d, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BB 31450, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BMNH","figure_index":"fig. 144. strophomenidae (p. 235-237).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-265.jpg?height=1627&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quondongia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Quondongia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quondongia PERCIVAL, 1991, p. 151","Type_species":"Q. alitis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells with planoconvex to biconvex profile, occasional rounded plications anteriorly, unequally parvicostellate ornament, prominent pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, thin dental plates merging with anteriorly directed muscle-bounding ridges, ventral muscle field open anteriorly, short socket ridges, prominent elevated curved dorsal side septa, thin short central median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 144, 1a-c. *Q. alitis, Quondong Limestone, Caradoc, Bowan Park, New South Wales, Australia, a, ventral exterior, SUP 68595, X4, b, ventral interior, SUP 68596, X4, c, dorsal interior, SUP 69478, X4 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 144. strophomenidae (p. 235-237).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-265.jpg?height=1627&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tallinnites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Tallinnites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tallinnites R\u014c\u00d3MUSO\u041aS, 1993, p. 50","Type_species":"Oepikina? imbrexoidea SOKOLSKAYA, 1954, p. 51, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kukrusena R\u014d\u014dmusons, 2004, p. 28 (type, K. peetriensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Kukrusena","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular with maximum width at hinge line or just anterior to it, Ventral valve profile gently convex, with minor and gradual geniculation near the anterolateral margins, Dorsal valve relatively flat apart from gentle concavity at anterolateral margins, Umbo scarcely developed, Parvicostellate ornament with weak irregular rugae, Apsacline ventral interarea, Smaller anacline dorsal interarea, Ventral interior with bilobed and slightly elevated muscle field surrounded by prominent muscle-bounding ridges, Dorsal interior with strong but short socket plates, Narrow notothyrial platform, Prominent muscle field with irregular margins that are elevated laterally, Short, fine dorsal median septum in valve center only","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1725, 1a-d. T. peetriensis (R\u014d\u00f3muso\u043as), Viivikonna Formation, Kukruse Stage, lower Caradoc, Estonia, a-b, holotype, ventral and lateral views of ventral exterior, Peetri, TUG 1054-181, x2, c, ventral interior, Peetri, TUG 72-201, x1.8, d, dorsal interior, Humala, TUG 1003-345, x2 (R\u014d\u00f5musoks, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nR\u014d\u00f5musoks, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1725. strophomenidae (p. 2602-2604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-335.jpg?height=1879&width=1289&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Teratelasmella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Teratelasmella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Teratelasmella LAURIE, 1991, p. 84","Type_species":"T. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to biconvex profile with ventral sulcus, dorsal fold, relatively large ventral interarea with well-developed pseudodeltidium, pair of small chilidial plates, unequally parvicostellate ornament, stout teeth, stout dental plates, poorly impressed ventral muscle field laterally bounded by short muscle-bounding ridges, small ventral median septum, widely divergent curving socket ridges, relatively small dorsal muscle field with bounding ridges, short transmuscle ridges, thin but prominent, relatively long, dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 144, 4a-f. * T. plicata, Upper Cashions Creek Limestone, Llandeilo, Settlement Road, Tasmania, Australia, a- d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, UTGD 99641, X4, e, ventral interior, UTGD 99648, X5, f, dorsal interior, UTGD 99669, X4 (Laurie, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nLaurie, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 144. strophomenidae (p. 235-237).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-265.jpg?height=1627&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Titanomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Titanomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Titanomena BERGSTR\u00d6M, 1968, p. 16","Type_species":"T. grandis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, with compressed plano- to concavoconvex profile, equally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, short dental plates merging anteriorly with bounding ridges to diamond-shaped ventral muscle field, relatively small, erect cardinal process lobes as in some glyptomenids, thus family position uncertain, chilidium present, dorsal muscle field with poorly developed, thin median, transmuscle septa. Ordovician (Ashgill): Baltic.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 145, 2a-c. * T. grandis, upper Dalmanitina Beds, Ashgill, Allebergs\u00e4nde, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Sweden, a, latex cast of dorsal exterior, RMS Br 10929, \u00d71.5, b, latex cast of ventral internal mold, RMS Br 10944, X1, c, holotype, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, LO 4257, \u00d71.5 (Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"LO, \nT, \nBergstr\u00f6m, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 145. strophomenidae (p. 237).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-266.jpg?height=1293&width=1288&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigrammaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Trigrammaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigrammaria WILSON, 1945, p. 140","Type_species":"T. trigonalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Microtrypa Wilson, 1945, p. 144 (type, M. altilis, OD), Crassoseptaria R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004, p. 37 (type, Trigrammaria virve R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 1985, p. 134, OD)","Synonyms":"Microtrypa, Crassoseptaria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"The nominal genus Crassoseptaria has all the generic characters of Trigrammaria, whose type species, T. trigonalis, was illustrated by Cocks & Rong, 2000, fig. 145, 2a-c, into which its type species was originally placed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian-Caradoc)","Geography":"Laurentia, Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1726, 3a-c. T. virve R\u014d\u014dmusoks, Paekna Formation, Nabala Stage, upper Caradoc, Estonia, a, holotype, conjoined valves, Laitse, TUG Br 1190, \u00d71.5, b, ventral interior, N\u00f3mmek\u00fcla, TUG Br 1194, \u00d71.4, c, dorsal interior, N\u00f4mmek\u00fcla, TUG Br 1193, \u00d74 (R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nR\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1726. strophomenidae (p. 2604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-336.jpg?height=1818&width=1296&top_left_y=258&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rafinesquina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Rafinesquina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rafinesquina Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 281","Type_species":"Leptaena alternata CONRAD, 1838, p. 115, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, with dorsal valve initially very gently concave but with increased curvature anteriorly, unequally parvicostellate ornament, pseudodeltidium, larger chilidium filling delthyrium, relatively short, divergent dental plates, ventral muscle field flabellate, with no bounding ridges, ponderous triangular cardinal process lobes in adults flanked by short delicate socket ridges often with crenulations, weak dorsal median septum present, merging posteriorly with low myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 146, 2a-e. * R. alternata (Conrad), Hudson River Group, Caradoc, Cincinnati, Ohio, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 56160, x1, b, ventral interior, BMNH BC 13035, x1, c, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 13549, x1 (new), d, latex cast of cardinal area, muscle field, BMNH B 39912, x2, enlarged view of cardinal area, BMNH B 39912, X4 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 146. rafinesquinidae (p. 237-239).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-268.jpg?height=1396&width=1289&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Colaptomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Colaptomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Colaptomena Cooper, 1956, p. 889","Type_species":"C. leptostrophoidea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Macrocoelia Cooper, 1956, p. 890 (type, M. obesa, OD)","Synonyms":"Macrocoelia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, with compressed plano- to concavoconvex profile, vestigial pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, dental plates rudimentary or obsolescent, flabellate ventral muscle field well impressed, but without bounding ridges, triangular, lobate cardinal process lobes, thin, small, divergent socket plates, short thin dorsal median septum extending anteriorly from myophragm, transmuscle septa poorly developed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 147, 1a-c. * C. leptostrophoidea, Martinsburg formation, Caradoc, Green Mount Church, Broadway Quadrangle, Virginia, a, ventral exterior, USNM 117763a, X1, b, ventral internal mold, USNM 117762a, x1, c, dorsal interior, USNM 117763b, X1 (Cooper, 1956).-Fig. 147, 1d-f. C. obesa, Arline Formation, LlandeiloCaradoc, Friendsville, Concord, Tennessee, d, holotype, ventral exterior, USNM 117783a, x1, e, ventral interior, USNM 117782b, x1,  f, dorsal interior, USNM 117782a, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 147. rafinesquinidae (p. 237-242).\nfig. 147. rafinesquinidae (p. 237-242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-269.jpg?height=1460&width=1277&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-269.jpg?height=1460&width=1277&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hedstroemina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Hedstroemina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hedstroemina BANCROFT, 1929, p. 58","Type_species":"H. fragilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Virunites R\u014d\u00f3muso\u043as, 2004, p. 41 (type, Rafinesquina orvikui Orasp\u014dld, 1956, p. 49, OD)","Synonyms":"Virunites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"A fossil genus with the same generic external and internal characters as Virunites, The type species, H. fragilis, was illustrated by Cocks & Rong, 2000, It is found in the Ordovician (Caradoc) period in Avalonia and Baltica","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Avalonia, Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1727, 1a-d. H. orvikui (Orasp\u014dld), Hirmuse Formation, Oandu Stage, middle Caradoc, Estonia, a-b, holotype, ventral and lateral views of ventral exterior, Oandu, TUG 1009-1, x1, c, ventral interior, T\u014drrem\u00e4gi, TUG 102-14, x1.5, d, dorsal interior, T\u00f4rrem\u00e4gi, TUG 102-13, \u00d73 (R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1727. rafinesquinidae (p. 2604-2608).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-337.jpg?height=1778&width=1291&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hibernodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Hibernodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hibernodonta Harper & Mitchell in Harper & OTHERS, 1985, p. 300","Type_species":"H. praeco, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex profile, relatively coarse parvicostellate ornament, no pseudodeltidium, with chilidium, no denticles on hinge line, but crenulations on teeth, intermediate between rafinesquinids, leptostrophiids, hence family position uncertain, thin, widely divergent dental plates present, poorly impressed ventral muscle field with no bounding ridges, small, discrete cardinal process lobes, short, slender crenulated socket ridges, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 146, 1a-d. *H. praeco, Clashford House Formation, middle Caradoc, Herbertstown, County Meath, Ireland, a, holotype, latex of ventral interior, BMNH BC 9197, x4, b-d, exterior, internal mold, latex of dorsal valve, BMNH BC 9195, x4 (Harper & others, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper & others, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 146. rafinesquinidae (p. 237-239).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-268.jpg?height=1396&width=1289&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kjaerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Kjaerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kjaerina BANCROFT, 1929, p. 43","Type_species":"K. typa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex profile with occasional dorsal geniculation posteriorly, parvicostellate ornament with accentuated median costella, often with posterolateral rugae, vestigial pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, prominent dental plates anterolaterally leading to muscle-bounding ridges enclosing weakly impressed triangular ventral muscle field, delicate cardinalia with dorsal socket ridges present but separate from elongate cardinal process lobes, weakly impressed dorsal muscle field with transmuscle septa absent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 149, 1a-d. *K. typa, Cheney Longville Flags, Caradoc, Burrell's Coppice, Cheney Longville, Shropshire, England, a, ventral external mold, BMNH BB 30650, x1.5, b, lectotype, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 14383, x1.5, c, dorsal internal mold, X2, d, enlargement of latex cast of cardinal area, BMNH BC 13405, x8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 149. rafinesquinidae (p. 239-242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-272.jpg?height=370&width=456&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=998)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kjerulfina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Kjerulfina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kjerulfina BANCROFT, 1929, p. 59","Type_species":"K. trigonalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Posterior part of ventral valve with convex profile, dorsal valve flat or gently concave, then both valves anteriorly geniculate in a ventral direction, ornament usually unequally parvicostellate with fine to coarse irregular rugae, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, short, thin flaring dental plates, ventral muscle field elongate to subcircular, muscle-bounding ridges variably developed, cardinal process lobes elongate, socket ridges widely divergent, dorsal muscle field poorly defined.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 148, 1a-f. * K. trigonalis, Cheney Longville Flags, Caradoc, Marsh Wood, Marshbrook, Shropshire, England, a, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 9148, x2, b, ventral view of plaster cast of ventral interior, BMNH BB 73908, x1.5, c, lateral view of plaster cast of ventral interior, BMNH BB 73908, x1.5, d, lectotype, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 73834, x1.5, e, dorsal internal mold, x1.5, ~ f, latex cast, BMNH BB 73901, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 148. rafinesquinidae (p. 239-241).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-270.jpg?height=1825&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kosomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Kosomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kosomena Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160TORCH, 1990, p. 71","Type_species":"K. kosia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve with gently convex profile posteriorly, but resupinate anteriorly, dorsal valve posteriorly planar but anteriorly convex, dental plates present, but no muscle-bounding ridges, muscle fields poorly impressed, divergent cardinal process lobes, short socket ridges, dorsal median septum absent","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 147, 2a-c. *K. kosia, Upper Kopinin\u00e1 Formation, upper Ludlow, Kosov Quarry, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, holotype, ventral exterior, OMR VH 4227, x1.5, b, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 4229, x1.5, c, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 4228, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 147. rafinesquinidae (p. 237-242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-269.jpg?height=1460&width=1277&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megamyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Megamyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megamyonia WANG, 1949, p. 32","Type_species":"M. knighti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, concavoconvex profile, with dorsal valve initially very gently concave but with increased curvature anteriorly, finely costellate, sometimes with prominent central costa, pseudodeltidium small, chilidium large, with dental plates, relatively large, very impressed ventral muscle field distinctive from all other Rafinesquinidae, flabellate, with irregular transmuscle septa, socket ridges faint, short, dorsal myophragm prominent but no median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 149, 4a-c. *M. knighti, Fort Atkinson Member, Maquoketa Shale, Ashgill, Ossian, Winneshiek County, Iowa, a, dorsal exterior, SUI 1868, x2, b, holotype, ventral interior, SUI 1869, x2, c, dorsal interior, SUI 1870, X2 (Wang, 1949).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1949","figure_index":"fig. 149. rafinesquinidae (p. 239-242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-272.jpg?height=370&width=456&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=998)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Odoratus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Odoratus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Odoratus ZHU, 1985, p. 3951","Type_species":"O. wangi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently concavoconvex, but geniculation ventrally directed, ornament unequally parvicostellate, dental plates short, rounded ventral muscle field with low bounding ridges posterolaterally, dorsal median ridge well developed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"F IG . 149,3a,b. *O. wangi, Maimushan Member, Wulongtun Formation, upper Caradoc\u2013lower Ashgill, Wulongtun, Huma County, eastern Greater Khingan Mountains, Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China; a, latex cast of ventral internal mold, SIGM 70167, \u00d7 2; b, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, SIGM 70178, \u00d72 (Rong & Zhu, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 149. rafinesquinidae (p. 239-242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-272.jpg?height=370&width=456&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=998)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhipidomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Rhipidomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhipidomena COOPER, 1956, p. 866","Type_species":"Strophomena tennesseensis WILLARD, 1928, p. 285, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Strophomena","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile initially convexoconcave but resupinate anteriorly, low pseudodeltidium, small chilidial plates, abbreviated divergent dental plates, strongly impressed large flabellate ventral muscle field without bounding ridges, large lobate cardinal process lobes, short socket ridges, broad myophragm extending short distance anteriorly, two or three pairs of fine united dorsal transmuscle, side septa sometimes present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 149, 2a-e. *R. tennesseensis (Willard), Benbolt Formation, Llandeilo, a, b, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, New Harmony, Heiskell, Virginia, BMNH BC 12840, X1.5 (new), c, posterior view of conjoined valves, Rye Cove, Clinchport, Virginia, USNM 117683a, X1 (Cooper, 1956), d, ventral interior, New Harmony, Heiskell, BMNH BC 12838, X1.5 (new), e, dorsal interior, Mount Eager Church, Tennessee, USNM 117692a, X2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 149. rafinesquinidae (p. 239-242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-272.jpg?height=370&width=456&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=998)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Leptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptaena DALMAN, 1828, p. 94","Type_species":"L. rugosa, SD KING, 1846, p. 28","Synonyms_with_authors":"Astamena R\u00f3\u014cmusoks, 1989, p. 114 (type, A. inaequalis, OD), Kurnamena R\u00f5\u00f6musoks, 1989, p. 114 (type, L. taxilla Orasp\u00f3ld, 1956, p. 51, OD), Leptaenella Fredericks, 1918, p. 89 (type, L. rhomboidalis ventricosa Hall & Clarke, 1892, pl. 15A, fig. 43, OD, Oriskany Sandstone (Lower Devonian), Cumberland, Maryland, USA), Leptaenopoma Marek & Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, p. 282 (type, L. trifidum, OD), ?Leptaenulopsis Haupt, 1878, p. 31 (type, L. simplex, SD Hall & Clarke, 1892, p. 294, Wenlock, Germany), Oandumena R\u00f6\u00f3musoks, 1989, p. 116 (type, L. fluviatilis Orasp\u00f3ld, 1956, p. 54, OD, Oandu Series (upper Caradoc), Rakvere, Estonia), Schmidtomena R\u00f3\u00d3MUSOKS, 1989, p. 115 (type, L. acuteplicata Schmidt, 1908, p. 726, OD), Similoleptaena R\u00f6\u00f6musoks, 1989, p. 114 (type, S. paucirugata, OD), ? Turgenostrophia Alekseeva in Alekseeva & Erlanger, 1983, p. 29 (type, T. rara, OD, upper L. (Leptaena). Similar to L. (Septomena) but lacking the distinctive two pairs of dorsal transmuscle ridges. Ordovician (Caradoc)-Devonian (Pragian, ?Emsian): cosmopolitan.","Synonyms":"Astamena, Kurnamena, Leptaenella, Oriskany, Leptaenopoma, Leptaenopoma, ?Leptaenulopsis, Oandumena, Schmidtomena, Similoleptaena, ?Turgenostrophia,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline usually transverse, rounded anteriorly; pro\ufb01le concavoconvex with sharp anterior dorsal geniculation; ornament costellate to unequally parvicostellate; concentric rugae variable but usually well developed; small pseudodeltidium; large chilidium; short dental plates; ventral muscle \ufb01eld varies from subcircular to elongate with bounding ridges usually developed posterolaterally, sometimes curving round anteriorly; cardinal process lobes elongate, ventrally directed; socket ridges present but usually weak, sometimes with crenulations; dorsal muscle \ufb01eld variably impressed with median ridge often present; transmuscle ridges, diaphragm variably developed in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian, ?Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Devonian (Pragian, ?Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 150, 1a-e. *L. (L.) rugosa, Dalmanitina Beds, Ashgill, Alleberg, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Sweden, a, b, ventral, lateral views of ventral internal mold, BMNH B 13594, x1.5, c, d, dorsal internal mold, x1.5, latex cast of it, BMNH BB 67944, x1.5, e, latex cast of juvenile dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 67946, X2 (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1f. L. (L.) inaequalis (R\u00f6\u014dmusoks), Johvi Beds, lower Caradoc, Anija, Estonia, holotype, ventral exterior, TAGI BR 1346, X1.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1g. L. (L.) taxilla Orasp\u00f3ld, Johvi Stage, lower Caradoc, Alliku, Estonia, dorsal interior, x2 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1h. L. (L.) acuteplicata Schmidt, Porkuni Stage, upper Ashgill, Estonia, ventral interior, TAGI BR 1335, x1.7 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1i, j. L. (L.) paucirugata (R\u00f6\u00f3musoks), Vormsi Stage, Ashgill, K\u00f5rgessaare, Estonia, holotype, ventral, lateral views of ventral valve, TAGI BR 1349, X1.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1k. L. (L.) trifidum (Marek & Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Kosov Formation, Ashgill, Bechovice, Czech Republic, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 354e, X3 (Havli\u010dek, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nOMR, \nR\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 150. rafinesquinidae (p. 242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-274.jpg?height=1812&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Leptaena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"L. (Leptaena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Leptaena) DALMAN, 1828, p. 94","Type_species":"L. rugosa, SD KING, 1846, p. 28","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Septomena) but lacking the distinctive two pairs of dorsal transmuscle ridges.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian, ?Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Devonian (Pragian, ?Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 150, 1a-e. *L. (L.) rugosa, Dalmanitina Beds, Ashgill, Alleberg, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Sweden, a, b, ventral, lateral views of ventral internal mold, BMNH B 13594, x1.5, c, d, dorsal internal mold, x1.5, latex cast of it, BMNH BB 67944, x1.5, e, latex cast of juvenile dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 67946, X2 (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1f. L. (L.) inaequalis (R\u00f6\u014dmusoks), Johvi Beds, lower Caradoc, Anija, Estonia, holotype, ventral exterior, TAGI BR 1346, X1.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1g. L. (L.) taxilla Orasp\u00f3ld, Johvi Stage, lower Caradoc, Alliku, Estonia, dorsal interior, x2 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1h. L. (L.) acuteplicata Schmidt, Porkuni Stage, upper Ashgill, Estonia, ventral interior, TAGI BR 1335, x1.7 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1i, j. L. (L.) paucirugata (R\u00f6\u00f3musoks), Vormsi Stage, Ashgill, K\u00f5rgessaare, Estonia, holotype, ventral, lateral views of ventral valve, TAGI BR 1349, X1.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 150, 1k. L. (L.) trifidum (Marek & Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Kosov Formation, Ashgill, Bechovice, Czech Republic, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 354e, X3 (Havli\u010dek, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 150. rafinesquinidae (p. 242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-274.jpg?height=1812&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Septomena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"L. (Septomena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Septomena) R \u00d5\u00d5MUSOKS, 1989, p. 115","Type_species":"L. juvenilis \u00d6PIK, 1930, p. 173; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Leptaena) but with two well-developed pairs of transmuscle ridges in dorsal valve, outer pair divergent, inner pair subparallel, united with side septa, continuing anteriorly for over half valve length.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 150, 2a\u2013c. *L. (S.) juvenilis (\u00d6 PIK ), Viivikonna Formation, Kukruse Stage C2\u03b2, upper Llandeilo, Estonia; a, holotype, ventral exterior, K\u00e4va, TAGI BR 207, \u00d72; b, ventral interior, Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, TAGI BR 212, \u00d72; c, dorsal interior, K\u00fcttej\u00f5u, TAGI BR 1319, \u00d72 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 150. rafinesquinidae (p. 242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-274.jpg?height=1812&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bracteoleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Bracteoleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bracteoleptaena HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1963","Type_species":"Strophomena bracteola BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 45, fig. 17, 18, 20-24, pl. 53, fig. 1, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costellate, profile gently geniculate dorsally with regular or irregular rugae; small interarea with pseudodeltidium, chilidium; short, thin, widely divergent dental plates; weak muscle-bounding ridges leading to relatively small subcircular ventral muscle \ufb01eld; cardinal process lobes small, rather obscure (thus could be glyptomenid if lobes posterior to hinge line, rather than ra\ufb01nesquinid); socket ridges small, widely divergent, subparallel to hinge line; dorsal muscle \ufb01eld ill de\ufb01ned.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 151,1a,b. *B. bracteola (BARRANDE), Liten Formation, Wenlock; a, ventral, dorsal internal molds, Mezoun, OMR VH 380b, \u00d72; b, lectotype, ventral internal mold, Borek, Suchomasty, Czech Republic, NM CE 236, \u00d72 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967","figure_index":"fig. 151. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-275.jpg?height=1827&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossoleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Glossoleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossoleptaena Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, p. 115","Type_species":"Strophomena emarginata BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 45, fig. 8-9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ludfordina Kelly, 1967, p. 599 (type, L. pixis, OD)","Synonyms":"Ludfordina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subquadrate, profile as in Rugoleptaena, with anterior margin concave, ornament of faint costellae, weak rugae, lacks dental plates, small oval ventral muscle field bounded posterolaterally by low curved ridges, cardinal process lobes delicate, slightly elongate, directed ventrally, socket ridges short, well developed","Beginning_age":"Silurian  (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow), Devonian (Lochkovian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 152, 3a, b. *G. emarginata (Barrande), Lochkov Limestone, Lochkovian, Karl\u00edk, Bohemia, Czech Republic, ventral external, internal molds, OMR VH 385, X2.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 152. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-250).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-277.jpg?height=1778&width=1270&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harjumena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Harjumena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harjumena R\u00d6\u00d6MUSOKS, 1993c, p. 162","Type_species":"Strophomena schmidti GAGEL, 1890, p. 42, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptaena in profile, but more subtriangular in outline, ornament unequally parvicostellate with irregular concentric corrugations on disc, vestigial pseudodeltidium, large chilidium, elongate ventral muscle field open anteriorly, long cardinal process lobes, short dental plates, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 151, 2a-c. *H. schmidti (Gagel), Saunja Formation, Nabala Stage, lower Ashgill, glacial boulders, Estonia, a, partly exfoliated dorsal valve, X 1, b, ventral internal mold,X1, c, dorsal interior, RMS Br 13609, x3 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993c).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 151. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-275.jpg?height=1827&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hingganoleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Hingganoleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hingganoleptaena ZHU, 1985, p. 41","Type_species":"Leptaena nenjiangensis SU, 1980, p. 274, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptaena in profile, ornamentation, but with concave pair of long dorsal valve side septa prominent, originating from just anterior of pair of very short muscle-bounding ridges","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 151, 3a-d. *H. nenjiangensis (Su), Wulongtun Formation, upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill, Wulongtun, Huma County, Heilongjiang Province, China, a, dorsal external mold, SIGM 70130, x3, b, ventral internal mold, SIGM 70140, x3, c, d, dorsal internal molds, SIGM 70126-7, X3 (Su, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 151. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-275.jpg?height=1827&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hollardina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Hollardina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hollardina Racheboeuf & GARCIA-ALCADE, 1982, p. 46","Type_species":"H. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, geniculate, multicostellate ornament, rugae absent except weak near hinge line, small pseudodeltidium, large chilidium, ventral muscle platform completely surrounded by ridges, partly elevated, dorsal musclebounding ridges also developed, thin dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 151, 4a-c. *H. plana, Kerd\u00e9niel Member, Land\u00e9vennec Formation, Lochkovian, Pointe du Corbeau, Finist\u00e8re, Brittany, France, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, LPB 8918, x1, b, latex cast of ventral internal mold, LPB 8919, x1, c, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, LPB 8917, x1 (Racheboeuf, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 151. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-275.jpg?height=1827&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kiaeromena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Kiaeromena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kiaeromena SPJELDNAES, 1957, p. 183","Type_species":"Leptaena kjerulf HOLTEDAHL, 1916, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Estonomena R\u00f6\u00f3musoks, 1989, p. 113 (type, Leptaena estonensis Bekker, 1921, OD)","Synonyms":"Estonomena","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gentle geniculation, unequally parvicostellate, rugate ornament, pseudodeltidium, chilidium large, dental plates leading to posterolateral muscle-bounding ridges, ventral valve muscle field subcircular, cardinalia as in Kjerulfina, dorsal transmuscle ridges variably developed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 152, 1a-d. *K. (K.) kjerulfi (Holtedahl), Frognerkiln Formation, middle Caradoc, Norway, a, b, ventral, lateral views of ventral internal mold, Lind\u00f8ya, Oslo, PMO 66964, X1, c, lectotype, dorsal interior, Gas\u00f8ya, Oslo-Asker district, PMO L128,X1, d, dorsal internal mold, Lind\u00f8ya, PMO 67014, x1 (new).-Fig. 152, le, f. K. (K.) estonensis (Bekker), Kukruse Formation, Llandeilo, Estonia, e, ventral exterior, Kukruse, BMNH BB 5220, x1 (new), f, dorsal interior, Vanam\u00f5isa, TAGI BR 219, x1 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nPMO, \nR\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 152. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-250).\nfig. 152. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-250).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-277.jpg?height=1778&width=1270&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-277.jpg?height=1778&width=1270&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Kiaeromena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"K. (Kiaeromena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Kiaeromena) SPJELDNAES, 1957, p. 183","Type_species":"Leptaena kjerulf HOLTEDAHL, 1916, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to K. (Bekkeromena), but without elevated muscle-bounding ridges and with subcirular rather than elongate ventral muscle \ufb01eld.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 152, 1a-d. *K. (K.) kjerulfi (Holtedahl), Frognerkiln Formation, middle Caradoc, Norway, a, b, ventral, lateral views of ventral internal mold, Lind\u00f8ya, Oslo, PMO 66964, X1, c, lectotype, dorsal interior, Gas\u00f8ya, Oslo-Asker district, PMO L128,X1, d, dorsal internal mold, Lind\u00f8ya, PMO 67014, x1 (new).-Fig. 152, le, f. K. (K.) estonensis (Bekker), Kukruse Formation, Llandeilo, Estonia, e, ventral exterior, Kukruse, BMNH BB 5220, x1 (new), f, dorsal interior, Vanam\u00f5isa, TAGI BR 219, x1 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nPMO, \nR\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 152. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-250).\nfig. 152. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-250).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-277.jpg?height=1778&width=1270&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-277.jpg?height=1778&width=1270&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Bekkeromena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"K. (Bekkeromena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Bekkeromena) R\u00d6\u00d3MUSOKS, 1963, p. 235","Type_species":"Strophomena semipartita ROEMER, 1861, pl. 1, fig. 5-9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"elevated muscle-bounding ridges encircling ventral valve muscle field elongate rather than subcircular, dorsal transmuscle ridges usually absent","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 152, 2a, b. * K. (B.) semipartita (Roemer), Pirgu Formation, Ashgill, Pirgu, Estonia, a, ventral exterior, TAGI BR 1295, X1.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1963), b, ventral exterior, BMNH BB 91342, X1.5 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 152, 2c, d. * K. (B.) sp. aff. K. (B.) semipartita (Roemer), Kuti, Estonia, c, ventral interior, TAGI BR 1297, X1.5, d, partially exfoliated conjoined valves showing cardinalia, dorsal muscle field, TAGI BR 1296, X1.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nR\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1963, \nR\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 152. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-250).\nfig. 152. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-250).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-277.jpg?height=1778&width=1270&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-277.jpg?height=1778&width=1270&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepidoleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Lepidoleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepidoleptaena HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1963, p. 224","Type_species":"Strophomena rhomboidalis lepidula BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 41, fig. 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, similar to Leptaena but with strong ridges bounding visceral area in both valves, merging with valve hinge line lateral to vestigial dental plates, well-developed socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 153, 1a-d. *L. lepidula (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Czech Republic, a, dorsal external mold, NM L6657, X1, b, c, ventral, anterior views of ventral internal mold, OMR VH 373a, x1, d, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 374, X1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 153. rafinesquinidae (p. 246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-278.jpg?height=1559&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptaenopyxis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Leptaenopyxis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptaenopyxis Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1963, p. 224, Yujiangia XU, 1991, p. 314","Type_species":"Leptaena bouei BARRANDE, 1848, p. 237, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Yujiangia Xu, 1991, p. 314 (type, Leptaenopyxis intermedia Hou & Xian, 1975, p. 20, OD)","Synonyms":"Yujiangia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, subquadrate outline, concavoconvex profile with anterior margin usually concave, lateral margins raised ventrally above disc before dorsal geniculation, costellate ornament with well-developed rugae, short pseudodeltidium, chilidium, ventral muscle field subcircular, bounded by ridges, dorsal muscle field bounded by variably developed ridges, dorsal median septum usually present, diaphragm variable.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 153,2a\u2013d. *L. (L.) bouei (BARRANDE ), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Czech Republic; a,b, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, NM CF385, \u00d71; c, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 372b, \u00d71; d, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 372a, \u00d71 (Havl\u00edcek, 1967).\u2014\u2014Fig. 153,2e. L. (L.) intermedia (HOU & XIAN), Yukiang Formation, lower Emsian, Liujiang, Heng Xian County, southern Guangxi Province, China; dorsal view of conjoined valves, NIGP 87820, \u00d7 1 (Xu, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 153. rafinesquinidae (p. 246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-278.jpg?height=1559&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Leptaenopyxis)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"L. (Leptaenopyxis)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Leptaenopyxis) Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1963, p. 224, Yujiangia XU, 1991, p. 314","Type_species":"Leptaena bouei BARRANDE, 1848, p. 237, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"More transverse than L. (Hefengia) but with relatively smaller ventral muscle \ufb01eld and with no ventral median septum anterior of the muscle \ufb01eld.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 153,2a\u2013d. *L. (L.) bouei (BARRANDE ), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Czech Republic; a,b, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, NM CF385, \u00d71; c, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 372b, \u00d71; d, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 372a, \u00d71 (Havl\u00edcek, 1967).\u2014\u2014Fig. 153,2e. L. (L.) intermedia (HOU & XIAN), Yukiang Formation, lower Emsian, Liujiang, Heng Xian County, southern Guangxi Province, China; dorsal view of conjoined valves, NIGP 87820, \u00d7 1 (Xu, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 153. rafinesquinidae (p. 246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-278.jpg?height=1559&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Hefengia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"L. (Hefengia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Hefengia) XU, 1991, p. 313","Type_species":"L. (H.) hefengensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Leptaenopyxis), but with larger ventral muscle field occupying more than half disc, dorsal median septum very long, extending to anterior margin of disc.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 153, 3a-d. * L. (H.) hefengensis, Mangkelu Formation, Emsian, Mangkelu, Hoboksar County, western Junggar, Xingjiang Province, China, a, b, holotype, ventral, lateral views of internal mold of conjoined valves, NIGP 111514, x1, c, d, ventral, dorsal views of internal mold of conjoined valves, NIGP 111512, XI (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 153. rafinesquinidae (p. 246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-278.jpg?height=1559&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptagonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Leptagonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptagonia M'COR, 1844, p. 116","Type_species":"Producta analoga PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 215, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Adiaphragma Xian in Xu, Wan, & Chen, 1978, p. 299 (type, A. ganxiensis, M, Xian gives \"Adiaphragma yukiangensis XIAN (MS)\" as type species, but it is a nomen nudum and Adiaphragma ganxiensis Wan is only species described within new genus, however, interiors are unknown, Ganxi Formation (lower Emsian), Ganxi, Beichuan County, northern Sichuan, China), Pseudoleptaena Miloradovich, 1947, p. 96 (Emsian)-Carboniferous (Namurian): cosmopoli-tan","Synonyms":"Adiaphragma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently biconvex posteriorly with ventral geniculation followed by dorsal geniculation, distinctive ornament of small rugae interrupted by costellae, sometimes achieving interference pattern, strong divergent dental plates, leading to elevated bounding ridges surrounding subcircular ventral muscle field divided by low median ridge, thin widely diverging socket ridges, dorsal transmuscle ridges.","Beginning_age":"Emsian","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Emsian-Carboniferous (Namurian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 154, Ia-d. *L. analoga (Phillips), a, b, lectotype, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, Carboniferous Limestone, Vis\u00e9an, Bolland, Yorkshire, BMNH B 8936, x1.5, c, ventral interior, Redesdale Formation, Vis\u00e9an, Redesdale, Cumbria, England, BMNH B 46524, X2, dorsal interior, Redesdale Formation, Vis\u00e9an, Redesdale, Cumbria, England, BMNH B 43708, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 154. rafinesquinidae (p. 246-252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-279.jpg?height=1836&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Limbimurina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Limbimurina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Limbimurina COOPER, 1956, p. 851","Type_species":"L. insueta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently biconvex posteriorly with ventral geniculation followed by dorsal geniculation, distinctive ornament of small rugae interrupted by costellae, sometimes achieving interference pattern, strong divergent dental plates, leading to elevated bounding ridges surrounding subcircular ventral muscle field divided by low median ridge, thin widely diverging socket ridges, dorsal transmuscle ridges","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 154, 2a, b. * L. insueta, Rodman Member, Nealmont Formation, Caradoc, Holidaysburg, Pennsylvania, a, holotype, ventral exterior, USNM 117659a, x2, b, dorsal exterior, USNM 117660b, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 154. rafinesquinidae (p. 246-252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-279.jpg?height=1836&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lioleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Lioleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lioleptaena Xian in Xian & JIANG, 1978, p. 264","Type_species":"L. kailiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptaena but without ornament on disc, dorsal interior unknown, thus family uncertain","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 152, 4. *L. kailiensis, Wengxiang Formation, upper Telychian, Wengxiang, Kaili County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China, holotype, ventral internal mold, GB 354, X1 (Xian & Jiang, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian & Jiang, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 152. rafinesquinidae (p. 243-250).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-277.jpg?height=1778&width=1270&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissoleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Lissoleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissoleptaena HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 171","Type_species":"L. lissodermis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament of radial costellae absent except near median plane, similar to Leptaena but with no radial ornament laterally, small number of faint median costellae, faint rugae","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 154, 4a-c. *L. lissodermis, Kotys Limestone, Lochkovian, Lobolitov\u00e1 str\u00e1n, Reporyje, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, holotype, ventral exterior, OMR VH 5166a, x2, b, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 4696a, x2, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 5163a, X2.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 154. rafinesquinidae (p. 246-252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-279.jpg?height=1836&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mackerrovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Mackerrovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mackerrovia COCKS, 1968, p. 319","Type_species":"Brachyprion arenaceus lobatus Lamont & GILBERT, 1945, p. 667, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile with dorsal geniculation varying from sharp to more gentle, faint ornament of unequal parvicostellae, fine, irregular rugae weakly developed, teeth, dental plates continuous with long distinctive subparallel muscle-bounding ridges more than half valve length, cardinal process lobes elongate, erect, short flaring socket ridges with fine crenulations, dorsal muscle field faintly impressed with pair of long parallel side septa, central median ridge developed in central part of valve","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 155, 3a-d. *M. lobata (Lamont & Gilbert), a, b, external, internal molds of dorsal valve, Hughley Shales, Telychian, Devil's Dingle, Shropshire, England, BMNH BC 50573, X1.5 (new), c, ventral internal mold, Damery Beds, Telychian, Tortworth, Avon, England, BUM 12180, x1.5, d, latex cast of ventral interior, Damery Beds, Telychian, Tortworth, Avon, England, BUM 12159, X1.5 (Cocks, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 155. rafinesquinidae (p. 250-252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-281.jpg?height=1780&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notoleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Notoleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notoleptaena GILL, 1951, p. 191","Type_species":"N. linguifera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral profile planar, dorsal convex, but with substantial dorsally directed sulcus, fold, similar to Leptaenopyxis but lateral margins flat, not raised ventrally, dorsally geniculate anteriorly, laterally, no pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, ventral muscle field elevated, enclosed by muscle-bounding ridges, ventral peripheral rim developed, dorsal muscle field small, enclosed posterolaterally, thin but prominent dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Devonian (?Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (?Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (?Emsian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 155, 1a-c. *N. linguifera, Mount Ida Beds, Lower Devonian, Dargile Parish, Heathcote district, Victoria, Australia, a, latex of ventral exterior, NMVP P59527, x1.5, b, holotype, latex of ventral interior, NMVP P59523, X1^text 1 , c, latex of dorsal interior, NMVP P59526, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 155. rafinesquinidae (p. 250-252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-281.jpg?height=1780&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugoleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Rugoleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugoleptaena Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956, p. 558, Yunnanoleptaena Jahnke & SHI, 1989, p. 153","Type_species":"R. hornyi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Elliptostrophia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1963, p. 225 (type, E. elliptica), Yunnanoleptaena Jahnke & Shi, 1989, p. 153 (type, Y. shidianensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Elliptostrophia, Yunnanoleptaena","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline with shell raised ventrally at lateral margin, dorsal geniculation, short trail developed only in adults, similar to Glossoleptaena except radial ornament lacking apart from single median costella, small pseudodeltidium, large chilidium, dental plates very short or absent leading to muscle-bounding ridges posterolaterally defining small subcircular ventral muscle field, socket ridges, dorsal valve muscle field weakly developed.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 155, 2ad. * R. hornyi, a, dorsal exterior, Zl\u00edchov Limestone, Emsian, Hlubocepy, Prague, Czech Republic, OMR VH 101a, X2, b, ventral internal mold, Dvorce-Prokop Limestones, Pragian, Dvorce, Czech Republic, OMR VH 35, x2, c, latex cast of ventral interior, Dvorce-Prokop Limestones, Pragian, Dvorce, Czech Republic, OMR VH 34, times, d, dorsal internal mold, Dvorce-Prokop Limestones, Pragian, Dvorce, Czech Republic, OMR VH 32, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).-Fig. 155, 2e, f. R. elliptica Havl\u00ed\u010dek, Daleje Shales, Emsian, Hlubocepy, Prague, Czech Republic, e, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 381c, times, f, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 381a, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).-Fig. 155, 2g, h. R. shidianensis (Jahnke & Shi), Xiangyangsi Formation, Pragian, Dazhaimen, Yunnan, China, g, holotype, ventral internal mold, CIGMR 919-68, x2, b, dorsal internal mold, CIGMR 919-107, x2 (Jahnke & Shi, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, \nJahnke & Shi, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 155. rafinesquinidae (p. 250-252).\nfig. 155. rafinesquinidae (p. 250-252).\nfig. 155. rafinesquinidae (p. 250-252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-281.jpg?height=1780&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-281.jpg?height=1780&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-281.jpg?height=1780&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scamnomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Scamnomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scamnomena BASSETT, 1977, p. 134","Type_species":"Strophomena rugata LINDSTR\u00d6M, 1861, p. 371, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with geniculation weak or absent, prominent apical foramen, radial ornament absent or very weak, concentric rugae variably developed or absent, large pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, teeth relatively large, low median ventral ridge, cardinal process lobes stout, divergent, socket ridges widely divergent.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 155, 4a-d. *S. rugata (Lindstr\u00f6m), upper Visby Beds, Sheinwoodian, Visby, Gotland, Sweden, a-c, ventral, dorsal, side views of conjoined valves, BMNH B13498, X4 (new), d, dorsal interior, RMS Br 102333, X4 (Bassett, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 155. rafinesquinidae (p. 250-252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-281.jpg?height=1780&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tchadania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Tchadania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tchadania Kulkov in Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & RYBKINA, 1985, p. 85","Type_species":"T. insignis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile convexoconcave, ornament multicostellate, pseudodeltidium, chilidium small, with dental plates, curved muscle-bounding ridges laterally, but poorly impressed ventral muscle field open anteriorly, short, variably developed ventral median ridge, cardinal process lobes small, position obscure (and thus may be glyptomenid rather than rafinesquinid), poorly impressed dorsal muscle field, no dorsal median septum or side septa.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 154, 3a-d. *T. insignis, Pichishuysk Formation, Ludlow, Pichi-Shuy, Tuva, Russia, a, dorsal external mold, IGiG 35\/6884, X2, b, holotype, ventral internal mold, IGiG 34\/6884, X1.5, c, holotype, ventral internal mold, IGiG 34a\/ 6884, X1.5, d, dorsal internal mold, IGiG 37\/ 6884, X2 (Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & Rybkina, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nT, \nKulkov, Vladimirskaya, & Rybkina, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 154. rafinesquinidae (p. 246-252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-279.jpg?height=1836&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Glyptomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptomena COOPER, 1956, p. 881","Type_species":"G. sculpturata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently concavoconvex, ornament unequally parvicostellate, small pseudodeltidium, short dental plates, poorly defined small subcircular ventral muscle field open anteriorly, widely divergent, prominent socket ridges, notothyrial platform weak, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed, with usually absent but sometimes sporadic, faint transmuscle septa, faint dorsal central median septum variably developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Kazakhstan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 156, 3a-c. *G. sculpturata, Chatham Hill Formation, Llandeilo, Sharon Springs, Burkes Garden Quadrangle, Virginia, a, b, exterior, interior views of ventral valve, USNM 117856a, X3, clorsal interior, USNM 117856b, X3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 156. glyptomenidae (p. 252-255).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-283.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bystromena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Bystromena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bystromena WILLIAMS, 1974, p. 146","Type_species":"B. perplexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, concavoconvex profile, ornament of variably developed, sometimes unequal parvicostellae, large protegulum, foramen truncating ventral beak, large arched chilidium, small pseudodeltidium, short divergent dental plates, ventral muscle field poorly impressed, open anteriorly, delicate cardinalia, short, very divergent socket ridges, poorly impressed dorsal muscle field with short faint transmuscle septa, thin dorsal central median septum present in some specimens, absent in others","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 156, 5a-c. *B. perplexa, Spy Wood Grit, Costonian, Shelve, Shropshire, England, a, b, dorsal external, internal molds, BMNH BB 35367, X5, c, holotype, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 35363, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 156. glyptomenidae (p. 252-255).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-283.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Hesperinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperinia COOPER, 1956, p. 822","Type_species":"H. kirki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Plano- to slightly concavoconvex outline, parvicostellate ornament, substantial pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, oblique dental plates present, ventral muscle field unknown, cardinal process obscure, thus familial position uncertain, very divergent socket plates curving laterally to run parallel to hinge line, irregular notothyrial platform developed, hint of valve thickening on platform, but no dorsal septa clearly developed, dorsal subperipheral rim present","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Llandeilo)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 156, 2a, b. * H. kirki, Tank Hill Formation, Llanvirn-Llandeilo, Monument Canyon, Nevada, a, holotype, dorsal exterior of conjoined valves, USNM 117626a, X3, b, dorsal interior, USNM 117627a, x3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 156. glyptomenidae (p. 252-255).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-283.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linostrophomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Linostrophomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linostrophomena Rong, Xu, & YANG, 1974, p. 203","Type_species":"L. convexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve convex profile, dorsal valve initially convex, then concave anterolaterally, parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, vestigal chilidium, teeth strong, true dental plates absent, well-defined elevated ventral muscle field with curved bounding ridges, cardinal process lobes separate, fused to widely divergent but short curved socket ridges, two pairs of adductor scars differentiated in relatively small dorsal muscle field.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 157, 1ac. *L. convexa, upper Xiushan Formation, upper Telychian, Rongxi, Xiushan County, Sichuan Province, a, b, latex casts of ventral internal molds, NIGP 22344-5, X2, c, holotype, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, NIGP 22347, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 157. glyptomenidae (p. 252-256).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-284.jpg?height=1366&width=1293&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mjoesina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Mjoesina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mjoesina SPJELDNAES, 1957, p. 137","Type_species":"Rafinesquina mjoesensis HOLTEDAHL, 1916, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, ornament unequally parvicostellate, strong but short dental plates extending into lateral curved muscle-bounding ridges, dorsal valve interior, hence familial assignment unknown. Types untraced in PMO, Spjeldnaes figures too poor to illustrate, could be nomen dubium.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltic, Upper Mj\u00f8sa Limestone, upper Caradoc; Helg\u00f8ya, Hamar-Nes district, Norway","Figure_captions":"\ufb01gures too poor to illustrate","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paromalomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Paromalomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paromalomena RONG, 1984, p. 150","Type_species":"Platymena polonica TEMPLE, 1965, p. 407, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively wide outline, planoconvex profile, with anterior fold, sulcus, finely costellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, large chilidium, short, widely divergent dental plates, poorly impressed small ventral muscle field, small, short but widely divergent socket ridges, small, poorly impressed dorsal muscle field with no septa, although pair of short transmuscle ridges sometimes present","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 156, 4a-d. * P. polonica (Temple), Dalmanitina Beds, Ashgill, Stawy, near Kagow, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, a, ventral external mold, BMNH BB 29216, x3, b, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 30010, X3, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 30009, X3, d, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 29216, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 156. glyptomenidae (p. 252-255).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-283.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pionomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Pionomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pionomena COOPER, 1956, p. 901","Type_species":"P. neumani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glyptomena, but gently biconvex, with shorter, more obsolescent dental plates, small pseudodeltidium, larger chilidium, dorsal interior, hence family assignment, poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 156, 6a, b. *P. neumani, New Market Formation, Llandeilo-Caradoc, Williamsport, Maryland, a, dorsal exterior, USNM 117756c, x2, b, ventral interior, USNM 117755, X3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 156. glyptomenidae (p. 252-255).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-283.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platymena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Platymena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platymena COOPER, 1956, p. 879","Type_species":"P. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to slightly concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, pseudodeltidium, chilidium small, stout teeth leading anteriorly to thin dental plates flaring laterally, coalescing with curved muscle-bounding ridges directed inward, merging anteriorly with valve floor, short, stout socket ridges merging with prominent thick but short notothyrial platform, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed with no septa, faint subperipheral ventral, dorsal rims poorly developed in some adults","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 156, 1a-c. * P. plana, Arline Formation, Caradoc, Friendsville, Tennessee, a, dorsal exterior, USNM 117759c, x2, b, ventral interior, USNM 117759a, x2, c, dorsal interior, USNM 117759e, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 156. glyptomenidae (p. 252-255).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-283.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pomeromena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Pomeromena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pomeromena MITCHELL, 1977, p. 112","Type_species":"P. transversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with transverse outline, concavoconvex profile, pronounced ventral sulcus, smaller dorsal fold, faint parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, larger chilidium, small ventral process, no dental plates, faint muscle-bounding ridges defining small bilobed ventral muscle field, widely divergent socket ridges, weak notothyrial platform, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed, no dorsal median septum or side septa","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 158,2a\u2013e. *P. transversa, Killey Bridge Formation, Ashgill, Killey Bridge, Pomeroy, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland; a\u2013c, holotype, latex cast of ventral external mold, ventral internal mold, latex cast, BGS NIG 887, \u00d72.5; d, latex of ventral internal mold, BGS GU 1041, \u00d72.5; e, dorsal internal mold, BGS GU 1093, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 158. glyptomenidae (p. 255).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-285.jpg?height=1852&width=549&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=860)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proboscisambon":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Proboscisambon","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proboscisambon Havl\u00ed\u010dek & MERGL, 1982, p. 44","Type_species":"Strophomena quaesita BARRANDE, 1879, p. 101, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, biplanar to very gently concavoconvex profile, very faint parvicostellate ornament, with accentuated median costella, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, very short, thin widely divergent dental plates, poorly impressed muscle fields in both valves, cardinal process lobes delicate, widely separated, on hinge line, socket ridges not visible.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 158, 1a, b. * P. quaesita (Barrande), Kr\u00e1luv Dvur Formation, Ashgill, Jezerka, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, ventral internal mold, mm 039, x6, b, dorsal internal mold, mm 041, x6 (Mergl, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 158. glyptomenidae (p. 255).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-285.jpg?height=1852&width=549&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=860)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qianomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Qianomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qianomena Rong & YANG, 1981, p. 173","Type_species":"Q. unicosta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile moderately concavoconvex, radial ornament absent or very faint apart from single prominent central costa, no true dental plates but very prominent, straight ventral muscle-bounding ridges posterolaterally to ventral muscle field, open anteriorly, cardinal process lobes projected posteriorly, socket ridges short, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 157,3a\u2013d. *Q. unicosta, lower Xiangshuyuan Formation, upper Rhuddanian lower Aeronian; a,b, holotype, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, Yingwuxi, Sinan County, NIGP 43873, \u00d72; c, ventral internal mold, Hongyan reservoir, Sinan County, northeastern Guizhou Province, China, NIGP 43870, \u00d72; d, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, Hongyan Reservoir, Sinan County, northeastern Guizhou Province, China, NIGP 43868, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 157. glyptomenidae (p. 252-256).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-284.jpg?height=1366&width=1293&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhactomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Rhactomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhactomena MITCHELL, 1977, p. 111","Type_species":"R. splendens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex profile with ventral sulcus, weaker dorsal fold, distinctive ornament of relatively strong costae forming small nodes where strong growth lines cross them, weak rugae, small convex chilidium with median groove, small teeth, no dental plates, both muscle fields poorly impressed, short divergent socket ridges, no dorsal median septum or side septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 157, 2a-e. * R. splendens, Killey Bridge Formation, Ashgill, Killey Bridge, Pomeroy, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, a, dorsal exterior, BGS GU 1076, X6, b, c, internal mold, latex of ventral interior, BGS GU 1071, X6, d, e, internal mold, latex of dorsal interior, BGS GU 1070, x6 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 157. glyptomenidae (p. 252-256).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-284.jpg?height=1366&width=1293&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Teratelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Teratelasminae","Genus":"Teratelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Teratelasma COOPER, 1956, p. 823","Type_species":"T. neumani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile planoconvex to gently biconvex, with dorsal median sulcus, unequally parvicostellate ornament, short flaring dental plates posterolaterally bounding short, bilobed ventral muscle field, poorly impressed, short curved socket ridges, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed but with posterolateral muscle-bounding ridges, prominent but short elevated dorsal side septa, with lateral protrusions in older specimens, very large elevated dorsal median septum extending for four-fifths of valve length.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 159, 1a-d. * T. neumani, Sevier Formation, Llandeilo-Caradoc, Old Kagley Church, Binfield Quadrangle, Tennessee, a, plasticine cast of dorsal exterior, USNM 117938a, x3, b, plasticine cast of ventral interior, USNM 1179381, x3, c, d, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, USNM 117938 m , X4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 159. glyptomenidae (p. 256).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-287.jpg?height=1306&width=1122&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=254)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tashanomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Teratelasminae","Genus":"Tashanomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tashanomena Zhan & RONG, 1994, p. 418","Type_species":"T. variabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Yushanomena Zeng & Hu, 1997, p. 9 (type, Y. elegans, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Yushanomena, from the early Llandovery, Wangjiaba, Yushan county, Jiangxi Province, China, has all the generic characters of Tashanomena (\u0421\u043e\u0441\u043as & Rong, 2000, p. 256), but extends its stratigraphic range.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"southeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 159,2ad. *T. variabilis, Xiazhen Formation, middle Ashgill, Tashan, Yushan, Jiangxi Province, China; a, dorsal external mold, NIGP 121549, \u00d710; b, ventral internal mold, NIGP 121542, \u00d710; c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, NIGP 121550, \u00d7 10; d, holotype, dorsal internal mold, NIGP 121553, \u00d710 (Zhan & Rong, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nT, \nZhan & Rong, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 159. glyptomenidae (p. 256).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-287.jpg?height=1306&width=1122&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=254)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Foliomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Foliomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Foliomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Foliomena Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1952, p. 413,","Type_species":"Strophomena folium BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Jielingia Zeng, 1987, p. 235 (type, J. jielingensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Jielingia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, biplanar to very gently concavoconvex profile, pedicle sheath often prominent, small interarea with very small pseudodeltidium, ventral muscle field bilobed, weakly impressed, short myophragm, bladelike socket ridges broadly divergent to become subparallel to hinge line","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 160, 1 a-c .* F. folium (Barrande), Kr\u00e1luv Dvur Formation, Ashgill, Kr\u00e1luv Dvur, Czech Republic, a, ventral external mold, NM CD1566, times, b , lectotype, ventral internal mold, NM CD1565a, X2.5, c, dorsal internal mold, NM CD1565b, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).\u2014\u2014Fig. 160, 1d. F. jielingensis (Zeng), Miaopo Formation, lower Caradoc, Jieling, Yichang County, Hubei Province, China, dorsal internal mold, YIGM IV45822, X5 (Zeng, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 160. foliomenidae and christianiidae (p. 256-257).\nfig. 160. foliomenidae and christianiidae (p. 256-257).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-288.jpg?height=972&width=1255&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=181)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-288.jpg?height=972&width=1255&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=181)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Christiania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Christianiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Christiania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Christiania Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 298","Type_species":"Leptaena subquadrata HALL, 1883, pl. 46, fig. 32, 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Christianella Liang in Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983, p. 277 (type, C. zhitangensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Christianella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline usually elongate in adults, concavoconvex profile with strong convexity, especially near umbo; apical foramen persistent throughout ontogeny; no radial ornament; largely open delthyrium, but with small pseudodeltidium, chilidium; teeth simple, supported by receding dental plates; well-impressed bilobed ventral muscle \ufb01eld bounded laterally by weak low ridges; anterior part of muscle \ufb01eld continuous with vascula media leading to digitate mantle canals; small transverse plates sometimes developed between two prominent pairs of dorsal valve side septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 160, 2a\u2013d. *C. subquadrata (HALL), Caradoc; a,b, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, Lenoir Formation, Friendsville, Tennessee, BMNH B 78727, \u00d73; c,d, dorsal, posterior views of dorsal interior, Athens Formation, Perry County, Tennessee, AMNH 37883, \u00d73 (new).\u2014 Fig. 160 ,2e\u2013g. C. zhitangensis (L IANG ), Huangnikang Formation, lower Ashgill, Zhitang, Quxian County, Zhejiang Province, eastern China; e, dorsal external mold, HIGS 2703, \u00d73; f, holotype, ventral internal mold, HIGS 2701, \u00d73; g, dorsal internal mold, HIGS 2702, \u00d73 (Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 160. foliomenidae and christianiidae (p. 256-257).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-288.jpg?height=972&width=1255&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=181)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nubialba":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Christianiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nubialba","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nubialba NEUMAN, 1994, p. 1231","Type_species":"N. forbesi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Christiania, but with ornament of fine, widely spaced costae, one medially located","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 160, 3a-c. *N. forbesi, Pyle Mountain Argillite, Ashgill, Aroostook County, Maine, USA, a, dorsal external mold, USNM 465231, X5, b, ventral internal mold, USNM 465242, X5, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, USNM 455231, X5 (Neuman, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nNeuman, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 160. foliomenidae and christianiidae (p. 256-257).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-288.jpg?height=972&width=1255&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=181)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptaenoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptaenoideidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptaenoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptaenoidea HEDSTROM, 1917, p. 2","Type_species":"L. silurica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve cemented over complete disc prior to geniculation, ornament finely costellate, rugose, ventral muscle field short, broad with strong elevated lateral bounding ridges, myophragm present, dorsal valve unknown","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 161, 1. *L. silurica, Halla Beds, Wenlock, Horsne Canal, Gotland, Sweden, lectotype, ventral interior, Swedish Geological Survey, X4 (Bassett & Cocks, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett & Cocks, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 161. leptaenoideidae (p. 258-259).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-289.jpg?height=1436&width=1289&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptaenisca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptaenoideidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptaenisca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptaenisca BEECHER, 1890a, p. 239","Type_species":"Leptaena concava HALL, 1857, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve attached in umbonal area in younger growth stages only, profile concavoconvex with unequally parvi- costellate ornament, elongate bilobed ventral muscle field bounded laterally by strong plates, ventral median septum, strong cardinal process lobes posteroventrally directed, thin low short socket ridges present close to cardinal process, distinctive planospiral brachial ridges originating anterolateral to cardinalia","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 161, 2a-e. *L. concava (HALL), lower Helderburg Group, Lower Devonian, Albany County, New York, a-c, ventral, lateral, internal views of ventral valve, YPM 28116, x2,  d, dorsal internal mold, YPM 24859, X2, e, dorsal interior showing cardinalia, YPM 28115, x2 (Bassett, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 161. leptaenoideidae (p. 258-259).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-289.jpg?height=1436&width=1289&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptaenomendax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptaenoideidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptaenomendax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptaenomendax Garc\u00eda-Alcalde in Garc\u00eda-Alcalde & MART\u00cdNEZ-CHAC\u00d3N, 1978, p. 255","Type_species":"L. chaconae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Asymmetrically cemented by ventral umbo, otherwise regular outline, ornament of costellae, rugae, elevated ventral muscle field bounded anteriorly, laterally by united bounding ridges, cardinal process lobes high, delicate, directed posteroventrally, low socket ridges straight, narrow, dorsal muscle field elevated, dorsal subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"FIG . 161,3a\u2013d. *L. chaconae, Grupo la Vid, upper Emsian, Colle Church, Sabero, Spain; a,b, holotype, conjoined valves, dorsal, ventral views, with ventral valve cemented to bryozoan, DPO 431, \u00d7 2; c, ventral interior, DPO 433, \u00d7 2; d, dorsal interior, DPO 6259, \u00d7 2 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde & Mart\u00ednez-Chac\u00f3n, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 161. leptaenoideidae (p. 258-259).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-289.jpg?height=1436&width=1289&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liljevallia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptaenoideidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Liljevallia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liljevallia HEDSTROM, 1917, p. 9","Type_species":"L. gotlandica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Irregular profile, outline with cementation to match substrate, but usually transverse, unequally parvicostellate ornament, irregular oblique denticles present on dorsal facets of teeth, dental plates continuous with curved high bounding ridges around ventral muscle field, myophragm variably developed, dorsal interior unknown","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Wenlock)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 161, 4a, b. *L. gotlandica, upper Visby Beds, lower Wenlock, a, dorsal exterior, Stenkwrkehuks Fyr, x2 (new), b, lectotype, ventral interior encrusted on","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 161. leptaenoideidae (p. 258-259).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-289.jpg?height=1436&width=1289&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taleoleptaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptaenoideidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Taleoleptaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taleoleptaena HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 121","Type_species":"T. taleolata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile strongly convex but irregular, attachment scar not known, thick shelled, lacking ornament, dental plates parallel, close together, ventral median septum, dorsal valve unknown, thus familial position uncertain. Devonian (Emsian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 161, 5a, b. *T. taleolata, Zlichov Limestones, Emsian, Praha-Hlubocepy, Czech Republic, a, partly exfoliated ventral valve, OMR VH 497b, x3, b, holotype, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 497e, X5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nT, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 161. leptaenoideidae (p. 258-259).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-289.jpg?height=1436&width=1289&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Amphistrophiinae","Genus":"Amphistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphistrophia Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 292","Type_species":"Strophomena striata HALL, 1843a, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Strophonellites Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, p. 184 (type, Leptaena patricia Barrande, 1848, p. 245, OD)","Synonyms":"Strophonellites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resupinate, with curved to geniculate profile, ornament unequally parvicostellate to costellate, strong bounding ridges posterior, lateral to suboval ventral muscle field, weak ventral median septum, cardinal process lobes short, posteroventrally directed, situated on hinge line, weakly impressed dorsal muscle field","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)-Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 162,1a\u2013c. *A. (A.) striata (H ALL ), Wenlock; a, syntype, dorsal exterior, Niagara Group, Lockport, New York, AMNH 31255, \u00d71.5; b, ventral interior, Waldron Shale, Waldron, Indiana, AMNH 40780, \u00d71.5; c, dorsal interior, Waldron Shale, Waldron, Indiana, AMNH 40779, \u00d71.5 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 162,1d\u2013f. A. (A.) patricia (BARRANDE), Motol Formation, Wenlock, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia, Czech Republic; d, dorsal exterior mold, \u00d71.5; e, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 457b, \u00d72; f, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 457a, \u00d7 1.5 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nOMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 162. amphistrophiidae (p. 260).\nfig. 162. amphistrophiidae (p. 260).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-291.jpg?height=1876&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-291.jpg?height=1876&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Amphistrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Amphistrophiinae","Genus":"A. (Amphistrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A (Amphistrophia) Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 292","Type_species":"Strophomena striata HALL, 1843a, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to A. (Pembrostrophia) but with unequally costellate to \ufb01nely costellate ornament; similar to A. (Amphistrophiella) but with relatively gentle and evenly curved geniculation.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludfordian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian-Ludfordian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 162,1a\u2013c. *A. (A.) striata (H ALL ), Wenlock; a, syntype, dorsal exterior, Niagara Group, Lockport, New York, AMNH 31255, \u00d71.5; b, ventral interior, Waldron Shale, Waldron, Indiana, AMNH 40780, \u00d71.5; c, dorsal interior, Waldron Shale, Waldron, Indiana, AMNH 40779, \u00d71.5 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 162,1d\u2013f. A. (A.) patricia (BARRANDE), Motol Formation, Wenlock, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia, Czech Republic; d, dorsal exterior mold, \u00d71.5; e, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 457b, \u00d72; f, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 457a, \u00d7 1.5 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 162. amphistrophiidae (p. 260).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-291.jpg?height=1876&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Amphistrophiella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Amphistrophiinae","Genus":"A. (Amphistrophiella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphistrophiella Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 157, Strophonella prolongata FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 85","Type_species":"Orthis funiculata M'COY, 1846, p. 30, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Amphistrophiella (Amsdenostrophiella) Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 158 (type, Strophonella prolongata Foerste, 1909a, p. 85, OD)","Synonyms":"Amphistrophiella (Amsdenostrophiella)","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to A. (Amphistrophia) but with more sharply geniculate profile","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)-Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 162, 3a-e. *A. (A.) funiculata (M'Cor), Much Wenlock Limestone Formation, Homerian, Dudley, western Midlands, England, a-c, exterior of conjoined valves, a, ventral view, b, oblique dorsal view, x1.5, c, center of interarea, BMNH B 5692, x8, d, ventral interior, BMNH BC 13419, x2, e, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 13420, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 162. amphistrophiidae (p. 260).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-291.jpg?height=1876&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A (Pembrostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Amphistrophiinae","Genus":"A (Pembrostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Pembrostrophia) BASSETT, 1971, p. 325","Type_species":"A. (P.) freshwaterensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to A. (Amphistrophia), but with ornament stronger and more uniformly costellate","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 162, 2a-e. *A. (P.) freshwaterensis, Gray Sandstone Group, lower Wenlock, Freshwater East Bay, Dyfed, Wales, a, latex of ventral exterior, b, c, ventral internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BC 41356, x1.5, d, e, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BC 41362, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 162. amphistrophiidae (p. 260).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-291.jpg?height=1876&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Devonamphistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Amphistrophiinae","Genus":"Devonamphistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Devonamphistrophia Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 159","Type_species":"Strophodonta alveata HALL, 1863a, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently resupinate profile, uniformly costellate ornament, cardinal process lobes strongly posteriorly directed, straight posterolateral bounding ridges to subtriangular, bilobed ventral muscle field, possible dorsal median septum, faint myophragm, dorsal muscle field weakly impressed","Beginning_age":"Devonian (?Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (?Lochkovian, Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 163, 1a-c. *D. alveata (Hall), Schoharie Grit, Emsian, Clarkesville, Albany County, New York, a, b, ventral internal mold, latex cast, NYSM 2053, X1.5, c, latex cast of dorsal interior, NYSM 2054, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NYSM","figure_index":"fig. 163. amphistrophiidae (p. 260).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-292.jpg?height=1682&width=502&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoamphistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Amphistrophiinae","Genus":"Eoamphistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoamphistrophia Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 154","Type_species":"Amphistrophia whittardi COCKS, 1967, p. 261, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently resupinate with anterior rounded geniculation, unequally parvicostellate ornament, weakly impressed muscle fields in both valves, no ventral valve muscle-bounding ridges, cardinal process ventrally directed, but short.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 163, 2a, b. * E. whittardi (Cocks), Hughley Shale, Telychian, Domas, Shropshire, a, ventral internal mold, OUM C13514, X2.5, b, dorsal internal mold, OUM C13536, X2.5 (Cocks, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 163. amphistrophiidae (p. 260).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-292.jpg?height=1682&width=502&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesodouvillina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"Mesodouvillina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesodouvillina WILLIAMS, 1950, p. 281","Type_species":"Stropheodonta subinterstrialis seretensis KOZ\u0141OWSKI, 1929, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mesodouviella Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. p. 118; OD); ?Planodouvillina HARPER & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 145 (type, P. cortezi; OD; Eurekaspirifer pinyonensis Zone (Emsian), Cortez Mountains, Nevada)].","Synonyms":"Mesodouviella,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly to gently concavoconvex pro\ufb01le; unequally parvicostellate ornament; small interarea with pseudodeltidium, small chilidium; denticles along half to two-thirds of hinge line; straight or slightly curved muscle-bounding ridges to subtriangular ventral muscle \ufb01eld, open anteriorly; cardinal process posteroventrally to posteriorly directed; short thin divergent socket plates; weak curved dorsal muscle-bounding ridges; dorsal side septa usually absent; dorsal subperipheral rim variably developed.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Sheinwoodian)","First_Occurrence":"Sheinwoodian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Sheinwoodian)-Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 164, 1a-d. *M. subinterstrialis seretensis (Koz\u0141owsKI), Bogdanovka Beds, Bogdanovka, Podolia, Ukraine, a-c, neotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, CNIGR 33\/11475, x1.5, d, ventral interior, CNIGR 32\/11475, x1.5 (Bassett, new).-Fig. 164, Ie. M. s. subinterstrialis, Mitkov Beds, Borshchov Stage, Lochkovian, Lanovtsy, Podolia, Ukraine, dorsal interior, CNIGR 30\/11475, X1.5 (Bassett, new).-Fig. 164, 1f-h. M. invasor (Johnson), Acrospirifer kobehana Zone, Emsian, Sulphur Spring Range, Great Basin, Nevada, f, g, holotype, ventral exterior, interior, USNM 156938, x1.5, h, dorsal interior, USNM 156941, X1.5 (Johnson, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 164. amphistrophiidae (p. 260-264).\nfig. 164. amphistrophiidae (p. 260-264).\nfig. 164. amphistrophiidae (p. 260-264).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-293.jpg?height=1757&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-293.jpg?height=1757&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-293.jpg?height=1757&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Desistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"Desistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Desistrophia Talent in Gratsianova, Shishkina, & TALENT, 1988, p. 94","Type_species":"Maoristrophia papilio STRUSZ, 1983, p. 165, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, concavoconvex profile with large ventral fold, dorsal sulcus, similar to Maoristrophia but with parvicostellate ornament, narrower triangular ventral muscle field with shorter, smaller socket ridges which, with cardinal process lobes, situated on notothyrial platform, dorsal muscle-bounding ridges more sharply developed, pair of short transmuscle ridges present in gerontic specimens","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (?Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock, ?Ludlow)","Geography":"Australasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 165, 2a-c. *D. papilio (Strusz), Canberra Formation, Wenlock, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, a, latex cast of ventral exterior, CPC 21488, X, b, latex cast of ventral interior, CPC 21480, X4, c, holotype, latex cast of dorsal interior, CPC 21485, X4 (Strusz, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC","figure_index":"fig. 165. amphistrophiidae (p. 262-266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-294.jpg?height=1644&width=1203&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eomaoristrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"Eomaoristrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eomaoristrophia Ushatinskaya in Ushatinskaya & ALEKSEEVA, 1983, p. 38","Type_species":"E. kobdensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Maoristrophia but with cardinal process on posterior part of notothyrial plate between two socket ridges, with no trace of dorsal transmuscle septa or subperipheral ridge","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Wenlock, Ludlow)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 164, 3a, b. * E. kobdensis, Wenlock-Ludlow, Buliantu-Gol River, western Mongolia, a, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, PIN 3950\/1, X2, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, PIN 3950\/3, X1 (Ushatinskaya & Alekseeva, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya & Alekseeva, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 164. amphistrophiidae (p. 260-264).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-293.jpg?height=1757&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gladiostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"Gladiostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gladiostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 141","Type_species":"Leptaena verneuili BARRANDE, 1848, p. 219, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, strongly concavoconvex profile, strong, coarse, uniform costellate ornament, subtriangular ventral muscle field with strong straight bounding ridges posterolaterally only, erect cardinal process lobes directed ventroposteriorly, prominent curved dorsal muscle-bounding ridges posterolaterally, weak dorsal median septum. Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian period.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 164, 2a\u2013e. *G. verneuili (B ARRANDE ), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Bohemia, Czech Republic; a,b, ventral, lateral views of ventral exterior, BMNH BB 54620, \u00d7 1 (new); c, ventral interior, OMR VH 411a, \u00d71; d, dorsal external mold, OMR VH 410a, \u00d71.5; e, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 410c, \u00d72 (Havl\u00edcek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00edcek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 164. amphistrophiidae (p. 260-264).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-293.jpg?height=1757&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jakutostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"Jakutostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jakutostrophia MANANKOV, 1991, p. 65","Type_species":"J. undata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Distinctive ornament of strong raised costellae with fine radial costellae, with rugae interrupted by primary costellae, interiors poorly known, thus familial position uncertain.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 166, 4a, b. *J. undata, Middle Sakin Formation, Eifelian, River Khobochalo, eastern Yakutia, Russia, a, partly exfoliated ventral valve, CNIGR 4114\/634, \u00d71.5; b, holotype, partly exfoliated dorsal valve, CNIGR 4114\/633, \u00d71 (Manankov, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Manankov, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 166. amphistrophiidae (p. 264-266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-295.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maoristrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"Maoristrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maoristrophia ALLAN, 1947, p. 440","Type_species":"M. neozelanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semielliptical, planoconvex profile with ventral fold, dorsal sulcus, ornament costellate, denticles along less than half hinge line, triangular ventral muscle field bounded posterolaterally with largely straight ridges that curve around a short distance anteriorly, muscle field poorly impressed anteriorly, cardinal process on hinge line, strong, ventrally directed, joined to posterior end of median ridge, which extends for at least half valve length, strong socket ridges that curve, extending laterally for variable distance, dorsal transmuscle ridges, subperipheral ridge variably developed in both valves, more common in gerontic specimens","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Australasia, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 165, 1a-e. *M. neozelanica, Reefton Beds, Emsian, Lankey Creek, Reefton, New Zealand, a, latex cast of dorsal exterior, USNM 153136, x1.5, b, internal mold of ventral valve, USNM 153137, x1.25, ~ c, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, latex cast, USNM 153138, X2, e, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, USNM 153135, X1.25 (Johnson, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 165. amphistrophiidae (p. 262-266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-294.jpg?height=1644&width=1203&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mclearnites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"Mclearnites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mclearnites Caster, 1945, p. 319, Mclearnites (Mclearnitesella) Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 131","Type_species":"Brachyprion mertoni MCLEARN, 1924, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mclearnitesella Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 131 (type, Mclearnites (M.) hickoxi, OD)","Synonyms":"Mclearnitesella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile similar to Mesodouvillina, ornament usually uniformly costellate, denticles along one-third to one-half of hinge line, subtriangular ventral muscle field with strong bounding ridges posterolaterally only, open anteriorly, relatively small, erect cardinal process, strong, slightly curved dorsal valve muscle-bounding ridges","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock)-Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 166, 3ac. * M. (G.) genicularia, Dalhousie Formation equivalent, Lochkovian, New Brunswick, Canada, $a$, dorsal external mold, USNM 220606, x1.5$, $b$, ventral internal mold, USNM 220607, X1.5, c, latex cast of dorsal internal\"","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 166. amphistrophiidae (p. 264-266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-295.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"M. (Mclearnites)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"M. (Mclearnites)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"M. (Mclearnites) Caster, 1945, p. 319, Mclearnites (Mclearnitesella) Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 131","Type_species":"Brachyprion mertoni MCLEARN, 1924, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to M. (Geniculomclearnites) but without dorsal geniculation.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock)-Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"FIG . 166,1d,e. M. (M.) newsomensis (FOERSTE), Waldron Shale, Wenlock, Newsom, Nashville, Tennessee; ventral, lateral views of ventral exterior, BMNH BB 31482, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 166. amphistrophiidae (p. 264-266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-295.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"M. (Geniculomclearnites)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"M. (Geniculomclearnites)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"M. (Geniculomclearnites) Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 133","Type_species":"*M. (G.) genicularia; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to M. (Mclearnites) but with dorsally directed geniculate anterior margins; denticles slightly more than halfway along hinge line.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 166,3a\u2013c. *M. (G.) genicularia, Dalhousie Formation equivalent, Lochkovian, New Brunswick, Canada; a, dorsal external mold, USNM 220606, \u00d71.5; b, ventral internal mold, USNM 220607, \u00d7 1.5; c, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, USNM 220605, \u00d71.5 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 166. amphistrophiidae (p. 264-266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-295.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Mesodouvillininae","Genus":"Sinostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinostrophia HAMADA, 1971, p. 52","Type_species":"S. kondoi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately concavoconvex profile, ornament coarsely costellate (although can become abruptly fine near valve margin), denticulate along entire hinge line, prominent straight bounding ridges posterolateral to bilobed ventral muscle field, open anteriorly, relatively small erect cardinal process lobes, socket ridges abbreviated, located posterolateral to cardinal process lobes, dorsal muscle-bounding ridges mostly straight posterolaterally","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"FIG . 166,2a\u2013d. *S. kondoi, Huolongmen Formation, lower Emsian, Jinshui, Lesser Khingan District, Heilongjiang, northeastern China; a, holotype, ventral interior mold, 130KE1, repository unknown, \u00d71.5; b, latex cast of ventral interior, 220KG1, repository unknown, \u00d7 1; c, dorsal interior mold, O56HF3, repository unknown, \u00d71; d, latex cast of dorsal interior, 223KGI, repository unknown, \u00d7 1 (Hamada, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 166. amphistrophiidae (p. 264-266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-295.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Douvillina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Douvillininae","Genus":"Douvillina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Douvillina OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1282","Type_species":"Orthis dutertrei MURCHISON, 1840, p. 253 (attributed to de Verneuil by Oehlert), OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, ornament parvicostellate, denticles over most of hinge line, elevated, very curved bounding ridges surrounding distinctive subcircular but relatively small ventral muscle field, erect cardinal process lobes, diverging dorsal side septa with cavity between them anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 167, 1a-d. * D. dutertrei (Murchison), Ferques Limestone Formation, Frasnian, Ferques, Boulonnais, France; a,b, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 13416, \u00d7 1.5; c, ventral interior, BMNH BC 13417, \u00d71.5; d, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 13418, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BMNH","figure_index":"fig. 167. douvillinidae (p. 266-267).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-297.jpg?height=1078&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Douvillinaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Douvillininae","Genus":"Douvillinaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Douvillinaria STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 22","Type_species":"Stropheodonta variabilis CALVIN, 1878, p. 727, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex profile, but with ventral fold, dorsal sulcus, ornament of curving unequal parvicostellae to uniform costellae, denticles along entire hinge line, elevated bounding ridges around relatively small subcircular to bilobed ventral muscle field, erect ventrally, posteriorly directed cardinal process lobes, dorsal myophragm bifurcating anterior to two septa with hollow between them.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (?Eifeliann)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (?Eifelian, Givetian-Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, ?Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 167, 2a-d. *D. variabilis (Calvin), Independence Shale, Frasnian, Middle Amana, Iowa, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 57970, X3, d, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 57971, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 167. douvillinidae (p. 266-267).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-297.jpg?height=1078&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Douvillinoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Douvillininae","Genus":"Douvillinoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Douvillinoides Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 152","Type_species":"Douvillinella? crickmayi PEDDER, 1960, p. 212, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Douvillinaria but profile thin, gently resupinate without fold or sulcus, ornament usually uniformly costellate","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 167, 3a-c. D. sp., Chemung Group, Frasnian, Nichols, New York, a, ventral internal mold, USNM 220633, x1, b, ventral internal mold, X1, c, ventral latex cast, USNM 220634, X1.5 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHarper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 167. douvillinidae (p. 266-267).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-297.jpg?height=1078&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protodouvillina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Protodouvillina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protodouvillina Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 138","Type_species":"Strophomena inaequistriata CONRAD, 1842, p. 254, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile strongly concavoconvex, unequally parvicostellate ornament, ventral muscle field bounded by short but strong curved ridges posterolaterally, with anterior margin open, small erect cardinal process lobes, dorsal myophragm continuous with base of cardinal process continuing anteriorly, bifurcating into pair of short but prominent side septa that may be relatively straight or may curve inward.","Beginning_age":"Silurian","First_Occurrence":"Silurian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian-Devonian (P\u0159\u00eddoli-Givetian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 168, 1a-c. * P. inaequistriata (Conrad), Hamilton Group, Eifelian, Moscow, Livingston, New York, a, ventral exterior, AMNH 37215, X2, b, ventral interior, AMNH 37218, X2, corsal interior, AMNH 37217, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH","figure_index":"fig. 168. douvillinidae (p. 268).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-299.jpg?height=1805&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bojodouvillina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Bojodouvillina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bojodouvillina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 171","Type_species":"Leptaena phillipsii BARRANDE, 1848, p. 226, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile moderately concavoconvex, unequally parvicostellate ornament, denticles along two-thirds of hinge, ventral diductor field separated by well-developed median septum, muscle-bounding ridges poorly developed around bilobed muscle field, erect, posteriorly directed cardinal process, dorsal interior relatively simple, with pair of short, straight side septa, curved dorsal muscle-bounding ridges weakly developed, no dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, ?Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 168, 2a-d. *B. phillipsii (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, lectotype, ventral interior, NM L6747, x1.5, b, conjoined valves showing dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 444a, x1.5, c, damaged conjoined valves, including cardinal process, OMR VH 444b, Xl.5, d, ventral internal mold, Zl\u00edchov Limestones, Emsian, U kaplicky, Praha-Hlubocepy, Bohemia, Czech Republic, OMR VH 93a, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 168. douvillinidae (p. 268).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-299.jpg?height=1805&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Contradouvillina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Contradouvillina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Contradouvillina GRATSIANOVA, 1975, p. 48","Type_species":"C. salairica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, gently planoconvex profile, anteriorly geniculate ventrally, elongate ventral muscle field with diductors close together, enclosing adductor scars, dorsal interior poorly known, hence generic status and family position uncertain.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Asia, Malobachat Beds, Mount Gurevska region, northeastern Salair, Altai-Sayan, Russia","Figure_captions":"No image provided","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Cymostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymostrophia Caster, 1939, p. 39","Type_species":"Leptaena stephani BARRANDE, 1848, p. 230, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Corrugatella Khalfin, 1948, p. 236, obj.","Synonyms":"Corrugatella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Variable outline, variably convex profile, geniculate ventral valve, dorsal valve initially flat, geniculate anteriorly, distinctive ornament of rugae interrupted by primary costellae, relatively large, suboval ventral muscle field bounded by low ridges posterolaterally only, ventral myophragm developed, small, erect cardinal process lobes, dorsal muscle field bounded posterolaterally by low ridges, one pair of low dorsal side septa, small median ridge in valve center.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 168,3a\u2013c. *C. (C.) stephani (BARRANDE), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Bohemia, Czech Republic; a, ventral exterior, NM CF382, \u00d7 1 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1967); b, ventral interior, BMNH BC 13007, \u00d71.5 (new); c, dorsal interior, OMR VH 398a, \u00d71 (Havl\u00edcek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00edcek,  1967,  BMNH","figure_index":"fig. 168. douvillinidae (p. 268).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-299.jpg?height=1805&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"C. (Cymostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"C. (Cymostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymostrophia Caster, 1939, p. 39","Type_species":"Leptaena stephani BARRANDE, 1848, p. 230, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline; strongly convex pro\ufb01le; ornament of very pronounced interrrupted rugae.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian-Givetian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 168,3a\u2013c. *C. (C.) stephani (BARRANDE), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Bohemia, Czech Republic; a, ventral exterior, NM CF382, \u00d7 1 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1967); b, ventral interior, BMNH BC 13007, \u00d71.5 (new); c, dorsal interior, OMR VH 398a, \u00d71 (Havl\u00edcek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 168. douvillinidae (p. 268).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-299.jpg?height=1805&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"C. (Protocymostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"C. (Protocymostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"C. (Protocymostrophia) Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 127","Type_species":"Strophomena ivanensis BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 52, fig. IV 1-4, 9-12, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cymostrophia but having suboval rather than transverse outline, gently concavoconvex profile, less pronounced interrupted rugae in ornament","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 168, 4a-c. * C. (P.) ivanensis (Barrande), Kotys Limestone, Lochkovian, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, ventral exterior, OMR VH 439a, x1.5, b, ventral interior, OMR VH 439d, x2, c, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 439c, x1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 168. douvillinidae (p. 268).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-299.jpg?height=1805&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Douvillinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Douvillinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Douvillinella SPRIESTERSBACH, 1925, p. 432","Type_species":"Stropheodonta filifer SCHMIDT, 1913, p. 313, OD, locality: cultrijugatus zone (Eifelian), ?AttendornElsper, Doppelmulde, Germany","Synonyms_with_authors":"Fibulistrophia Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1972, p. 43 (type, F. fibula, OD)","Synonyms":"Fibulistrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently resupinate to gently concavoconvex, ornament uniformly costellate, denticulate along most of hinge line, bilobed ventral diductor muscle field widely separated by broad triangular space, bounded laterally by faint muscle-bounding ridges that are sometimes also present anteriorly, socket ridges long, widely divergent, not joined to cardinal process lobes, pair of long, thin, curved dorsal side septa, short dorsal median ridge may be developed centrally, subperipheral rims variably present in both valves.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig . 169,1a\u2013d. D. (D.) \ufb01bula (G ARC\u00cdA -ALCADE ), Moniello Formation, Emsian, Les Are\u00f1es, Avil\u00e9s, Asturias, Spain; a,b, holotype, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, DPO 2489, \u00d7 1.5; c, ventral interior, DPO 2546, \u00d72; d, dorsal interior, DPO 2563, \u00d72 (Garc\u00eda-Alcade, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 169. douvillinidae (p. 268-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-300.jpg?height=1766&width=1284&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Douvillinella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"D. (Douvillinella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Douvillinella) SPRIESTERSBACH, 1925, p. 432","Type_species":"Stropheodonta filifer SCHMIDT, 1913, p. 313, OD, locality: cultrijugatus zone (Eifelian), ?AttendornElsper, Doppelmulde, Germany","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to D. (Crinistrophia) but with muscle-bounding ridges always developed, although sometimes faint.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig . 169,1a\u2013d. D. (D.) \ufb01bula (G ARC\u00cdA -ALCADE ), Moniello Formation, Emsian, Les Are\u00f1es, Avil\u00e9s, Asturias, Spain; a,b, holotype, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, DPO 2489, \u00d7 1.5; c, ventral interior, DPO 2546, \u00d72; d, dorsal interior, DPO 2563, \u00d72 (Garc\u00eda-Alcade, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 169. douvillinidae (p. 268-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-300.jpg?height=1766&width=1284&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Crinistrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"D. (Crinistrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Crinistrophia) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 134","Type_species":"C. crinita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to D. (Douvillinella) but gently concavoconvex profile, ornament unequally parvicostellate to costellate, short dental plates may be developed, relatively large bilobed ventral muscle field without bounding ridges, short erect cardinal process with prominent socket ridges flaring anterolaterally, short, straight dorsal transmuscle septa variably developed.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig . 169,2a\u2013c. *D. (C.) crinita, Zl\u00edchov Limestone, Emsian, Praha-Hlubocepy, Bohemia, Czech Republic; a,b, ventral interior, exterior molds, OMR VH 405c, \u00d71.5; c, dorsal interior mold, OMR VH 406b, \u00d73.7 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 169. douvillinidae (p. 268-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-300.jpg?height=1766&width=1284&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hercostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Hercostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hercostrophia WILLIAMS, 1950, p. 277","Type_species":"H. alpenensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently to moderately concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, bilobed to subtriangular ventral muscle field bounded by two pairs of lateral, median bounding ridges sometimes united posteriorly to form arch, dorsal muscle field not situated on elevated platform, bounding ridges absent, pair of strong dorsal side septa","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Givetian-Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 170, 1a, b. *H. alpenensis, Alpena Limestone, Givetian, Alpena, Michigan, a, ventral interior, USNM 116017, x2, b, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 116018, X2 (Williams, 1953a)., Fig. 170, 1c. H. sp., Givetian, New York, dorsal interior, x2 (Williams, 1953a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nWilliams, 1953, \nWilliams, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 170. douvillinidae (p. 271).\nfig. 170. douvillinidae (p. 271).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-302.jpg?height=697&width=1278&top_left_y=1239&top_left_x=167)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-302.jpg?height=697&width=1278&top_left_y=1239&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Malurostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Malurostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Malurostrophia Campbell & TALENT, 1967, p. 309","Type_species":"M. flabellicauda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sinoshaleria XIAN in XIAN & Jiang, 1978, p. 268 (type, S. guangshunensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Sinoshaleria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently resupinate, geniculate, quadrate outline, indented anterior margin, ornament unequally parvicostellate, ventral muscle field bilobed, elongate, bounded laterally by subparallel but slightly curved ridges, myophragm well developed, bifurcating anteriorly, ventral subperipheral rim, large, erect, posteriorly directed cardinal process lobes, dorsal muscle field bounded laterally, posteriorly by ridges, one pair of dorsal side septa, additional pair sometimes developed laterally, short dorsal median ridge developed centrally, sometimes extending anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Givetian)","Geography":"Australia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 169, 3a-c. *M. flabellicauda, Receptaculites Limestone, Emsian-Eifelian, Bloomfield Station, Taemas, New South Wales, Australia, a, holotype, dorsal view of conjoined valves, ANU 14620, x4, b, ventral interior, ANU 14987, X4, c, dorsal interior, ANU 14983, X4 (Campbell & Talent, 1967)., Fig. 169, 3d. M. guangshunensis (Xian), Dushan Formation, Givetian, Tianqibao, Guangshun, Changshung County, Guizhou Province, China, holotype, ventral internal mold, GB 371, X2 (Xian & Jiang, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell & Talent, 1967, \nXian & Jiang, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 169. douvillinidae (p. 268-274).\nfig. 169. douvillinidae (p. 268-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-300.jpg?height=1766&width=1284&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-300.jpg?height=1766&width=1284&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megastrophiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Megastrophiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megastrophiella Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 19","Type_species":"Stropheodonta iddingsi MERRIAM, 1940, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile strongly concavoconvex, parvicostellate to costellate ornament, ventral muscle field bilobed to oval with weak bounding ridges mainly developed posterolaterally, central ventral median ridge present, cardinal process lobes posteriorly directed, not joined at their bases, socket ridges widely divergent, separate from cardinal process lobes, dorsal muscle field elevated on platform, with well-developed transmuscle septa, bounding ridges, central dorsal median septum extended anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 170, 2a-f. *M. iddingsi (Merriam), Spirifer pinyonensis Zone, lower Nevada Formation, Emsian, Lone Mountain, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, a, b, holotype, ventral, posterior views of conjoined valves, USNM 96370, x1.5, c, d, ventral, posterior views of ventral internal mold, USNM 156961, X1.5, e, f, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, USNM 156962, X2 (Johnson, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 170. douvillinidae (p. 271).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-302.jpg?height=697&width=1278&top_left_y=1239&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moravostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Moravostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moravostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1962, p. 471","Type_species":"Strophomena interstrialis moravica \u0160MYCKA, 1897, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shell with subrectangular outline, concavoconvex profile, parvicostellate ornament, sometimes with fine rugae between costellae, ventral interior unknown, hence queried familial assignment, cardinal process lobes separate, strongly posteriorly directed, socket ridges small, widely divergent, dorsal adductor muscle field weakly impressed with strong bounding ridges curved inward, short central dorsal median septum, with pair of short side septa between it and muscle field, dorsal subperipheral rim well developed.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 170, 4a-e. *M. moravica (Smycka), Givetian Beds, Celechovice na Han\u00e9, Moravia, Czech Republic, a, lectotype, ventral exterior, Brno 10939, X2, b, c, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined valves, OMR VH 522a, x2, d, dorsal interior, Figner collection, times, e, enlargement of cardinalia, OMR VH 522b, X4.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavli\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 170. douvillinidae (p. 271).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-302.jpg?height=697&width=1278&top_left_y=1239&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nadiastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Nadiastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nadiastrophia TALENT, 1963, p. 62","Type_species":"N. superba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Xenostrophia Wang in Wang, Yu, & Wu, 1974, p. 37 (type, Shaleria yukiangensis Wang, 1956, p. 149, OD)","Synonyms":"Xenostrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently concavoconvex, sharply geniculate in both valves, ornament unequally parvicostellate, hinge line denticulate along most of width, bilobed ventral muscle field chiefly elongate, muscle-bounding ridges present laterally, sometimes weakly anteriorly, ventral subperipheral rim developed in gerontic specimens, erect, posteriorly directed cardinal process lobes, myophragm variably developed, dorsal side septa vary from strong to very weak, dorsal muscle field on elevated platform with short bounding ridges present posterolaterally, dorsal median septum variably developed centrally, occasionally anteriorly, but sometimes absent, variably developed dorsal subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Australasia, China, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fikg. 170,3a,b. *N. superba, Kilgower Member, Tabberabbera Formation, Emsian, Mitchell River, south of Tabberabbera, Victoria, Australia; a, ventral internal mold, GSV 5889a, \u00d7 3; b, dorsal internal mold, GSV 56578a, \u00d7 3 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).\u2014\u2014Fig. 170,3c\u2013f. N. yukiangensis (WANG), Liujing Member, Yukiang Formation, lower Emsian, Liujing railway station, Hengxian County, southern Guangxi, China; c,d, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 12833, \u00d7 2; e, ventral interior, BMNH BC 12834, \u00d72; f, dorsal interior, NIGP 23618, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper & Boucot, 1978,  NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 170. douvillinidae (p. 271).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-302.jpg?height=697&width=1278&top_left_y=1239&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paucistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Paucistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paucistrophia Wang & ZHU, 1979, p. 23","Type_species":"Radiomena concinnusa Wang in Wang, Yu, & WU, 1974, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, geniculate, ornament unequally parvicostellate, hinge line denticulate over most of valve width, large bilobed ventral muscle field, with strong bounding ridges anterior from dental plates surrounding entire field, dorsal valve similar to Nadiastrophia.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 172, 2a, b. * P. concinnusa (WANG), Sipai Formation, upper Emsian, Sipai Village, Luzhai, Guangxi Province, China, holotype, ventral, dorsal views of internal mold of conjoined valves, NIGP 23657, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 172. douvillinidae (p. 271-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-305.jpg?height=1812&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phragmostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Phragmostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phragmostrophia Harper, Johnson, & BOUCOT, 1967, p. 428","Type_species":"P. merriami, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve strongly convex profile, dorsal valve flat, fine, unequally parvicostellate ornament, denticles along most of valve width, ventral muscle field bounded laterally by ridges, dorsal muscle field raised on elevated platform with bounding ridges, one or two pairs of dorsal side septa present, ventral dorsal median septum relatively strong, sometimes extending anteriorly to join subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 169, 4a-d. *P. merriami, Eurekaspirifer pinyonensis Zone, Emsian, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, Sulphur Spring Range, x2, lateral view of conjoined valves, northern Roberts Mountains, Eureka County, Nevada, USNM 140410, x1.5, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, Sulphur Spring Range, USNM 140409, x2, d, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, Sulphur Spring Range, x2 (Harper, Johnson, & Boucot, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHarper, Johnson, & Boucot, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 169. douvillinidae (p. 268-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-300.jpg?height=1766&width=1284&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Radiomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Radiomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Radiomena HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1962, p. 471","Type_species":"Orthis irregularis ROEMER, 1844, p. 75, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chuanostrophia Xian in Xian & others, 1988, p. 207 (type, C. scitula, OD)","Synonyms":"Chuanostrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve moderately to strongly convex profile, dorsal valve first flat but geniculate anteriorly, unequally parvicostellate weak ornament, denticles along most of valve width, ventral muscle field weakly impressed anteriorly, bilobed diductor scars separated by low, wide myophragm, erect, posteriorly directed cardinal process lobes, dorsal muscle field bounded by low ridges, one pair of dorsal side septa present, anterior ends sometimes curve out laterally, weak dorsal median ridge developed centrally. Devonian (Emsian-Givetian): Europe, Asia.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 171a\u2013h. *R. irregularis (ROEMER ); a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, Eifelian Beds, Gerolstein, BMNH BC 12831, \u00d72 (new); d\u2013f, ventral, posterior, dorsal views of conjoined valves, Eifelian Beds, Eifel, Germany, SMF 19119, \u00d7 1 (Johnson, new); g, interior of incomplete ventral valve, Givetian, Celechovice na Han\u00e9, Moravia, Czech Republic, OMR VH 402a, \u00d71.6; h, dorsal interior, Givetian, Celechovice na Han\u00e9, Moravia, Czech Republic, OMR VH 404c, \u00d7 1.7 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).\u2014\u2014Fig . 171i\u2013k. R. scitula (XIAN), Shiliangzi Member, Yangmaba Formation, upper Emsian, Jiangyou, Beichuan County, northern Sichuan Province, China; i, ventral internal mold, \u00d71; j,k, holotype, internal, external mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 1.5 (Xian & others, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"SMF, \nOMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, \nXian & others, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 171. douvillinidae (p. 274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-303.jpg?height=1638&width=1296&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taemostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Taemostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taemostrophia CHATTERTON, 1973, p. 43","Type_species":"T. patmorei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Alate, subquadrate outline, flat profile but with sharply geniculate margin, unequally parvicostellate ornament, variable ventral muscle field with bounding ridges directed toward center at first, then anteriorly flare out laterally before curving back to unite anteriorly, other specimens simply curving laterally, open anteriorly, adductor muscles entirely enclosed by diductors, erect cardinal process lobes directed ventrally or posteroventrally, dorsal muscle-bounding ridges strong both laterally and anteriorly, central dorsal median ridge present, one pair of dorsal side septa variably developed, similar to Malurostrophia but ventral muscle field less bilobed.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 172,3a\u2013c. *T. patmorei, Warroo Limestone, Emsian, Hume Park, Yass, New South Wales, Australia; a,b, holotype, ventral exterior, interior, ANU 18922, \u00d71.5; c, dorsal interior, ANU 18923e, \u00d72 (Campbell, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nHarper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 172. douvillinidae (p. 271-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-305.jpg?height=1812&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Teichostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Teichostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Teichostrophia Harper, Johnson, & BOUCOT, 1967, p. 420","Type_species":"Strophomena lepis BRONN, 1837, p. 87, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"=Ancylostrophia Harper, Johnson, & Boucot, 1967, p. 423 (type, A. kondelensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Ancylostrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subquadrate, ventral valve strongly convex profile, dorsal valve flat posteriorly, sharply geniculate, with raised interior subperipheral rim, ornament smooth or very faint unequal parvicostellae, bilobed ventral muscle field strongly impressed but without raised muscle-bounding ridges, socket ridges very small, dorsal muscle field impressed onto elevated platform with encircling muscle-bounding ridges, variably developed side septa, short dorsal median septum sometimes developed anteriorly. Devonian (Emsian-Givetian): Europe, Asia, Algeria.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 172,1a\u2013d. *T. lepis (B RONN ), Siegenian, Emsian Beds, Gerolstein, Eifel, Germany; a, ventral view of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 12830, \u00d72; b, dorsal view of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 12828, \u00d72; c, internal mold of ventral valve, BMNH BC 12829, \u00d72 (new); d, internal mold of conjoined valves,","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nHarper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 172. douvillinidae (p. 271-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-305.jpg?height=1812&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Telaeoshaleria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Telaeoshaleria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Telaeoshaleria WILLIAMS, 1950, p. 281","Type_species":"Shaleria (T.) sulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"=Kinelina Ljaschenko, 1969, p. 35 (type, K. eifelensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Kinelina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve strongly convex profile, dorsal valve flat posteriorly, geniculate anteriorly, unequally parvicostellate ornament, ventral muscle field with long, parallel-sided diductor scars bounded laterally by strong bounding ridges, divided by myophragm that forks anteriorly, dorsal muscle field on elevated but relatively small, low platform, central pair of dorsal side septa always present, sometimes additional pair also developed laterally, short dorsal median ridge centrally.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 172,4a\u2013c. *T. sulcata, Calceola beds, Eifelian, Lissingen, Eifel, Germany; a, interior mold of ventral valve, USNM 116031, \u00d72; b, holotype, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 116030, \u00d7 2; c, interior mold of dorsal valve, USNM 116032, \u00d71.5 (Williams, 1953a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nWilliams, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 172. douvillinidae (p. 271-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-305.jpg?height=1812&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tsaganella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Tsaganella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tsaganella OLENEVA, 1994, p. 50","Type_species":"*T. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve weakly convex profile, dorsal valve nearly flat, relatively fine unequally parvicostellate ornament, denticles along half valve width, ventral muscle field bilobed, surrounded by well-developed bounding ridges, small ventral process, cardinal process erect, flaring, medium-sized socket ridges, small side septa variably developed within relatively small dorsal muscle field, fine dorsal median septum sometimes present centrally. Devonian (Givetian): Asia.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 172, 5a-d. * T. plana, Khatygolsk Formation, Givetian, Khar-Tolgoi, Altai Mountains, Mongolia, a, dorsal external mold, PAN 4427\/146, X1.5, b, c, holotype, ventral internal mold, latex cast, PAN 4427\/210, x1.5, d, dorsal internal mold, PAN 4427\/188, x1.3 (Oleneva, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nOleneva, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 172. douvillinidae (p. 271-274).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-305.jpg?height=1812&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dicoelostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Dicoelostrophiinae","Genus":"Dicoelostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dicoelostrophia WANG, 1955a, p. 104","Type_species":"D. punctatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile mostly gently resupinate to shallowly biconvex, ornament variable, ranging from unequally parvicostellate to fascicostellate, usually costellate, denticles along most of hinge width, bilobed ventral muscle field with strong bounding ridges posterolaterally, separated anteriorly by broad central area, dorsal muscle field bounded laterally, posteriorly by ridges, two pairs of high, strong dorsal side septa, median septum. Devonian (Emsian): China.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 173a-f. * D. punctatum, Yukiang Formation, lower Emsian, Liujing, Hengxian, Guangxi Province, China, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views of conjoined valves, x1 . 5, ~ d, dorsal view of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 12848, X1.5, e, ventral valve interior, NIGP 87917, x2, f, dorsal valve interior, NIGP 23611, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 173. douvillinidae (p. 276).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-306.jpg?height=1552&width=572&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptodontella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Leptodontellinae","Genus":"Leptodontella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptodontella KHALFIN, 1948, p. 253","Type_species":"Leptaena caudata SCHNUR, 1854, p. 224, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Glossostrophia Williams, 1950, p. 282, obj., Altaestrophia Bublichenko, 1956, p. 96 (type, Leptodontella acuta Khalfin, 1948, p. 255, OD","Synonyms":"Glossostrophia, Altaestrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile biplanar in central disc, then gently resupinate, sharply geniculate ventrally, fold, sulcus present in concave anterior margin, unequally parvicostellate ornament, large, bilobed, weakly impressed ventral muscle field, strong dorsal muscle-bounding ridges, dorsal side septa absent or weakly developed, thin dorsal median septum with prominent thickening centrally","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Africa, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 174, 4a-e. * L. caudata (Schnur), Eifelian, a, b, internal molds of ventral, dorsal interiors, Blankenheim Limestone, Gerolstein, Eifel, Germany, USNM 116391a, x1.5, c, d, dorsal, x1, and anterior views, x1.5, of conjoined valves, Blankenheim Limestone, Gerolstein, Eifel, Germany, USNM 116391b (Williams, 1953a), e, dorsal interior, Padaukpin Limestone, Padaukpin, near Maymyo, northern Shan States, Burma, SM 2654, X1.25 (Johnson, new)., \u2018\u2014\u2014Fig. 174, 4f. L. acuta, Medvedev Formation, upper Emsian, Medvedev, Gorny Altai, Russia, dorsal internal mold, PAN 1\/ 244, X2 (Gratsianova, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSM, \nWilliams, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 174. douvillinidae (p. 276-278).\nfig. 174. douvillinidae (p. 276-278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-307.jpg?height=1502&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-307.jpg?height=1502&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parastrophonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Leptodontellinae","Genus":"Parastrophonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parastrophonella BUBLICHENKO, 1956, p. 93","Type_species":"Strophomena anaglypha KAYSER, 1871, p. 628, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to gently resupinate profile, similar to Leptodontella, but without anterior fold, sulcus, unequally parvicostellate ornament, triangular, bilobed ventral muscle field, well impressed but without bounding ridges, erect, ventrally directed cardinal process lobes, dorsal muscle field well impressed posteriorly, open anteriorly, weak dorsal myophragm posteriorly only, dorsal side septa absent","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 175a-d. *P. anaglypha (Kayser), Rommersheimer Shale, Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, a, latex of ventral exterior, Gees, SMF 19154, X3, b, ventral interior, Rommersheim, Pr\u00fcmer Mulde, SMF 19154, X3, c, d, mold, latex cast of dorsal interior, Rommersheim, Pr\u00fcmer Mulde, SMF 19160, X3 (Johnson, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"SMF","figure_index":"fig. 175. douvillinidae (p. 277).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-308.jpg?height=1406&width=562&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Leptodontellinae","Genus":"Spinostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinostrophia Jiang in Xian & JIANG, 1978, p. 267","Type_species":"S. ellipsoidea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament of interrupted costellae as in Nervostrophia, but profile strongly concavoconvex, dorsally geniculate (unlike Nervostrophia), ventral muscle field bilobed, dorsal interior unknown, hence queried assignment to this subfamily. Devonian (Eifelian): China.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 174, 3. *S. ellipsoidea, Longdongshui Formation, Eifelian, Pinghuangshan, Dushan County, Guizhou Province, holotype, ventral exterior, GB 127, XI (Xian & Jiang, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian & Jiang, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 174. douvillinidae (p. 276-278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-307.jpg?height=1502&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcatostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Leptodontellinae","Genus":"Sulcatostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcatostrophia CASTER, 1939, p. 81","Type_species":"Leptostrophia camerata Fenton & FENTON, 1924, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudodouvillina Stainbrook, 1945, p. 26 (type, P. euglyphea, OD)","Synonyms":"Pseudodouvillina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Quadrate outline, profile strongly concavoconvex, ventral valve sulcus occasionally present, costellate to unequally parvicostellate ornament, with some individual ventral valve costellae occasionally variably strong along their length, as in Nervostrophia, poorly impressed ventral muscle field, but with prominent short flaring muscle-bounding ridges posteroventrally only, mimicking dental plates, short ventral median septum posteriorly only, dorsal side septa absent or sometimes faintly developed","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 174, 2a-d. *S. camerata (Fenton & Fenton), Hackberry Formation, Frasnian, Mason City, Iowa, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, BMNH B 18905, X3 (new), d, ventral valve interior, USNM 220529, X2 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHarper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 174. douvillinidae (p. 276-278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-307.jpg?height=1502&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zophostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Leptodontellinae","Genus":"Zophostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zophostrophia VEEVERS, 1959, p. 63","Type_species":"Z. ungamica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile dorsally geniculate, ornament uniformly costellate with weak rugae, deeply impressed bilobed ventral muscle field with short ventral median septum, dorsal muscle field strongly impressed, especially posteriorly, thin dorsal median septum centrally only","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 174,1a\u2013e. *Z. ungamica, Sadler Formation, Frasnian, Sadler Ridge, Fitzroy basin; a\u2013c, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, CPC 2942, \u00d7 1; d, ventral interior, CPC 2941, \u00d71.23; e, dorsal interior, CPC 2940, \u00d71.77 (Strusz, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC","figure_index":"fig. 174. douvillinidae (p. 276-278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-307.jpg?height=1502&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptostrophia HALL & CLARKE , 1892, p. 288","Type_species":"Stropheodonta magni\ufb01ca HALL, 1857, p. 54; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Magniventra HARPER & BOUCOT , 1978, p. 77 (type, Strophomena magniventra HALL, 1857, p. 54; OD)]","Synonyms":"Magniventra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semicircular outline; pro\ufb01le biplanate to gently concavoconvex; ornament usually unequally costellate; hinge line entirely denticulate; ventral valve with distinctive ventral process or tubular chamber; ventral muscle \ufb01eld with bounding ridges posterolaterally only, partitioned by low radial ridges; cardinal process lobes elongate to ponderous but separated at their base, ventrally to posteroventrally directed; socket plates small, situated posterolaterally, close to cardinal process lobes, often curved subparallel with lobes; dorsal musclebounding ridges may be present laterally, posteriorly; small central dorsal septum variably developed; dorsal subperipheral rim variably present.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 176, a\u2013d. *L. (L.) magni\ufb01ca (HALL), Oriskany Sandstone, Pragian; a, lectotype, internal mold of ventral valve, Schoharie County, New York, AMNH 34789, \u00d70.75; b, ventral interior, Cumberland, Maryland, AMNH 34794, \u00d7 1; c,d, internal mold, latex cast of dorsal valve, Schoharie County, New York, BMNH BC 13063, \u00d71 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 176, e,f. L. (L.) magniventra (H ALL ), Oriskany Sandstone, Pragian, Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York; e, syntype, latex cast of mold of ventral valve, AMNH 34780, \u00d7 1; f, partly exfoliated dorsal valve, showing mold of cardinal process, AMNH 34782, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Leptostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"L. (Leptostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Leptostrophia) HALL & CLARKE , 1892, p. 288","Type_species":"Stropheodonta magni\ufb01ca HALL, 1857, p. 54; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Rhytistrophia) but lacking rugae except minimally at alae; distinc- tive tubular chamber in place of ventral process.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 176, a\u2013d. *L. (L.) magni\ufb01ca (HALL), Oriskany Sandstone, Pragian; a, lectotype, internal mold of ventral valve, Schoharie County, New York, AMNH 34789, \u00d70.75; b, ventral interior, Cumberland, Maryland, AMNH 34794, \u00d7 1; c,d, internal mold, latex cast of dorsal valve, Schoharie County, New York, BMNH BC 13063, \u00d71 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 176, e,f. L. (L.) magniventra (H ALL ), Oriskany Sandstone, Pragian, Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York; e, syntype, latex cast of mold of ventral valve, AMNH 34780, \u00d7 1; f, partly exfoliated dorsal valve, showing mold of cardinal process, AMNH 34782, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Rhytistrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"L. (Rhytistrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Rhytistrophia) Caster, 1939, p. 86, *Stropheodonta beckii HALL, 1859a, p. 191, OD","Type_species":"Stropheodonta beckii HALL, 1859a, p. 191, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Leptostrophia), but with ornament of variably developed, discontinuous concentric rugae, ventral process instead of tubular chamber.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 177, a\u2013f. *L. (R.) beckii (H ALL ), Helderberg Group, Pragian; a,b, lectotype, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, Schoharie, New York, AMNH 33162, \u00d71; c,d, ventral internal mold, latex cast, Becraft\u2019s Mountain, Columbia, New York, AMNH 33166, \u00d7 1; e,f, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, Becraft\u2019s Mountain, Columbia, New York, AMNH 33167, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barbaestrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Barbaestrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barbaestrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1965a, p. 7","Type_species":"Strophomena praestans BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 51-IV, fig. 1-7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Two to three pairs of curved spines extending posterolaterally from hinge line, family designation uncertain because dorsal interior unknown, but ventral muscle field typically leptostrophiid in its posterolateral bounding ridges and in its triangularity.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 178, 1a, b. *B. praestans (Barrande), Kotys Limestones, Lochkovian, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Czech Republic, a, lectotype, ventral exterior, NM L6672, X1.5, b, internal mold of ventral interior, OMR VH 427, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 178. leptostrophiidae (p. 282).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-311.jpg?height=1699&width=1298&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachyprion":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brachyprion","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachyprion SHALER, 1865, p. 63","Type_species":"Strophomena leda BILLINGS, 1860, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently to moderately concavoconvex, ornament mainly unequally parvicostellate, but may be costellate, denticles on denticular plates in ventral valve, small number on dorsal hinge line, dental plates absent, ventral muscle field usually triangular, but may be gently curved posterolaterally, muscle-bounding ridges weak or absent, cardinal process lobes erect, small, suboval, not united at their base, socket ridges thin, widely divergent, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed. Silurian (Aeronian-Ludlow): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian-Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 178, 3a, b. *B. leda (Billings), Jupiter Formation, Telychian, Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada, a, lectotype, ventral exterior, x2, b, dorsal interior, GSC 2442, x2 (new)., Fig. 178, 3c. B. sp., Vik Formation, Telychian, Porsgrunn, Norway, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 6894, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC","figure_index":"fig. 178. leptostrophiidae (p. 282).\nfig. 178. leptostrophiidae (p. 282).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-311.jpg?height=1699&width=1298&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=164)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-311.jpg?height=1699&width=1298&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Castellaroina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Castellaroina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Castellaroina Boucot in AMOS, 1972, p. 11","Type_species":"Tropidoleptus fascifer KAYSER, 1897, p. 291, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently concavoconvex, unequally parvicostellate ornament, strong teeth with crenulations fused to vestigial dental plates, very finely denticulate for up to half hinge width, muscle-bounding ridges weak or absent although triangular ventral muscle field well impressed posterolaterally, strong cardinal process lobes positioned completely anterior to hinge line, not united at their base, short flaring socket ridges, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed. Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed): Argentina.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 178, 2a-e. *C. fascifer (KaySer), Los Espejos Formation, Ludlow, Agua Negra, San Juan, Argentina, a, ventral exterior, BAU 7693, x1.5, b, c, ventral internal mold, latex cast, BAU 7694, x1.5, d, e, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, BAU 7700, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 178. leptostrophiidae (p. 282).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-311.jpg?height=1699&width=1298&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chynistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chynistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chynistrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1977b, p. 301","Type_species":"C. foliola, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small subrectangular outline, planoconvex profile, similar to Leptostrophia apart from narrower diductor scars, no radial ridges in ventral muscle field, dorsal muscle field relatively small","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 179, 1a-c. * C. foliola, Chotec Limestone, Pragian, Chynice, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, holotype, ventral exterior, OMR VH 2601, X3.5, b, ventral internal mold, X3.5, c, dorsal internal mold, x4 (Havli\u010dek, 1977b).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavli\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 179. leptostrophiidae (p. 282-286).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-313.jpg?height=1788&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eomegastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eomegastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eomegastrophia COCKS, 1967, p. 260","Type_species":"Megastrophia (E.) ethica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, ornament from unequally parvicostellate to uniformly costellate, dental plates present in parts or all of population, denticular plates with a small number of denticles, ventral muscle field moderately impressed, muscle-bounding ridges absent, cardinal process lobes narrow, ventrally directed, not joined at bases, short anterolateral socket plates present, dorsal muscle field weakly impressed.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian)","Geography":"Europe, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 180, 2 a-c. * E. ethica, Pentamerus Beds, Aeronian, Morrellswood, Shropshire, England, a, holotype, mold of ventral interior, GSM 102715, X1, b, mold of dorsal interior, GSM 102717, X1, c, mold of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 13415, x1.5 (Cocks, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nCocks, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 180. leptostrophiidae (p. 282-286).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-314.jpg?height=1607&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eostropheodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eostropheodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eostropheodonta BANCROFT, 1949, p. 9","Type_species":"Orthis hirnantensis M'COV, 1851, p. 395, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Aphanomena Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968, p. 13 (type, A. schmalenseei, OD), Eoleptostrophia Harper & Boucot in Amos, 1972, p. 11, nom. nud., Neokjaerina Levy & Nullo, 1974, p. 191 (type, Kjaerina (N.) florentina), Pirgumena R\u00f6\u00f6musoks, 1993c, p. 163 (type, P. martnai, OD)","Synonyms":"Aphanomena, Eoleptostrophia, Neokjaerina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to gently concavoconvex profile, ornament variable from unequally parvicostellate to fascicostellate, sometimes in the same population, small denticular plates with few denticles, no denticles on the hinge line, short but strong dental plates present, with crenulations, ventral process generally absent, muscle field in both valves obscure or faintly impressed, erect cardinal process lobes elongate, separated at their bases, socket ridges widely divergent, dorsal septa absent","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 181a-d. *E. hirnantensis (M'Coy), Ashgill, a, latex of dorsal exterior, Husberg\u00f8ya Formation, Ramberg\u00f8ya, Oslo, Norway, BMNH BB 93972, X1.5, b, c, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, Husberg\u00f8ya Formation, Ramberg\u00f8ya, Oslo, Norway, BMNH BB 94003, X2, d, ventral internal mold, Hirnant Formation, Aber Hirnant, near Bala, Gwynedd, Wales, BMNH B 89573, \u00d71.5 (new).-Fig. 181e-g. *E. schmalenseei (Bergstr\u00f6m), lower Dalmanitina Beds, Ashgill, e, latex cast of external mold of conjoined valves, Stommen, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Sweden, LO 4249, X1.5 (Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968), f, ventral internal mold, Stommen, BMNH B 90684, \u00d71 (new), g, holotype, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, Allebergs\u00e4nde, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, Sweden, LO 4248, X1 (Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968).-Fig. 181h, i. *E. martnai (R\u00f6\u00f6musoks), Adila Formation, Pirgu Stage, Ashgill, H\u00e4rk\u00fcla, Aruk\u00fcla, Estonia, h, ventral external mold, GMUT Br 1492, X1, i, dorsal internal mold, GMUT Br 1477, \u00d71 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993c).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nLO, \nBergstr\u00f6m, 1968, \nBergstr\u00f6m, 1968, \nR\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 181. leptostrophiidae (p. 282).\nfig. 181. leptostrophiidae (p. 282).\nfig. 181. leptostrophiidae (p. 282).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-315.jpg?height=1812&width=1170&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=213)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-315.jpg?height=1812&width=1170&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=213)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-315.jpg?height=1812&width=1170&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Erinostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Erinostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Erinostrophia Cocks & WORSLEY, 1993, p. 44","Type_species":"Orthis undata M'COY, 1846, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, similar to Protomegastrophia, but with pronounced but discontinuous rugae over the whole shell, rounded rather than bladelike cardinal process lobes","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 179,2a\u2013d. *E. undata, Telychian; a, external mold of dorsal valve, Porsgrunn Formation, Skien, Norway, BMNH BC 6806, \u00d71.5; b,c, ventral, lateral views of ventral internal mold, Bru\ufb02at Formation, Sogn, Hadeland, Norway, BMNH BC 6686, \u00d7 1.5; d, dorsal interior, lower Visby Beds, Visby, Gotland, Sweden, BMNH B 13611, \u00d71 (Cocks & Worsley, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks & Worsley, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 179. leptostrophiidae (p. 282-286).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-313.jpg?height=1788&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gamphalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gamphalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gamphalosia STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 33","Type_species":"G. tenuissima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently resupinate, ornament with costellae of variable strength as in Nervostrophia but more pronounced on ventral than dorsal valve, weak rugae also developed sporadically.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 179,3a\u2013c. *G. tenuissima, Independence Shale, Frasnian, Brandon, Iowa; a, ventral valve exterior, SUI MAS 858b, \u00d72; b, dorsal view of exterior of conjoined valves, SUI MAS 859B, \u00d7 3; c, ventral valve interior, SUI MAS 859, \u00d7 3 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 179. leptostrophiidae (p. 282-286).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-313.jpg?height=1788&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibberostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gibberostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibberostrophia Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 79","Type_species":"Stropheodonta gibbera AMSDEN, 1958, p. 73; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile strongly concavoconvex, ornament uniformly costellate, denticulation over most of hinge line, muscle field deeply impressed in both valves laterally, posteriorly, becoming fainter anteriorly, with slightly curved bounding ridges posterolaterally in ventral valve, ventral process well developed, myophragm present in both valves, cardinal process lobes elongate, close together but not united, socket ridges abbreviated, close to but separate from cardinal process lobes.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 180, 1 a-d. *G. gibbera (Amsden), Haragan Formation, Lochkovian, Hunton, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, a, b, holotype, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, OKGS 930, x1.5, c, ventral interior, OKGS 927, x1.5, dorsal interior, OKGS 924, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"OKGS","figure_index":"fig. 180. leptostrophiidae (p. 282-286).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-314.jpg?height=1607&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesoleptostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mesoleptostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesoleptostrophia Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 68","Type_species":"* M. kartalensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Leptostrophiella Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 74 (type, Leptaena explanata Sowerby, 1842, p. 409, OD), Mitchellella Strusz, 1984, p. 126 (type, Stropheodonta quadrata Mitchell, 1923, p. 469, OD)","Synonyms":"Leptostrophiella, Mitchellella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular to subquadrate, profile biplanate to gently concavoconvex, ornament unequally parvicostellate to uniformly costellate, denticulate over most of valve width, small ventral process present, subtriangular to bilobed ventral muscle field with bounding ridges variably developed posterolaterally, variable, usually small, cardinal process lobes.  [See Cocks & Rong , 2000, p. 286. There are already two subgenera, Mesoleptostrophia and Paraleptostrophia, within Mesoleptostrophia. It is uncertain whether or not Rhytirugea should be included within the genus, and, if so, what its relationships with the other subgenera are. It was erected as a subgenus of Leptostrophiella , which was synonymized within Mesoleptostrophia in cocks & rong, 2000, p. 286; however, it may be a synonym of Paraleptostrophia, but the characteristic cardinal process lobes of that subgenus are not described for Rhytirugea. The type species was previously assigned to Rhytistrophia by Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967. ]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)-Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1734, 2a-d. * M? (R.) sowerbyi (Barrande), a, ventral exterior, Kon\u0115prusy Limestone, Kon\u0115prusy, NM L6673, x1.5, b-c, holotype, dorsal view of conjoined valves, Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, NM L6457, x1.5 and x3, d, dorsal internal mold, Zl\u00edchov Limestone, Hlubo\u010depy, VH 438, \u00d74 (Havli\u010dek & Van\u0115k, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"NM, \nHavli\u010dek & Van\u0115k, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1734. leptostrophiidae (p. 2614).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-346.jpg?height=693&width=411&top_left_y=1361&top_left_x=1092)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"M. (Mesoleptostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"M. (Mesoleptostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"M. (Mesoleptostrophia) Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 68","Type_species":"M. kartalensis, OD, nom. nov. pro Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) explanata Paeckelmann & Sieverts, 1932, non SOWERBY, 1842 in 1840-1846, p. 40, Kartal-schichten (Emsian), Turkey","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively small cardinal process lobes, ventroposteriorly directed, close posteriorly, convergent anteriorly, continuous with median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)-Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 182, 2d,e. M. (M.) explanata SOWERBY, Coblenzian, Emsian; d, internal mold of ventral valve, Daun, BMNH B 42798, \u00d71; e, internal mold of dorsal valve, Gr\u00fcnbach, Germany, BMNH B 24570, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BMNH","figure_index":"fig. 182. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-287).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-317.jpg?height=1563&width=1300&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=161)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"M. (Paraleptostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"M. (Paraleptostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"M. (Paraleptostrophia) Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 70","Type_species":"Leptostrophia clarkei CHATTERTON, 1973, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve as in M. (Mesolepto- strophia), but cardinal process lobes strongly posteriorly directed with thin socket ridges parallel to lateral margins of cardinal process lobes, turning to extend laterally as low ridges subparallel to hinge line, dorsal median septum present, curved bounding ridges posterolateral to dorsal muscle field.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Australia, Burma","Figure_captions":"Fig. 182, 1 a-c. *M. (P.) clarkei (Chatterton), Warroo Limestone, Emsian, Yass, New South Wales, Australia, a, b, holotype, exterior, interior views of ventral valve, ANU 18934, x1, c, dorsal interior, ANU 18935e, X1.5 (Campbell, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"ANU","figure_index":"fig. 182. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-287).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-317.jpg?height=1563&width=1300&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=161)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nervostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nervostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nervostrophia CASTER, 1939, p. 79","Type_species":"Strophomena nervosa HALL, 1843a, p. 266, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently concavoconvex to planoconvex, distinctive ornament of radial costellae that are intermittently discontinuous over whole shell, hinge line completely denticulate, triangular ventral muscle field similar to Leptostrophia with some radial ridges, open anteriorly, ventral process continuous with myophragm, ponderous but short cardinal process lobes ventrally, posteriorly directed, short socket plates subparallel with cardinal process lobes, prominent dorsal muscle-bounding ridges","Beginning_age":"Devonian (?Givetian, Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (?Givetian, Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 180, 3 a-d . * N. nervosa (Hall), Frasnian, a-c, external, lateral, internal views of ventral valves, Hackberry Formation, Frasnian, Rockford, Iowa, BMNH B 41544, \u00d7 1.5, d, syntype, ventral internal mold, Chemung Group, Bath, New York, AMNH 37205, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH","figure_index":"fig. 180. leptostrophiidae (p. 282-286).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-314.jpg?height=1607&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeoleptostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Palaeoleptostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeoleptostrophia Rong & COCKS, 1994, p. 683","Type_species":"Stropheodonta jamesoni REED, 1917, p. 893, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile biplanate to gently concavoconvex, ornament of gently curved unequal parvicostellae, no dental plates, denticles confined to small denticular plates in ventral valve interlocking with corresponding denticles on dorsal hinge line, muscle field poorly impressed in both valves, bounding ridges absent, ventral process weakly developed, thin short myophragm present, cardinal process lobes anteroventrally directed, divergent, thin platelike socket ridges with crenulations on posterior facets","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhuddanian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Rhuddanian-Aeronian)","Geography":"Europe, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 183, 4a-c. * P. jamesoni (Reed), Woodland Formation, Rhuddanian, Woodland Point, near Girvan, Strathclyde, Scotland, a, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 2454, \u00d7 1.5, b, c, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BC 2471, \u00d7 1.5 (Rong & Cocks, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong & Cocks, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 183. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-318.jpg?height=1891&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protoleptostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protoleptostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protoleptostrophia CASTER, 1939, p. 75","Type_species":"Strophomena blainvillii BILLINGS, 1874, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Siberistrophia Astashkina, 1970, p. 131 (type, Brachyprion speranskii Khalfin, 1948, p. 274, OD), Tastaria Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1965a, p. 6 (type, Leptostrophia tasta Rukavishnikova, 1961, p. 52, OD)","Synonyms":"Siberistrophia, Tastaria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Leptostrophia), but with strong ventral process, without radial ridges in ventral muscle field, socket ridges absent in most specimens, although very faint in few members of populations.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian-Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 182,3a,b. *P. blainvillii (B ILLINGS ), Gasp\u00e9 Sandstones (Devonian), St. John River, York Township, Gasp\u00e9, Quebec, Canada; a, plasticine cast of mold of dorsal interior, USNM 112091a, \u00d7 1; b, plasticine cast of mold of ventral interior, USNM 112091b, \u00d71 (Williams, 1953a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 182,3ce. P. tasta (RUKAVISHNIKOVA), Karazhirik Formation, Lochkovian; c, holotype, ventral internal mold, Tastuibulak well, MANK 67\/9, \u00d71; d, ventral internal mold, Kogan well, north Pribalkash, Kazakhstan, MANK 67\/13, \u00d7 1; e, dorsal internal mold, Tastuibulak well, MANK 67\/17, \u00d7 1 (Rukavishnikova, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 182. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-287).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-317.jpg?height=1563&width=1300&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=161)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protomegastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protomegastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protomegastrophia CASTER, 1939, p. 36","Type_species":"Leptaena profunda HALL, 1852, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile moderately to strongly concavoconvex, ornament usually parvicostellate but rarely subuniformly costellate, denticles on denticular plates may stretch laterally up to one-third of hinge line, ventral muscle field bounding ridges developed for short distance posterolaterally, small but distinct ventral process, myophragm present, strong cardinal process lobes divergent, separated at base, directed ventrally, cardinal process pit present, socket ridges short, dorsal muscle field with faint bounding ridges posterolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Silurian  (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian), Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 183, 1a, b. *P. profunda (Hall), Racine Formation, Wenlock, Racine, Wisconsin, a, ventral internal mold, USNM 11637a, x0.75, b, dorsal internal mold, USNM 116372b, X1.5 (Williams, 1953a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nWilliams, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 183. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-318.jpg?height=1891&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rotundostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rotundostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rotundostrophia Gratsianova in Gratsianova, Zinchenko, & KUL'KOV, 1960, p. 439","Type_species":"Leptodontella rotundata KHALFIN, 1948, p. 278, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptostrophia but more transverse outline, no ventral muscle field radial ridges, ventrally geniculate near anterior margin, cardinal process lobes ventrally directed, dorsal muscle-bounding ridges strong for short distance posterolaterally","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 183, 3a, b. * P. rotundata (Khalfin), Kondratev Formation, lower Emsian, Kondratev, Altai Mountains, Russia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, TsGM 377\/29, X2, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, TsGM 377\/26, X3 (Gratsianova, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 183. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-318.jpg?height=1891&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tubulostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tubulostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tubulostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 139","Type_species":"Leptaena fugax BARRANDE, 1848, p. 233, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile flat to gently concavoconvex, semicircular outline, ornament unequally parvicostellate, sometimes with fine rugae developed posteriorly, delicate pedicle tube preserved, small, very fine cardinal process lobes, but ventral interior poorly known and family uncertain, although hinge line denticulate for about onethird of its width, poorly impressed muscle fields","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 183, 2a-c. *T. fugax (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, ventral valve exterior, OMR VH 448a, x1.5, b, internal mold of ventral valve, OMR VH 449b, X1.5, c, brachial valve internal mold, OMR VH 499a, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nT, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 183. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-318.jpg?height=1891&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tudiaophomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tudiaophomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tudiaophomena Xian in Xian & JIANG, 1978, p. 266","Type_species":"T. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Interiors poorly known, perhaps leptostrophiid due to outline, profile, but treated here as a nomen dubium. Silurian (Telychian): China. Ventral valve internal mold known from the Xiushan Formation, upper Telychian, Tudi-ao, Yanhe County, Guizhou Province, China.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 183, 6. *T. plicata, Xiushan Formation, upper Telychian, Tudi-ao, Yanhe County, Guizhou Province, China, ventral valve internal mold, GB 353, X1 (Xian & Jiang, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nXian & Jiang, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 183. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-318.jpg?height=1891&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuvaechonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tuvaechonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuvaechonetes Kulkov in Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & RYBKINA, 1985, p. 114","Type_species":"T. insolitus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Triangular ventral muscle field, lack of spines, clear denticulation reveal its leptostrophiid rather than chonetid affinities, ornament unequally costellate, long lateral hinge line extensions","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 184, 2a, b. * T. insolitus, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed beds, Pichi-Shuy, Tuva, Russia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, IGiG SO 116, x3, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, IGiG SO 117, X2 (Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & Rybkina, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nT, \nKulkov, Vladimirskaya, & Rybkina, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 184. leptostrophiidae (p. 289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-320.jpg?height=419&width=467&top_left_y=1509&top_left_x=834)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuvaestrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tuvaestrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuvaestrophia Kulkov in Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & RYBKINA, 1985, p. 100","Type_species":"T. elegantula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline with extended alae, distinctive triangular ventral sulcus, dorsal fold, ornament of fine costellae, triangular ventral muscle field with strong posterolateral bounding ridges, open anteriorly, dorsal valve interior poorly known","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 183, 5a, b. * T. elegantula, Pichishuysk Formation, Ludlow, PichiShuy, Tuva, Russia, a, mold of ventral exterior, IGiG SO N78a, x4, b, holotype, mold of ventral interior, IGiG SO N78, X4 (Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & Rybkina, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nT, \nKulkov, Vladimirskaya, & Rybkina, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 183. leptostrophiidae (p. 286-289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-318.jpg?height=1891&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Velostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Velostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Velostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1965a, p. 7","Type_species":"Strophomena insolita BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 52, fig. 1, pl. 128, fig. 3, pl. 143, fig. VI-3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Distinctive outline of spinelike projections curving posterolaterally from lateral extremities, also irregular plications around anterior commissure, variably geniculate profile, ventral muscle field narrowly divergent for family, with small muscle-bounding ridges, open anteriorly, myophragm present, cardinalia as in Mesoleptostrophia, curved dorsal muscle-bounding ridges posterolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 184, 1a-c. *V. insolita (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Czech Republic, a, lectotype, ventral exterior, NM L6459, \u00d7 1.5, b, ventral interior, OMR VH 426a, \u00d7 1.5, c, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 429c, \u00d7 2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 184. leptostrophiidae (p. 289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-320.jpg?height=419&width=467&top_left_y=1509&top_left_x=834)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Viodostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Viodostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Viodostrophia Villas & COCKS, 1996, p. 579","Type_species":"V. alcaldei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to gently concavoconvex profile, uniformly parvicostellate ornament, no dental plates, with denticles restricted to denticular plates in ventral valve, posterior edge of divergent socket ridges in dorsal valve, subtriangular ventral muscle field with short straight posterolateral bounding ridges, open anteriorly, similar to Palaeoleptostrophia, but with muscle-bounding ridges, similar to Eostropheodonta, but no dental plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 184, 3a-e. * V. alcaldei, El Castro Formation, Telychian, Viodo, Asturias, Spain, a-c, holotype, latex, internal mold, latex of ventral interior, DPO 29362, X3, d, e, internal mold, latex of dorsal interior, DPO 29368, X3 (Villas & Cocks, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Villas & Cocks, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 184. leptostrophiidae (p. 289).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-320.jpg?height=419&width=467&top_left_y=1509&top_left_x=834)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eopholidostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Eopholidostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eopholidostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eopholidostrophia Harper, Johnson, & BOUCOT, 1967, p. 411","Type_species":"Stropheodonta sefinensis WILLIAMS, 1951, p. 124, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, usually transverse, with thin body cavity, ornament finely costellate to unequally parvicostellate, sometimes with accentuated median rib, denticles on denticular plate, few denticles may be present along short distance of dorsal hinge line near umbo, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, without bounding ridges, cardinal process lobes elongate, ventrally directed, situated between thin, short socket ridges, dorsal muscle field very weakly impressed, weak dorsal myophragm posteriorly only.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"cosmospolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 185, 2a-e. *E. sefinensis (Williams), Rhydings Formation, Aeronian, River Sefin, Llandovery, Dyfed, Wales, a, partly exfoliated ventral exterior, BMNH BB 95809, x3, b, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, SM 30051, X2, c, d, ventral, posterior views of ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 95813, x3, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, BMNH BB 95790, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nSM","figure_index":"fig. 185. eopholidostrophiidae (p. 291-292).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-321.jpg?height=1365&width=1299&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=159)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesopholidostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Eopholidostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mesopholidostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesopholidostrophia Williams, 1950, p. 278, Mesolissostrophia WILLIAMS, 1950, p. 280","Type_species":"Pholidostrophia (M.) nitens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mesolissostrophia Williams, 1950, p. 280 (type, Lissostrophia (M.) pellucida, OD, from same type locality as P. (M.) nitens)","Synonyms":"Mesolissostrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Eopholidostrophia in outline, profile, but ornament weak or almost absent, pedicle tube often preserved, nacreous shell often developed, denticulation spread along one-third to half of hinge line, ventral process present, cardinal process small, erect, dorsal muscle field weakly impressed posteriorly, open anteriorly, weak dorsal myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian-Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 185,1a\u2013e. *M. nitens (WILLIAMS), Mulde Marl, Homerian, Klintehamn, Gotland, Sweden; a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 12836, \u00d73 (new); d, ventral interior, USNM 116024b, \u00d73; e, dorsal interior, USNM 116024c, \u00d73 (Willliams, 1953a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nWillliams, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 185. eopholidostrophiidae (p. 291-292).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-321.jpg?height=1365&width=1299&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=159)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongolostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Eopholidostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mongolostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongolostrophia Rozman & RONG, 1993, p. 39","Type_species":"Leptodonta ludmilae ROZMAN, 1992, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Origostrophia, but with ornament of coarse wavy costellae with wide interspaces, prominent growth lines","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 185,3a\u2013c. *M. ludmilae (ROZMAN), Baidarik Formation, Aeronian, Gobi Altai, Mongolia; a, ventral exterior, PAN 3980\/1343, \u00d72; b, ventral internal mold, PAN 3980\/1850, \u00d75; c, dorsal internal mold, PAN 3980\/1847, \u00d7 10 (Rozman & Rong, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rozman & Rong, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 185. eopholidostrophiidae (p. 291-292).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-321.jpg?height=1365&width=1299&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=159)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Origostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Eopholidostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Origostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Origostrophia MITCHELL, 1977, p. 115","Type_species":"O. fragilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, gently concavoconvex profile, fine parvicostellate ornament with single enhanced median costella, hinge line bearing narrow but very wide denticular plates, each bearing 5 to 16 denticles, extending along hinge line for up to half its width, no dental plates, dorsal interior as in Eopholidostrophia","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 185,4a\u2013d. *O. fragilis, Killey Bridge Formation, Ashgill, Pomeroy, Northern Ireland; a,b, holotype, latex casts of ventral exterior, interior, GSM GU998-9, \u00d7 4; c,d, internal mold of dorsal valve, latex cast, GSM GU1007, \u00d74 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM","figure_index":"fig. 185. eopholidostrophiidae (p. 291-292).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-321.jpg?height=1365&width=1299&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=159)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Asturistrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Asturistrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Asturistrophia) GARC\u00cdA-ALCADE, 1992, p. 72","Type_species":"A. insolita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Strophodonta) but stronger socket ridges, dorsal muscle field not elevated, dorsal subperipheral rim more marked","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 186, Ia-c. * S. (A.) insolita, La Ladrona Formation, upper Emsian, La Vela, Arnao, Avil\u00e9s, Asturias, Spain, a, dorsal exterior, DPO 26399, X1, b, ventral interior, DPO 27119, X2, c, dorsal interior, DPO 26400, X1 (Garc\u00eda-Alcade, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcade, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 186. strophodontidae (p. 292-294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-323.jpg?height=1857&width=1284&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arbizustrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Arbizustrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arbizustrophia GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 1972, p. 57","Type_species":"A. diaphragmata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, concavoconvex to planoconvex profile, evenly parvicostellate ornament, convex pseudodeltidium, weakly curved ventral muscle-bounding ridges posterolaterally, muscle field open anteriorly, dorsal interior as in Strophodonta except denticles extending only half valve width, dorsal muscle-bounding ridges scarcely developed, diaphragm more pronounced","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 186, 3a-d. *A. diaphragmata, Aguion Formation, Emsian, a, holotype, dorsal view of conjoined valves, Avil\u00e9s, DPO 2622, X1, b, ventral internal mold, Avil\u00e9s, DPO 2663, X2, c, dorsal interior, Luanco, Asturias, Spain, DPO 26563, X2, d, fragment of dorsal interior showing cardinalia, Avil\u00e9s, DPO 26747, x3 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 186. strophodontidae (p. 292-294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-323.jpg?height=1857&width=1284&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boucotstrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Boucotstrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boucotstrophia JAHNKE, 1981, p. 150","Type_species":"Stropheodonta herculea DREVERMAN, 1904, p. 276, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, weakly dorsally geniculate, ornament unequally parvicostellate to finely costellate, denticles half valve width, ventral muscle field circular, with weak bounding ridges laterally, posteriorly, prominent radial ridges present within muscle field, cardinal process lobes large, close together, ventrally directed, small socket ridges flaring anterolaterally from near cardinal process lobes, elevated, elongate dorsal muscle field with prominent bounding ridges, central dorsal median ridge, faint side septa present","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 187, 1a-c. *B. herculea (Dreverman), Seifener Shale, Emsian, Altenkirchen, Germany, a, latex cast of dorsal exterior, SMF 66\/424, x1, b, ventral internal mold, SMF 72\/43, x0.75, c, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, SMF 163\/4, X1 (Jahnke, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"SMF, \nJahnke, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 187. strophodontidae (p. 294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-325.jpg?height=1803&width=1287&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dictyostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dictyostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dictyostrophia CASTER, 1939, p. 40","Type_species":"D. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, sometimes weakly geniculate, ornament of coarse angular plications imposed on finer unequal parvicostellae, hinge line entirely denticulate, small short ventral median ridge present, cardinal process lobes posteriorly directed, joined at their bases, socket ridges thin, widely separated from cardinal process lobes, muscle-bounding ridges well developed in dorsal valve, variable muscle platform","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 187, 4a,b. *D. (P.) murchisoni (DE VERNEUIL & D 'ARCHIAC), Siegenian Beds, Humerich, Oberstadfeld, Eifel, Germany; posterior, ventral views of ventral internal mold, BMNH B 40574, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 187. strophodontidae (p. 294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-325.jpg?height=1803&width=1287&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Dictyostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"D. (Dictyostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Dictyostrophia) CASTER, 1939, p. 40","Type_species":"D. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to D. (Plicostropheodonta), but without elevated dorsal muscle platform, dorsal subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 187, 4a,b. *D. (P.) murchisoni (DE VERNEUIL & D 'ARCHIAC), Siegenian Beds, Humerich, Oberstadfeld, Eifel, Germany; posterior, ventral views of ventral internal mold, BMNH B 40574, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 187. strophodontidae (p. 294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-325.jpg?height=1803&width=1287&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Plicostropheodonta)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"D. (Plicostropheodonta)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Plicostropheodonta) SOKOLSKAYA, 1960, p. 214","Type_species":"Orthis murchisoni de Verneuil & d'Archiac in d'Archiac & de VERNEUIL, 1842, p. 371, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to D. (Dictyostrophia), but stronger plications, stronger dorsal muscle platform, dorsal subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Africa, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 187, 4a, b. *D. (P.) murchisoni (de Verneuil & d'Archiac), Siegenian Beds, Humerich, Oberstadfeld, Eifel, Germany, posterior, ventral views of ventral internal mold, BMNH B 40574, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 187. strophodontidae (p. 294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-325.jpg?height=1803&width=1287&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fascistropheodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fascistropheodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fascistropheodonta HARPER & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 24","Type_species":"Orthis sedgwicki D'ARCHIAC & DE VERNEUIL, 1842, p. 371; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex pro\ufb01le; ornament of angular plications, commonly forming fascicostellate bundles, superimposed on \ufb01ne uniform costellae; large bilobed ventral muscle \ufb01eld with bounding ridges posterolaterally; interior as in Dictyostrophia but dorsal muscle \ufb01eld not raised, except posterolaterally, bounding ridges weaker; central dorsal median ridge variably present.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 186,4a\u2013c. *F. sedgwicki (D'ARCHIAC & DE VERNEUIL), Wiltzer Schichten, upper Emsian, Daleiden, Eifel, Germany; a,b, dorsal external mold, ventral view of internal mold of conjoined valves, USNM 220753, \u00d71.5; c, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, USNM 220757, \u00d71.5 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 186. strophodontidae (p. 292-294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-323.jpg?height=1857&width=1284&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Galateastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Galateastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Galateastrophia Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 25","Type_species":"Stropheodonta galatea BILLINGS, 1874, p. 20, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, distinctive ornament of strong plications on central part of both valves, anteriorly, laterally weaker, with fine parvicostellae present, hinge line entirely denticulate, variably impressed, large bilobed ventral muscle field, ventral median septum, cardinal process lobes posterior to hinge line, directed posteriorly, divergent socket ridges faint, short, dorsal muscle field small with distinctive transmuscle ridges and muscle-bounding ridges, central dorsal median ridge, dorsal side ridges","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 188, 1a-c. * G. galatea (Billings), Grande Gr\u00e8ve Limestone, lower Emsian, Indian Cove, Gasp\u00e9 Bay, Quebec, Canada, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 220705, X3, b, ventral interior, USNM 220708, X3, c, dorsal interior, USNM 220701, X3 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHarper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 188. strophodontidae (p. 294-297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-326.jpg?height=1814&width=1298&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gorgostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gorgostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gorgostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 136","Type_species":"Leptaena neutra BARRANDE, 1848, p. 231, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately concavoconvex profile, uniformly costellate or unequally parvicostellate ornamentation, denticulation over two-thirds valve width, ventral muscle field large, extending to two-thirds length, diductor, adductor scars separated by narrow myophragm that bifurcates anteriorly, short, wide cardinal process lobes posteroventrally directed, dorsal muscle field weakly impressed, long narrow, dorsal median septum extending anteriorly from near cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 187, 2a-d. *G. neutra (Barrande), Pragian, Koneprusy, Czech Republic, a, ventral exterior, Vinarice Limestone, Pragian, Certovy schody, OMR VH 416, x1.4, b, ventral interior, Koneprusy Limestone, NM L6743, x1.5, c, ventral internal mold, Koneprusy Limestone, OMR VH 415a, X1.5, d, dorsal internal mold, Vinarice Limestone, Certovy schody, OMR VH 416b, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 187. strophodontidae (p. 294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-325.jpg?height=1803&width=1287&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Khangaestrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Khangaestrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Khangaestrophia MENDBAJAR, 1994, p. 40","Type_species":"K. raissae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, ornament of coarse costellae with sharp crests interspersed with fine parvicostellae, very small dental plates, ventral muscle field bilobed to subcircular, lateral musclebounding ridges that only originate near hinge line separately from and lateral to dental plates, very fine ventral median septum, weak myophragm developed posteriorly, cardinal process lobes erect, directed posteroventrally, dorsal muscle field with lateral curved bounding ridges, bisected by median septum reaching to half valve length. Devonian (Emsian): Mongolia.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 188,2a\u2013d. *K. raissae, Chulinsk Formation, Emsian, Terchin-TsagaanNuur, Mongolia; a, ventral exterior mold, PAN 4131\/13, \u00d71.5; b, enlarged to show ornament, PAN 4131\/10, \u00d77; c, ventral internal mold, PAN 4131\/ 14, \u00d71.5; d, holotype, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, PAN 4131\/12, \u00d7 1.5 (Alekseeva, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 188. strophodontidae (p. 294-297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-326.jpg?height=1814&width=1298&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptodonta KHALFIN, 1955, p. 237, nom. nov. pro Oehlertia Khalfin, 1948, p. 256, non Perner, 1907","Type_species":"Leptaena leblanci ROUAULT, 1851, p. 393, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, ornament of uniform coarse costellae, ventral muscle field strongly impressed posteriorly but not anteriorly, musclebounding ridges absent, cardinal lobes posteriorly directed, extended posterior to hinge line, socket ridges absent, dorsal muscle field weakly impressed, central dorsal median ridge variably developed, weak side ridges present, topotype material not located, so revision is needed, hence queried family assignment. Devonian (Pragian-Eifelian): Europe, Turkey.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Turkey","Figure_captions":"Fig. 188, 3a, b. *L. leblanci (Rouault), Emsian beds, Iz\u00e9, Rennes, France, a, ventral internal mold, x2, b, dorsal interior, x1 (Oehlert, 1886).","Museum_or_author_information":"Oehlert, 1886","figure_index":"fig. 188. strophodontidae (p. 294-297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-326.jpg?height=1814&width=1298&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lissostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissostrophia AMSDEN, 1949, p. 202","Type_species":"L. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, strongly concavoconvex profile shells with conspicuous ventral umbo, subcircular in outline, no ornament, ventral muscle field small, slightly divergent, cardinal process lobes pronglike, united at base, posteriorly directed beyond hinge line, socket ridges absent, dorsal muscle field weakly impressed, with thick bounding ridges posterolaterally, thick pair of dorsal transmuscle ridges slightly divergent","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig . 189,2a\u2013d. *L. cooperi, Henryhouse Formation, Ludlow, Ada, Pontotoc County, Oklahoma; a,b, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 13001, \u00d73 (new); c, ventral interior, USNM 115379, \u00d7 3; d, dorsal interior, USNM 115382, \u00d73 (Williams, 1953a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nWilliams, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 189. strophodontidae (p. 297-298).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-328.jpg?height=1585&width=1287&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Megastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megastrophia CASTER, 1939, p. 37","Type_species":"Stropheodonta concava HALL, 1857, p. 140, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large shells, with strongly concavoconvex profile, ornament costellate to unequally parvicostellate, denticulate along two-thirds of hinge line, ventral muscle field varying from elongate to transverse, musclebounding ridges absent except in few gerontic individuals, cardinal process lobes massive, wide, joined at their base to form U-shaped structure, projecting posterior to hinge line, socket ridges small, thin, widely divergent, elevated dorsal muscle field with strong bounding ridges, small central dorsal septum, two very short dorsal side septa.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Asia (Altai-Sayan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 189, 1 a-e .* M. concava (Hall), Givetian, a, b, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, Hamilton Group, York, AMNH 37197, XI, c, ventral interior, Hamilton Group, Canandaigua Lake, AMNH 37196, x1, d, dorsal interior, Hamilton Group, Darien, New York, BMNH B 9580, X1, e, partial dorsal interior showing cardinal process, Silica Shale, Travers Group, Sylvania, Ohio, BMNH BB 16709, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nBB","figure_index":"fig. 189. strophodontidae (p. 297-298).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-328.jpg?height=1585&width=1287&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Minutostropheodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Minutostropheodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Minutostropheodonta Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 30","Type_species":"Leptaena subtransversa SCHNUR, 1854, p. 223, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells with a transverse outline and a strongly concavoconvex profile, distinctive ornament of widely spaced costellae separated by broad arched or flat areas on ventral valve, corresponding slightly concave areas on dorsal valve, dorsal valve may have superimposed coarse plications centrally but not anteriorly, denticles over half valve width, ventral muscle field not bounded by ridges, strongly impressed, extending up to two-thirds valve length, cardinal process lobes posteriorly directed, overhanging hinge line, socket ridges widely divergent, dorsal muscle field elevated on prominent platform, central dorsal median septum extends from platform to subperipheral ridge.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 190, 2a-d. *M. subtransversa (Schnur), Rommersheimer Schichten, Eifelian, Gerolstein, Eifel, Germany, a, b, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, BMNH B 39638, x4 (new), c, ventral interior, USNM 220822, x3, d, dorsal interior, USNM 220802, X5 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHarper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 190. strophodontidae (p. 297-299).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-329.jpg?height=1161&width=1296&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neumanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neumanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neumanella Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 29","Type_species":"N. varimy, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptodonta in outline, profile, and ornament, but with a narrower ventral muscle field, lacking central dorsal median septum, dorsal side septa, family uncertain.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 191, 2a-c. *N*. varimya, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed beds, Scraggly Lake, Maine, a, latex of external mold of conjoined valves, USNM 220732, X 3, b, latex of ventral internal mold, USNM 220725, X3, c, latex of dorsal internal mold, USNM 220736, X1.5 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHarper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 191. strophodontidae (p. 297-299).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-330.jpg?height=1145&width=1286&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Papillostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Papillostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Papillostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 132","Type_species":"Leptaena consobrina BARRANDE, 1848, p. 218, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile with geniculation, similar to Gorgostrophia, but with dental plates, distinctive papillae on dorsal median, subperipheral ridges","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 188, 5a-c. * P. consobrina (BARRANDE), a, ventral exterior, Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, NM CF395, b, ventral internal mold, Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, OMR VH 407b, X2.4, c, lectotype, dorsal interior, Zl\u00edchov Limestone, Emsian, U kapl\u00edcky, Praha-Hlubocepy, Bohemia, Czech Republic, NM CF395, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 188. strophodontidae (p. 294-297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-326.jpg?height=1814&width=1298&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parapholidostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parapholidostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parapholidostrophia JOHNSON, 1971, p. 309","Type_species":"P. harperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular, profile concavoconvex, unequally parvicostellate ornament, denticulate over more than half width, bilobed, well-impressed ventral muscle field, similar to Pholidostrophia, but shell not nacreous, short socket plates fused to lateral bases of cardinal process lobes, prominent thin dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 188, 4a-d. * P. harperi, Warrenella kirki Zone of Denay Limestone, Eifelian, Roberts Creek Ranch, southern Roberts Mountains, Nevada, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, USNM 157355, X2, c, holotype, ventral interior, USNM 157354, X2, d, dorsal interior, USNM 157366, X2 (Johnson, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 188. strophodontidae (p. 294-297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-326.jpg?height=1814&width=1298&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pholidostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pholidostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pholidostrophia Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 287","Type_species":"Strophomena nacrea HALL, 1857, p. 144, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, semielliptical outline, moderately concavoconvex profile, commonly smooth, but some specimens with faint traces of radial ornament, distinctive nacreous shell, hinge line denticulate over half valve width, bilobed ventral muscle field impressed, but with no bounding ridges, cardinal process lobes united at their bases, posteriorly directed, socket ridges absent, dorsal muscle field differentiated into two pairs, central dorsal median ridge, side ridges variably developed","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 189,3a\u2013e. *P. nacrea (HALL), Hamilton Group, Givetian; a, ventral exterior, Gennessee Valley, AMNH 37211, \u00d72; b,c, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, York, BMNH B 9579, \u00d72; d, ventral interior, Canandaigua Lake, New York, AMNH 37213, \u00d7 2; e, dorsal interior, Gennessee Valley, AMNH 37211, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH","figure_index":"fig. 189. strophodontidae (p. 297-298).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-328.jpg?height=1585&width=1287&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pterostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pterostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pterostrophia GARRATT, 1985, p. 523, * P. carinatus, OD","Type_species":"* P. carinatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly convex profile with sharply deflected trail, distinctive parvicostellate ornament with weak small interrupted rugae between primary costellae, denticulate over two-thirds of hinge line, small dental plates, subtriangular to bilobed ventral muscle field large, flabellate, but variably impressed, particularly centrally, dorsal muscle field faintly impressed, with rare muscle-bounding ridges, short dorsal myophragm, dorsal side septa absent. Lower Devonian: Australasia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Australasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 190, 1a-e. *P. carinatus, Humevale Formation, Lower Devonian, Mooroolbark, Lilydale, Victoria, Australia, a-c, holotype, external, lateral, internal views of latexes of ventral valve, NMVP P1474, x1.5, d, latex of ventral interior, NMVP P49770, x1.5, e, latex of dorsal interior, NMVP P49496, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 190. strophodontidae (p. 297-299).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-329.jpg?height=1161&width=1296&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophonelloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Strophonelloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophonelloides CASTER, 1939, p. 106","Type_species":"Strophodonta reversa HALL, 1858a, p. 494, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chemungia Caster, 1939, p. 106 (type, Stropheodonta caelata Hall, 1867c, p. 112, OD)","Synonyms":"Chemungia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile resupinate, ventrally gently geniculate except in young individuals (only resupinate genus in family), costellate ornament, denticulate over almost entire hinge line width, ventral muscle field as in Strophodonta but with muscle-bounding ridges varying from strong, elevated to absent, weak central furrow developed in ventral subperipheral rim corresponding with median ridge in anterior part of dorsal valve, dorsal muscle field elevated on platform with bounding ridges, weak dorsal subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 191, 1a-e. *S. reversa (Hall), Hackberry Formation, Frasnian, Rockford, Iowa, a, ventral view of conjoined valves, NYSM 2092, x1.5, b, lateral view of conjoined valves, BMNH B 41670, x1, c, ventral interior, NYSM 2095, x1.5, d, ventral interior, BMNH B 41456, X2, e, dorsal interior, NYSM 2094, X2 (new).-Fig. 191, 1f-h. S. caelata (Hall), Chemung Group, Frasnian, f, latex cast of ventral internal mold, Blossburg, Pennsylvania, AMNH 37220, X1, g, h, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, Waverly, New York, NYSM 2088, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nNYSM","figure_index":"fig. 191. strophodontidae (p. 297-299).\nfig. 191. strophodontidae (p. 297-299).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-330.jpg?height=1145&width=1286&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-330.jpg?height=1145&width=1286&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trilobostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trilobostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trilobostrophia SHISHKINA, 1983, p. 1229","Type_species":"Megastrophia bobilevi Shishkina in Grasianova & SHISHKINA, 1977, p. 34, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Megastrophia bobilevi Shishkina in Grasianova & Shishkina, 1977, p. 34, OD","Synonyms":"Megastrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transverse, strongly concavoconvex profile, trilobate with anterior fold, sulcus, costellate ornament, large ventral muscle field with bounding ridges posterolaterally, ventral median ridge present, massive cardinal process lobes, socket ridges flaring laterally subparallel with hinge line, strongly impressed dorsal muscle field with two pairs of adductor scars differentiated, short central dorsal median septum, requires revision.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"No image provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shaleria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Shaleriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Shaleria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shaleria CASTER, 1939, p. 33","Type_species":"Strophomena gilpeni DAWSON, 1881, p. 336, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Shaleria (Protoshaleria) Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 162 (type, Strophomena ornatella Davidson, 1871, p. 309, OD)","Synonyms":"Shaleria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex profile, not geniculate, ornament unequally parvicostellate, often with small rugae within parvicostellae, denticulate along half valve width, prominent ventral muscle-bounding ridges posterolaterally only, with additional oblique muscle ridges, small ventral process, erect to anteriorly facing cardinal process lobes, short, flaring socket ridges, one or two pairs of dorsal side septa","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 192, 3e\u2013h. S. (S.) ornatella (DAVIDSON), Ludfordian; e,f, latex casts of ventral exterior, interior, Llangibby Formation, near Usk, Gwent, Wales, BMNH BC 13115, \u00d72; g, internal mold of ventral valve, Whitcliffe Formation, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, BMNH B 842, \u00d72; h, latex cast of dorsal interior, Llangibby Formation, near Usk, Gwent, Wales, BMNH BC 13112, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 192. shaleriidae (p. 300-302).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-331.jpg?height=1774&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Shaleria)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Shaleriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Shaleria)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Shaleria) CASTER, 1939, p. 33","Type_species":"Strophomena gilpeni DAWSON, 1881, p. 336, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Janiomya) but with two pairs of relatively large dorsal side septa.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 192, 3e\u2013h. S. (S.) ornatella (DAVIDSON), Ludfordian; e,f, latex casts of ventral exterior, interior, Llangibby Formation, near Usk, Gwent, Wales, BMNH BC 13115, \u00d72; g, internal mold of ventral valve, Whitcliffe Formation, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, BMNH B 842, \u00d72; h, latex cast of dorsal interior, Llangibby Formation, near Usk, Gwent, Wales, BMNH BC 13112, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 192. shaleriidae (p. 300-302).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-331.jpg?height=1774&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophonellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Strophonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophonella HALL, 1879, p. 153","Type_species":"Strophomena semifasciata HALL, 1863b, p. 210, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Costistrophonella Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 99 (type, Strophomena punctulifera Conrad, 1838, p. 117, OD), Strophoprion Twenhofel, 1914, p. 25 (type, Brachyprion geniculatum Shaler, 1865, p. 63, OD)","Synonyms":"Costistrophonella, Strophoprion","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament variably costellate, hinge line denticulate over most of valve width, no dental plates, ventral muscle field subquadrate, usually with well-developed muscle-bounding ridges except anteriorly at valve center, cardinal process lobes short, swollen, directed posteroventrally, dorsal muscle field weakly impressed","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 193, 2b\u2013e. S. (S.) punctulifera (CONRAD), Lochkovian; b,c, dorsal, lateral views of partly exfoliated dorsal valve, lowe rHelderberg Group, Port Colburn, Ontario, Canada, AMNH 33070, \u00d71; d, internal mold of ventral valve, lower Helderberg Group, Schoharie, New York, BMNH B 9290, \u00d7 1; e, dorsal interior, BMNH B 74973, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 193. strophonellidae (p. 302).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-333.jpg?height=1914&width=1297&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Strophonella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophonellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Strophonella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Strophonella) HALL, 1879, p. 153","Type_species":"Strophomena semifasciata HALL, 1863b, p. 210, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Quasistrophonella), but with \ufb01nely costellate or parvicostellate ornament not separated by smooth interspaces.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 193, 2b\u2013e. S. (S.) punctulifera (CONRAD), Lochkovian; b,c, dorsal, lateral views of partly exfoliated dorsal valve, lowe rHelderberg Group, Port Colburn, Ontario, Canada, AMNH 33070, \u00d71; d, internal mold of ventral valve, lower Helderberg Group, Schoharie, New York, BMNH B 9290, \u00d7 1; e, dorsal interior, BMNH B 74973, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 193. strophonellidae (p. 302).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-333.jpg?height=1914&width=1297&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Quasistrophonella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophonellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Quasistrophonella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Quasistrophonella) HARPER & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 98","Type_species":"Leptaena bohemica BARRANDE, 1848, p. 243; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Strophonella), but with broad smooth interspaces between costellae.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 193, 1a,b. *S. (Q.) bohemica (B AR RANDE), Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Koneprusy, Czech Republic; a, dorsal exterior, NM L6686, \u00d7 1; b, internal mold of dorsal valve, OMR VH 508, \u00d71 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 193. strophonellidae (p. 302).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-333.jpg?height=1914&width=1297&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eostrophonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophonellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eostrophonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eostrophonella WILLIAMS, 1950, p. 281","Type_species":"Strophonella davidsoni HOLTEDAHL, 1916, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline, profile as in Strophonella, dental plates, denticles confined to denticular plates in ventral valve, variably developed on posterior margins of sockets in dorsal valve, muscle field faintly impressed in both valves, cardinal process lobes elongate as in Kjerulfina","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhuddanian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Rhuddanian-Aeronian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 193, 3a-e. E. eothen (Bancroft), Haverford Mudstone Formation, Rhuddanian, Gasworks, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, Wales, a, b, exterior, interior dorsal molds, BMNH BB 771016, x1, c, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 71005, X1, d, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, x1.5, e, enlargement of cardinalia, BMNH BC 50617, X6 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 193. strophonellidae (p. 302).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-333.jpg?height=1914&width=1297&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Douvinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Douvinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Douvinella LJASCHENKO, 1985, p. 12","Type_species":"D. parva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, ventral interior with denticulate hinge line, muscle field expanded anteriorly as in Parastrophonella, dorsal interior unknown","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Timan, Russia","Figure_captions":"No image provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gunnarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gunnarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gunnarella SPJELDNAES, 1957, p. 149","Type_species":"Strophomena (G.) delta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Resupinate, ornament of rugae interrupted by costellae, dorsal valve interior unknown, but possibly within Strophomenidae.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 194, 2a, b. *G. delta, Solvang Formation, upper Caradoc, Gas\u00f8ya, Oslo district, Norway, dorsal, lateral views of dorsal valve, PMO L63, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO","figure_index":"fig. 194. uncertain (p. 302-304).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-334.jpg?height=842&width=1275&top_left_y=159&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Idioglyptus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Idioglyptus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Idioglyptus NORTHROP, 1939, p. 172","Type_species":"I. stigmatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Exteriors of type specimens have ornament of interrupted rugae as in Cymostrophia, but interiors unknown, thus genus considered nomen dubium.\"","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian","First_Occurrence":"middle Silurian","Ending_age":"middle Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"middle Silurian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian","Geography":"West Point Formation, middle Silurian, West Point, Port Daniel region, Chaleur Bay, Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula, Quebec, Canada","Figure_captions":"No image provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Playfairia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Playfairia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Playfairia REED, 1917, p. 866","Type_species":"Strophomena deltoidea CONRAD, 1839, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, with parvicostellate ornament, dorsal valve interior unknown, but possibly within Rafinesquinidae. Ordovician (Caradoc): North America","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 194, 3a, b. * P. deltoidea (Conrad), Trenton Group, Caradoc, Trenton Falls, New York, a, lectotype, dorsal exterior, AMNH 701A, x1.5, b, partly exfoliated ventral exterior, AMNH 701B, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH","figure_index":"fig. 194. uncertain (p. 302-304).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-334.jpg?height=842&width=1275&top_left_y=159&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhenostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhenostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhenostrophia BOUCOT, 1960b, p. 483","Type_species":"Orthis subarachnoidea d'Archiac & de VERNEUIL, 1842, p. 372, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Only holotype, exterior of ventral valve, known, although undoubtedly strophomenoid, without knowledge of interior must remain a nomen dubium.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 194, 1. * R. subarachnoidea (d'Archiac & de Verneuil), Laubacher Schichten, upper Emsian, Kemmenau, near Ems, Nassau, Germany, holotype, ventral exterior, \u00c9cole de Mines, Orsay, XI (Jahnke, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 194. uncertain (p. 302-304).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-334.jpg?height=842&width=1275&top_left_y=159&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syntrophodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Syntrophodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syntrophodonta STRUVE, 1982, p. 198","Type_species":"S. paeckelmanni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Although hinge line denticulate, uncertain if genus (known only from single ventral valve internal mold) is within Strophomenida since shell structure unknown, ventral muscle field elevated, bounded anterolaterally by pair of raised plates not quite meeting centrally, even if strophomenoid, family unknown.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Gross-Illbeck, Ratingen, Germany","Figure_captions":"No image provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Plectambonitinae","Genus":"Plectambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectambonites PANDER, 1830, p. 90","Type_species":"P. planissimus, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 296","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, distinctive unequally parvicostellate ornament but not with granular texture, small chilidium, pseudodeltidium not filling delthyrium, denticles over half valve width, dental plates present, confining posterolateral part of ventral muscle field that is flabellate, open anteriorly, similar to Plectella but more convex (sometimes geniculate), with side septa in dorsal valve more pronounced, more numerous, more complex, weak dorsal platform present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Llandeilo)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 197, 1a-e. *P. planissimus, Aseri Horizon, upper Llanvirn, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, Pavlovsk, TAGI BR 345, x3, d, ventral interior, Pavlovsk, TAGI BR 346, X3, e, dorsal interior, Putilovo, St. Petersburg, Russia, BMNH BC 13030, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 197. plectambonitidae (p. 306-308).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-337.jpg?height=1722&width=1292&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Akelina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Plectambonitinae","Genus":"Akelina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Akelina SEVERGINA, 1967, p. 133","Type_species":"A. akelina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Humaella Zhu, 1982, p. 53 (type, H. huangbanjiensis)","Synonyms":"Humaella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex to planoconvex profile, reticulate ornamentation, no dental plates, faintly impressed bilobed ventral muscle field, strong dorsal median septum, with ridges in dorsal valve interpreted as side septa, familial assignment uncertain due to variable morphology in the few assigned specimens","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 197, 3a-d. *A. akelina, Algan Formation, upper Tremadoc, River Akel, Kusnetz Alatau, Altai Mountains, Russia, a, ventral interior, CNIGR 424\/1323, X4, b, ventral exterior, CNIGR 1030\/11323, X3, c, dorsal interior, CNIGR 1027\/1323, X3, d, dorsal interior, CNIGR 427\/1323, X4 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).\u2014Fig. 197, 3e, f. A. huangbanjiensis, Huangbanjishan Formation, Tremadoc, Fulintun, west of Xinglong, Huma County, Heilongjiang Province, China, e, ventral internal mold, SIGM LBr 81047, X, f, dorsal internal mold, SIGM LBr 81041, Varangle (Zhu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nCocks & Rong, 1989, \nZhu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 197. plectambonitidae (p. 306-308).\nfig. 197. plectambonitidae (p. 306-308).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-337.jpg?height=1722&width=1292&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-337.jpg?height=1722&width=1292&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Plectambonitinae","Genus":"Plectella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectella LAMANSKY, 1905, p. 156","Type_species":"Plectambonites uncinata PANDER, 1830, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile with incurved beak, equally parvicostellate, granular ornament, small pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, short dental plates, ventral median septum anterior of muscle field, pair of ventral side septa extending from anterior edge of dental plates, pronounced ventral diaphragm, dorsal platform, similar to Plectambonites but with distinctive granular ornament, less pronounced side septa","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 197, 2a-g. * P. uncinata (Pander), Leetse Formation, lower Arenig, a, b, ventral, lateral views of ventral exterior, X2.5, cenlargement of ornament, Popovka river, St. Petersburg, Russia, BMNH BC 12854, x10, d, ventral interior, M\u00e4ek\u00fcla, Estonia, TAGI BR 336, X2, e, dorsal view of dorsal interior, M\u00e4ek\u00fcla, Estonia, TAGI BR 338, x2, f, posterior view of dorsal interior, St. Zakluha River, St. Petersburg, Russia, BMNH BC 12855, X3, g, dorsal view of dorsal interior, Popovka River, St. Petersburg, Russia, KIGLGU 155\/691. 693, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 197. plectambonitidae (p. 306-308).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-337.jpg?height=1722&width=1292&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taphrodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Taphrodontinae","Genus":"Taphrodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taphrodonta COOPER, 1956, p. 740","Type_species":"T. parallela, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, similar to Isophragma but with no resupination, smaller, more subcircular ventral valve muscle field, subperipheral thickened ridge variably developed in ventral valve, with corresponding platform in dorsal valve, both anteriorly interrupted by central fused septa, cardinal process narrow, high, two small plates between cardinal process and interarea, side septa vestigial, often absent, except for strong central pair fused together along length, homologizing wide medium septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn, ?Llandeilo, ?Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 199,1a\u2013c. *T. (T.) parallela, Antelope Valley Formation, upper Llanvirn, Ikes Canyon, Nevada; a, holotype, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 117562e, \u00d7 3; b, ventral interior, USNM 117562g, \u00d7 3; c, dorsal interior, USNM 117562f, \u00d73 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 199. plectambonitidae (p. 308-309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-339.jpg?height=1137&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"T. (Taphrondonta)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Taphrodontinae","Genus":"T. (Taphrondonta)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"T. (Taphrodonta) COOPER, 1956, p. 740","Type_species":"T. parallela, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to T. (Nanambonites), but with no chilidium in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn, ?Llandeilo, ?Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 199,1a\u2013c. *T. (T.) parallela, Antelope Valley Formation, upper Llanvirn, Ikes Canyon, Nevada; a, holotype, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 117562e, \u00d7 3; b, ventral interior, USNM 117562g, \u00d7 3; c, dorsal interior, USNM 117562f, \u00d73 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 199. plectambonitidae (p. 308-309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-339.jpg?height=1137&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"T. (Nanambonites)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Taphrodontinae","Genus":"T. (Nanambonites)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"T. (Nanambonites) LIU, 1976, p. 145","Type_species":"N. paucus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to T. (Taphrodonta) but with chilidium in dorsal valve, Ordovician (Llanvirn): Asia","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 199, 2. *T. (N.) paucus, lower formation of Jiacun Group, Llanvirn, Mount Jolmo Lungma area, Tibet, China, holotype, dorsal internal mold, NIGP 23173, X3 (Liu, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nT, \nLiu, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 199. plectambonitidae (p. 308-309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-339.jpg?height=1137&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isophragma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Taphrodontinae","Genus":"Isophragma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isophragma COOPER, 1956, p. 733","Type_species":"I. ricevillense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Flat to slightly resupinate profile, finely costellate to unequally parvicostellate ornament, dental plates short, ventral muscle field subquadrate with wide adductor traces, faint ventral subperipheral rim variably present, strong, low, wide cardinal process, no accessory plates between cardinal process, interarea, side septa variably developed, usually absent apart from strong, centrally fused pair","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Tuva, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 199, 3a-c. *I. ricevillense, Athens Formation, lower Caradoc, Riceville, Tennessee, a, holotype, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 110918a, X3, b, ventral interior, USNM 110923a, X4, c, dorsal interior, USNM 110923b, x4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 199. plectambonitidae (p. 308-309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-339.jpg?height=1137&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taffia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Taffiinae","Genus":"Taffia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taffia BUTTS, 1926, p. 99","Type_species":"T. planoconvexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chaloupskia Neuman in Neuman & Bruton, 1989, p. 61 (type, C. scabrella, OD)","Synonyms":"Chaloupskia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex profile, parvicostellate ornament, large apsacline interarea, large pseudodeltidium, small chilidium also present, ventral muscle scar small, open anteriorly, usually without simple cardinal process (but rarely present), weak myophragm developed to half valve length, weak subperipheral rim variably developed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, Argentina, Norway, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 200, Ia-d. * T. planoconvexa, Odenville Formation, lower Arenig, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, St. Clair County, USNM 71461b, X4, b, c, holotype, dorsal exterior, interior, St. Clair County, USNM 91586, X3, d, ventral interior, Vandiver, Alabama, USNM 91590a, X3 (Cooper, 1956)., Fig. 200, le-h. T. scabrella (Neuman), H\u00f8londa Limestone, Arenig-Llanvirn, Katugle\u00e5sen, Trondheim, Norway, e, ventral exterior, PMO 116659, x2, f, ventral internal mold, PMO 116661, x2, g, h, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, PMO 116664, x2 (Neuman & Bruton, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO, \nUSNM, \nT, \nCooper, 1956, \nNeuman & Bruton, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 200. taffiidae (p. 310).\nfig. 200. taffiidae (p. 310).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-341.jpg?height=1543&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-341.jpg?height=1543&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aporthophyla":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Taffiinae","Genus":"Aporthophyla","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aporthophyla Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 625","Type_species":"A. typa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex to planoconvex profile, differs from Taffia in its unequally parvicostellate ornament, smaller interarea, chilidium present, pseudodeltidium reduced or absent, strong dental plates, short ventral muscle-bounding ridges, cardinal process always present, dorsal muscle field weak: short dorsal myophragm to quarter valve length.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 200, 3a-d. *A. typa, Antelope Valley Formation, Llanvirn, Ikes Canyon, Nevada, a-c, latex cast of dorsal exterior, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, USNM 92866e, x1.5, d, ventral internal mold, USNM 117566, X1.5 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 200. taffiidae (p. 310).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-341.jpg?height=1543&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aporthophylina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Taffiinae","Genus":"Aporthophylina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aporthophylina LIU, 1976, p. 144","Type_species":"A. intermedia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Aporthophyla but lacking dental plates in ventral valve, with stronger subperipheral rim in both valves","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 200, 2a-c. *A. intermedia, Jiacun Formation, Llanvirn, Zhaya, Dingri County, southern Tibet, China, a, ventral external mold, NIGP 23171, X1, b, ventral internal mold, NIGP 23170 X2, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, NIGP 23169, X1 (Liu, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nLiu, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 200. taffiidae (p. 310).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-341.jpg?height=1543&width=1291&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spanodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Taffiinae","Genus":"Spanodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spanodonta PRENDERGAST, 1935, p. 12","Type_species":"S. hoskingiae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Archambona Cooper, 1988, p. 186 (type, A. floweri, OD)","Synonyms":"Archambona","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, fine unequally parvicostellate ornament, ventral interarea apsacline, dorsal hypercline, pseudodeltidium, chilidium apparently vestigial, short dental plates, muscle-bounding ridges mostly surrounding bilobed ventral muscle field, cardinal process not trilobed, consists of simple ridge, prominent socket ridges curved anterolaterally, distinctive dalmanelloid-like dorsal muscle field, with median septum, transverse ridge separating two pairs of muscle scars, prominent dorsal subperipheral rim","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Llandeilo)","Geography":"Australia, Malaya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 201, 3a-d. *S. hoskingiae, Gap Creek Formation, LlanvirnLlandeilo, Gap Spring, Price's Creek, Emmanuel Range, Western Australia, a, ventral exterior, BMNH BC 10604, X4, b, conjoined valves showing ventral interior, BMNH BC 7242, X, c, d, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 10605, X3 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 201. taffiidae (p. 310).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-342.jpg?height=1633&width=1293&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tourmakeadia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Taffiinae","Genus":"Tourmakeadia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tourmakeadia Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 252","Type_species":"T. fimbriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, costellate to parvicostellate ornament, prominent apsacline interarea, open notothyrium, short divergent dental plates, small, thin cardinal process, very divergent socket plates, with distinctive elevated, striated, bilobed platforms in both valves","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 201, 1a\u2013c. *T. (T.) \ufb01mbriata, Tourmakeady Formation, upper Arenig, County Mayo, Ireland; a, ventral exterior, BMNH BB 95539, \u00d7 4; b, ventral interior, BMNH BB 95542, \u00d74; c, holotype, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 95538, \u00d75 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 201. taffiidae (p. 310).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-342.jpg?height=1633&width=1293&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"T. (Tourmakeadia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Taffiinae","Genus":"T. (Tourmakeadia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"T. (Tourmakeadia( Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 252","Type_species":"T. fimbriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to T. (Bockelia) but with open delthyrium, less prominent dorsal myophragm, and stronger ventral subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"North America, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 201, 1a\u2013c. *T. (T.) \ufb01mbriata, Tourmakeady Formation, upper Arenig, County Mayo, Ireland; a, ventral exterior, BMNH BB 95539, \u00d7 4; b, ventral interior, BMNH BB 95542, \u00d74; c, holotype, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 95538, \u00d75 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 201. taffiidae (p. 310).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-342.jpg?height=1633&width=1293&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"T. (Bockelia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Taffiinae","Genus":"T. (Bockelia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"T. (Bockelia) Neuman in Neuman & BRUTON, 1989, p. 63","Type_species":"B. angusticostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Tourmakeadia but with pseudodeltidium, more prominent dorsal myophragm merging anteriorly with bilobed platform, ventral subperipheral rim only weakly developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 201, 2a-d. * T. (B.) angusticostata, H\u00f8landa Formation, ArenigLlanvirn, Trondheim, Norway, a-c, latex cast of dorsal exterior, dorsal internal mold, latex cast of dorsal valve, PMO 116671, x2, d, ventral internal mold, PMO 116674, X2 (Neuman & Bruton, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO, \nT, \nNeuman & Bruton, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 201. taffiidae (p. 310).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-342.jpg?height=1633&width=1293&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ahtiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"Ahtiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ahtiella \u00d6PIK, 1932, p. 37","Type_species":"A. lirata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile resupinate, geniculate, unequally parvicostellate, often unequally rugate ornament, catacline ventral interarea, anacline dorsal interarea, widely spaced ventral dental plates, muscle-bounding ridges converging anteriorly before merging with valve floor, small thin cardinal process, relatively fine socket plates posteriorly that are more robust anteriorly, dorsal myophragm weak to absent, no dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"northwestern Europe, North America, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig . 202,1a,b. *A. lirata, Kunda Stage, Llanvirn, Tsitri, Estonia; a, ventral interior, \u00d7 2 (Williams, 1965d); b, dorsal interior, \u00d7 1.8 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 202,1c,d. A. jaanussoni (HESSLAND), Arenig\u2013Llanvirn, Sweden; dorsal exterior, internal mold, \u00d71 (Williams, 1965d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 202. taffidae (p. 310-314).\nfig. 202. taffidae (p. 310-314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-343.jpg?height=1701&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-343.jpg?height=1701&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Borua":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"Borua","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Borua Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 250","Type_species":"B. modesta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth apart from faint peripheral parvicostellae, occasional impersistent rugae in some specimens, ventral interarea apsacline to orthocline, dorsal interarea anacline, arched pseudodeltidium, chilidium not covering entire delthyrium, short dental plates, very weak ventral muscle-bounding ridges, elevated ventral subperipheral rim, low small cardinal process, elevated small socket plates, short myophragm in dorsal valve, but no dorsal valve median septum, dorsal valve diaphragm present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"North America, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 202,3a\u2013d. *B. modesta, Tourmakeady Limestone, upper Arenig, Srah Bridge, County Mayo, Ireland; a, dorsal exterior, BMNH BB 95537, \u00d74;b, ventral interior, BMNH BB 95532, \u00d73; c, holotype, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 95531, \u00d7 3; d, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 95533, \u00d73 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 202. taffidae (p. 310-314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-343.jpg?height=1701&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guttasella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"Guttasella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guttasella NEUMAN, 1976, p. 31","Type_species":"G. gutta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Doubly geniculate profile as in Inversella (Reinversella), fine unequally parvicostellate ornament, no Inversella rugae; apsacline ventral interarea; short dental plates posterolateral to weakly impressed bilobed ventral muscle \ufb01eld; prominent but narrow bladelike cardinal process; variably impressed irregular dorsal muscle-bounding ridges; no dorsal median septum; subperipheral rims absent (apart from double geniculation).","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 202, 2a,b. *G. gutta, Virgin Arm Tuffs, Llanvirn, Virgin Arm, Newfoundland, Canada; a, ventral internal mold, GSC 35059, \u00d7 1.5; b, holotype, dorsal internal mold, GSC 35058, \u00d71.5 (Neuman, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 202. taffidae (p. 310-314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-343.jpg?height=1701&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Inversella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"Inversella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Inversella \u00d6PIK, 1933a, p. 21","Type_species":"I. borealis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Reinversella, no Inversella \u00d6PIK, 1933a, p. 21","Synonyms":"Reinversella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly geniculate in ventral direction, sometimes with more than one deflection, unequally parvicostellate ornament with persistent rugae over valve, small interarea, short dental plates leading anteriorly to muscle-bounding ridges define relatively small bilobed ventral muscle field, prominent bladelike cardinal process, socket plates, no dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Europe, South America, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 203, 1a\u2013c. *I. (I.) borealis, Echinosphaeriten Limestone, Aseri Stage, upper Llanvirn, Eesti, Estonia; a, dorsal exterior, BMNH BC 12877, \u00d71.5 (new); b, ventral internal mold, \u00d71.5; c, dorsal exterior, dissolved away posteromedianly to show mold of cardinalia, \u00d7 1.5 (Williams, 1965d).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 203. taffiidae (p. 314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-345.jpg?height=1894&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"I. (Inversella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"I. (Inversella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"I. (Inversella) \u00d6PIK, 1933a, p. 21","Type_species":"I. borealis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to I. (Reinversella) but with only one de\ufb02ection at anterior and lateral valve borders and less continuous rugae.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltic, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 203, 1a\u2013c. *I. (I.) borealis, Echinosphaeriten Limestone, Aseri Stage, upper Llanvirn, Eesti, Estonia; a, dorsal exterior, BMNH BC 12877, \u00d71.5 (new); b, ventral internal mold, \u00d71.5; c, dorsal exterior, dissolved away posteromedianly to show mold of cardinalia, \u00d7 1.5 (Williams, 1965d).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 203. taffiidae (p. 314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-345.jpg?height=1894&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"I. (Reinversella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"I. (Reinversella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reinversella BATES, 1968, p. 169","Type_species":"R. monensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Inversella but with an extra second deflection of anterior, lateral borders, with more continuous rugae","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Wales, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 203, 2a-d. *I. (R.) monensis, Treiorwerth Formation, Arenig, Ffynnon-y-mab, Anglesey, Wales, a-c, holotype, latex of dorsal exterior, internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BB 30574, x2, d, latex cast of ventral interior, BMNH BB 30575, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 203. taffiidae (p. 314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-345.jpg?height=1894&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rutrumella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"Rutrumella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rutrumella Harper in Bruton & HARPER, 1981, p. 163","Type_species":"R. implexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resupinate profile, subquadrate outline, not geniculate, differs from Schedophyla in having discontinuous rugae but no radial ornament, ventral interior unknown, familial assignment uncertain, relatively large socket plates, low dorsal median septum to half valve length, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 202, 4a-c. *R. implexa, clasts in Otta Conglomerate, lower Llanvirn, Otta, Norway, a, holotype, dorsal exterior, PMO 105.803, x1, b, c, mold, latex of dorsal interior, PMO 105.804, X2 (Bruton & Harper, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO, \nBruton & Harper, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 202. taffidae (p. 310-314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-343.jpg?height=1701&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sanjuanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"Sanjuanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sanjuanella Benedetto & HERRERA, 1987, p. 103","Type_species":"S. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex to planoconvex profile, similar to Borua but with marked parvicostellate ornament, prominent pseudodeltidium, short dental plates, curved muscle-bounding ridges nearly encircling relatively small ventral muscle field, small bladelike socket ridges, myophragm, but no dorsal valve median septum, dorsal muscle field poorly impressed, no dorsal platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"South America","Figure_captions":"Fig . 203,3a\u2013e. *S. plicata, upper San Juan Formation, Llanvirn, Quebrada Honda, Cerro Viejo, San Juan Province, Argentina; a,b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, CORD-PZ 8760, \u00d7 1.5; c, ventral internal mold, CORD-PZ 8766, \u00d7 1.5; d, dorsal internal mold, \u00d71.4; e, latex cast, \u00d73 (Benedetto & Herrera, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 203. taffiidae (p. 314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-345.jpg?height=1894&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schedophyla":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Ahtiellinae","Genus":"Schedophyla","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schedophyla NEUMAN, 1971, p. 120","Type_species":"S. potteri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Aporthophyla but resupinate profile, differs from Rutrumella in having radial ornamentation, no rugae, large apsacline ventral interarea, with low-arched pseudodeltidium, short stout dental plates, small curved muscle-bounding ridges nearly enclosing short subcircular ventral muscle field, bulbous cardinal process, bladelike socket ridges, median septum absent, subperipheral rim weakly developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 202, 5ac. * S. potteri, Tuffaceous Sandstone, ? Llanvirn, Hayden Brook, York County, New Brunswick, Canada, a, ventral exterior, GSC 24796, X2, b, ventral internal mold, GSC 24795, X2, c, holotype, latex cast of dorsal interior, GSC 24793, X2 (Neuman, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nNeuman, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 202. taffidae (p. 310-314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-343.jpg?height=1701&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pelonomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Pelonomiinae","Genus":"Pelonomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pelonomia COOPER, 1956, p. 699","Type_species":"Orthis delicatula BILLINGS, 1865 in 1861-1865, p. 217, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subrectangular outline, profile planoconvex with slight ventral fold with corresponding dorsal sulcus, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small interareas with rudimentary pseudodeltidium but larger chilidium, short dental plates posterolaterally bounding small ventral muscle field, small cardinal process, bladelike socket ridges, median ridge absent but larger pseudopunctae developed on dorsal sulcus.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 204, 1a-c. *P. delicatula (Billings), Table Head Formation, Llanvirn, Table Head, Newfoundland, Canada, a, ventral exterior, X4 (new), b, c, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, USNM 117557, x3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 204. taffiidae (p. 314-317).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-346.jpg?height=1730&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Leptellinae","Genus":"Leptella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptella HALL & CLARKE , 1892, p. 293","Type_species":"Leptaena sordida BILLINGS, 1862 in 1861\u20131865, p. 74; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Leptella (Eosericoidea) ZENG, 1987, p. 228 (type, L. hubeiensis ZENG , 1977, p. 57; OD); Niquivilia BENEDETTO & H ERRERA , 1993, p. 50 (type, N. extensa)]","Synonyms":"Leptella. Niquivilia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex pro\ufb01le; unequally parvicostellate ornament; large interareas with small pseudodeltidium, chilidium; relatively small, but well-impressed bilobed ventral muscle \ufb01eld between short dental plates; \ufb01eld limited anteriorly by variably developed broad median callosity; robust socket ridges curving posterolaterally; dorsal median septum merging anteriorly with bilobed platform but may continue anterior to it; may possess one or two pairs of short lateral ridges at posterolateral margin of platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"204, 2a\u2013c. *L. (L.) sordida (BILLINGS), L\u00e9vis Shale, Arenig\u2013Llanvirn, Point L\u00e9vis, Quebec, Canada; a, ventral interior, GSC 9069, \u00d73; b,c, posterior, dorsal views of dorsal interior, USNM 90752b, \u00d76 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938). \u2014\u2014Fig. 204, 2d,e. L. (L.) hubeiensis Z ENG , Dawan Formation, Arenig, Yichang, western Hubei Province, China; d, dorsal view of conjoined valves, YIGM IV45222, \u00d73; e, dorsal interior, YIGM IV46023, \u00d73 (Zeng, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 204. taffiidae (p. 314-317).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-346.jpg?height=1730&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Leptella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Leptellinae","Genus":"L. (Leptella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Leptella) HALL & CLARKE , 1892, p. 293","Type_species":"Leptaena sordida BILLINGS, 1862 in 1861\u20131865, p. 74; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Diagnosis as for genus, but more convex than L. (Huacoella) and with hypercline dorsal interarea. Differs from L. (Petroria) in the median septum being con\ufb01ned by platform anteriorly and in possessing a median ventral callosity.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Tremadoc, Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, Ireland, South America, China","Figure_captions":"204, 2a\u2013c. *L. (L.) sordida (BILLINGS), L\u00e9vis Shale, Arenig\u2013Llanvirn, Point L\u00e9vis, Quebec, Canada; a, ventral interior, GSC 9069, \u00d73; b,c, posterior, dorsal views of dorsal interior, USNM 90752b, \u00d76 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938). \u2014\u2014Fig. 204, 2d,e. L. (L.) hubeiensis Z ENG , Dawan Formation, Arenig, Yichang, western Hubei Province, China; d, dorsal view of conjoined valves, YIGM IV45222, \u00d73; e, dorsal interior, YIGM IV46023, \u00d73 (Zeng, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 204. taffiidae (p. 314-317).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-346.jpg?height=1730&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Huacoella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Leptellinae","Genus":"L. (Huacoella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Huacoella) Benedetto & HERRERA, 1993, p. 46","Type_species":"H. radiata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Leptella), but larger, less convex in profile, with orthocline rather than hypercline dorsal interarea, less robust teeth, socket plates.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 204, 3a-d. *L. (H.) radiata, San Juan Limestone, upper Arenig, Huaco, San Juan, Argentina, a, b, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, CORD-PZ UNC 288, x1.5, c, ventral interior, CORD-PZ UNC 287, x1.5, d, holotype, dorsal interior, CORD-PZ UNC 281, X1.5 (Benedetto & Herrera, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benedetto & Herrera, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 204. taffiidae (p. 314-317).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-346.jpg?height=1730&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Petroria)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Leptellinae","Genus":"L. (Petroria)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Petroria) WILSON, 1926, p. 27","Type_species":"P. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Leptella) but lacking median ventral callosity, with median septum continuing anteriorly of raised platform in dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, South America, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 204, 4a-c. * L. (P.) rugosa, Beaverfoot Formation, Arenig, Palliser Pass, British Columbia, Canada, a, ventral interior, x3, b, c, dorsal, lateral views of dorsal interior, GSC 6754a, X4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 204. taffiidae (p. 314-317).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-346.jpg?height=1730&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vehnia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Leptellinae","Genus":"Vehnia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vehnia Neuman in Neuman & BRUTON, 1989, p. 65","Type_species":"Chonetoidea triangularis REED, 1932a, p. 137, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very concavoconvex profile, finely costellate ornament, interareas coplanar, pseudodeltidium, chilidial plates developed, very short dental plates, weak muscle-bounding ridges defining short bilobed ventral muscle field, cardinal process variably developed, often absent, widely flaring thin socket ridges, median septum bifurcating, with two halves running subparallel anteriorly, but not beyond high elevated platform extending anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 204, 5a-d. * V. triangularis (Reed), H\u00f8landa Formation, ArenigLlanvirn, Damtjern, Trondheim, Norway, a, ventral internal mold, PMO 116690, X5, b, latex cast of conjoined valves, PMO 11681, X, c, d, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, PMO 116689, x5 (Neuman & Bruton, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO, \nNeuman & Bruton, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 204. taffiidae (p. 314-317).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-346.jpg?height=1730&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bimuria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Bimuriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bimuria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bimuria Ulrich & COOPER, 1942, p. 622","Type_species":"B. superba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile with incurved beak, no ornament, but comae sometimes developed, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium absent, widely spaced, very divergent teeth, curved socket plates, ventral muscle field poorly impressed, open anteriorly, cardinal process varies from wedgelike to absent, widely flaring socket plates varying from straight, stout to curving anterolaterally, dorsal side septa varying from one to two pairs, long dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-middle Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 205, 1a\u2013e. *B. (B.) superba, Arline Formation, Llandeilo, Friendsville, Tennessee; a,b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 7270, \u00d7 2; c, ventral interior, BMNH BC 13421, \u00d7 2; d,e, posterior, dorsal views of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 7269, \u00d7 2 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 205. bimuriidae and syndielasmatidae (p. 317-319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-348.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Bimuria)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Bimuriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"B. (Bimuria)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Bimuria) Ulrich & COOPER, 1942, p. 622","Type_species":"B. superba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from B. (Cooperea) in its less elongate outline and in its elongate, divided bema in adults.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-middle Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 205, 1a\u2013e. *B. (B.) superba, Arline Formation, Llandeilo, Friendsville, Tennessee; a,b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 7270, \u00d7 2; c, ventral interior, BMNH BC 13421, \u00d7 2; d,e, posterior, dorsal views of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 7269, \u00d7 2 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 205. bimuriidae and syndielasmatidae (p. 317-319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-348.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Cooperea)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Bimuriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"B. (Cooperea)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Cooperea) COCKS & RONG, 1989, p. 147","Type_species":"B. siphonata COOPER, 1956, p. 770; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pro\ufb01le concavoconvex; outline very laterally elongate; pedicle tube sometimes present; differs from B. (Bimuria) in its bilobed subcircular bema in adults, often elevated anteriorly, laterally.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 205, 2a\u2013c. *B. (C). siphonata (COOPER), Pratt Ferry Formation, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Blocton, Alabama; a, holotype, external view of conjoined valves (specimen also shows pedicle tube), USNM 117470a, \u00d710 (Cooper, 1956); b, ventral interior, BMNH BC 10303, \u00d710 (Cocks & Rong, 1989); c, dorsal interior, USNM 117470e, \u00d710 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 205. bimuriidae and syndielasmatidae (p. 317-319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-348.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Craspedelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Bimuriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Craspedelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Craspedelia COOPER, 1956, p. 772","Type_species":"C. marginata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Bimuria, but with geniculate profile with additional anterior deflection, fold, sulcus, no ornament known, bema sometimes elevated anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 205, 3a-d. *C. marginata, Pratt Ferry Formation, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Blocton, Alabama, a, b, ventral exterior, interior, USNM 117474a, X6, c, dorsal exterior, USNM 117474e, x5, d, dorsal interior, USNM 117474d, x7 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 205. bimuriidae and syndielasmatidae (p. 317-319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-348.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syndielasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Syndielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Syndielasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syndielasma COOPER, 1956, p. 742","Type_species":"S. biseptatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex to planoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, interarea small, pseudodeltidium reduced or absent, ventral interior poorly known, but without dental plates, muscle fields poorly impressed, bulbous cardinal process not fused anterolaterally to thin socket plates, very short thin dorsal median septum developed posteriorly in some specimens only, two prominent long side septa, similar to Sowerbyites but without dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 205, 5a, b. * S. biseptatum, upper Pogonip Group, Llanvirn, Ikes Canyon, Nevada, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 117565e, X3, b, dorsal interior, USNM 117565h, x4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 205. bimuriidae and syndielasmatidae (p. 317-319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-348.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sowerbyites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Syndielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sowerbyites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sowerbyites TEICHERT, 1937, p. 66","Type_species":"S. medioseptatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament with accentuated costellae narrowly spaced, thickened concentric lamellae common distally, delthyrium largely open, but small pseudodeltidium, small chilidial plates, ventral adductor scar small, within delthyrial cavity, diductor scars long, broad, divergent, ending in callosities, cardinal process fused with brachiophore bases, similar to Syndielasma, but median septum present in dorsal valve, side septa variably developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Ireland, Mongolia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 205, 4a-c. S. triseptatus (Willard), Lincolnshire Formation, Caradoc, Clinch Valley, Tennessee, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 117415b, x2, b, ventral interior, USNM 117415j, x2, c, dorsal interior, USNM 117415a, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 205. bimuriidae and syndielasmatidae (p. 317-319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-348.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Leptellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptellina Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 626","Type_species":"L. tennesseensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Urbimena Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1976, p. 367 (type, U. mareki, OD), Qianjiangella Liang in Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983, p. 274 (type, Q. qianjiangensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Urbimena, Qianjiangella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, sometimes with comae, relatively large interarea, small pseudodeltidium in apex of delthyrium, chilidium absent, small dental plates, bounding ridges posterolateral to bilobed ventral valve muscle field (often less than quarter valve length), subperipheral rims sometimes present, thin central ridge to cardinal process set low relative to hinge line, with lateral components less prominent (only thin central process projecting posteriorly from hinge line, even this is sometimes entirely anterior to hinge line), median septum elevated anteriorly to merge with variably elevated platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Arenig, Llanvirn)-Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 206,1f\u2013i. L. (L.) qianjiangensis (LIANG), Changwu Formation, middle Ashgill, Jiangl\u00fctang, Chunan County, western Zhejiang Province, China; f, dorsal view of external mold of conjoined valves, showing interarea, HIGS 04351, \u00d72; g,h, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, HIGS 04312, \u00d72; i, dorsal view of internal mold of conjoined valves, HIGS 04322, \u00d7 1.8 (Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 206. leptellinidae (p. 319-322).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-350.jpg?height=1792&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Leptellina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"L. (Leptellina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Leptellina) Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 626","Type_species":"L. tennesseensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Merciella) but with narrower cardinal process, less elevated and narrower platform and a single dorsal subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Arenig, Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 206, 1f\u2013i. L. (L.) qianjiangensis (LIANG), Changwu Formation, middle Ashgill, Jiangl\u00fctang, Chunan County, western Zhejiang Province, China; f, dorsal view of external mold of conjoined valves, showing interarea, HIGS 04351, \u00d72; g,h, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, HIGS 04312, \u00d72; i, dorsal view of internal mold of conjoined valves, HIGS 04322, \u00d7 1.8 (Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 206. leptellinidae (p. 319-322).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-350.jpg?height=1792&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Merciella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"L. (Merciella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Merciella) L AMONT & GILBERT , 1945, p. 655","Type_species":"Leptella (Merciella) vesper; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavo-convex pro\ufb01le; unequally parvicostellate ornament; differs from L. (Leptellina) in having broader cardinal process, in having more elevated, wider platform, with an extra subperipheral rim in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 206, 2a\u2013d. *L. (M.) vesper, Wych Formation, Telychian, Alfrick, Worcestershire, England; a, partially exfoliated ventral valve, showing ornament to left, interior to right, BU 373, \u00d73; b, ventral interior mold, BU 368, \u00d73; c,d, mold, latex cast of dorsal interior, BU 370, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 206. leptellinidae (p. 319-322).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-350.jpg?height=1792&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acculina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Acculina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acculina Misius in Misius & USHATINSKAYA, 1977, p. 113","Type_species":"A. acculica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently resupinate profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, pseudodeltidium over more than half ventral delthyrium, dental plates leading to muscle-bounding ridges surrounding bilobed ventral muscle field not enclosed anteriorly, no ventral valve myophragm, short, prominent socket ridges, myophragm elevated anterior to dorsal median septum leading to quadrate dorsal platform, bilobed anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"Central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 207,1a\u2013f. *A. acculica; a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, Tabilgatinsk Formation, middle Ordovician, Moldo-Too Mountains, northern Kirghizia, BMNH BC 12907, \u00d73 (new); b, interarea of conjoined valves, Anderken Formation, Caradoc, Burultas, Kazakhstan, \u00d75 (Popov, new); c, ventral interior, Tabilgatinsk Formation, middle Ordovician, Moldo-Too Mountains, northern Kirghizia, BMNH BC 12903, \u00d7 2; d, internal mold, Tabilgatinsk Formation, middle Ordovician, Moldo-Too Mountains, northern Kirghizia, BMNH BC 12896, \u00d72 (new); e,f, dorsal internal mold, dorsal interior, Anderken Formation, Caradoc, Burultas, Kazakhstan, \u00d72 (Popov, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 207. leptellinidae (p. 319-322).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-351.jpg?height=1853&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bekkerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Bekkerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bekkerella REED, 1936, p. 38","Type_species":"Orthis subcrateroides REED, 1906, p. 63, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, fine radial ornament, pseudodeltidium, chilidium not known, prominent teeth with minimal dental plates, ventral muscle scars divergent, restricted by variably developed muscle-bounding ridges, weak ventral subperipheral ridge, small simple cardinal process, short, stout, curved socket ridges, prominent dorsal median septum developed anteriorly from myophragm, dividing prominent quadrate platform anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Burma","Figure_captions":"Fig. 207, 3a-d. *B. subcrateroides (Reed), Naungkangyi Beds, Caradoc, Chaungzon, Northern Shan States, Burma, a, b, ventral internal mold, latex cast, SM 3128, x2.5, c, d, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BB 37750, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nSM","figure_index":"fig. 207. leptellinidae (p. 319-322).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-351.jpg?height=1853&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Benignites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Benignites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Benignites HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1952, p. 412","Type_species":"Strophomena primula BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 52, fig. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, gently concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small bilobed ventral muscle field enclosed anteriorly, no ventral valve median septum, simple cardinal process, small socket ridges, wide but relatively small bilobed platform in the posterior of the center of the dorsal valve, interrupted by mantle canals","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 207, 4a-c. *B. primula, Dobrotiv\u00e1 Shales, Llandeilo, Mal\u00e9 Pr\u00edlepy, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, b, external, internal molds of conjoined valves, X4, c, internal mold of conjoined valves, X3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 207. leptellinidae (p. 319-322).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-351.jpg?height=1853&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dulankarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Dulankarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dulankarella RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1956, p. 135","Type_species":"D. magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, exterior, ventral interior as in Leptellina, except for larger bilobed ventral muscle field extending to half valve length or more, dorsal interior with striated lateral lobes of cardinal process distinct from brachiophores, pronounced socket ridges, muscle-bounding ridges, prominent dorsal median septum not extending anteriorly of diaphragm","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 206, 3a, b. *D. magna, a, latex cast of ventral internal mold, Otarsky Horizon, Caradoc, CNIGR 12375\/200, x1.5, b, latex cast of dorsal interior, Dulankara Formation, upper Caradoc, Dulankara, Chu-Ili Mountains, Kazakhstan, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 206. leptellinidae (p. 319-322).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-350.jpg?height=1792&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kajnaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Kajnaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kajnaria Nikitin & Popov in Klenina, Nikitin, & POPOV, 1984, p. 144","Type_species":"K. derupta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudoleptellina Andreev, 1992, p. 112 (type, P. similis, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, no chilidium, massive teeth, no dental plates, strong muscle-bounding ridges in ventral valve, with two curved ridges variably developed anteriorly (the diaphragm of Nikitin & Popov, 1984), variably developed ventral valve myophragm, dorsal interior with robust dental plates, prominent median septum, platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 207, 2a-d. *K. derupta, upper Bestamakskaya Formation, Erkebidaikski Horizon, middle Ordovician, New Archal Hill, Chinghiz Mountains, Kazakhstan, a, dorsal external mold, BMNH BC 12931, X3, b, c, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 12932, x3 (new), d, latex cast of dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 110\/12095, X2 (Klenina, Nikitin, & Popov, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nKlenina, Nikitin, & Popov, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 207. leptellinidae (p. 319-322).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-351.jpg?height=1853&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Leptelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptelloidea JONES, 1928, p. 385","Type_species":"Plectambonites schmidti var. leptelloides BEKKER, 1921, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, very small deltidial plates, small chilidium, distinctive articulation including pits, accessory teeth in ends of dental plates, corresponding structures in dorsal valve, large bilobed ventral muscle scars extending to about half valve length (much longer than Leptellina but not so wide as in Dulankarella), adductor scars enclosed by diductor scars, large cardinal process projecting posteriorly from hinge line, but cardinal process separate from socket plates, dorsal median septum merging with bilobed elevated platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, Burma","Figure_captions":"Fig . 208,1a\u2013f. *L. leptelloides (BEKKER), Kukruse Formation, lower Caradoc, Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia; a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 84257c, \u00d7 3 (Cooper, 1956); b,c, ventral interior, viewed ventrally, from anterior, TAGI BR 93, \u00d73 (new); d\u2013f, dorsal interior viewed laterally, \u00d7 3, dorsally, \u00d7 3, posteriorly, \u00d75, BMNH BB 5169 (Cocks & Rong).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nUSNM, \nCooper, 1956, \nCocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 208. leptellinidae (p. 322-324).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-353.jpg?height=1670&width=1287&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mabella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Mabella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mabella Klenina in Klenina, Nikitin, & POPOV, 1984, p. 69","Type_species":"Leptellina (M.) semiovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Wiradjuriella Percival, 1991, p. 138 (type, W. halis, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very convex ventral profile, slightly concave dorsal profile, very fine parvicostellate ornament, pseudodeltidium filling most of delthyrium, chilidium absent, stout flaring teeth, vestigial dental plates leading to bounding ridges lateral to bilobed ventral muscle field, prominent cardinal process, flaring socket ridges, dorsal interior as in Leptellina but with prominent median septum anteriorly enlarging, tubular, sometimes bifurcating, but not extending anteriorly from platform rim, platform may be elevated","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Australia, ?Burma","Figure_captions":"Fig. 208,2a\u2013e. M. multicosta (R UKAVISHNIKOVA), lower Kulunbulak Formation, Dulankara Horizon, lower Ashgill, Kulunbulak River, Kazakhstan; a,b, ventral internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BC 12935a, \u00d7 5; c,d, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BC 12935b, \u00d75; e, latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 12934, \u00d7 5 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 208,2f\u2013i. M. halis (P ERCIVAL ), Billabong Limestone, middle Caradoc, Parkes, New South Wales, Australia; f,g, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, SUP 67527, \u00d73; h, ventral interior, SUP 67512, \u00d7 5; i, holotype, dorsal interior, SUP 67491, \u00d75 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 208. leptellinidae (p. 322-324).\nfig. 208. leptellinidae (p. 322-324).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-353.jpg?height=1670&width=1287&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-353.jpg?height=1670&width=1287&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reversella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Reversella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reversella Liang in Liu, Xu, & LIANG, 1983, p. 274","Type_species":"R. trigonoformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile resupinate, strongly geniculate ventrally, unequally parvicostellate orna- merge with platform, dorsal platform with diaphragm, not bilobed anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 209a-d. *R. trigonoformis, Changwu Formation, middle Ashgill, Jiangl\u00fctang, Chunan County, western Zhejiang, China, a, dorsal external mold, HIGS 04332, x1, b, ventral internal mold, HIGS 04328, x1.4, c, d, holotype, dorsal internal mold viewed obliquely, anteriorly, HIGS 04327, XI (Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 209. leptellinidae (p. 323-324).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-354.jpg?height=1579&width=522&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=216)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shlyginia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Leptellininae","Genus":"Shlyginia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shlyginia Nikitin & POPOV, 1983, p. 237","Type_species":"S. declivis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, differs from Leptellina in possessing large muscle field in ventral valve to about half valve length or more, adductor muscle scars usually enclosed by diductor scars in ventral valve, cardinal process projecting slightly or not at all posteriorly from hinge line as in Leptellina","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 208, 3a-c. *S. declivis, Andryushinka Formation, Llandeilo-Caradoc, Ishim River, Kazakhstan, a, holotype, ventral exterior, CNIGR 31\/11990, X3, b, ventral internal mold, CNIGR 34\/11990, X3, c, dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 35\/11990, X3 (Nikitin & Popov, 1983)., Fig. 208, 3d, e. S. extraordinaria (Rukavishnikova), Dulankara Formation, Caradoc, Dulankara, Kazakhstan, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BC 12897, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nNikitin & Popov, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 208. leptellinidae (p. 322-324).\nfig. 208. leptellinidae (p. 322-324).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-353.jpg?height=1670&width=1287&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-353.jpg?height=1670&width=1287&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeostrophomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Palaeostrophomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeostrophomena HOLTEDAHL, 1916, p. 43","Type_species":"Strophomena concava SCHMIDT, 1858, p. 215, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently resupinate profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament with posterolateral rugae common, small pseudodeltidium, larger chilidium, small teeth with reduced dental plates leading to posterolateral bounding ridges around triangular ventral muscle field open anteriorly, prominent cardinal process, small socket ridges, central myophragm becoming striated anteriorly, platform absent, dorsal interior as in Apatomorpha","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 210, 1a-c. *P. concava (Schmidt), Llanvirn, a, dorsal exterior, Hunduum Formation, Tallinn, BMNH BB 91269, X2 (new), b, c, ventral and dorsal interiors, Uhaku Stage, Erra, Estonia, X(R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 210. leptellinidae (p. 324-326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-355.jpg?height=1790&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apatomorpha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Apatomorpha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apatomorpha COOPER, 1956, p. 709","Type_species":"Rafinesquina pulchella RAYMOND, 1928, p. 296, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex to planoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, narrow pseudodeltidium developed, widely divergent teeth, dental plates present, large prominent ventral muscle field with short muscle-bounding ridges, muscle scars flabellate anteriorly, prominent cardinal process, small socket ridges, prominent but divided dorsal myophragm, small dorsal muscle field with oblique ridges, no platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 210,2a\u2013d. *A. pulchella (R AYMOND), Athens Formation, upper Llandeilolower Caradoc, Tennessee; a, dorsal view of exterior of conjoined valves, USNM 110895c, \u00d73; b, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 12849, \u00d7 2; c, ventral interior, USNM 110896a, \u00d73 (Cooper, 1956); d, dorsal interior, USNM 110896c, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 210. leptellinidae (p. 324-326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-355.jpg?height=1790&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Glyptambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptambonites COOPER, 1956, p. 712","Type_species":"G. musculosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament with much accentuated bounding ridges, bilobed ventral muscle field relatively open anteriorly, bulbous cardinal process, very small socket ridges, large myophragm leading anteriorly to relatively small dorsal median septum, posterolateral dorsal muscle-bounding ridges in adults, no platform (although no entire dorsal valve yet illustrated), similar to Apatomorpha but with ventral valve muscle field narrower, longer muscle-bounding ridges","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 210, 3a-c. *G. musculosus, Oranda Formation, lower Caradoc, Linville Station, Virginia, a, ventral exterior, USNM 117391, X2, b, latex cast of ventral internal mold, USNM 117390a, x1, c, latex cast of dorsal interior, USNM 117388c, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 210. leptellinidae (p. 324-326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-355.jpg?height=1790&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goniotrema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Goniotrema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goniotrema Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 626","Type_species":"G. perplexum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, ornament uncertain, strong teeth, strong muscle-bounding ridges, triangular ventral muscle field open anteriorly, prominent erect cardinal process but very small socket ridges, weak myophragm, no bema but faint traces of possible side septa (and thus possible inclusion in Syndielasmatidae), weak platform present, not certainly leptellinid","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 210, 5a, b. *G. perplexum, upper Pogonip Group, upper Llanvirn, Ikes Canyon, Nevada, a, b, holotype, ventral, dorsal interiors, USNM 92872, X2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 210. leptellinidae (p. 324-326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-355.jpg?height=1790&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ishimia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Ishimia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ishimia NIKITIN, 1974, p. 59","Type_species":"I. ishimensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with convex ventral valve, flat dorsal valve becoming concave anteriorly, unequally parvicostellate ornament, sometimes with comae, pseudodeltidium, chilidium present, substantial teeth but dental plates short or absent, well-impressed triangular ventral muscle field with no bounding ridges, open anteriorly, prominent cardinal process, socket plates curving anterolaterally, prominent dorsal median septum merging anteriorly with elevated platform, similar to Toquimia, but with concavoconvex profile, stronger median septum, stronger dorsal platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 211, 1a, b. * I. ishimensis, Andryshenskaya Formation, Llandeilo, Ishim River, Kazakhstan, a, latex cast of ventral interior, CNIGR 1614\/14, X1, b, holotype, latex cast of dorsal interior, CNIGR 1614\/15, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 211. leptellinidae (p. 326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-357.jpg?height=1344&width=1295&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepidomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Lepidomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepidomena LAURIE, 1991, p. 55","Type_species":"L. pulchra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, ventral interarea orthocline or apsacline, dorsal interarea hypercline, dental plates absent, ventral muscle field bilobed, similar to Apatomorpha but high bladelike cardinal process, delicate bladelike socket ridges free distally, dorsal median septum, low dorsal platform rim developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 210, 4a-d. * L. pulchra, lower Benjamin Limestone, Caradoc, Settlement Road, Florentine Valley, Tasmania, Australia, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, UTGD 99913, X2, c, ventral internal mold, UTGD 99911, X2, d, holotype, dorsal interior, UTGD 99906, X2 (Laurie, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Laurie, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 210. leptellinidae (p. 324-326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-355.jpg?height=1790&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Onegia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Onegia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Onegia ANDREEV, 1993, p. 51","Type_species":"O. vitrea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small transverse shells with concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament with anterior extensions of three major costellae, poorly impressed ventral muscle field, ventral subperipheral rim, stubby socket plates, dorsal median septum leading to elevated bilobed dorsal valve platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 211, 2a. *O. vitrea, uppermost Volkhov Formation, upper Arenig, Volkhov River, St. Petersburg, Russia, dorsal interior, PAN 4459\/4, X9 (Andreev, 1993)., Fig. 211, 2 b-d. O. geometrica (Kutorga), uppermost Volkhov Formation, upper Arenig, River Lava, St. Petersburg, Russia, b, c, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 51234, X10, d, ventral interior, BMNH BC 51235, X10 (Popov, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreev, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 211. leptellinidae (p. 326).\nfig. 211. leptellinidae (p. 326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-357.jpg?height=1344&width=1295&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-357.jpg?height=1344&width=1295&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Titanambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Titanambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Titanambonites COOPER, 1956, p. 717","Type_species":"T. medius, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, ornament unequally parvicostellate, but with finer parvicostellae crossed by regular concentric lamellae, ventral muscle field flabellate, interior as in Apatomorpha but with variably developed platform, cardinal process bulbous, posterior dorsal valve adductor scars separated by transverse rather than oblique ridges leading to vascula myaria","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 211, 3a-d. * T. medius, Athens Formation, Llandeilo-Caradoc, Christiansburg, Tennessee, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, USNM 117429c, x1, b, ventral internal mold, USNM 117429f, times, c, d, latex cast, natural mold of dorsal interior, USNM 117429g, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 211. leptellinidae (p. 326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-357.jpg?height=1344&width=1295&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Toquimia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Toquimia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Toquimia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 626","Type_species":"T. kirki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex to planoconvex profile initially, but resupination develops anteriorly in larger specimens, unequally parvicostellate ornament, large pseudodeltidium, small chilidium variably developed, large but poorly impressed ventral muscle field, ventral subperipheral rim, bulbous cardinal process with massive central component, small lateral processes, short, erect socket ridges, weak myophragm extending anteriorly into thin, low median septum, mantle canals often well impressed, similar to Apatomorpha but with weak platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Llandeilo, ?Caradoc)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 212, 2a-c. * T. kirki, upper Pogonip Group, Llanvirn, Ikes Canyon, Nevada, a, interarea of conjoined valves, USNM 117567h, x3, b, latex of ventral internal mold, USNM 117567a, x1.5, c, latex of dorsal internal mold, USNM 117567d, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 212. leptellinidae (p. 326-327).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-358.jpg?height=1227&width=1094&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=266)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ujukites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Ujukites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ujukites ANDREEVA, 1985, p. 41","Type_species":"U. altaicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile planoconvex to slightly resupinate, very upright interarea with small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, very short dental plates, no bounding ridges to triangular, flabellate weakly impressed ventral muscle field, cardinal process weak, but definitely leptellinid (i.e., trifid, not undercut), short dorsal median septum developed in valve center only, very weakly developed dorsal platform","Beginning_age":"middle Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"middle Ordovician","Ending_age":"middle Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ordovician","Geological_periods":"middle Ordovician","Geography":"Tuva, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 212, 1a-d. * U. altaicus, ?Stretinski Formation, middle Ordovician, River Tuloi, Altai Mountains, Russia, a, b, holotype, conjoined valves, dorsal view, USNM 117567h, x3, c, latex of ventral internal mold, USNM 117567a, x1.5, d, latex of dorsal internal mold, USNM 117567d, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 212. leptellinidae (p. 326-327).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-358.jpg?height=1227&width=1094&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=266)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grorudia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Grorudiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Grorudia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grorudia SPJELDNAES, 1957, p. 61","Type_species":"G. grorudi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Alwynella Spjeldnaes, 1957, p. 85 (type, A. osloensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Alwynella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very transverse outline, gently concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium unknown, small teeth, poorly impressed ventral muscle field with no bounding ridges, prominent bulbous cardinal process with very small socket ridges, similar to Tetraodontella, Calyptolepta but with no platform, side septa not extending beyond small but elevated bema, short strong median septum also present, but not anterior of bema.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 213, 3a-c. *G. grorudi, Zone 4 a beta, lower Caradoc, T\u00e5sen Station, Oslo, Norway, a, latex cast of dorsal exterior, PMO 66940, X4, b, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, PMO 66940, X6 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO, \nCocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 213. grorudiidae (p. 327-331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-359.jpg?height=1570&width=1279&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calyptolepta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Grorudiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Calyptolepta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calyptolepta NEUMAN, 1976, p. 35","Type_species":"C. diaphragma, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Anechophragma Neuman, 1976, p. 37 (type, A. rarum, OD), Ujukella Andreev, 1993, p. 52 (type, U. alexandrae, middle Malinovsk Formation (Llanvirn), Tevel-tal, Tuva, Russia), Yuanbaella Fu, 1982, p. 116 (type, Tetraodontella truncata Fu, 1975, p. 108, OD)","Synonyms":"Anechophragma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly concavoconvex profile, ventral interarea apsacline with small pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea catacline to hypercline with small chilidium, short wide teeth with dental plates absent or reduced to slight thickening at sides of muscle field, short bilobed ventral muscle field, ventral subperipheral rim, simple bladelike cardinal process, flaring socket ridges, dorsal myophragm elevated anteriorly into median septum rising anteriorly to merge with elevated platform, similar to Tetraodontella but with two distinct side septa in median part of dorsal valve although with some variability, in some specimens septa nearly merged into median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, Tuva, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 214 a-e. *C. diaphragma, Virgin Arm Formation, Llanvirn, Virgin Arm, New World Island, Newfoundland, Canada, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, GSC 35067, X2, b, c, latex cast of internal mold, ventral interior, GSC 35071, X2 (Neuman, 1976), d, e, latex cast of internal mold, dorsal interior, GSC 35068a, X3 (Cocks & Rong, 1989)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 214 f-i. C. rarum, Virgin Arm Formation, Llanvirn, Virgin Arm, New World Island, Newfoundland, Canada, f, g, molds of ventral, dorsal exteriors, GSC 35078, X3, h, i, holotype, latex cast of dorsal interior, GSC 35077, X3 (Neuman, 1976)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 214j-m. C. truncata, Xiliangsi Formation, lower Llanvirn, Dangmengou, Yuanba, Nanzheng County, southern Shaanxi Province, China, j, k, exterior of ventral, dorsal valves, GB 141, GB 142, X12, l, internal mold of ventral valve, GB 143, X9, m, internal mold of dorsal valve, GB 145, X12 (Fu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nNeuman, 1976, \nCocks & Rong, 1989, \nNeuman, 1976, \nFu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 214. grorudiidae (p. 328).\nfig. 214. grorudiidae (p. 328).\nfig. 214. grorudiidae (p. 328).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-360.jpg?height=1544&width=1277&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-360.jpg?height=1544&width=1277&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-360.jpg?height=1544&width=1277&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diambonioidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Grorudiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diambonioidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diambonioidea ZENG, 1987, p. 230","Type_species":"D. transversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, deltidial plates covering only small part of delthyrium, similar to Calyptolepta, but dorsal valve flat, with wider dorsal valve muscle field, short side septa constrained within muscle field, prominent dorsal median septum merging anteriorly with platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 213, 1a, b. *D. transversa, Miaopo Formation, upper Llandeilo-lower Caradoc, Huanghuachang, Yichang County, western Hubei, China, a, external mold of conjoined valves, YIGM IV45808, x4, b, dorsal internal mold, YIGM IV45807, x4 (Zeng, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 213. grorudiidae (p. 327-331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-359.jpg?height=1570&width=1279&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Railtonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Grorudiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Railtonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Railtonella LAURIE, 1991, p. 63","Type_species":"R. scanloni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve convex, dorsal valve flat but concave anteriorly, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium, large teeth with vestigial dental plates, poorly impressed septum, except where they divide anteriorly, further short side septa constrained within muscle field, bema, weak platform present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 213, 2a-c. *T. biseptata, Dalby Limestone, middle Caradoc, B\u00f6da Hamn borehole, \u00d6land, Sweden, a, holotype, ventral exterior, RMS \u00d6l 1040, x5, b, ventral interior, RMS \u00d6l 1037, X, c, dorsal interior, X4 (Williams, 1965d).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nWilliams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 213. grorudiidae (p. 327-331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-359.jpg?height=1570&width=1279&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetraodontella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Grorudiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tetraodontella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetraodontella JANUSSON, 1962, p. 1","Type_species":"T. biseptata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, small teeth, dental plates, relatively small ventral muscle field, dorsal interior as in Calyptolepta but with strong central pair of septa fused together along their length, homologizing a wide median septum, except where they divide anteriorly, further short side septa constrained within muscle field, bema, weak platform present","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltic, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 213, 2a-c. *T. biseptata, Dalby Limestone, middle Caradoc, B\u00f6da Hamn borehole, \u00d6land, Sweden, a, holotype, ventral exterior, RMS \u00d6l 1040, x5, b, ventral interior, RMS \u00d6l 1037, X, c, dorsal interior, X4 (Williams, 1965d).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nWilliams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 213. grorudiidae (p. 327-331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-359.jpg?height=1570&width=1279&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptestia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptestia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptestia BEKKER, 1922, p. 362","Type_species":"L. musculosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, fine, unequally parvicostellate ornament, with pseudodeltidium, chilidium, teeth small, dental plates lacking, ventral muscle field subcircular, well impressed though without raised muscle-bounding ridges, erect cardinal process, small socket ridges, variably developed myophragm leading anteriorly to weak dorsal median septum, with elongate bema, median septum through bema merging anteriorly with lobes of platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Arenig, Llanvirn-Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Leptestia Bekker, 1922, p. 362 *L. musculosa, OD. Concavoconvex profile, fine, unequally parvicostellate ornament, with pseudodeltidium, chilidium, teeth small, dental plates lacking, ventral muscle field subcircular, well impressed though without raised muscle-bounding ridges, erect cardinal process, small socket ridges, variably developed myophragm leading anteriorly to weak dorsal median septum, with elongate bema, median septum through bema merging anteriorly with lobes of platform. Ordovician (?Arenig, Llanvirn-Caradoc): Europe, Asia.--Fig. 215, 1a-d. *L. musculosa, a, ventral exterior, Uhaku Stage, Llandeilo, Uhaku, Estonia, BMNH BB 33356, X1.5 (new), b, ventral interior, Kukruse Formation, lower Caradoc, Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia, X2 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, new), c, dorsal view of dorsal interior, Kukruse Formation, lower Caradoc, Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia, BMNH BB 5189, X1.5, d, posterior view of dorsal interior, Kukruse Formation, lower Caradoc, Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia, BMNH BB 5189, X2 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nCocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 215. lepestiidae (p. 331-334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-362.jpg?height=1803&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bilobia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bilobia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bilobia COOPER, 1956, p. 759","Type_species":"B. hemisphaerica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, pseudodeltidium short or absent, thin chilidium present, stubby bilobed teeth, obsolescent dental plates, ventral muscle field strongly bilobed with divergent diductors, broad median ridge sporadically developed anterior to ventral scar, generally as coalescent tubercles, cardinal process erect, divided, elevated bema, undercut anteriorly, separated centrally by small discrete median septum, variably developed platform with diaphragm or peripheral rim","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 216,2a\u2013d. *B. hemisphaerica, Oranda Formation, lower Caradoc, Strasburg Quadrangle, Virginia; a, holotype, dorsal view of exterior of conjoined valves, USNM 111099b, \u00d74; b, ventral internal mold, USNM 111099d, \u00d75; c, conjoined valves, including mold of dorsal interior, USNM 111099c, \u00d7 4; d, dorsal interior, USNM 111099f, \u00d7 5 (Cooper, 1956).\u2014\u2014Fig. 216,2e,f. B. musca (\u00d6PIK) Kukruse Formation (lower Caradoc), Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia; e,f, posterior, \u00d7 7, lateral views of dorsal interior, \u00d7 5, BMNH BB 5202 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 216. leptestiidae (p. 331).\nfig. 216. leptestiidae (p. 331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-363.jpg?height=1790&width=1271&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-363.jpg?height=1790&width=1271&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leangella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leangella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leangella \u00d6PIK, 1933a, p. 42","Type_species":"Plectambonites scissa (Davidson, 1871) var. triangularis HOLTEDAHL, 1916, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Diambonia Cooper & Kindle, 1936, p. 356 (type, Plectambonites gibbosa Winchell & Schuchert, 1892, p. 288, OD), Opikella Amsden, 1968, p. 48 (type, L. (O.) dissiticostella, OD), Tufoleptina Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, p. 447 (type, T. tufogena, OD)","Synonyms":"Diambonia, Opikella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, large orthocline interarea, strong teeth with small dental plates, ventral muscle field small, bilobed, with pronounced muscle-bounding ridges, subperipheral rim variably present in ventral valve, ventral median septum varying from strong to absent, erect cardinal process, laterally flaring socket ridges, weak myophragm, dorsal median septum absent, elevated bema bilobed, undercut anteriorly, platform or discontinuous row of enhanced septules, diaphragm or peripheral rim near valve margin. L. (Leangella) is similar to L. (Leptestiina) but with a discrete platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian  (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 216, 3a-d. * L. (L.) scissa (Davidson), upper Haverford Mudstone Formation, Rhuddanian, Gasworks, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, Wales, a, latex of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 70996, X5, b, dorsal exterior latex, BMNH BB 31826, x5 (new), c, d, mold, latex of dorsal interior, BMNH BB 32167, X6 (Cocks & Rong, 1989)., Fig. 216, 3e, f. L. (L.) tufogena, Liten Formation, Homerian, Hlinik, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia, Czech Republic, e, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 290, x5, f, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 285, X5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967)., Fig. 216, 3g. L. (L.) gibbosa, Stewartville Formation, lower Ashgill, Stewartville, Minnesota, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 7272, X5 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nOMR, \nCocks & Rong, 1989, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, \nCocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 216. leptestiidae (p. 331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-363.jpg?height=1790&width=1271&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Leangella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"L. (Leangella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Leangella) \u00d6PIK, 1933a, p. 42","Type_species":"Plectambonites scissa (Davidson, 1871) var. triangularis HOLTEDAHL, 1916, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Leptestiina) but with discrete platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian  (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 216, 3a-d. * L. (L.) scissa (Davidson), upper Haverford Mudstone Formation, Rhuddanian, Gasworks, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, Wales, a, latex of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 70996, X5, b, dorsal exterior latex, BMNH BB 31826, x5 (new), c, d, mold, latex of dorsal interior, BMNH BB 32167, X6 (Cocks & Rong, 1989)., Fig. 216, 3e, f. L. (L.) tufogena, Liten Formation, Homerian, Hlinik, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia, Czech Republic, e, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 290, x5, f, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 285, X5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967)., Fig. 216, 3g. L. (L.) gibbosa, Stewartville Formation, lower Ashgill, Stewartville, Minnesota, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 7272, X5 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 216. leptestiidae (p. 331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-363.jpg?height=1790&width=1271&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Leptestia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"L. (Leptestia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Leptestiina) HAVL\u00cdCEK, 1952, p. 412","Type_species":"Benignites (Leptestiina) prantli; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to L. (Leangella) except that dorsal valve platform is made up anteriorly of discrete septules not merged to form typical continuous platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 216, 1a,b. *L. (L.) prantli H AVL\u00cdCEK, Kr\u00e1luv Dvur Formation, middle Ashgill, Kr\u00e1luv Dvur, Bohemia, Czech Republic; a,b, internal mold of conjoined valves, external mold of dorsal valve, NM CD 1557, \u00d75 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 216. leptestiidae (p. 331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-363.jpg?height=1790&width=1271&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rurambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rurambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rurambonites Cocks & RONG, 1989, p. 118","Type_species":"Plectambonites ruralis REED, 1917, p. 879, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, delthyrium largely open, with small pseudodeltidium, pair of chilidial plates, strong teeth, denticulate hinge line, ventral muscle field relatively small, bilobed with encircling musclebounding ridges, strong erect cardinal process, bladelike, widely divergent socket ridges, bema transverse, not bilobed, in contrast to bilobed elongate bema of Sampo, small dorsal median septum confined to bema","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Scotland, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 215, 3a-f. *R. ruralis (Reed), southern Threave Formation, Rawtheyan, Starfish Bed, Girvan, Strathclyde, Scotland, a, ventral exterior, BMNH BC 50914, x 2, b, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 7202, X 3, c-f, dorsal internal mold, dorsal, lateral, posterior views of latex cast, BMNH BC 7200, X3 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 215. lepestiidae (p. 331-334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-362.jpg?height=1803&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sampo":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sampo","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sampo \u00d6PIK, 1933a, p. 35","Type_species":"S. hiiuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, hinge line denticulate, ventral muscle field bilobed, cardinal process erect, bema elongate (in contrast to Rurambonites), bilobed, undercut, similar to Bilobia apart from denticulate hinge line","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 215, 2a-f. * S. hiiuensis, Vormsi Stage, lower Ashgill, a, b, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, Hiiuma, TAGI BR 1235, X2, c, ventral interior, K\u00f6rgessaare, Estonia, TAGI BR 1236, X3, d-f, dorsal interior viewed dorsally, posteriorly, obliquely, K\u00f6rgessaare, Estonia, TAGI BR 361, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 215. lepestiidae (p. 331-334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-362.jpg?height=1803&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Xenambonitinae","Genus":"Xenambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenambonites COOPER, 1956, p. 813","Type_species":"X. undosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile with ventral fold, dorsal sulcus, parvicostellate ornament with occasional stronger costellae, geniculate anteriorly in ventral direction, apparently open delthyrium, strong teeth, vestigial dental plates, small bilobed ventral valve muscle field, elevated except at posterior ends of mantle canals, ventral subperipheral rim, small cardinal process lobes, substantial but short curved socket plates, short elevated myophragm, too broad to be termed septum, confined within elevated bema, weak platform mirroring ventral subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 217, 2a-c. *X. undosus, Pratt Ferry Formation, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Blocton, Alabama, a, ventral exterior, USNM 117468-1, X6, b, ventral interior, USNM 117468a, x6, c, holotype, dorsal interior, USNM 117468h, X(Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 217. xenambonitidae (p. 334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-365.jpg?height=1676&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Metambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Xenambonitinae","Genus":"Metambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Metambonites Zhan & RONG, 1995, p. 552","Type_species":"M. meritus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament with no rugae, teeth small, dental plates absent, ventral denticles, dorsal fossettes irregularly developed, distinctive ventral platform, elevated in most specimens, surrounding bilobed muscle field, short, stout ventral myophragm, cardinal process massive, projecting posteroventrally, socket ridges short, thick, high, bema strongly elevated, undercut, significantly smaller than ventral platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 217, 1a-d. *M. meritus, Xiazhen Formation, middle Ashgill, Daqiao, Jiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, China, a, b, ventral internal mold, x5, latex cast, X5, NIGP 124512, c, d, holotype, dorsal internal mold, X4, latex cast, X5, NIGP 124515 (Zhan & Rong, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nZhan & Rong, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 217. xenambonitidae (p. 334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-365.jpg?height=1676&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Synambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Xenambonitinae","Genus":"Synambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Synambonites Zhan & RONG, 1995, p. 552","Type_species":"S. biconvexus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A ventribiconvex profile with an elevated ventral marginal deflection and trough, corresponding to a narrow, high dorsal rim, fine multicostellate ornament and irregular rugae, similar to Xenambonites but differs in profile and lacks a fold and sulcus, elongated, bilobed, relatively small ventral muscle field with strong teeth and dental plates, massive cardinal process projecting ventrally, elevated bema, subperipheral rim in ventral valve, corresponding dorsal trough","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 217, 3a-d. *S. biconvexus, Xiazhen Formation, middle Ashgill, Daqiao, Jingshan County, Zhejiang Province, a, latex cast of dorsal exterior, NIGP 124511, X6, b, ventral internal mold, NIGP 124514, X4, c, d, holotype, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, NIGP 124515, X5 (Zhan & Rong, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nZhan & Rong, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 217. xenambonitidae (p. 334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-365.jpg?height=1676&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aegiromena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Aegiromena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aegiromena Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, p. 450, Leptaena aquila BARRANDE, 1848, p. 228, OD","Type_species":"Leptaena aquila BARRANDE, 1848, p. 228, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, chilidial plates, small teeth, dental plates, weak muscle-bounding ridges posterolateral only to elongate, bilobed ventral muscle field, widely flaring short socket ridges, bema variably developed, absent in some specimens, weakly impressed dorsal muscle field, similar to Aegiria, but with dental plates.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 218, 1ad. *A. aquila (Barrande), Zahorany Formation, middle Caradoc, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, latex cast of ventral exterior, BMNH BB 3340, X3, b, c, ventral internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BB 13658, X3, d, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BC 7212, X4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aegiria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Aegiria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aegiria \u00d6PIK, 1933a, p. 55","Type_species":"A. norvegica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Aegironetes Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, p. 46 (type, Strophomena tristis Barrande, 1879, pl. 70, fig. 6.1, OD)","Synonyms":"Aegironetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex pro\ufb01le; parvicostellate ornament; delthyrium closed by large pseudodeltidium, chilidium; relatively short, variably impressed, bilobed ventral muscle \ufb01eld; erect cardinal process; differs from Mezounia in relatively transverse bema, not bilobed anteriorly; bema always present; short central median septum transecting anterior end of bema; platform sometimes indicated merely by elongate pseudopunctae.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 218, 3a\u2013e. *A. norvegica, Solvik Formation, Rhuddanian, Leangen, Asker, Norway; a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, PMO 40690, \u00d74; d, ventral internal mold, PMO 40689, \u00d7 4; e, dorsal internal mold, PMO 40688, \u00d7 4 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 218, 3f,g. A. tristis, Kr\u00e1luv Dvur Formation, lower\u2013middle Ashgill, Jezerka, Michli, Prague, Czech Republic; f, ventral internal mold, \u00d77; g, dorsal internal mold, \u00d77 (Mergl, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonetoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Chonetoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonetoidea JONES, 1928, p. 393","Type_species":"Plectambonites papillosa REED, 1905, p. 451, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sericoidea Lindstr\u00f6m, 1953, p. 134 (type, Leptaena sericea var. restricta Hadding, 1913, p. 62, OD), ?Sentolunia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, p. 53 (type, S. senta, OD)","Synonyms":"Sericoidea, ?Sentolunia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex profile, parvicostellate ornament, sometimes with unequal parvicostellae, small interarea, small arched pseudodeltidium, no chilidium, widely divergent teeth, socket plates, bilobed but weakly impressed ventral muscle field, similar to Jonesea, but with elongated septules, rather than circular papillae, bema sometimes present, sometimes delineated only by larger septules.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 218, 2a, b. *C. papillosa (Reed), Slade, Redhill Mudstone Formation, middle Ashgill, Upper Slade, near Haverfordwest, Dyfed, Wales, a, internal mold of conjoined valves, SM A11313, X4, b, lectotype, dorsal internal mold, SM A11311, X10 (Cocks & Rong, 1989)., Fig. 218, 2c, d. C. senta, Kr\u00e1luv Dvur shales, lower-middle Ashgill, Kr\u00e1luv Dvur, Czech Republic, holotype, ventral, dorsal internal molds, OMR VH 276, X4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nSM, \nCocks & Rong, 1989, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Epelidoaegiria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Epelidoaegiria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Epelidoaegiria STRUSZ, 1982, p. 115","Type_species":"Aegiria (E.) chilidifera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Aegiria but with unequally parvicostellate ornament, hinge line denticulate, small pseudodeltidium, chilidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (?Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock, ?Ludlow)","Geography":"Australia, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 219, 3a-d. *E. chilidifera, Walker Volcanics, Wenlock, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia, a, dorsal view of latex cast of conjoined valves, CPC 20365, X4, b, magnified view of latex cast of interarea, CPC 20387, X10, c, latex cast of ventral interior, CPC 20359, X4, d, latex cast of dorsal interior, CPC 20949, X4 (Strusz, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nT, \nStrusz, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 219. xenambonitidae (p. 337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-368.jpg?height=1757&width=1249&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=184)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jonesea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Jonesea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jonesea Cocks & RONG, 1989, p. 127","Type_species":"Leptaena grayi DAVIDSON, 1849, p. 271, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dionaegiria Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990, p. 65, obj.","Synonyms":"Dionaegiria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex profile, distinctive sharply crested parvicostellate ornament, vestigial dental plates, bilobed ventral muscle field, sometimes septules with pair of prominent tubercles posterolaterally inside ventral valve, similar to Chonetoidea, but with circular papillae rather than elongated, bema sometimes suggested by raised tubercles but not always developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 220a-d. *J. grayi (Davidson), a, latex cast of external molds of conjoined valves, lower Bringewood Beds, upper Ludlow, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, BMNH BC 10343, X12, b, c, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, lower Bringewood Beds, upper Ludlow, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, BMNH BC 10375, X12, d, upper Leintwardine Beds, Ludlow, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 10340, X12 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 220. xenambonitidae (p. 337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-369.jpg?height=1567&width=535&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=871)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mezounia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Mezounia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mezounia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 31","Type_species":"Strophomena bicuspis BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 128, fig. 1-5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex profile, semicircular outline, unequally parvicostellate ornament, prominent flaring teeth, bounding ridges around relatively small bilobed ventral muscle field, similar to Aegiria but with small bema bilobed anteriorly, no dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 218, 4a-d. *M. bicuspis (Barrande), Motol Formation, Wenlock, Borek, Mezoun, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, internal mold of conjoined valves, OMR VH 514, X .3, b, c, internal, external molds of two dorsal valves, OMR VH 513d, x7.7, d, ventral exterior, X5.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Multiridgia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Multiridgia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Multiridgia ZENG, 1987, p. 234","Type_species":"M. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex to planoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, dental plates lacking, row of septules developed, enclosing poorly impressed muscle fields in both valves, dorsal valve septules as in Chonetoidea, but without anterior bilobation, short dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 219, 2a, b. *M. elegans, Miaopo Formation, upper Llandeilo-lower Caradoc, a, holotype, ventral internal mold, Jieling, YIGM IV45746, x7, b, dorsal internal mold, Huanhuachang, Yichang County, Hubei Province, YIGM IV45740, x9 (Zeng, 1987)","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 219. xenambonitidae (p. 337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-368.jpg?height=1757&width=1249&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=184)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nabiaoia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Nabiaoia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nabiaoia XU, 1979, p. 370","Type_species":"N. pusilla, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex profile, thin shelled, almost imperceptible parvicostellate radial ornament with irregular rugae, short, flaring teeth, socket ridges, no bema, platform, or side septa, dorsal muscle field of elevated pustules in irregular but subradial rows, dorsal median septum variably present, stronger posteriorly, centrally. Devonian (Eifelian): China.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 219, 1 a-d .* N. pusilla, Tangxiang Formation, Eifelian, Luofu of Nandan, Guangxi Province, a, b, ventral internal mold, latex cast, NIGP 81012, x10 (Xu, new ), c, d, holotype, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, NIGP 41251, x(Xu, 1979)","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \n\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 219. xenambonitidae (p. 337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-368.jpg?height=1757&width=1249&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=184)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Hesperomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hesperomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperomena COOPER, 1956, p. 744","Type_species":"H. leptellinoidea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, pseudodeltidium, but no chilidium known, short flaring teeth, large, wide but poorly impressed ventral muscle field, large erect cardinal process, short socket ridges, weak dorsal median septum bifurcating anteriorly to unite with weak platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"FIG . 221,1a\u2013c. *H. leptellinoidea, Antelope Valley Limestone, Pogonip Group, upper Llanvirn, Ikes Canyon, Roberts Mountains, Nevada; holotype, dorsal exterior, ventral interior,dorsal interior views of conjoined valves, USNM 117560, \u00d73 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 221. hesperomenidae (p. 337-339).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-370.jpg?height=1174&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anoptambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Hesperomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anoptambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anoptambonites WILLIAMS, 1962, p. 170","Type_species":"Leptaena grayae DAVIDSON, 1883, p. 171, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, parvicostellate ornament, large rectimarginate to procline interarea, open delthyrium, variable, sometimes large, chilidium, prominent teeth, short dental plates, small ventral muscle field restricted by bilobed muscle-bounding ridges, no ventral median septum, no posterolateral tubercles in ventral valve, large cardinal process striated posteriorly, flaring socket ridges, strong median septum merging anteriorly with elevated bilobed platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Ireland, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 221, 2a-e. *A. grayae (Davidson), Craighead Limestone, upper Caradoc, Craighead, Girvan, Strathclyde, Scotland, a, b, lectotype, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, BMNH B 73408, x4 (new), c, d, posterior, downward views of ventral interior, BMNH BB 15868, X3 (Cocks & Rong, 1989), e, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 15869, X3.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nCocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 221. hesperomenidae (p. 337-339).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-370.jpg?height=1174&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulie":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Hesperomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aulie","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulie Nikitin & Popov in Klenina, Nikitin, & POPOV, 1984, p. 148","Type_species":"A. convexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, similar to Anoptambonites but with pseudodeltidium present, ventral valve muscle-bounding ridges semicircular, not bilobed, with dorsal valve median septum extending a little anteriorly of platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 222, 1 a-d. * A. convexa, middle Erkebidaiski Horizon, Caradoc, Chinghiz Mountains, a, b, latex cast of exterior of conjoined valves with enlargement of interarea, CNIGR 104\/12095, x2, X5, c, ventral internal mold, CNIGR 99\/12095, X3, d, dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 100\/12095, X3 (Popov, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 222. hesperomenidae (p. 339).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-371.jpg?height=1377&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chaganella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Hesperomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chaganella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chaganella NIKITIN, 1974, p. 65","Type_species":"C. chaganensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tylambonites Percival, 1991, p. 143 (type, T. speciosa, OD)","Synonyms":"Tylambonites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Anoptambonites but biconvex to weakly resupinate profile anteriorly, unequally parvicostellate ornament, open delthyrium, large discrete chilidial plates, ventral muscle field bilobed, prominent callosities in ventral interior, erect cardinal process, flaring socket plates, weakly impressed bema, strong dorsal median septum merging anteriorly with bilobed platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 222, 2a-d. * C. chaganensis, lower Bestamak Formation, Llandeilo, Chagan River, Chinghiz Mountains, Kazakhstan, a, holotype, ventral exterior, CNIGR 1614\/45, \u00d7 2, b, ventral internal mold, KAS 1614\/41, X2, c, dorsal internal mold, KAS 1614\/43, X2 (Nikitin, 1974), d, latex cast of dorsal interior, CNIGR 133\/12095, X2.5 (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 222, 2e-h. T. speciosa, Cliefden Caves Limestone, Caradoc, Walli, New South Wales, Australia, e, posterior view of conjoined valves, SUP 68483, X5, f, g, holotype, ventral exterior, interior, SUP 68462, \u00d7 2, h, dorsal interior, SUP 68469, X3 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCNIGR, \nNikitin, 1974, \nPercival, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 222. hesperomenidae (p. 339).\nfig. 222. hesperomenidae (p. 339).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-371.jpg?height=1377&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-371.jpg?height=1377&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kassinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Hesperomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kassinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kassinella BORISSIAK, 1956, p. 50","Type_species":"K. globosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Durranella Percival, 1979b, p. 96 (type, D. septata, OD)","Synonyms":"Durranella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex to planoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, chilidial plates, posterolateral tubercles usually present in ventral interior, short ventral median septum always present, similar to Aulie but with peripheral rim developed, ventral musclebounding ridges very elongate, bilobed, no dental plates, erect cardinal process with laterally flaring socket ridges, dorsal septum, dorsal peripheral rim variably developed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, China, Australia, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 223,1b. K. (K.) sp., Changwu Formation, middle Ashgill, Jiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, China; dorsal internal mold, NIGP 101834, \u00d710 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).\u2014\u2014Fig. 223 ,1c,d. K. (K.) septata, Goonumbla Volcanics, upper Caradoc, Gunningbland, New South Wales, Australia; c, latex cast of dorsal interior, SUP 61570, \u00d75; d, dorsal internal mold, SUP 61562, \u00d75 (Percival, 1979b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Kassinella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Hesperomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"K. (Kassinella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Kassinella) BORISSIAK, 1956, p. 50","Type_species":"K. globosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to K. (Trimurellina) but with dorsal median septum not extending anteriorly of platform.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Asia, Australia, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 223,1b. K. (K.) sp., Changwu Formation, middle Ashgill, Jiangshan County, Zhejiang Province, China; dorsal internal mold, NIGP 101834, \u00d710 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).\u2014\u2014Fig. 223 ,1c,d. K. (K.) septata, Goonumbla Volcanics, upper Caradoc, Gunningbland, New South Wales, Australia; c, latex cast of dorsal interior, SUP 61570, \u00d75; d, dorsal internal mold, SUP 61562, \u00d75 (Percival, 1979b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sowerbyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Sowerbyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sowerbyella JONES, 1928, p. 384","Type_species":"Leptaena sericea J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 636, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sowerbyella (Viruella) R\u014d\u014dmuso\u043as, 1959, p. 14 (type, S. lilifera \u00d6pik, 1930, p. 148, OD)","Synonyms":"Sowerbyella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, parvicostellate to unequally parvicostellate ornament, small arched pseudodeltidium, no chilidium, short teeth, no denticles on hinge line, short but widely diverging dental plates, bilobed ventral muscle field open anteriorly, with posterolateral muscle-bounding ridges, thin short ventral median septum posteriorly, small cardinal process, wide flaring socket plates, bema variable, usually present but occasionally absent, median septum in dorsal valve variably developed, usually absent, similar to Anisopleurella but with prominent pair of central side septa, which sometimes form edge of bema and are sometimes developed above it.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 224,1a\u2013d. *S. (S.) sericea (J. DE C. SOWERBY), Horderley Sandstone Formation, Longvillian, Onny Valley, Shropshire, England; a, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 7302, \u00d73; b, latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 6052, \u00d75; c,d, posterior, oblique lateral views of latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 6051, \u00d7 4 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).\u2014\u2014Fig. 224, 1e\u2013h. S. (S.) liliifera, Kukruse Formation, lower Caradoc, Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia; e, dorsal view of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 5147, \u00d7 5; f, ventral exterior, BMNH BB 5148, \u00d7 3; g, ventral interior, BMNH BB 5151, \u00d7 4; h, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 5149, \u00d75 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 224. sowerbyellidae (p. 341-344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-373.jpg?height=1810&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Sowerbyella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"S. (Sowerbyella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Sowerbyella) JONES, 1928, p. 384","Type_species":"Leptaena sericea J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 636, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Rugosowerbyella), but rugae absent or con\ufb01ned to simple rugae at cardinal extremities.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 224,1a\u2013d. *S. (S.) sericea (J. DE C. SOWERBY), Horderley Sandstone Formation, Longvillian, Onny Valley, Shropshire, England; a, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 7302, \u00d73; b, latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 6052, \u00d75; c,d, posterior, oblique lateral views of latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 6051, \u00d7 4 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).\u2014\u2014Fig. 224, 1e\u2013h. S. (S.) liliifera, Kukruse Formation, lower Caradoc, Kohtla-J\u00e4rve, Estonia; e, dorsal view of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 5147, \u00d7 5; f, ventral exterior, BMNH BB 5148, \u00d7 3; g, ventral interior, BMNH BB 5151, \u00d7 4; h, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 5149, \u00d75 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 224. sowerbyellidae (p. 341-344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-373.jpg?height=1810&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Rugosowerbyella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"S. (Rugosowerbyella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Rugosowerbyella) M ITCHELL , 1977, p. 83","Type_species":"Ptychoglyptus ambiguus R EED , 1952, p. 56; OD; =Plectambonites subcorrugatella REED, 1917, p. 886; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Sowerbyella) but with distinctive ornament of concentric ru-gae truncated, offset by accentuated costae.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 224, 2a\u2013c. *S. (R.) subcorrugatella, Killey Bridge Formation, lower Ashgill, Pomeroy, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland; a, external mold of conjoined valves, BMNH BC 12219, \u00d74; b, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 67729, \u00d74; c, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 67728, \u00d74 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 224. sowerbyellidae (p. 341-344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-373.jpg?height=1810&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anisopleurella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Anisopleurella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anisopleurella COOPER, 1956, p. 804","Type_species":"A. tricostellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudoanisopleurella Wang in Wang & Yan, 1978, p. 222 (type, P. aletheta, OD, upper Miaopo Formation (lower Caradoc), Fenxiang, Yichang County, western Hubei Province, China)","Synonyms":"Pseudoanisopleurella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Wide outline, gently concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament often with only three bilobed, suboval bema, dorsal median septum, similar to Sowerbyella but no prominent paired central side septa developed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)-Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 224, 3a, b. *A. tricostellata, Pratt Ferry Formation, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Blocton, Alabama, a, holotype, ventral exterior, USNM 117475b, \u00d7 9, b, dorsal interior, USNM 117475a, \u00d7 9 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 224. sowerbyellidae (p. 341-344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-373.jpg?height=1810&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dubioleptina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Dubioleptina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dubioleptina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 70","Type_species":"Strophomena expulsa BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 53, fig. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Strophomena expulsa Barrande, 1879, pl. 53, fig. 4, OD","Synonyms":"Strophomena","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, hinge line not denticulate, similar to Sowerbyella but with no teeth or socket plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 224, 4a, b. *D. expulsa, Liten Formation, Wenlock, Lodenice, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, ventral exterior, NM L6476, x6, b, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 332, X4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nNM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 224. sowerbyellidae (p. 341-344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-373.jpg?height=1810&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Eochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eochonetes REED, 1917, p. 916","Type_species":"Chonetes (Eochonetes) advena REED, 1917, p. 915, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thaerodonta Wang, 1949, p. 19 (type, T. aspera, OD","Synonyms":"Thaerodonta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Sowerbyella but with denticles on lateral parts of dorsal valve hinge line only, opposing small sockets on ventral valve hinge line, canals in ventral valve hinge line variably developed, usually absent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Scotland, North America, Baltic, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 225, 1ad. * E. advena, Starfish Bed, South Threave, upper Rawtheyan, Girvan, Strathclyde, Scotland, a, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 10817, x5, b, dorsal internal mold, BMNH B 73919, X3, c, d, dorsal internal mold obliquely tilted to show lateral denticles, latex cast, BMNH BC 10291, X5 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 225. sowerbyellidae (p. 344)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-375.jpg?height=1871&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoplectodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Eoplectodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoplectodonta KOZ\u0141OWSKI, 1929, p. 112","Type_species":"Sowerbyella precursor Jones, 1928, p. 437, OD, =Leptaena duplicata J. de C. Sowerby, 1839, p. 636 (COCKS, 1970, p. 166)","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ygera Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, p. 449 (type, Y. ygerens, OD, =Leptaena transversalis sowerbyana Barrande, 1848, p. 225)","Synonyms":"Ygera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, concavoconvex profile with incurved beak, parvicostellate to unequally parvicostellate ornament, open delthyrium, chilidial plates usual, but sometimes an entire chilidium, similar to Sowerbyella but with denticulate hinge line in central area of ventral valve, corresponding fossettes in dorsal valve hinge line, flaring bilobed ventral muscle field with strong dental plates, bounding ridges posterolaterally, variably developed, thin, short, ventral median septum posteriorly, erect cardinal process, socket plates, bilobed bema often raised off valve floor laterally, with from one to three pairs of prominent side septa, fine small dorsal median septum variably present in valve center only.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 225, 3a. *E. (E.) duplicata, upper Haverford Mudstone Formation, Rhuddanian, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, Wales; a, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 31674, \u00d73 (Cocks, 1970).\u2014\u2014Fig. 225,3b\u2013d. E. (E.) transversalis (W AHLENBERG ), lower Visby Marl, Telychian, Nyhamn, Visby, Gotland, Sweden; b, dorsal view of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 34820, \u00d7 3; c, ventral interior, BMNH BB 34829, \u00d73; d, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 32425, \u00d73 (Cocks, 1970).\u2014\u2014Fig. 225, 3e,f. E. (E.) sowerbyana, Liten Formation, Wenlock, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia, Czech Republic; e, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 324, \u00d7 1.8; f, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 320, \u00d72 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 225. sowerbyellidae (p. 344)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-375.jpg?height=1871&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"E. (Eoplectodonta)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"E. (Eoplectodonta)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"E. (Eoplectodonta) KOZ\u0141OWSKI, 1929, p. 112","Type_species":"Sowerbyella precursor Jones, 1928, p. 437, OD, =Leptaena duplicata J. de C. Sowerby, 1839, p. 636 (COCKS, 1970, p. 166)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline; concavoconvex pro\ufb01le with incurved beak; parvicostellate to unequally parvicostellate ornament; open delthyrium, chilidial plates usual, but sometimes an entire chilidium; similar to Sowerbyella but with denticulate hinge line in central area of ventral valve, corresponding fossettes in dorsal valve hinge line; \ufb02aring bilobed ventral muscle \ufb01eld with strong dental plates, bounding ridges posterolaterally; variably developed, thin, short, ventral median septum posteriorly; erect cardinal process, socket plates; bilobed bema often raised off valve \ufb02oor laterally, with from one to three pairs of prominent side septa; \ufb01ne small dorsal median septum variably present in valve center only.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 225, 3a. *E. (E.) duplicata, upper Haverford Mudstone Formation, Rhuddanian, Haverfordwest, Dyfed, Wales; a, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 31674, \u00d73 (Cocks, 1970).\u2014\u2014Fig. 225,3b\u2013d. E. (E.) transversalis (W AHLENBERG ), lower Visby Marl, Telychian, Nyhamn, Visby, Gotland, Sweden; b, dorsal view of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 34820, \u00d7 3; c, ventral interior, BMNH BB 34829, \u00d73; d, dorsal interior, BMNH BB 32425, \u00d73 (Cocks, 1970).\u2014\u2014Fig. 225, 3e,f. E. (E.) sowerbyana, Liten Formation, Wenlock, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia, Czech Republic; e, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 324, \u00d7 1.8; f, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 320, \u00d72 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 225. sowerbyellidae (p. 344)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-375.jpg?height=1871&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"E. (Kozlowskites)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"E. (Kozlowskites)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"E. (Kozlowskites) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1952, p. 406","Type_species":"Strophomena nuntia BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 49, fig. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to E. (Eoplectodonta) but ventral muscle scars not united centrally, ventral valve mantle canal markings simple, subparallel, bilobed dorsal muscle field less than half valve length, unlike E. (Eoplectodonta)","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 225, 4a-c. *E*. (K.) nuntia (Barrande), Kr\u00e1luv Dvur Formation, Ashgill, Kr\u00e1luv Dvur, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, external mold of conjoined valves, NM CD 1568, \u00d7 4, b, ventral internal mold, NM CH 314, \u00d7 4, c, dorsal internal mold, NM CD 1557, \u00d7 4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"NM, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 225. sowerbyellidae (p. 344)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-375.jpg?height=1871&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"E. (Ygerodiscus)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"E. (Ygerodiscus)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"E. (Ygerodiscus) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 62","Type_species":"Leptaena transversalis var. undulata Salter in Phillips & SALTER, 1848, p. 372, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"E. (Paranisopleurella) Zhang, 1989b, p. 102 (type, E. (P.) cooperi, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to E. (Eoplectodonta) but with distinctive shell undulations and with less massive bema.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 225, 2a-d. * E. (Y.) undulata (Salter), V_2 C Beds, Rhuddanian, Mathyrafal, Meifod, Wales, a, dorsal external mold, BMNH BB 31925, X3, b, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 32109, x3, c, d, dorsal internal mold, latex cast, BMNH BB 31917, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 225. sowerbyellidae (p. 344)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-375.jpg?height=1871&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gunningblandella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Gunningblandella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gunningblandella PERCIVAL, 1979b, p. 111","Type_species":"G. resupinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Sowerbyella but resupinate in profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, small pseudodeltidium, chilidial plates, hinge line not denticulate, short dental plates, bilobed ventral muscle field divided by short thin median septum posteriorly, erect cardinal process, flaring socket plates, bema less than half valve length, dorsal side septa weakly developed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia, ?Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 226, 2a-e. * G. resupinata, Goonumbla Volcanics, upper Caradoc, Gunningbland, New South Wales, Australia, a, latex cast of dorsal exterior, SUP 61490, x2.5, b, latex cast of ventral interior, SUP 61510, x2.5, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, x2.5, d, latex cast, SUP 61487, X3, e, latex cast of dorsal interior, SUP 61503, X_5 (Percival, 1979b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 226. sowerbyellidae (p. 344-347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-376.jpg?height=1627&width=1296&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Plectodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectodonta KOZTOWSKI, 1929, p. 112","Type_species":"P. mariae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Quadrate outline, gently concavoconvex profile, parvicostellate ornament, hinge line denticulate, small pseudodeltidium, chilidial plates, small teeth, stubby socket plates, small bilobed ventral muscle field, bema variably developed, dorsal median septum, platform absent, similar to Eoplectodonta except with stronger pseudodeltidium, less incurved beak, more quadrate, less alate valve extremities, coarse papillae on dorsal valve interior","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)-Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 226, 1a\u2013e. *P. (P.) mariae, Taina Formation, Borshchov Group, Lochkovian, Rukhotin, Krzywcze, Podolia, Ukraine; a\u2013c, exterior views of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 81378, \u00d75 (new); d, dorsal interior, BMNH B 81370, \u00d76; e, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 65810, \u00d78 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 226. sowerbyellidae (p. 344-347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-376.jpg?height=1627&width=1296&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Plectodonta)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"P. (Plectodonta)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Plectodonta) KOZTOWSKI, 1929, p. 112","Type_species":"P. mariae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to P. (Dalejodiscus) but with bema weak or absent, and differing from P. (Plectodontella) in the absence of side septa.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)-Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 226, 1a\u2013e. *P. (P.) mariae, Taina Formation, Borshchov Group, Lochkovian, Rukhotin, Krzywcze, Podolia, Ukraine; a\u2013c, exterior views of conjoined valves, BMNH BB 81378, \u00d75 (new); d, dorsal interior, BMNH B 81370, \u00d76; e, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BB 65810, \u00d78 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 226. sowerbyellidae (p. 344-347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-376.jpg?height=1627&width=1296&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Dalejodiscus)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"P. (Dalejodiscus)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Dalejodiscus) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 449","Type_species":"Strophomena comitans BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to P. (Plectodonta) but with elevated, radially striated bema, short central dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (-Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, ?Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 226, 3a, b. * P. (D.) comitans (Barrande), Daleje Shales, Eifelian, Praha-Hlubocepy, Czech Republic, a, exterior of conjoined valves, OMR VH 318, X4, b, dorsal interior, OMR VH 284, X4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 226. sowerbyellidae (p. 344-347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-376.jpg?height=1627&width=1296&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Plectodontella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"P. (Plectodontella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Plectodontella) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1953, p. 8","Type_species":"P. redunca, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to P. (Plectodonta) but with strong raised bema, distinctive pair of strong side septa posterior of valve center, weak platform present.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 226, 4a, b. *P. (P.) redunca, Trebotov Limestone Formation, lower Eifelian, Holyne, Prague, Czech Republic, a, ventral exterior, OMR VH 26, x3.7, b, dorsal interior, OMR VH 25, X3.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 226. sowerbyellidae (p. 344-347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-376.jpg?height=1627&width=1296&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptychoglyptus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Ptychoglyptinae","Genus":"Ptychoglyptus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptychoglyptus WILLARD, 1928, p. 283","Type_species":"P. virginiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex to planoconvex profile, shell often delicate, distinctive ornament of small rugae interrupted by costellae, small arched pseudodeltidium, chilidial plates, flaring teeth with short dental plates, poorly impressed muscle fields, small, erect cardinal process lobes, flaring socket plates, bema poorly impressed, one or two pairs of short weak side septa variably developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Llandeilo, Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 227 a-d .^* P. virginiensis, a, ventral exterior, Edinburg Formation, Caradoc, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USNM 98231b, X3, b, ventral interior, Edinburg Formation, Caradoc, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USNM 98231b1, X3, c, dorsal interior, Effna-Rich Valley Formation, lower Caradoc, Porterfield Quarry, Virginia, USNM 111042b, X4, d, dorsal interior, Pratt Ferry Formation, Llandeilo, Pratt Ferry, Blocton, Alabama, USNM 117398c, times_4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 227. sowerbyellidae (p. 347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-377.jpg?height=1306&width=530&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=873)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptoptilum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitoidean genera unassigned to families","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptoptilum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptoptilum \u00d6 PIK , 1930, p. 130","Type_species":"Leptestia (Leptoptilum) bekkeri; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Only broken fragments available showing merely pseudopunctate, convex ventral valve, parvicostellate ornament; perhaps synonym of Leptestia, but considered nomen dubium here.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kukruse Formation, Kohtla, Estonia","Figure_captions":"No image provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paucicostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitoidean genera unassigned to families","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paucicostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paucicostella COOPER, 1956, p. 711","Type_species":"P. canadensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Parvicostellate ornament, gently convex ventral valve, nearly flat dorsal valve, interior unknown, apart from short dental plates, relatively wide ventral muscle field, nomen dubium","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 228, 1. *P. canadensis, Mystic Conglomerate, Arenig-Llanvirn, Mystic, Quebec, Canada, ventral exterior, USNM 117395a, X3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 228. unassigned (p. 347-348).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-378.jpg?height=818&width=898&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=362)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ukoa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitoidean genera unassigned to families","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ukoa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ukoa \u00d6PIK, 1932, p. 33","Type_species":"U. ornata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, resupinate, weakly geniculate profile, unequally parvicostellate ornament, ventral muscle field triangular, open anteriorly, dorsal interior unknown, thus may be strophomenine","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 228,2a\u2013c. *U. ornata; a, ventral exterior, Kunda Horizon, lower Llanvirn, Lava River, St. Petersburg, Russia, BMNH BC 12858, \u00d7 1; b,c, dorsal exterior, Kunda Horizon, upper Arenig, Lynna River, St. Petersburg, Russia, BMNH BC 12857, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 228. unassigned (p. 347-348).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-378.jpg?height=818&width=898&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=362)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eocramatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Eocramatiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eocramatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eocramatia WILLIAMS, 1974, p. 128","Type_species":"E. dissimulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Planoconvex, gently uniplicate, finely costellate by branching and intercalation, socket ridges widely divergent, near parallel to hinge line.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1783, 1a-d. * E. dissimulata, Hope Shale Formation, Brithdir Farm, Shropshire, a-b, rubber replicas of dorsal exterior and interior, BMNH BB35489a, b, x5.8, c-d, internal mold and rubber replica of ventral valve, BMNH BB35488a, x3.5 (Williams, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1783. eocramatiidae and triplesiidae (p. 2678).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-409.jpg?height=1839&width=1276&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Strophochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophochonetes MUIR-WOOD, 1962, p. 40","Type_species":"Chonetes cingulatus LINDSTR\u00d6M, 1861, p. 374, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, plano- to moderately concavoconvex, well-developed median enlarged costa, long, symmetrically arranged high-angled spines varying from intraverse cyrtomorph proximally to orthomorph vertical distally, cardinal process strongly bilobed internally, anteriorly bounded by cardinal process pit, no median septum, anderidia long, narrow, anteriorly divergent at 60\u00b0 and isolated on valve floor, inner socket ridges short, thin, as two rounded ridges almost parallel to hinge.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (upper Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Sweden, Bohemia, Spain, Great Britain, Anticosti, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 240, 3ac. * S. cingulatus (Lindstr\u00f6m), Silurian, Baltic, ventral view, dorsal view, dorsal valve interior, X4^X (Muir-Wood, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 240. strophochonetidae (p. 369-374).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-400.jpg?height=1869&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amosina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Amosina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amosina BOUCOT, 1975, p. 359","Type_species":"Chonetes fuertensis KAYSER, 1897, p. 300, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, almost planoconvex to concavoconvex transversely elongate to subrectangular in outline, ventral sulcus present or absent, with or without longitudinal ridge, median enlarged costa absent or reaching anterior commissure, orthomorph symmetrically arranged spines, vertical or high-angled, no dorsal median septum, inner socket ridges poorly developed, supporting wide, short cardinal process, reduced anderidia anteriorly divergent at 90\u00b0, not fused posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Argentina, Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 240, 5ac. *A. fuertensis (Kayser), Ludlow-P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Argentina, ventral view, dorsal view, dorsal valve interior, Xt (Benedetto & others, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benedetto & others, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 240. strophochonetidae (p. 369-374).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-400.jpg?height=1869&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Andalucinetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Andalucinetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Andalucinetes RACHEBOEUF, 1985, p. 660","Type_species":"A. hastatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, thin, almost planoconvex shell, median enlarged costa restricted to posteromedian part of ventral valve, anteriorly, surface of shell becoming parchmentlike, very long vertical spines, either on right or left side, hinge teeth laterally elongated, parallel to hinge line, myophragm long, thin, dorsal interior with low, narrow inner socket ridges, narrow, elongate cardinal process pit, anderidia reduced, widely spaced, anteriorly divergent at 90^{\\\\circ}, no median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 240, 1a-c. *A. hastatus, a, ventral valve exterior, b, external mold of complete shell, c, dorsal valve exterior, X4 (Racheboeuf, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 240. strophochonetidae (p. 369-374).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-400.jpg?height=1869&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Archeochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Archeochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Archeochonetes Racheboeuf & COPPER, 1986, p. 1303","Type_species":"Chonetes (Eodevonaria) primigenius TWENHOFEL, 1914, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, median enlarged costa present with several variably developed secondary enlarged costae, spines cyrtomorph intraverse to orthomorph, high-angled, symmetrically arranged and progressively infilled during growth, then not connected with shell interior, teeth, anterior wall of sockets longitudinally crenulated, anderidia poorly developed, anteriorly divergent at 35^{\\\\circ}, cardinal process deeply bilobed internally, median septum low, short.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Cautleyan)","First_Occurrence":"Cautleyan","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Cautleyan)-Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Anticosti Island, New Brunswick","Figure_captions":"Fig. 240, 2a-c. *A. primigenius (Twenhofel), Ashgill, Anticosti, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Racheboeuf & Copper, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Copper, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 240. strophochonetidae (p. 369-374).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-400.jpg?height=1869&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":81.4,"beginning_date":446.61,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asymmetrochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Asymmetrochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asymmetrochonetes SMITH, 1980, p. 49","Type_species":"A. spinalonga, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small with variably developed median enlarged costa, orthomorph perpendicular spines on right side of pedicle valve only, very rarely on left side only, inner socket ridges, median septum, anderidia faintly developed but present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic Archipelago, southern France, Spain, Bohemia, Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 241, 3a-c. *A. spinalonga, Lochkovian, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, ventral valve, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Smith, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smith, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 241. strophochonetidae (p. 371).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-402.jpg?height=1612&width=1295&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Australostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Australostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Australostrophia CASTER, 1939, p. 83","Type_species":"Leptostrophia?? mesembria CLARKE, 1913, p. 286, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, plano- to concavoconvex shell, maximum width at midlength, radial ornamentation parvicostellate, crossed by dense fila, median enlarged costa present in early stages only, spines orthomorph oblique, symetric and low-angled.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia, Guinea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 241, 1a-c. A. clarkei Racheboeuf & Herrera, Pragian, Bolivia, a, ventral valve, X4, b, dorsal side of an articulated shell, X3, c, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Racheboeuf & Herrera, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Herrera, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 241. strophochonetidae (p. 371).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-402.jpg?height=1612&width=1295&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Babinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Babinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Babinia Racheboeuf & BRANISA, 1985, p. 1435","Type_species":"B. parvula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, transversely elongate, weakly concavoconvex, orthomorph vertical, symmetrically arranged spines, no dorsal median septum, narrow, elevated rounded ridgelike inner socket ridges anteriorly divergent at 160\u00b0, supporting wide, short cardinal process anteriorly bounded by weak cardinal process pit, thin anderidia isolated on valve floor, anteriorly divergent at 70\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Quebec","Figure_captions":"Fig. 241, 4a, b. *B. parvula, Emsian, Bolivia, ventral valve exterior, interiors of articulated specimen, X4 (Racheboeuf & Branisa, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Branisa, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 241. strophochonetidae (p. 371).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-402.jpg?height=1612&width=1295&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Borealinetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Borealinetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Borealinetes Racheboeuf & LESP\u00c9RANCE, 1995, p. 21","Type_species":"B. comestus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, spines cyrtomorph intraverse, symmetrically arranged, median enlarged costa reaching anterior margin of ventral valve, ventral valve interior with semicircular to semielliptical adductor scars, dorsal valve interior with inner socket ridges typically overhanging sockets posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Quebec","Figure_captions":"Fig. 241, 2a-d. *B. comestus, Pragian, Quebec, a, ventral valve, X4, b, ventral valve interior, X4, c, d, articulated shell, dorsal side, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 241. strophochonetidae (p. 371).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-402.jpg?height=1612&width=1295&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chlupacina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Chlupacina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chlupacina Havl\u00ed\u010dek & RACHEBOEUF, 1979, p. 86","Type_species":"C. longispina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small plano- to concavoconvex shell, radial ornamentation often restricted to periphery of valves, median enlarged costa well developed, two to three long spines on one side only, usually oblique in their proximal part, then becoming orthomorph vertical, dorsal valve interior without median septum, cardinal process short, wide, supported by narrow, rounded ridgelike inner socket ridges anteriorly divergent at about 145\u00b0, anterior margin of cardinal process, socket ridges almost vertical above valve floor, cardinal process pit variably developed, often longitudinally elongate, anderidia short, thin, isolated on valve floor, anteriorly divergent at 50\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Armorican Massif, Spain, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Australia, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 242,4a\u2013d. C. belairensis (R ACHEBOEUF ), Emsian, southwestern Europe; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 5; b, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 5; c, detail of cardinal process, \u00d712; d, ventral valve with spines, \u00d75 (Racheboeuf, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 242. strophochonetidae (p. 371-376).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-403.jpg?height=1676&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ctenochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Ctenochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ctenochonetes RACHEBOEUF, 1976, p. 52","Type_species":"Chonetes tenuicostata OEHLERT, 1877, p. 599, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, weakly to markedly concavoconvex, variably developed median enlarged costa, spines orthomorph perpendicular, juveniles spines asymmetrically arranged, then symmetrical in adults, two spines closest from umbo always lacking","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Germany, France, Spain, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 242, 1a\u2013d. *C. tenuicostatus (OEHLERT), Pragian, Armorican Massif ; a, ventral valve; b, articulated shell in dorsal view; c, ventral valve interior; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 2 (Racheboeuf, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 242. strophochonetidae (p. 371-376).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-403.jpg?height=1676&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":77,"beginning_date":413.92,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dawsonelloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Dawsonelloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dawsonelloides Boucot & HARPER, 1968, p. 165","Type_species":"Chonetes canadensis BILLINGS, 1874, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large, almost plano- to gently concavoconvex, surface finely costellate with narrow median enlarged costa, ventral interarea apsacline","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Maine, Quebec","Figure_captions":"Fig. 244, 1a-c. *D. canadensis (Billings), Pragian, Quebec, a, ventral valve, x1.5 (Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995), b, ventral valve interior, x1.5 (Boucot & Harper, 1968), c, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995, \nBoucot & Harper, 1968, \nRacheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 244. strophochonetidae (p. 373-376).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-405.jpg?height=1802&width=1292&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Johnsonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Johnsonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Johnsonetes RACHEBOEUF, 1987, p. 7","Type_species":"Chonetes filistriata WALCOTT, 1884, p. 127, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, markedly concavoconvex, transverse in outline, when present, median enlarged costa developed on beak only, spines orthomorph vertical, asymmetrically arranged, more spines on one side, homologous spines appearing first on opposite side, long, thin dorsal median septum supporting stout, short, wide cardinal process, inner socket ridges low, rounded, anteriorly divergent at 130\u00b0 to 140\u00b0, anderidia short, anteriorly divergent at 45\u00b0 to 50\u00b0, posteriorly fused with cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 242, 2a, b. *J. filistriata (Walcott), Pragian, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, a, ventral valve exterior, X3, b, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Racheboeuf, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 242. strophochonetidae (p. 371-376).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-403.jpg?height=1676&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kentronetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Kentronetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kentronetes Racheboeuf & HERRERA, 1994, p. 552","Type_species":"Chonetes r\u00fccki ULRICH, 1893, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, median enlarged costa commonly reduced to posterior part of ventral valve, spines cyrtomorph intraverse, symmetrically arranged, ventral valve interior with long vascula media, posterior muscle bounding ridges bending anteriorly, well-differentiated muscle scars with typically droplike adductors, dorsal valve interior with isolated anderidia, variably developed median septum not supporting cardinalia, short, curved inner socket ridges supporting lobes of deeply bilobed cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Bolivia, Argentina, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 240, 4a-c. *K. ruecki (UlRiCh), Pragian, Bolivia, ventral exterior, ventral interior, dorsal interior, x2 (Racheboeuf & Branisa, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Branisa, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 240. strophochonetidae (p. 369-374).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-400.jpg?height=1869&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Leptochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptochonetes Havl\u00ed\u010dek & RACHEBOEUF, 1979, p. 89","Type_species":"Chonetes tardus BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, strongly concavoconvex, very thin, maximum width at hinge line, long median enlarged costa, orthomorph oblique spines, low to medium angled, symmetrically arranged, interareas linear, ventral muscle field small, ill defined, dorsal interior without median septum, inner socket ridges relatively well developed, supporting small cardinal process, anderidia isolated on valve floor, anteriorly divergent at 40^{\\\\circ}","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 244, 2a, b. *L. tardus (Barrande), Pragian, Bohemia, a, ventral valve, ventral view, X4, b, lateral view, x5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979)., Fig. 244, 2c. L. hostinensis (Barrande), Emsian, Bohemia, dorsal valve internal mold, x5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 244. strophochonetidae (p. 373-376).\nfig. 244. strophochonetidae (p. 373-376).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-405.jpg?height=1802&width=1292&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=167)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-405.jpg?height=1802&width=1292&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Novellinetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Novellinetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Novellinetes Havl\u00ed\u010dek & RACHEBOEUF, 1979, p. 87","Type_species":"Chonetes novellus BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium size, transversely elongate, subrectangular in outline, ornamentation very fine with weak median enlarged costa, spines orthomorph almost vertical, two spines on one side, one on other, ventral muscle field wide, well impressed with nonadjacent adductors, inner socket ridges long, narrow, almost parallel to hinge line, anderidia very small, no median septum, small cardinal process anteriorly bounded by deep, narrow cardinal process pit.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 242,3a\u2013c. *N. novellus (B ARRANDE ), Emsian, Bohemia; a, ventral valve exterior; b,c, ventral valve interior, posterior and ventral views, \u00d75 (Havl\u00edcek & Racheboeuf,\u02c7 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 242. strophochonetidae (p. 371-376).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-403.jpg?height=1676&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Perichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perichonetes XU, 1979, p. 372","Type_species":"P. mirabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, almost planoconvex thin shell, subquadrate to weakly transverse in outline, prominent median enlarged costa, fine radial costellae crossed by concentric growth lines, one or two, orthomorph vertical spines, usually on right side only, ventral interior with narrow ridge surrounding muscle field and anteriorly fusing with myophragm, dorsal interior without median septum, long, narrow socket ridges coalescing with small cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China (Guangxi), northeastern Viet-nam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 245,1a,b. *P. mirabilis; ventral valve external mold, dorsal valve external mold, \u00d710 (Xu, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 245. strophochonetidae (p. 376-377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-406.jpg?height=577&width=463&top_left_y=507&top_left_x=678)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudostrophochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Pseudostrophochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudostrophochonetes RACHEBOEUF, 1981b, p. 40","Type_species":"Chonetes mediocostalis KOZ\u0141OWSKI, 1929, p. 120, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Strophochonetes except in spine morphology, arrangement, orthomorph vertical spines, two first juvenile spines lacking on one side of valve, internally close to Strophochonetes but with narrow elongate cardinal process pit, anteriorly divergent inner socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Podolia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 244,3a\u2013c. *P. mediocostalis (K OZLOWSKI ), Lochkovian, Podolia; ventral valve exterior, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve interior, \u00d74 (Racheboeuf, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 244. strophochonetidae (p. 373-376).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-405.jpg?height=1802&width=1292&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sanjuanetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Sanjuanetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sanjuanetes Racheboeuf & HERRERA, 1994, p. 543","Type_species":"S. dalenzae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transverse, plano- to weakly concavoconvex, ventral interarea steeply apsacline to catacline, dorsal interarea catacline, pseudodeltidium, chilidium large, prominent, spines high angled, weakly cyrtomorph intraverse, symmetrically arranged, radial costae, costellae rounded, intercalating ventrally, bifurcating dorsally, crossed by fila, ventral valve interior with long pad parallel to hinge, anderidia not fused posteriorly with cardinal process, no median septum, deeply bilobed cardinal process supported by short inner socket ridges subparallel to hinge.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Argentina, Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 245, 2a-c. * S. dalenzae, Lochkovian, Bolivia, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, x5 (Racheboeuf & Herrera, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Herrera, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 245. strophochonetidae (p. 376-377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-406.jpg?height=577&width=463&top_left_y=507&top_left_x=678)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Spinochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinochonetes Rong, Xu, & YANG, 1974, p. 203","Type_species":"S. notata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Shiqianella Xian in Xian & Jiang, 1978, p. 272, obj., Megaspinochonetes Yang & Rong, 1982, p. 434, obj.","Synonyms":"Shiqianella, Megaspinochonetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, gently to strongly concavoconvex, only one orthomorph vertical spine originating from ventral umbo, median enlarged costa well developed, ventral, dorsal muscle field more or less impressed with variably developed surrounding ridges","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (lower Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Wenlock)","Geography":"southern China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 245, 3a. *S. notata, Telychian, central China, ventral valve internal mold, x6 (Rong, Xu , & Yang, 1974)., \"Fig. 245, 3b. S. subrectangularis (Yang & Rong), Telychian, central China, dorsal valve interior, x5 (Rong, Xu , & Yang, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, Xu , & Yang, 1974, \nRong, Xu , & Yang, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 245. strophochonetidae (p. 376-377).\nfig. 245. strophochonetidae (p. 376-377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-406.jpg?height=577&width=463&top_left_y=507&top_left_x=678)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-406.jpg?height=577&width=463&top_left_y=507&top_left_x=678)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadrikentron":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Protochonetinae","Genus":"Quadrikentron","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadrikentron Boucot & GAURI, 1966, p. 1023","Type_species":"Chonetes hudsonica camdenensis DUNBAR, 1920, p. 131, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, concavoconvex, ornamentation finely costellate, no median enlarged costa, ventral interior with subcircular muscle field posteriorly bounded by curved ridges, adductors well developed, vascula media wide, long, dorsal interior with stout, internally deeply bilobed cardinal process, median septum wide, low, commonly longitudinally grooved, sometimes extending anteriorly as high, narrow breviseptum, anderidia relatively small but well differentiated, anteriorly divergent at 55\u00b0 to 70\u00b0, inner socket ridges variably developed, laterally widening, tapering, anteriorly divergent at 130\u00b0 to 150\u00b0, no cardinal process pit but depressed area between cardinal process and median septum. Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian): USA (Maine, Tennessee, New York), Argentina, Bolivia","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"USA (Maine, Tennessee, New York), Argentina, Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 246, 4a, b. *Q. camdenensis (Dunbar), Emsian, North America, ventral valve, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Boucot & Gauri, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Gauri, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 246. strophochonetidae (p. 377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-408.jpg?height=1708&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shagamella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Protochonetinae","Genus":"Shagamella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shagamella Boucot & HARPER, 1968, p. 167","Type_species":"S. ludloviensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, moderately to markedly concavoconvex, surface looking smooth but generally faintly costellate at periphery of shell, with variably developed median enlarged costa, dorsal interior with strong anderidia, cardinal process pit, breviseptum rarely developed, no accessory septa.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Great Britain, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 246, 3a-c. *S. ludloviensis, Ludlow, Great Britain, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 5 (Boucot & Harper, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Harper, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 246. strophochonetidae (p. 377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-408.jpg?height=1708&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parachonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Parachonetinae","Genus":"Parachonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parachonetes JOHNSON, 1966b, p. 365","Type_species":"Chonetes macrostriata WALCOTT, 1884, p. 126, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large, strongly concavoconvex, radial rounded, irregular costae, spines orthomorph, high angled to perpendicular, symmetrically arranged, dorsal valve interior with wide, more or less deep cardinal process pit between bases of two lobes of cardinal process, long anderidia anteriorly divergent at 35\u00b0, posteriorly fused with cardinal process lobes, well-developed median septum, low, ill-defined inner socket ridges anteriorly divergent at 100\u00b0 to 130\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 247,1a\u2013e. *P. macrostriatus (WALCOTT), Emsian, Nevada; a,b, ventral valve exterior, ventral, anterior views, \u00d71; c,d, ventral valve interior, ventral, posterior views, \u00d71.5; e, dorsal valve mold, \u00d72 (Johnson, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 247. strophochonetidae (p. 378-380).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-409.jpg?height=1704&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Parachonetinae","Genus":"Pseudochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudochonetes SU, 1976, p. 183","Type_species":"P. flexoplicatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, moderately concavoconvex, radial rounded, sinuous, irregular costellae, ventral valve interior with short myophragm, muscle field large, well impressed, radially striate, dorsal valve interior without cardinal process pit, median septum posteriorly low, wide, narrowing, tapering anteriorly, low, narrow, ill-defined inner socket ridges anteriorly divergent at about 150\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian, Middle Devonian","Geography":"Inner Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 247, 3a-c. *P. flexoplicatus, a, dorsal side of an articulated shell, x2, b, ventral valve internal mold, X2, c, dorsal valve internal mold, X2 (Su, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Su}, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 247. strophochonetidae (p. 378-380).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-409.jpg?height=1704&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Squamatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Parachonetinae","Genus":"Squamatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Squamatina Havl\u00ed\u010dek & RACHEBOEUF, 1979, p. 109","Type_species":"Chonetes squamatula BARRANDE, 1848, p. 249, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thick, strongly concavoconvex shell with depressed flanks, well-differentiated ears, maximum width at hinge line, ventral interarea apsacline, flat, dorsal interarea weakly hypercline, pseudodeltidium, chilidium not observed, shell surface lamellose, without radial ornamentation, symmetrically arranged orthomorph oblique, highangled spines, ventral muscle field posteriorly situated, very short myophragm, pair of strong, long, poorly divergent vascular trunks, long, wide dorsal median septum supporting small bilobed cardinal process, very long, stout anderidia anteriorly divergent at 55\u00b0, low, long inner socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 247, 2a-e. * S. squamatula (Barrande), Pragian, Nowakia acuaria Zone, Bohemia, a-c, ventral valve, ventral, lateral, posterior views, d, ventral valve interior, e, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 247. strophochonetidae (p. 378-380).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-409.jpg?height=1704&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chonostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonostrophia Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 310","Type_species":"Chonetes reversa WHITFIELD, 1882, p. 213, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, radial ornamentation parvicostellate, with low, narrow costellae, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, chilidium present, no dorsal median septum, anderidia ill defined, inner socket ridges short, bending posteriorly, surrounding sockets.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"North America (Appalachian Mountains), South America (Bolivia, Argentina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 248, 2a, C. reversa (WhitFIELD), ventral valve exterior, original of Hall & Clarke, 1892, NYSM 1241, X10 (Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995), Fig. 248, 2b, C. dawsoni (Billings), Emsian, Qu\u00e9bec, b, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995), Fig. 248, 2c, C. dawsoni (Billings), Emsian, Qu\u00e9bec, c, ventral valve exterior, X2 (Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995), Fig. 248, 2d, C. dawsoni (Billings), Emsian, Qu\u00e9bec, d, ventral valve interior, X2 (Racheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995)","Museum_or_author_information":"NYSM, \nRacheboeuf & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1995,","figure_index":"fig. 248. chonostrophiidae (p. 380-382).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-411.jpg?height=1686&width=1296&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonostrophiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chonostrophiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonostrophiella BOUCOT & AMSDEN, 1964, p. 881","Type_species":"Chonetes complanata H ALL , 1857, p. 56; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to large; radial ornamentation \ufb01nely costellate; spines orthomorph perpendicular, symmetrically arranged; dorsal interior with long median septum; long elevated anderidia anteriorly divergent at 50\u00b0; anterior margin of cardinal process, anterior edge of inner socket ridges almost vertical above valve \ufb02oor; inner socket ridges short, narrow, rounded.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian -lower Emsian)","Geography":"North America (Appalachian Mountains, Canadian Arctic Archipelago), northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 248, 1a,b. *C. complanata (HALL), originals of H ALL ; ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, \u00d72 (Boucot & Amsden, 1964).\u2014Fig. 248,1c. C. briceae RACHEBOEUF, Emsian, Canadian Arctic; dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Racheboeuf, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 248. chonostrophiidae (p. 380-382).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-411.jpg?height=1686&width=1296&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":77,"beginning_date":413.92,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tulcumbella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tulcumbella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tulcumbella Campbell in Campbell & ENGEL, 1963, p. 68","Type_species":"T. microstriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, slightly resupinate, similar to Chonostrophiella, but with very short ventral median septum, dorsal interior with short, narrow median septum, inner socket ridges long, straight, parallel to hinge line, anderidia unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"No image provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Anoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anoplia Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 309","Type_species":"Leptaena nucleata HALL, 1857, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, strongly concavoconvex, outline subtriangular to elongate, profile strongly arched transversely, spines not developed, spine apertures symmetrically arranged on posterior margin of ventral valve, dorsal interior with one to four pairs of variably developed accessory septa, median septum supporting cardinal process in oldest forms, cardinal process pit present in younger forms as in juveniles, in any case, median septum short, not extending beyond half valve length, anderidia relatively small, anteriorly divergent at 70^{\\\\circ}","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-upper Emsian)","Geography":"USA, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 249, 1a-d. * A. nucleata (HALL), Camden Chert, USA, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X3.5 (Hall & Clarke, 1892).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall & Clarke, 1892","figure_index":"fig. 249. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-413.jpg?height=1814&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anopliella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Anopliella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anopliella Racheboeuf, 1998, p. 52, Tuberella tangxiangensis Vogel, Xu, & LANGENSTRASSEN, 1989, p. 36","Type_species":"Tuberella tangxiangensis Vogel, Xu, & LANGENSTRASSEN, 1989, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"nom. nov. pro Tuberella Vogel, Xu, & Langenstrassen, 1989, p. 36, non Tuberella Lee, 1987, echinoconchoid productid","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, semicircular, and markedly concavoconvex, surface smooth, spines unknown, ventral interior without dental plates and septum, dorsal interior without median and lateral septa, but with numerous elongate, fusing tubercles in the midportion of the valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 250, 1a, b. *A. tangxiangensis (Vogel, Xu, & Langenstrassen), upper Emsian, southern China, dorsal valve interiors, x15 (Vogel, Xu, & Langenstrassen, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vogel, Xu, & Langenstrassen, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 250. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-414.jpg?height=1457&width=555&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anopliopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Anopliopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anopliopsis GIRTY, 1938a, p. 281","Type_species":"Chonetina subcarinata GIRTY, 1926, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, subtriangular in outline with usually well-developed ears, profile deeply concavoconvex longitudinally, ventral valve with narrow, shallow sulcus, surface smooth with few prominent growth lines, spines orthomorph oblique, high-angled, symmetrically arranged, ventral interior with short median septum continued anteriorly by row of pustules that may coalesce, dorsal interior without median septum, several pairs of variably developed accessory septa, cardinal process small, anteriorly bounded by relatively large cardinal process pit, anderidia small.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-Namurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 249, 2a, b. *A. subcarinata (GIRTY), lower Vis\u00e9an, USA, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve internal mold, X5 (Girty, 1938a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Girty, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 249. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-413.jpg?height=1814&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Demonedys":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Demonedys","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Demonedys GRANT, 1976, p. 66","Type_species":"D. fastigiata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, typically transversely subtrigonal in outline, shell strongly concavoconvex, almost trilobate with large median ventral fold, corresponding dorsal sulcus, surface smooth, pseudocapillate, with few lamellose concentric growth lines, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral interior with short median septum, dorsal interior medianly folded with short anderidia, pair of long divergent accessory septa, cardinal process wide, posteriorly elevated above valve floor, supported by straight, narrow inner socket ridges anteriorly divergent at 100\u00b0 to 105\u00b0, deep anterior pit.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Tatarian)","Geography":"Thailand, Nepal, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 249, 5a-d. *D. fastigiata, Permian, Thailand, ventral valve exterior, interior, dorsal valve interior, juvenile dorsal interior, x4 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 249. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-413.jpg?height=1814&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Gatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gatia ARCHBOLD, 1993, p. 4","Type_species":"G. superba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth anopliid-shaped shells, widest at hinge, ventral valve interior with short myophragm posteriorly, parallel vascular trunks extending to valve anterior on either side of myophragm, dorsal valve interior with short anderidia extending to form rounded, club-shaped brachiophores, short median septum arising anterior to shallow cardinal process pit, separated from short median septum by narrow depressed region, short accessory septa (or ridges) developed anterior to median septum, apparently by fusion of row of papillae","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 249, 4a-c. * G. superba, Artinskian, Carnarvon basin, Western Australia, ventral valve exterior, interior, dorsal valve interior, X3.5 (Archbold, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 249. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-413.jpg?height=1814&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glabrichonetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Glabrichonetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glabrichonetina WATERHOUSE, 1978, p. 130","Type_species":"G. kuwaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, moderately concavoconvex, with almost flat dorsal valve, ventral valve slightly swollen medianly, no fold nor sulcus, ventral interarea short, concave, dorsal interarea almost linear, no radial ornamentation, surface covered with very fine concentric lamellae, about ten pairs of spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral interior with low, long median septum, dorsal interior without median septum, accessory septa, but with several radial, anteriorly divergent rows of pustules.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"northwestern Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 249, 6a-c. *G. kuwaensis, Tatarian, Nepal, a, partly exfoliated ventral valve, b, dorsal exterior of articulated shell, c, dorsal valve interior, X 6 (Waterhouse, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 249. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-413.jpg?height=1814&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tornquistia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Tornquistia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tornquistia PAECKELMANN, 1930, p. 227","Type_species":"Leptaena (Chonetes) polita M'COV, 1855, p. 427, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paeckelmannia Licharew, 1934b, p. 509, obj.","Synonyms":"Paeckelmannia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small to small, highly concavoconvex medianly, greatest width along hinge line with well-differentiated ears, shell surface smooth, pseudocapillate when decorticated, few growth lines, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral interior with long, narrow septum, dorsal interior with short, ill-defined anderidia anteriorly divergent at 40\u00b0 to 50\u00b0, pair of long, narrow accessory septa anteriorly divergent at 25\u00b0 to 35\u00b0, median septum absent or reduced to short anteriorly placed median ridge, inner socket ridges short, straight, narrow, cardinal process small, anteriorly bounded by cardinal process pit","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian-Permian","Geography":"Great Britain, Ireland, France, Spain, Germany, Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 249, 7a-c. *T. polita (M'Cor), Lower Carboniferous, Scotland, a, b, ventral valves showing spine row, X4, c, slab with four dorsal valve interiors, ventral valve cast, x4 (Paeckelmann, 1930).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nPaeckelmann, 1930","figure_index":"fig. 249. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-413.jpg?height=1814&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yagonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Yagonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yagonia Roberts, Hunt, & THOMPSON, 1976, p. 210","Type_species":"Y. gibberensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, moderately concavoconvex, no radial ornamentation, surface pseudocapillate when decorticated, narrow concentric growth lines, ventral interarea apsacline, dorsal interarea linear, pseudodeltidium, chilidium small, spines unknown, ventral interior with long median septum, flabellate diductors, dorsal interior with strong median septum supporting elongate cardinal process in largest shell, no pit, small anderidia anteriorly divergent at 60\u00b0, usually two pairs of long, spinose accessory septa and variably developed additional septa formed by fused endospines","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Westphalian)","Last_Occurrence":"Westphalian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-Westphalian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 250, 2a, b. *Y. gibberensis, Vis\u00e9an, eastern Australia, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Roberts, Hunt, & Thompson, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts, Hunt, & Thompson, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 250. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-414.jpg?height=1457&width=555&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caenanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Caenanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caenanoplia CARTER, 1968, p. 1143","Type_species":"C. burlingtonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, strongly concavoconvex, subsemicircular to subtriangular in outline, ears well differentiated, spines orthomorph oblique, highangled, symmetrically arranged, ventral interarea apsacline, flat to curved, with small pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea hypercline, with chilidium, radial ornamentation of low rounded costellae crossed by lamellose growth lines, long, narrow ventral median septum, dorsal interior with large cardinal process pit, no median septum nor accessory septa, anderidia long, narrow, anteriorly divergent at 80^{\\\\circ}, surface covered with sparse endospines arranged in radial rows","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Namurian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 251, 1a-d. *C. burlingtonensis, Burlington Limestone, Missouri, a-c, articulated shell, ventral, lateral, dorsal views, d, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Carter, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 251. anopliidae (p. 385-387).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-416.jpg?height=1824&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arcuaminetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Arcuaminetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arcuaminetes BIZZARRO, 1995, p. 158","Type_species":"Chonetes scitula HALL, 1857, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, strongly concavoconvex, elliptical in outline with maximum width toward midline, radial ornamentation costellate, spines cyrtomorph intraversed, symmetrically arranged, dorsal valve interior with low median septum supporting low cardinal process, accessory septa low angled, anderidia well developed, high angled at 70\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"USA, France, Spain, Niger, Mauritania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 251, 3a, b. *A. scitulus (Hall), Hamilton Group, Givetian, USA, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 6.6 (Bizzarro, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bizzarro, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 251. anopliidae (p. 385-387).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-416.jpg?height=1824&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caplinoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Caplinoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caplinoplia Havl\u00ed\u010dek & RACHEBOEUF, 1979, p. 102","Type_species":"C. pragensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, strongly concavoconvex, spines orthomorph perpendicular, symmetrically arranged, dorsal interior with cardinal process pit, well-developed anderidia anteriorly divergent at 60\u00b0 to 70\u00b0, two pairs of strong, bladelike accessory septa, external septa shorter, lengthening anderidia, well-developed breviseptum originating at midlength of valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"France, Spain, Bohemia, Russia, Canadian Arctic Archipelago","Figure_captions":"Fig. 251, 2a-c. * C. pragensis, Koneprusy Limestone, Pragian, Bohemia, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve internal mold, c, dorsal valve internal mold, x10 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 251. anopliidae (p. 385-387).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-416.jpg?height=1824&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Celtanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Celtanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Celtanoplia RACHEBOEUF, 1981b, p. 95","Type_species":"Chonetes boblayei de VERNEUIL, 1850, p. 783, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, strongly concavoconvex, radial costellae tending to increase symmetrically both by bifurcation and intercalation, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, middle to high angled, cardinal process pit present in juveniles, short median septum supporting cardinal process in adults, anderidia relatively small but stout, anteriorly divergent at 80\u00b0, two or three pairs of well-developed, bladelike accessory septa","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Rhenish Slate Mountains, Armorican Massif, Spain, Morocco, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 251, 4a-e. * C. boblayei de Verneuil, Saint C\u00e9ner\u00e9 Formation, Pragian, Armorican Massif, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal side of articulated shell, c, ventral valve internal mold, d, ventral valve interior, e, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Racheboeuf, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 251. anopliidae (p. 385-387).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-416.jpg?height=1824&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Corbicularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Corbicularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Corbicularia LJASCHENKO, 1973, p. 29","Type_species":"Chonetes menneri LJASCHENKO, 1958b, p. 119, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, ornamented with small fine costae, structure of shell with strongly concentrically wrinkled layers, spines symmetrically arranged, almost perpendicular, dorsal valve interior with welldeveloped cardinal process pit, median septum, accessory septa absent or reduced to low, almost indistinct structures","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian","Geography":"northern Europe, Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Material not suitable for illustration","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costachonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Costachonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costachonetes WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 2","Type_species":"Chonetes uralica M\u00f6ller var. pygmaea von LOCZY, 1897, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chonetes uralica M\u00f6ller var. pygmaea von Loczy, 1897, p. 64, OD","Synonyms":"Chonetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Caenanopliids with swollen ventral valve with narrow ventral sulcus at least posteriorly, dorsal interior with thin median septum, small anderidia","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous  (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (KSakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian), Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Material not suitable for illustration","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costachonetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Costachonetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costachonetina WATERHOUSE, 1981, p. 63","Type_species":"C. krotowi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chonetina sp. Grant, 1976, p. 65\"","Synonyms":"Chonetina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small subtriangular shell with arched ventral valve bearing sulcus, dorsal valve with corresponding fold, ears large, shell surface ornamented by strong costae, no spines developed but few spine apertures on posterior margin of ventral valve, dorsal median septum short, anteriorly elevated, with 2 to 4 pairs of spinose accessory septa.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"southern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Material not suitable for illustration","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Devonaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Devonaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Devonaria Biernat, 1966, p. 77, *Chonetes zeuschneri SOBOLEV, 1909, p. 444, OD","Type_species":"Chonetes zeuschneri SOBOLEV, 1909, p. 444, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Plicodevonaria Boucot & Harper, 1968, p. 162, obj.","Synonyms":"Plicodevonaria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, rounded or weakly elongate in outline, usually strongly concavoconvex, surface costellate, no spines developed but canal apertures alternating on each side of umbo, hinge denticulate, cardinal process internally ventrally gibbous, short median septum supporting cardinal process, anderidia posteriorly fusing with septum, anteriorly divergent at 80\u00b0, one pair of long, narrow, bladelike accessory septa usually longitudinally curved medianly.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Poland, Nakichevan, Rhenish Slate Mountains, Armorican Massif, northern Africa (Tindouf syncline)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 251,5a\u2013d. *D. zeuschneri (SOBOLEV ), Skaly beds, Givetian, Poland; ventral valve exterior, dorsal exterior, lateral pro\ufb01le, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 3 (Racheboeuf, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 251. anopliidae (p. 385-387).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-416.jpg?height=1824&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globosochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Globosochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globosochonetes BRUNTON, 1968, p. 48","Type_species":"G. parseptus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, strongly concavoconvex, strong radial ornamentation, ventral interarea orthocline with small pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea almost linear, spines cyrtomorph bending medianly, disymmetrically arranged with two more spines on left side, ventral interior with short laterally elongated hinge teeth parallel to hinge line, dorsal interior showing short lobate median breviseptum in gerontic shells, long, narrow inner socket ridges supporting small cardinal process with small pit, anderidia reduced, anteriorly divergent at about 90\u00b0, accessory septa long, bladelike, anteriorly divergent at 10\u00b0 to 15\u00b0.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 252,1a\u2013d. *G. parseptus, Vis\u00e9an, Fermanagh, Ireland; a,b, ventral valve, exterior, interior; c, lateral pro\ufb01le; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d77.5 (Brunton, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 252. anopliidae (p. 387-388).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-419.jpg?height=1858&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Klocinetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Klocinetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Klocinetes BIZZARRO, 1995, p. 162","Type_species":"Chonetes lepidus HALL, 1857, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small with flattened cardinal extremities, ornamentation of fine, angular costellae, with two enlarged costellae originating at beak of ventral valve, ventral valve interior with longitudinally divided myophragm, dorsal valve interior with pair of accessory septa, anderidia well developed, anteriorly divergent at 60\u00b0, not connected with cardinal process, short breviseptum, cardinal process pit present.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig . 252,3a\u2013c. *K. lepidus (HALL), Eifelian, Marcellus Formation of Hamilton Group; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d77; b, articulated shell, dorsal view, \u00d75.4; c, dorsal valve interior, \u00d77.5 (Bizzarro, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bizzarro, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 252. anopliidae (p. 387-388).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-419.jpg?height=1858&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Plicanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicanoplia Boucot & Harper, 1968, p. 169, non Plicanoplia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1973, p. 337, obj.","Type_species":"Chonetes fornacula DUNBAR, 1920, p. 130, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cyrtoniscus Boucot & Harper, 1968, p. 172, subj.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, commonly strongly concavoconvex, radial costellae or costae relatively strong for shell size, no spines developed but symmetrically arranged canal apertures along posterior margin of ventral valve, dorsal interior with elevated anderidia anteriorly divergent at 90\u00b0, median septum fusing posteriorly with inner cristae, supporting cardinal process, accessory septa well developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"eastern North America, Armorican Massif, Spain, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 252, 2a-d. * P. fornacula (Dunbar), Camden Chert, Tennessee, juvenile dorsal valve interior, adult dorsal valve interior, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, x5 (Boucot & Harper, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Harper, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 252. anopliidae (p. 387-388).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-419.jpg?height=1858&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pygmochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Pygmochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pygmochonetes Jing & HU, 1978, p. 111","Type_species":"P. jingxianensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subsemicircular, strongly concavoconvex, shell surface costellate, costellae bifurcating, intercalating laterally, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral valve interior with low myophragm, radial rows of coarse endospines, dorsal valve interior with cardinal process pit, reduced breviseptum, at least one pair of accessory septa sometimes reaching anterior margin. Lower Permian: southern China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 251, 6a-c. *P. jingxianensis, Lower Permian, southern China, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve internal mold, x3 (Jing & Hu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jing & Hu, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 251. anopliidae (p. 385-387).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-416.jpg?height=1824&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semicaplinoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Semicaplinoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semicaplinoplia RACHEBOEUF, 1995, p. 555","Type_species":"Plicanoplia sotoi Garcia-Alcalde & RACHEBOEUF, 1978, p. 852, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Caplinoplia but without spines on one side (usually left one) of ventral valve, dorsal valve interior with accessory septa displayed as in Celtanoplia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Spain, France, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 252, 7a, b. *S. sotoi (Garcia-Alcalde & Racheboeuf), Lochkovian, Nieva Formation, northwestern Spain, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Racheboeuf, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 252. anopliidae (p. 387-388).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-419.jpg?height=1858&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Songzichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Songzichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Songzichonetes Yang XUE-CHANG, 1984, p. 210","Type_species":"S. sanxiaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Pygmochonetes by its less arched longitudinal profile, radial costellae bifurcating in the middle part of the shell, and the development of growth lines, internally, the dorsal valve interior exhibits long inner socket ridges but no median septum","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 252, 6a-c. * S. sanxiaensis, Permian, southern China, ventral valve exterior, lateral profile, dorsal valve interior, x5 (Yang Xue-chang, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang Xue-chang, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 252. anopliidae (p. 387-388).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-419.jpg?height=1858&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subglobosochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Subglobosochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subglobosochonetes AFANAS'EVA, 1976, p. 67","Type_species":"C. (Rugosochonetes) malevkensis SOKOLSKAYA, 1950, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Globosochonetes, but dorsal valve interior without accessory septa, anderidia anteriorly divergent at 40\u00b0 to 50\u00b0, no median septum.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 252, 5a-e. *S. malevkensis (Sokolskaya), Tournaisian, Malevkian Horizon, Russian Platform, a, b, articulated shell, ventral, lateral views, X_6, c, ventral valve interior, X3, d, ventral valve with preserved spines, X3, e, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Afanas'eva, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanas'eva, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 252. anopliidae (p. 387-388).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-419.jpg?height=1858&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holynetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Holynetinae","Genus":"Holynetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holynetes Havl\u00ed\u010dek & RACHEBOEUF, 1979, p. 97","Type_species":"H. holynensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"The shell is weakly to strongly concavoconvex and transversely elongate, spines are orthomorph and perpendicular on the right side of the ventral valve only, the dorsal interior lacks a median septum, the cardinal process pit is small, deep, and narrow, there is usually one pair of narrow, bladelike accessory septa extending from the cardinal process pit almost to the anterior margin, the anderidia are isolated on the valve floor and anteriorly divergent at 50\u00b0 to 60\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian, Givetian)","Geography":"Armorican Massif, Rhenish Slate Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig . 253,4a. *H. holynensis, Eifelian, Europe; ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 6.5 (Havl\u00edcek\u02c7 & Racheboeuf, 1979).\u2014\u2014Fig. 253,4b\u2013d. H. stephaniae R ACHEBOEUF , Givetian, Kersadiou Formation, Armorican Massif; ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, \u00d76 (Racheboeuf, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 253. anopliidae (p. 388-390).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-421.jpg?height=1816&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Herrerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Holynetinae","Genus":"Herrerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Herrerella RACHEBOEUF, 1995, p. 559","Type_species":"H. zarelae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, transversely elongate, and moderately concavoconvex, radial ornamentation of very low, almost indistinct costellae crossed by concentric, faint growth lines, erect, dissymmetrically arranged spines, ventral myophragm reduced, teeth laterally elongate, parallel to ventral interarea, dorsal valve interior with short, wide cardinal process, with pit, but no median septum, long inner socket ridges anteriorly divergent at 150\u00b0, anderidia almost imperceptible, no accessory septa, but two radial rows of strong endospines","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Morocco (Tafilalt)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 253, 5a-c. *H. zarelae, Famennian, Tafilalt, Morocco, a, ventral valve exterior, x18, b, holotype, ventral valve interior, FLS 413819, x18, c, dorsal valve interior, x18 (Racheboeuf, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 253. anopliidae (p. 388-390).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-421.jpg?height=1816&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Malayanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Holynetinae","Genus":"Malayanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Malayanoplia HAMADA, 1969, p. 255","Type_species":"M. demiluna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transverse, gently concavoconvex, shell surface capillate, spines orthomorph vertical, dorsal valve interior with faint anderidia, no median septum, inner socket ridges narrow, parallel to hinge, one pair of prominent, high accessory septa, several pairs of less developed accessory septa on either side of first pair.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian","Geography":"Malayan Peninsula","Figure_captions":"Fig. 253, 2. *M. demiluna, dorsal valve interior, X5 (Hamada, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hamada, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 253. anopliidae (p. 388-390).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-421.jpg?height=1816&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saharonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Holynetinae","Genus":"Saharonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saharonetes HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1984, p. 84","Type_species":"S. saharensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell gently concavoconvex, radial ornamentation costellate, costellae increase by bifurcation on ventral valve, by implantation in dorsal valve, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral interarea flat, apsacline, dorsal one flat, almost linear, hypercline, pseudodeltidium present, chilidium unknown, small, oblique hinge teeth, interior dorsal without median septum, anderidia reduced, isolated on valve floor, anteriorly divergent at 90^{\\\\circ}, cardinal process longitudinally depressed ventrally, inner socket ridges short, strongly bending posteriorly to fuse with cardinal process, pair of long, thin accessory septa, low, gently divergent at 25^{\\\\circ} to 45^{\\\\circ}, extending about two-thirds valve length","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Libya, Ghana","Figure_captions":"Fig. 253, 1a, b. S. ghanaensis Racheboeuf & others, ?Tournaisian, Ghana, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve interior, X5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 253. anopliidae (p. 388-390).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-421.jpg?height=1816&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septachonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Holynetinae","Genus":"Septachonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septachonetes CHATTERTON, 1973, p. 76","Type_species":"S. melanus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, transversely elongate, surface capillate, two orthomorph perpendicular spines on right side of ventral valve only, dorsal interior with deep cardinal process pit, faint anderidia anteriorly divergent at 70^{\\\\circ} to 80^{\\\\circ}, no median septum, three to five pairs of irregular sinuous accessory septa developed in anteromedian part of valve only","Beginning_age":"Devonian (?upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (?lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (?upper Emsian, ?lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 253, 6a-c. *S. melanus, upper Emsian, Australia, New South Wales, a, b, ventral valve, exterior, interior, x5.7, c, dorsal valve interior, x10 (Chatterton, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chatterton, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 253. anopliidae (p. 388-390).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-421.jpg?height=1816&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trichochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Holynetinae","Genus":"Trichochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trichochonetes ROBERTS, 1976, p. 22","Type_species":"T. perpendicularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"orthomorph perpendicular spines, radial ornamentation capillate, dorsal interior with narrow inner socket ridges extending laterally almost parallel to posterior margin","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 253, 3a, b. * T. perpendicularis, Vis\u00e9an, Australia, New South Wales, ventral valve exterior, interior of an articulated shell, x3 (Roberts, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nRoberts, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 253. anopliidae (p. 388-390).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-421.jpg?height=1816&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Airtonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Airtoniinae","Genus":"Airtonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Airtonia COPE, 1934, p. 273","Type_species":"A. hudsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, markedly concavoconvex, finely capillate, pseudodeltidium reduced or posterior callosity, cardinal process lobes widely divergent posterolaterally, periphery of brachial platform with strong radial accessory septalike ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"England, ?Belgium, ?France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 254 a-e. *A. hudsoni, Vis\u00e9an, England, Yorkshire, ac, ventral valve, ventral, lateral, interior, X1, d, e, dorsal valve, interior, exterior, x1 (Cope, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cope, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 254. anopliidae (p. 390).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-422.jpg?height=761&width=1192&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=215)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodevonaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Eodevonariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eodevonaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodevonaria BREGER, 1906, p. 534","Type_species":"Chonetes arcuatus Hall, 1857, p. 76, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929, p. 57","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, variably concavoconvex in profile, moderately transverse in outline, radial ornamentation capillate to costate, spines symmetrically arranged, cyrtomorph bending laterally, ventral interarea flat to very weakly concave, apsacline, cardinal process short, subtriangular in ventral view, weakly bilobed internally, anderidia slightly divergent anteriorly at 40\u00b0 to 50\u00b0, inner socket ridges at about 130\u00b0 to 145\u00b0, accessory septa restricted to anterior part","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"North America (Appalachian Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 255, 1a-c. *E. arcuata (HALL), Camden Chert, Tennessee, USA, ventral internal mold, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Breger, 1906).","Museum_or_author_information":"Breger, 1906","figure_index":"fig. 255. eodevonariidae (p. 390-392).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-423.jpg?height=1443&width=1276&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Davoustia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Eodevonariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Davoustia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Davoustia RACHEBOEUF, 1976, p. 68","Type_species":"Chonetes davousti OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, strongly concavoconvex, more or less transversely elongate, spines always very short, orthomorph almost perpendicular, spines asymmetrically arranged, hinge line denticulate with two vestigial hinge teeth, denticles always present in median part of ventral valve, sometimes lacking in dorsal valve of oldest species, dorsal interior with long median septum supporting cardinal process, ill-defined, variably developed accessory septa, cardinal process ventrally connected with swollen callus, anderidia long, elevated, anteriorly divergent at 80\u00b0 to 90\u00b0, cardinal process geniculated, bending dorsally, with myophore directed dorsally. Lower Devonian (Pragian): Armorican Massif, Spain, Morocco","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Armorican Massif, Spain, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 255, 3a-c. *D. davousti (Oehlert), Pragian, Saint C\u00e9ner\u00e9 Formation, Armorican Massif, juvenile ventral valve exterior, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 6 (Racheboeuf, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 255. eodevonariidae (p. 390-392).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-423.jpg?height=1443&width=1276&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lomaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Eodevonariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lomaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lomaella HERRERA, 1995, p. 127","Type_species":"L. primoris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, transverse shell, resembling Loreleiella in its posterolaterally widened cardinal process lobes, but without developed spines.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Argentine Precordillera","Figure_captions":"Material not suitable for illustration","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loreleiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Eodevonariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Loreleiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loreleiella RACHEBOEUF, 1986, p. 643","Type_species":"Eodevonaria jahnkei RACHEBOEUF, 1981b, p. 192, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Eodevonaria but shell often larger, transversely elongate, maximum width at hinge line, ears triangular, often well developed, cardinal process stout, deeply bilobed, lobes massive, widening, diverging posterolaterally, deeply grooved longitudinally, myophore directed posteriorly, sticking out of posterior margin","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Armorican Massif, Rhenish Slate Mountains, Spain, Morocco, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 255, 4a, b. *L. jahnkei (Racheboeuf), Emsian, Spain, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Racheboeuf, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 255. eodevonariidae (p. 390-392).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-423.jpg?height=1443&width=1276&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Renaudia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Eodevonariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Renaudia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Renaudia RACHEBOEUF, 1976, p. 71","Type_species":"Eodevonaria (Renaudia) mainensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, transversely elongate, strongly arched longitudinally, ventral valve more or less sulcate, spines cyrtomorph bending medianly, symmetrically arranged, interareas relatively short. Lower Devonian (upper Pragian-lower Emsian): Armorican Massif, Spain, Morocco.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Armorican Massif, Spain, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 255, 2a-d. *R. mainensis (Racheboeuf), upper Pragian, Montguyon Formation, Armorican Massif, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal side of articulated shell with spines, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Racheboeuf, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 255. eodevonariidae (p. 390-392).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-423.jpg?height=1443&width=1276&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Chonetinae","Genus":"Chonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonetes consanguineus GIRTY, 1929, p. 409, OD","Type_species":"Chonetes consanguineus GIRTY, 1929, p. 409, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stauromata Hoover, 1981, p. 51, obj.","Synonyms":"Stauromata","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Wide-hinged smooth shells with sulcus varying from deep to barely visible, ventral valve interior, visceral region usually strongly fringed by spines on anterolateral side, Strong angular ears, deep ventral sulcus","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 272, 1a-c. *D. (D.) consanguineus (Girty), Bone Spring and Skinner Ranch Formations, Asselian, Texas, a, articulated shell, dorsal side, X2, b, ventral valve interior, X2, c, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 272. rugosochonetidae (p. 415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-447.jpg?height=1230&width=1179&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=219)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boicinetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Chonetinae","Genus":"Boicinetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boicinetes Havl\u00ed\u010dek & RACHEBOEUF, 1979, p. 73","Type_species":"Chonetes bohemicus BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 46, fig. II, 1-5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chalimochonetes Baranov, 1980, p. 142, obj.","Synonyms":"Chalimochonetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, weakly concavoconvex, spines orthomorph oblique at about 70\u00b0 to 80\u00b0, symmetrically arranged, ventral interarea apsacline, weakly concave, with small pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea hypercline, flat, short, with inconspicuous chilidium, radial ornamentation very finely capillate (about 10 per mm), lamellose concentric growth lines, ventral interior with short myophragm, dorsal interior with long median septum, cardinal process pit, long anderidia anteriorly divergent at 35\u00b0 to 45\u00b0, inner socket ridges high, narrow","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, northeastern Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 256, 2a-d. * B. bohemicus (Barrande), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Czech Republic, a, b, ventral valve exterior, lateral profile, c, ventral valve internal mold, d, partly exfoliated dorsal valve interior, x2 (Havli\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 256. chonetidae (p. 394).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-425.jpg?height=1689&width=1175&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plebejochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Chonetinae","Genus":"Plebejochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plebejochonetes Boucot & HARPER, 1968, p. 159","Type_species":"Chonetes plebeja SCHNUR, 1854, p. 226, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Chonetes, but shell usually smaller, more strongly concavoconvex, radial ornamentation of costellae or costae, posterolateral costae crossing posterior margin of valves, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral valve interior with short myophragm, anteriorly rounded teeth, dorsal valve with short median septum, cardinal process pit developed in oldest representatives, cardinal process deeply bilobed internally, several pairs of ill-defined accessory septa in oldest forms, one pair of bladelike accessory septa in last representatives.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 256, 3a-d. P. semiradiatus (Sowerby), Emsian, Rhenish Slate Mountains, a, b, ventral valve exterior, lateral profile, c, ventral valve internal mold, d, dorsal valve external mold, x2 (Boucot & Harper, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Harper, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 256. chonetidae (p. 394).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-425.jpg?height=1689&width=1175&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dagnachonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Dagnachonetinae","Genus":"Dagnachonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dagnachonetes AFANAS'EVA, 1978b, p. 66","Type_species":"D. caucasius, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, weakly to moderately concavoconvex, transversely elongate, ventral sulcus, dorsal fold sometimes poorly developed in more arched species, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral interarea apsacline, with wide pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea catacline, with chilidium, radial ornamentation of numerous low costellae increasing rapidly in number, mainly by bifurcation in ventral valve, costellae narrowing toward periphery of shell when their numbers increase, crossed by very fine concentric fila, ventral interior with umbonal thickening, narrow, high median septum extending to midlength, hinge teeth laterally elongate, semioval, wide, internally bilobed cardinal process anteriorly bounded by cardinal process pit, inner socket ridges variable in length, extending almost parallel to hinge line, long, low, rounded median septum, anderidia long, straight or slightly bending medianly, anteriorly divergent at 50\u00b0 to 70\u00b0, adductors usually well delimited","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Poland, Russia, France, Spain, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 257, 1a, b. *D. caucasius, Eifelian, Russia, ventral valve, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Afanas'eva, 1978b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanas'eva, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 257. chonetidae (p. 394-396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-427.jpg?height=1635&width=1282&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Frankiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Dagnachonetinae","Genus":"Frankiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Frankiella RACHEBOEUF, 1983, p. 607","Type_species":"F. drewitzi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, transverse with leptaenoid morphology, longitudinal profile regularly concavo-convex, and the ornamentation is costellate, costellae increase ventrally by implantation and dorsally by bifurcation, spines orthomorph oblique and symmetrically arranged, ventral interior with short median septum, and the hinge teeth are stout but small and anteriorly rounded, dorsal interior with wide, short, internally deeply bilobed cardinal process anteriorly bounded by a large cardinal process pit, anderidia relatively long, and a breviseptum is present, inner socket ridges low, widening laterally, and supporting the cardinal process medianly","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Armorican Massif, Rhenish Slate Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig . 257,2a,b. *F. drewitzi, Eifelian, Saint-Fiacre Formation, Armorican Massif; well-preserved ventral valve exterior, ventral valve with spines, \u00d7 3 (Racheboeuf, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 257. chonetidae (p. 394-396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-427.jpg?height=1635&width=1282&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Luanquella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Dagnachonetinae","Genus":"Luanquella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Luanquella Garcia-Alcalde & RACHEBOEUF, 1978, p. 847","Type_species":"L. cantabriensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dagnachonetes (Luanquella) Racheboeuf, 1981b, p. 155","Synonyms":"Dagnachonetes (Luanquella)","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Dagnachonetes by its radial ornamentation with costellae anteriorly widening, or not, crossed by few perceptible concentric fila, dorsal interarea always hypercline instead of catacline, inner socket ridges narrower, anteriorly less divergent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"France, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 257, 3a-d. *L. cantabriensis, Emsian, Cantabrian Mountains, Spain, a-c, ventral valve, exterior, profile, interior, d, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Garcia-Alcalde & Racheboeuf, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garcia-Alcalde & Racheboeuf, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 257. chonetidae (p. 394-396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-427.jpg?height=1635&width=1282&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mamutinetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Dagnachonetinae","Genus":"Mamutinetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mamutinetes HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990, p. 132","Type_species":"M. latipleura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately concavoconvex shell with wide, very low radial costellae originating anterior of beak, widening anteriorly, orthomorph oblique, symetrically arranged hinge spines, deep elongateoval cardinal process pit, long, low, narrow breviseptum, no accessory septa, anderidia ill defined, long, straight inner socket ridges parallel to hinge line","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 258,1. *M. latipleura, Eifelian, Czech Republic; ventral valve exterior, \u00d74 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 258. chonetidae (p. 396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-428.jpg?height=822&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nurochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Dagnachonetinae","Genus":"Nurochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nurochonetes USHATINSKAYA, 1977, p. 42","Type_species":"Chonetes akkultukensis USHATINSKAYA, 1966, p. 92, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large, transverse, gentle ventral sulcus, weak dorsal fold usually present, radial ornamentation of bifurcating costellae, spines orthomorph, almost vertical, symmetrically arranged, pseudodeltidium, widely separated chilidial plates, ventral valve interior with short myophragm, massive lamellar teeth, dorsal valve interior with narrow median septum supporting cardinal process, anderidia anteriorly divergent at 40\u00b0 to 50\u00b0, strong, curved, inner socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 257, 4. *N. akkultukensis (Ushatinskaya), Emsian, Kazakhstan, ventral, dorsal valve internal molds, X3 (Ushatinskaya, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 257. chonetidae (p. 394-396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-427.jpg?height=1635&width=1282&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pradochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Dagnachonetinae","Genus":"Pradochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pradochonetes Pardo & GARCIA-ALCALDE, 1984, p. 104","Type_species":"P. muelleri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, weakly transverse, moderately concavoconvex, radial ornamentation of rounded costellae regularly dichotomizing ventrally, intercalating dorsally, spines orthomorph, high angled, symmetrically arranged, ventral valve interior with very short myophragm, strong endospines in posterolateral areas, dorsal valve interior with breviseptum in juveniles, stout median septum supporting cardinal process in largest shells, anderidia long, narrow, widely divergent anteriorly, not fusing posteriorly, inner socket ridges thickening, elevating during ontogeny, almost parallel to hinge","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 258, 2a-c. *P. muelleri, Frasnian, southern Spain, a, b, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve interior, c, ventral valve exteriors, dorsal valve interiors, X3 (Pardo & Garcia-Alcalde, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pardo & Garcia-Alcalde, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 258. chonetidae (p. 396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-428.jpg?height=822&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhyssochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Dagnachonetinae","Genus":"Rhyssochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhyssochonetes Johnson, 1970B, p. 2095","Type_species":"R. aurora solox, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cedulia Racheboeuf, 1979, p. 256, obj.","Synonyms":"Cedulia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, transversely elongate, moderately concavoconvex, radial ornamentation of rounded costellae crossed by fine, closely spaced fila, orthomorph oblique, high-angled, symmetrically arranged spines, periphery of ventral interior ornamented with concentric undulating ridges, corresponding to fila, variably developed cardinal process pit, inner socket ridges variably elongate, almost parallel to hinge line, anderidia relatively short, anteriorly divergent at 60\u00b0 to 70\u00b0, septum poorly developed, sometimes absent or extending anteriorly as breviseptum, no accessory septa.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, northern France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 257, 5a-d. *R. solox, Givetian, Nevada, a, b, ventral valve exterior, interior, c, d, dorsal valve interiors, X4 (Johnson, 1970b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 257. chonetidae (p. 394-396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-427.jpg?height=1635&width=1282&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Dagnachonetinae","Genus":"Sinochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinochonetes Wang, Boucot, & RONG, 1981, p. 288","Type_species":"Chonetes minutisulcatus Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, often uniplicate, ventral sulcus, dorsal fold variably developed, ventral interarea apsacline, flat, dorsal interarea narrow, hypercline, pseudodeltidium, chilidium present, orthomorph oblique symmetrically arranged spines, radial ornamentation capillate to costellate, ventral myophragm very short, hinge teeth massive, dorsal interior with long median septum often elevated anteriorly, supporting cardinal process ventrally connected with swollen callus, anderidia anteriorly divergent at 60\u00b0, inner socket ridges long, variably developed, anteriorly divergent at 150\u00b0 to 160\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"southern China, Canadian Arctic Archipelago","Figure_captions":"Fig. 258, 3a-c. *S. minutisulcatus (Hou & Xian), upper Pragian, southern China, a, b, ventral valve, exterior, profile, c, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Wang, Boucot, & Rong, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, Boucot, & Rong, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 258. chonetidae (p. 396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-428.jpg?height=822&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Devonochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Devonochonetinae","Genus":"Devonochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Devonochonetes MUIR-WOOD, 1962, p. 43","Type_species":"Chonetes coronatus Hall, 1857, p. 146, OD, nom. nov. pro Strophomena carinata Conrad, 1842, p. 257, non CONRAD, 1839, p. 64","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, transverse, moderately concavoconvex, shell surface capillate to costellate, spines orthomorph oblique, low angled, dorsal valve interior with long median septum supporting the long, elevated cardinal process, anderidia weakly anteriorly divergent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 259, 1a-e. *D. coronatus (HAll), Hamilton Group, Kashong Shales, New York, a-c, ventral valve, ventral, lateral, anterior views, d, e, dorsal valve exterior, interior, X2.5 (Muir-Wood, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 259. chonetidae (p. 398).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-429.jpg?height=1607&width=1293&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aseptonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Devonochonetinae","Genus":"Aseptonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aseptonetes ISAACSON, 1977, p. 177","Type_species":"A. boucoti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, moderately concavoconvex, equidimensional to weakly transverse, radial costellae, interspaces variably V-shaped in cross section, spines orthomorph oblique high angled to vertical, symmetrically arranged, juvenile dorsal valve interior with weak median septum, accessory septalike radial rows of strong endospines, adult dorsal valve interior with long, narrow median septum.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"South America (Bolivia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 259, 3a-e. *A. boucoti, Eifelian, uppermost Icla, Huamampampa Formations, Bolivia, a, internal mold of articulated shell, b, ventral valve, c, d, latex cast of both valves, e, ventral valve exterior, latex cast, X2 (Racheboeuf & Branisa, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Branisa, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 259. chonetidae (p. 398).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-429.jpg?height=1607&width=1293&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hallinetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Devonochonetinae","Genus":"Hallinetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hallinetes Racheboeuf & FELDMAN, 1990, p. 4","Type_species":"Strophomena lineata CONRAD, 1839, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, markedly concavoconvex when adult, spines orthomorph perpendicular, disymmetrically arranged, radial ornamentation of low-rounded costellae often narrowing anteriorly as their numbers increase, ventral interarea apsacline, concave, dorsal interarea almost linear, hypercline, pseudodeltidium, chilidium not observed, ventral interior with long myophragm and large, deeply impressed muscle field, dorsal interior swollen with long median septum not supporting cardinal process, cardinal process pit in juveniles, posteromedian part of valve deeply depressed in adults, anderidia anteriorly divergent at 50\u00b0 to 55\u00b0, posteriorly fused with wide, long inner socket ridges, no accessory septa, adductors deeply impressed","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"New York","Figure_captions":"Fig. 259, 2a-c. * H. lineatus (Conrad), Seneca Member, Onondaga Limestone, New York, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X3^text  (Racheboeuf  & Feldman, 1990)","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf }} & Feldman, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 259. chonetidae (p. 398).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-429.jpg?height=1607&width=1293&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Huananochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Devonochonetinae","Genus":"Huananochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Huananochonetes Wang, Boucot, & RONG, 1981, p. 290","Type_species":"Parachonetes ovalis Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, highly concavoconvex, divergent at 80\u00b0, long, narrow inner socket ridges almost parallel to posterior margin","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 260,1a\u2013c. *H. ovalis (HOU & X IAN), lower Emsian, Yukiang Formation, central Guangxi; a,b, ventral valve, ventral, lateral views; c, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 3 (Wang, Boucot, & Rong, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, Boucot, & Rong, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 260. chonetidae (p. 398-400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-431.jpg?height=1552&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Longispina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Devonochonetinae","Genus":"Longispina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Longispina COOPER, 1942, p. 230","Type_species":"Chonetes emmetensis WINCHELL, 1866, p. 92, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, usually strongly concavoconvex, anterior margin regularly rounded, small umbo prominent, often strongly curved posteriorly, ventral interarea concave, anacline, dorsal interarea more or less concave, hypercline, pseudodeltidium long, narrow, chilidium small, radial ornamentation costellate to costate, few strong growth lines usually present, spines orthomorph parallel to hinge line, symmetrically arranged, ventral interior with short, stout median septum, hinge teeth relatively small, anteriorly rounded, dorsal interior with variably developed median septum supporting long, narrow cardinal process, myophore long, narrow, dorsally directed, inner socket ridges low, short, anderidia small, anteriorly divergent at 50\u00b0 to 70\u00b0, pair of variably developed accessory septa in anterior part of valve, anteriorly divergent at 20\u00b0 to 30\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America (Appalachian Mountains), Venezuela, Bolivia, Morocco, Algeria, Spain, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 260, 5a-d. *L. emmetensis (Winchell), Middle Devonian, Hamilton Group, New York, USA, ventral valve internal mold, ventral valve exterior, articulated shell in dorsal view, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Cooper, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 260. chonetidae (p. 398-400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-431.jpg?height=1552&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Montsenetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Devonochonetinae","Genus":"Montsenetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Montsenetes RACHEBOEUF, 1992, p. 37","Type_species":"Devonochonetes notius BENEDETTO, 1984, p. 60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, subequidimensional or weakly transverse, strongly concavoconvex, radial ornamentation relatively strong, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral valve interior with long myophragm dividing large, radially striate, muscle field with semielliptical adductors, dorsal valve interior with strong median septum, anteriorly elevated, supporting large, posteriorly elongated, elevated cardinal process, anderidia weakly divergent anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"North America (Appalachian Mountains), Venezuela, Bolivia, Sahara","Figure_captions":"Fig. 260, 2a-c. *M. notius (Benedetto), Middle Devonian, Ca\u00f1o del Oeste Formation, Sierra de Perija, Venezuela, ventral valve, ventral, lateral views, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Benedetto, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benedetto, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 260. chonetidae (p. 398-400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-431.jpg?height=1552&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striatochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Devonochonetinae","Genus":"Striatochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striatochonetes MIKRJUKOV, 1968, p. 90","Type_species":"Strophonema setigera HALL, 1843a, p. 180, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, subsemicircular, shell surface finely costellate, spines cyrtomorph intraverse, symmetrically arranged, dorsal valve interior with shallow cardinal process pit, no median septum, one pair of narrow, low accessory septa, anderidia very reduced, inner socket ridges relatively strong.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 260, 4a-c. * S. setigera (Hall), Middle Devonian, Chemung Group, New York, ventral valve exterior, partly exfoliated ventral valve, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 4 (Mikrjukov, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1991, \nHiller, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 260. chonetidae (p. 398-400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-431.jpg?height=1552&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinjiangochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Devonochonetinae","Genus":"Xinjiangochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinjiangochonetes XU, 1991, p. 317","Type_species":"X. pygmaeus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, moderately concavoconvex, subsemicircular in outline, shell surface costellate, spines low angled, ventral valve interior with large teeth, very long myophragm, dorsal valve interior with short, weak median septum, The lack of dorsal accessory septa, however, makes likely its assignment to the Devonochonetinae.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"China (northern Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 260, 3a, b. *X. pygmaeus, ?upper Lower Devonian, Eifelian, northern Xinjiang, ventral valve internal molds, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Xu, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 260. chonetidae (p. 398-400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-431.jpg?height=1552&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notiochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Notiochonetinae","Genus":"Notiochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notiochonetes MUIR-WOOD, 1962, p. 48","Type_species":"Chonetes skottsbergi CLARKE, 1913, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large, transverse, plano- to slightly concavoconvex, pseudodeltidium, disjunct chilidial plates, external spines unknown, ventral valve interior with large elongate teeth, large muscle field, large cardinal process, elevated, with myophore projecting ventrally, median septum low, narrow, posteriorly thickened, long, strong anderidia, inner socket ridges straight","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Falkland Islands, ?Brazil, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 261, 1a, b. *N. skottsbergi (Clarke), western Cape, Bokkeveld Group, South Africa, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Hiller, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hiller, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 261. chonetidae (p. 400-403).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-432.jpg?height=1280&width=1297&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Allanetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Notiochonetinae","Genus":"Allanetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Allanetes Boucot & JOHNSON, 1967, p. 142","Type_species":"A. neozelanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large, markedly concavoconvex, radial ornamentation of coarse costae, costellae, disjunct chilidial plates, few spines symmetrically arranged, orthomorph perpendicular, ventral myophragm high, bladelike, dorsal valve interior with median septum, stout anderidia, cardinal process deeply bilobed, elevated above valve floor, anteriorly bounded by cardinal process pit, inner socket ridges short, narrow","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 261, 2a-c. *A. neozelanica, lower Emsian, Reefton beds, New Zealand, dorsal side of articulated shell, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Boucot & Johnson, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 261. chonetidae (p. 400-403).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-432.jpg?height=1280&width=1297&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleurochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Notiochonetinae","Genus":"Pleurochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleurochonetes ISAACSON, 1977, p. 175","Type_species":"Chonetes (Pleurochonetes) lauriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gamonetes Isaacson, 1977, p. 168, obj., Aseptonetes Isaacson, 1977, p. 177, obj.","Synonyms":"Gamonetes, Aseptonetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Notiochonetes in its dorsal valve interior, anderidia less developed, more divergent anteriorly, inner socket ridges shorter, posteriorly curved, more posteriorly situated, more divergent anteriorly, median septum supporting cardinal process, myophore projecting posteriorly, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bolivia, Argentina, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 262a. P. falklandicus (Morris & Sharpe), Emsian, Falkland islands, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Hiller, 1987)., Fig. 262b-e. P. anteloi (Isaacson), Eifelian, upper Icla Formation, Bolivia, b-d, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve interior, adult dorsal valve interior, e, ventral valve exterior, x2 (Racheboeuf, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hiller, 1987, \nRacheboeuf, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 262. chonetidae (p. 402).\nfig. 262. chonetidae (p. 402).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-433.jpg?height=1049&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-433.jpg?height=1049&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prachetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Notiochonetinae","Genus":"Prachetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prachetes BIZZARRO, 1995, p. 175","Type_species":"Pleurochonetes? condori RACHEBOEUF, 1992, p. 49, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, slightly transverse to equidimensional, moderately concavoconvex, with flattened cardinal extremities, maximum width at hinge line, spines symmetrical, orthomorph oblique, ornamentation of dense, narrow, angular costellae, ventral valve interior with posterior ridges anteriorly divergent at 70\u00b0 to 80\u00b0, dorsal valve interior with small cardinal process, short median septum, anderidia anteriorly weakly divergent, less than 40\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America (Appalachian Mountains), Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 261, 3a-c. *Prachetes condori (Racheboeuf), Givetian, Cruz Loma Sandstone, Bolivia, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Bizzarro, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bizzarro, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 261. chonetidae (p. 400-403).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-432.jpg?height=1280&width=1297&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Retichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Retichonetinae","Genus":"Retichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Retichonetes Muir-Wood, 1962, p. 62,","Type_species":"Chonetes armata Bouchard-Chantereaux in de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 241, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, usually weakly transverse in outline, markedly concavoconvex, ventral interarea apsacline, posteriorly concave, dorsal interarea hypercline, small, convex pseudodeltidium, chilidium, radial ornamentation of low, narrow costellae, few lamellose concentric growth lines, spines orthomorph oblique, low to high angled from umbo to cardinal extremities, ventral interior with small rounded hinge teeth, short myophragm, posterolateral margins of visceral cavity with two radial rows of strong pustules, dorsal interior with stout median septum supporting cardinal process, no pit, small but strong anderidia anteriorly divergent at 80\u00b0 to 90\u00b0, inner socket ridges relatively long, anteriorly divergent at 160\u00b0, bearing radial row of pits for articulation with posterior pustules of ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (?Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian, ?Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, Australia, USA (New Mexico)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 263, 1a-c. *R. armatus (Bouchard-Chantereaux), Frasnian, upper Asymmetricus Zone, northern France, ventral valve exterior, dorsal side of articulated shell, dorsal valve interior, X5 (Racheboeuf, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 263. chonetidae (p. 403-404).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-434.jpg?height=799&width=1244&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=180)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austronoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonetidae","Subfamily":"Retichonetinae","Genus":"Austronoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austronoplia ISAACSON, 1977, p. 178","Type_species":"Chonetes stuebeli ULRICH, 1893, p. 80, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, moderately concavoconvex, subsemicircular, shell surface with subtriangular to rounded costae, ventral valve exterior with median fold in largest shells, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, dorsal valve interior with median septum supporting posteriorly elongate cardinal process, no cardinal process pit, anderidia short, widely divergent anteriorly, inner socket ridges short, posteriorly curved, no accessory septa, interior of both valves with strong endospines.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 263, 2a, b. *A. stuebeli (Ulrich), Frasnian, Bolivia, ventral valve exteriors, dorsal valve interior, X5 (Racheboeuf, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 263. chonetidae (p. 403-404).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-434.jpg?height=799&width=1244&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=180)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugosochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Rugosochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugosochonetes SOKOLSKAYA, 1950, p. 23","Type_species":"Orthis hardrensis PHILLIPS, 1841, p. 138, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nix Easton, 1962, p. 45, obj.","Synonyms":"Nix","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, plano- to slightly concavoconvex, dorsal interarea reflexed, pseudodeltidium, chilidium developed, shell capillate, spines orthomorph oblique, at 45\u00b0 to 60\u00b0, symmetrically arranged, dorsal median septum half of valve length, inner socket ridges curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)-Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, Australia, North America, Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 264, 1a-d. R. celticus Muir-Wood, Namurian, Scotland, a, ventral valve exterior, X 3, b, ventral valve interior, X4, c, d, dorsal valve interiors, x2 (Muir-Wood, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 264. rugosochonetidae (p. 405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-436.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alatochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Alatochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alatochonetes LIANG, 1990, p. 144","Type_species":"*A. alata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, strongly transverse, subtrapezoidal, with acute to alate cardinal extremities, shell surface with coarse radial costae crossed by strong concentric rugae with prominent tubercles at junction, ventral valve interior with long, low myophragm, dorsal valve interior poorly known. middle Permian: southern China.","Beginning_age":"middle Permian","First_Occurrence":"middle Permian","Ending_age":"middle Permian","Last_Occurrence":"middle Permian","Geological_periods":"middle Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 264, 2. *A. alatus, middle Permian, southern China, dorsal view of articulated shell, internal mold, X3.5 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 264. rugosochonetidae (p. 405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-436.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arctochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Arctochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arctochonetes IFANOVA, 1968, p. 29","Type_species":"Chonetina? postartiensis USTRITSKY, 1960, p. 112, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, concavoconvex, ventral sulcus weak or absent, shell surface finely costellate, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral valve interior with short myophragm, pair of strong vascular trunks, anteriorly divergent at 60^{\\\\circ}, dorsal valve interior with ill-defined median septum, pair of long, low accessory septa. Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian): Pechora Basin.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"Pechora Basin","Figure_captions":"Fig. 264, 3a-c. *A. postartiensis (Ustritsky), Artinskian, Pechora Basin, ventral valve internal molds, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve internal mold, x2 (Ifanova, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ifanova, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 264. rugosochonetidae (p. 405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-436.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonetinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Chonetinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonetinella RAMSBOTTOM, 1952, p. 13","Type_species":"Chonetes flemingi Norwood & PRATTEN, 1855b, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, bilobate, highly concavoconvex shell with deep median sulcus, high fold, pseudodeltidium, chilidium ill developed or absent, shell surface capillate, dorsal valve interior with small bilobed cardinal process, alveolus, long, anteriorly elevated median septum, long inner socket ridges, parallel to hinge","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, South America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 264, 6a-d. *C. flemingi (Norwood & Pratten), Pennsylvanian, Texas, a, b, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal views, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Ramsbottom, 1952).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ramsbottom, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 264. rugosochonetidae (p. 405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-436.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fanichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Fanichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fanichonetes Xu & GRANT, 1994, p. 29","Type_species":"F. campigia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, transverse shell, shell surface strongly costellate, ventral sulcus and corresponding dorsal fold developed, numerous spine canals but outer spines not observed, ventral valve interior with short myophragm, coarse isolated endospines posterolaterally, dorsal valve interior poorly known, with cardinal process pit.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 264, 7a, b. *F. campigia, Upper Permian, southern China, a, ventral valve exterior, b, holotype, ventral valve interior, X3 (Xu & Grant, 1994)","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Grant, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 264. rugosochonetidae (p. 405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-436.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fusichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Fusichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fusichonetes Liao in Zhao & OTHERS, 1981, p. 5283","Type_species":"Plicochonetes nayongensis LIAO, 1980, p. 252, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell small, transverse with ventral sulcus, dorsal fold, shell surface with strong simple costae, spines low angled, ventral valve interior with rows of endospines, dorsal valve interior with median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian, ?Lower Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 264, 8a-c. *F. nayongensis (Liao), uppermost Permian-?lowermost Triassic, southern China, ventral valve exterior, dorsal exterior of articulated shell, ventral valve interior, X4 (Liao, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liao, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 264. rugosochonetidae (p. 405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-436.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Isochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isochonetes AISENVERG, 1985, p. 41","Type_species":"I. larinoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, transverse, ventral valve regularly convex, ornament of uniform, fine, regular costellae, spine bases medium angled, 45\u00b0 to 60\u00b0, ventral valve interior with short myophragm, long vascular trunks, adductor scars small, oval, diductor scars large, triangular, dorsal valve interior with cardinal process pit, median septum, distinct brachial ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"Donets Basin","Figure_captions":"Fig. 264, 4a-d. *I. larinoensis, lower Bashkirian, western Donets Basin, a, b, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal views, c, d, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Aisenverg, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Aisenverg, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 264. rugosochonetidae (p. 405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-436.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jakutochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Jakutochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jakutochonetes AFANAS'EVA, 1977a, p. 31","Type_species":"J. jacuticus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell large, transverse, without sulcus, but narrow furrow anteriorly developed in both valves, pseudodeltidium developed, surface ornamented by very thin, intercalating, branching costellae with prominent growth lines, spines low angled, posterolaterally oriented, ventral myophragm not extending beyond midlength, oval adductor scars, vascula media developed, hinge teeth laterally elongated, dorsal valve interior with relatively large cardinal process pit, laterally widened cardinal process, myophore, median septum stout in posterior half of valve, inner socket ridges high, narrow, posteriorly bent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"Arctic Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 264, 5a-d. *J. jacuticus, ventral valve internal mold, ventral valve external mold, dorsal valve internal mold, dorsal external mold of articulated shell, x2 (Afanas'eva, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanas'eva, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 264. rugosochonetidae (p. 405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-436.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Komukia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Komukia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Komukia WATERHOUSE, 1982b, p. 343","Type_species":"K. solita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell thickened, transverse, surface ornamented by low capillae interrupted by low growth lines, spine bases symmetrical, ventral valve interior with strong, long myophragm, two long, broad vascular trunks, dorsal valve interior with cardinal process pit in largest shells, median septum well developed, strong inner socket ridges, brachial platform well delimited by spinose ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 265, 1a-d. *K. solita, Lower Permian, Thailand, a, b, articulated shells, dorsal view, c, d, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve internal mold, x1.5 (Waterhouse, 1982b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 265. rugosochonetidae (p. 405-407).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-438.jpg?height=1739&width=1277&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Neochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"N. (Neochonetes) MUIR-WOOD, 1962, p. 87","Type_species":"Chonetes dominus KING, 1938, p. 259, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Quadranetes Sadlick, 1963, p. 721, obj.","Synonyms":"Quadranetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large sized, almost plano- to moderately concavoconvex rugosochonetids with \ufb01nely capillate external ornament, feebly to distinctly developed sulcus; low to moderately angled spines; ventral valve interior with prominent myophragm; vascular trunks parallel, deeply impressed; dorsal interior with cardinal process pit, anderidia, median septum, brachial ridges; inner socket ridges well developed; outer socket ridges may be present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 265, 2a-d. *N. (N.) dominus (K\u0131ng), Pennsylvanian, Texas, a, b, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal views, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, X(King, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"King, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 265. rugosochonetidae (p. 405-407).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-438.jpg?height=1739&width=1277&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"N. (Neochonetes)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"N. (Neochonetes)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"N. (Neochonetes) MUIR-WOOD, 1962, p. 87","Type_species":"Chonetes dominus KING, 1938, p. 259, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Quadranetes Sadlick, 1963, p. 721, obj.","Synonyms":"Quadranetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small- to medium-sized, slightly concavoconvex, ventral valve may be sulcate, pseudodeltidium vestigial or absent, chilidium present, exterior capillate or smooth anteriorly, spines numerous, oblique, symmetrically arranged, dorsal median septum anteriorly elevated, inner, outer socket ridges commonly developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 265, 2a-d. *N. (N.) dominus (K\u0131ng), Pennsylvanian, Texas, a, b, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal views, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, X(King, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"King, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 265. rugosochonetidae (p. 405-407).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-438.jpg?height=1739&width=1277&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"N. (Sommeriella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"N. (Sommeriella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"N. (Sommeriella) ARCHBOLD, 1982, p. 10","Type_species":"Chonetes pratti DAVIDSON, 1859a, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"N. (Sommeria) Archbold, 1981b, p. 113, obj.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Neochonetes but sulcus usually conspicuously developed, gentle fold often developed in dorsal valve, greater convexity in ventral valve, hinge spines at about 40\u00b0 to 45\u00b0, maximum width of mature shells usually anterior of hinge, interiors as for Neochonetes","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 265, 3a-e. *N. (S.) pratti (Davidson), Holmwood Shales, Irwin River, uppermost Sakmarian-Artinskian, a, b, ventral, dorsal sides of articulated shell, c-e, dorsal valve interiors, X2 (Archbold, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 265. rugosochonetidae (p. 405-407).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-438.jpg?height=1739&width=1277&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paramesolobus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Paramesolobus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paramesolobus AFANAS'EVA, 1975, p. 101","Type_species":"P. ivanovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Mesolobus by its shell surface ornamented with relatively strong bifurcating costellae","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian-Gzhelian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 265, 4a-d. *P. ivanovae, Kasimovian, Russian Platform, a, ventral valve exterior, b, c, dorsal valves, exterior, interior, d, ventral valve interior, x2 (Afanas'eva, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanas'eva, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 265. rugosochonetidae (p. 405-407).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-438.jpg?height=1739&width=1277&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schistochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Schistochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schistochonetes ROBERTS, 1971, p. 54","Type_species":"S. abruptus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium sized, auriculate, mainly characterized by its ornamentation, surface coarsely costate posteriorly, becoming finely or indistinctly costellate anteriorly, costae bifurcating, rarely trifurcating then intercalating from umbo to shell margin, spines symmetrically arranged, orthomorph oblique, low angled ( 25^{\\circ} ), median septum not supporting cardinal process, pit shallow, anderidia anteriorly divergent at 60^{\\circ} to 70^{\\circ}, short, narrow inner socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 266, 1 a-d. * S. abruptus, Utting Calcarenite, Vis\u00e9an, northwestern Australia, a, b, articulated shell, ventral, lateral views, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 266. rugosochonetidae (p. 407-409).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-439.jpg?height=1357&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sokolskya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Sokolskya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sokolskya AISENVERG, 1980, p. 55","Type_species":"S. calmiusensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, thin walled, weakly concavoconvex, transverse, with maximum width at hinge line, shell surface capillate, spines not observed, ventral valve interior with narrow myophragm, small oval adductor scars, large, triangular diductor scars, dorsal valve interior with posteriorly curved short inner socket ridges, no cardinal process pit, short, low median septum, anderidia posteriorly fused with cardinalia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Kinderscoutian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Kinderscoutian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Kinderscoutian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kinderscoutian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Kinderscoutian)","Geography":"Russia (Donets Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 266, 3a-c. *S. calmiusiensis, lower Kinderscoutian, Donets Basin, Russia, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Aisenverg, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Aisenverg, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 266. rugosochonetidae (p. 407-409).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-439.jpg?height=1357&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":9,"ending_date":322.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waagenites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Waagenites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waagenites Paeckelmann, 1930, p. 223","Type_species":"Chonetes grandicostus WAAGEN, 1884, p. 638, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dienerella Reed, 1931, p. 18, obj.","Synonyms":"Dienerella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, quadrate, ventral valve highly convex, with deep median sulcus, no pseudodeltidium, umbo much incurved, valves with very few coarse costae, or costellate, rarely capillate, ears large, smooth, dorsal septum medianly developed, short socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"Pakistan, Timor, ?North America, Arctic (Spitzbergen)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 265, 5a-d. *W. grandicostus (Waagen), upper Productus Limestone, Pakistan, a, ventral valve exterior, x1,  b-d, enlarged ventral, posterior, lateral views, x2 (Muir-Wood, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 265. rugosochonetidae (p. 405-407).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-438.jpg?height=1739&width=1277&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waterhouseiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Waterhouseiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waterhouseiella ARCHBOLD, 1983a, p. 70","Type_species":"Waagenites speciosus Waterhouse & PIYASIN, 1970, p. 112, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, distinctly concavoconvex, moderately transverse rugosochonetids with strongly developed, radial, costellate ornament, sulcus weakly developed or obsolescent, dorsal fold low, dorsal interior with strongly developed cardinal process pit, socket plates, lateral septa, median septum, ventral valve with myophragm, variably developed vascular trunks parallel to myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Thailand, Indonesia, Pakistan, Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 266, 2ad. *W. speciosus (Waterhouse & Piyasin), Kazanian, southern Thailand, a, b, ventral valve, ventral, lateral views, X3, c, dorsal view of articulated shell, X3, d, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 266. rugosochonetidae (p. 407-409).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-439.jpg?height=1357&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capillomesolobus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Capillomesolubinae","Genus":"Capillomesolobus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capillomesolobus PE\u010cAR, 1986, p. 18","Type_species":"C. karavankensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, finely capillate Rugosochonetidae, median lobe present or absent in ventral median sulcus, spines orthomorph oblique, high angled to vertical","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian), Permian","Geography":"North America, Europe (Carnian Alps)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 267, 1a-d. *C. karavankensis, Gzhelian, Karavanke Mountains, a, ventral valve, X 2, b, c, ventral valve, exterior, interior, x2,  d, dorsal valve, internal mold, X2 (Pe\u010dar, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pe\u010dar, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 267. rugosochonetidae (p. 409-410).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-440.jpg?height=668&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesolobus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Capillomesolubinae","Genus":"Mesolobus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesolobus Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 134","Type_species":"Chonetes mesolobus Norwood & PRATTEN, 1855b, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, valves moderately concavoconvex, normally with ventral sulcus bearing median fold, dorsal fold bearing median sulcus, pseudodeltidium, chilidium present, shell capillate or smooth, commonly lamellose, spines oblique, symmetrically arranged, dorsal median septum long, anteriorly elevated, serrated, inner socket ridges parallel to hinge","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 267, 2a-e. *M. mesolobus (Norwood & Pratten), Missouri, a, b, ventral valves, X2, c, dorsal valve interior, X2, d, e, dorsal valve, interior, exterior, x2 (Muir-Wood, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 267. rugosochonetidae (p. 409-410).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-440.jpg?height=668&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenuichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Capillomesolubinae","Genus":"Tenuichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenuichonetes Jing & HU, 1978, p. 109","Type_species":"Chonetes tenuilirata \u0421\u041d\u0410\u041e, 1928, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, trapezoidal, shell surface capillate, ventral valve moderately convex, deep ventral sulcus originating at beak, with single plication in sulcus, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, ventral valve interior with long myophragm, dorsal valve interior with cardinal process pit, long median septum, long, straight inner socket ridges parallel to hinge, short anderidia, no brachial ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 267, 3a, b. *T. tenuilirata (\u0421\u043d\u0430\u043e), Lower Permian, China, dorsal valve internal mold, ventral valve internal mold, x2 (Jing & Hu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nJing & Hu, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 267. rugosochonetidae (p. 409-410).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-440.jpg?height=668&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Delepinea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Delepineinae","Genus":"Delepinea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Delepinea MUIR-WOOD, 1962, p. 99","Type_species":"Productus comoides J. SOWERBY, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, markedly transverse in outline, with posteriorly thickened ventral valve, longitudinal profile strongly arched posteriorly, radial ornamentation capillate to costellate, spines orthomorph oblique when preserved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"France, Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, northern Africa, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 268a, b. *D. comoides (Sowerby), Vis\u00e9an, Westmorland, England, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1962), \u2014\u2014Fig. 268c, d. D. destinezi (Vaughan), Vis\u00e9an, Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, ventral valve interior, accessory adductor scars, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1962), \u2014\u2014Fig. 268e, f. D. carinatus (Garwood), Vis\u00e9an, Westmorland, England, ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Muir-Wood, 1962)","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1962, \nMuir-Wood, 1962, \nMuir-Wood, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 268. rugosochonetidae (p. 410-411).\nfig. 268. rugosochonetidae (p. 410-411).\nfig. 268. rugosochonetidae (p. 410-411).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-442.jpg?height=1867&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-442.jpg?height=1867&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-442.jpg?height=1867&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibbochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Delepineinae","Genus":"Gibbochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibbochonetes AISENVERG, 1971, p. 70","Type_species":"Delepinea (Gibbochonetes) forniculata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell thin, medium to large, strongly concavoconvex, surface capillate with almost indistinct concentric fila, ventral valve interior with short myophragm, large diductors, poorly impressed adductors, dorsal valve interior with low cardinal process, median lobes of myophore higher than lateral ones, small cardinal process pit present, median septum, anderidia fairly well developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 269, 1a-d. *G. forniculata, upper Tournaisian, Donetz Basin, Russia, a-c, ventral valve exterior, ventral, lateral, posterior views, x2, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Aisenverg, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Aisenverg, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 269. rugosochonetidae (p. 411).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-443.jpg?height=1666&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megachonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Delepineinae","Genus":"Megachonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megachonetes Sokolskaya, 1950, p. 42","Type_species":"Chonetes siblyi Thomas, 1919, p. 612 (also Paeckelmann, 1930, p. 274), OD, nom. nov. pro Chonetes compressa Sibly, 1908, p. 78, non WAAGEN, 1884, p. 630","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, almost plano- to moderately concavoconvex, ventral valve slightly thickened, surface finely capillate, irregularly curved spines, extending at 45 to 60\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Russia, northern Africa, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 269, 3a-e. * M. siblyi (\u0422nomas), Lower Carboniferous, Vis\u00e9an, England, a-c, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, X1.25, d, ventral valve posterior part with interarea, pseudodeltidium, e, ventral valve interior with accessory adductor scars, x2 (Muir-Wood, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 269. rugosochonetidae (p. 411).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-443.jpg?height=1666&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongolochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Delepineinae","Genus":"Mongolochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongolochonetes AFANAS'EVA, 1991, p. 98","Type_species":"M. inaequalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Differs from Megachonetes in its smaller size, its slightly concavoconvex longitudinal profile, development of ventral sulcus, dorsal fold, and lower-angled spines at 30\u00b0 to 35\u00b0\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"southern Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Material not suitable for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Petalochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Delepineinae","Genus":"Petalochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Petalochonetes Afanas'eva in Afanas'eva & OTHERS, 1988, p. 52","Type_species":"P. altaicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, with well-developed ventral sulcus, spines medium angled, at 50\u00b0 to 60\u00b0, radial ornamentation of thin, dense costellae crossed by fila, dorsal valve interior without cardinal process pit, median septum not supporting cardinal process, no brachial ridges, anderidia not fused posteriorly, anteriorly divergent at 60\u00b0 to 70\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"southern Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 269, 2a-d. *P. altaicus, a, b, ventral internal molds, times, c, dorsal valve internal mold, X2, d, internal mold of the cardinalia, X_6 (Afanas'eva & others, 1988b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanas'eva & others, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 269. rugosochonetidae (p. 411).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-443.jpg?height=1666&width=1278&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Plicochonetinae","Genus":"Plicochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicochonetes PAECKELMANN, 1930, p. 222","Type_species":"Chonetes buchianus de KONINCK, 1843, p. 208, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, ventral valve medianly arched, pseudodeltidium small or absent, shell surface costate, rarely bifurcating, with numerous growth lines, spines high angled ( 55^{\\\\circ} to 70^{\\\\circ} ), dorsal valve with well-developed median septum, or without, short, curved, inner socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous-Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, northern Africa, Australia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 270, 1a-c. *P. buchianus (de Koninck), lower Namurian, Yorkshire, a, ventral valve exterior, x1.5 (de Koninck, 1847b), b, ventral valve interior, x3 (Muir-Wood, 1962), c, dorsal valve interior, X3^mathbf3 (de Koninck, 1847b).","Museum_or_author_information":"de Koninck, 1847, \nMuir-Wood, 1962, \nde Koninck, 1847","figure_index":"fig. 270. rugosochonetidae (p. 411-415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-444.jpg?height=1720&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Plicochonetinae","Genus":"Hemichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemichonetes Li, Gu, & SU, 1980, p. 343, non Hemichonetes Racheboeuf, 1981a","Type_species":"H. hemipleura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs externally from Plicochonetes by radial ornamentation restricted to posteromedian part of shell, and by development, or not, of low sulcus, fold, internally by short dorsal median septum, large cardinal process pit, long, parallel, inner socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 270, 5 a, b . *H. hemipleura, Lower Permian, northeastern China, dorsal valve internal mold, external mold, \u00d7 (Li, Gu, & Su, 1980)","Museum_or_author_information":"Li, Gu, & Su, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 270. rugosochonetidae (p. 411-415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-444.jpg?height=1720&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prorugaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Plicochonetinae","Genus":"Prorugaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prorugaria WATERHOUSE, 1982a, p. 40","Type_species":"P. thailandica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shell with moderately developed sulcus, fold, hinge wide, strong costae, costellae bifurcating on flanks of sulcus, fold, dorsal valve interior with short median septum, anderidia, inner surface with strong radially arranged endospines forming at least one pair of accessory septalike ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 270, 3a, b. * P. thailandica, ventral valve exterior, incomplete dorsal valve interior, x6 (Waterhouse, 1982a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 270. rugosochonetidae (p. 411-415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-444.jpg?height=1720&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Plicochonetinae","Genus":"Rugaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugaria Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 4","Type_species":"Chonetes hessensis KING, 1931, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly costate shell, spines oblique, dorsal valve interior with short, well-developed median septum, large cardinal process with deep cardinal process pit, broad, strongly endospinose anterior slope in dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 270, 2a-d. *R. hessensis (King), Asselian, Hess Canyon, a, b, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal views, X4, c, d, dorsal valve interiors, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 270. rugosochonetidae (p. 411-415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-444.jpg?height=1720&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcirugaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Plicochonetinae","Genus":"Sulcirugaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcirugaria WATERHOUSE, 1983b, p. 112","Type_species":"S. transversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transverse to subelongate with well-developed fold, sulcus, shell surface covered with strong bifurcating costellae, spines not observed, ventral valve interior with short myophragm, low vascular trunks, dorsal valve interior with low median septum, well-developed adductor scars.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 270,4a\u2013c. *S. transversa; ventral valve exterior, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve internal mold, \u00d72 (Waterhouse, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 270. rugosochonetidae (p. 411-415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-444.jpg?height=1720&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Striochonetinae","Genus":"Striochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striochonetes Waterhouse & PIYASIN, 1970, p. 106","Type_species":"S. scutella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ratburia Yanagida, 1970, p. 85, obj.","Synonyms":"Ratburia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, markedly concavoconvex subcircular shell, shell surface capillate, spines developed in juvenile forms only, posterolateral parts of ventral valve interior with strong endospines, dorsal valve interior with small cardinal process, median septum arising anteriorly, strong anderidia, large anterior adductor scars","Beginning_age":"Middle Permian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Permian","Ending_age":"Middle Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Permian","Geological_periods":"Middle Permian","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 270, 6a-f. * S. scutella, a, b, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal views, X3, c, incomplete ventral valve interior, X3, d, e, dorsal valve interior, exterior, X4, f, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 270. rugosochonetidae (p. 411-415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-444.jpg?height=1720&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Svalbardia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Svalbardia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Svalbardia BARCHATOVA, 1970, p. 78","Type_species":"Chonetes capitolinus TOULA, 1875, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex to weakly concavoconvex, short, orthomorph oblique, low-angled spines, ventral valve coarsely pseudopunctate, dorsal interior with anteriorly prominent median septum, anderidia posteriorly fusing anterior to cardinal process pit, brachial ridges well defined, recurved anterior portions raised in mature individuals","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian-Kazanian)","Geography":"Russia, Spitzbergen, Canadian Arctic, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 271, 1a-d. S. thomasi Archbold, Baker Formation, Kungurian, Western Australia, a, b, articulated shell, dorsal, ventral views, x3.5, c, ventral valve interior, X4, d, dorsal valve interior, X4.5 (Archbold, 1981c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 271. rugosochonetidae (p. 415-417).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-446.jpg?height=1680&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capillonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Capillonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capillonia WATERHOUSE, 1973, p. 37","Type_species":"Lissochonetes brevisulcus WATERHOUSE, 1964, p. 21, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, ventral valve smooth, dorsal valve capillate, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged, dorsal valve interior with thin median septum, short anderidia, brachial ridges with raised recurved anterior portions. Middle Permian: New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"middle Permian","First_Occurrence":"middle Permian","Ending_age":"middle Permian","Last_Occurrence":"middle Permian","Geological_periods":"middle Permian","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig . 271,2a\u2013c. *Capillonia brevisulcus (W ATERHOUSE ), Arthurton Group, ?Kazanian, South Island, New Zealand; articulated shell, dorsal side, ventral valve interior, incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 2 (Waterhouse, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 271. rugosochonetidae (p. 415-417).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-446.jpg?height=1680&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonetinetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Chonetinetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonetinetes Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 3","Type_species":"C. reversus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, alate, dorsally deeply concave, anteriorly tapering shell, ventral sulcus, dorsal fold better developed in the umbonal region, dorsal valve interior with short median septum, erect cardinal process having deep cardinal process pit, anderidia reduced but anterior slope of dorsal valve deeply sulcate, lateral regions elevated.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian-Tatarian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 271,5a\u2013e. *C. reversus, Road Canyon Formation, upper Artinskian, Texas; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 3; b, articulated shell, dorsal side, \u00d7 4; c, ventral valve interior, \u00d73; d,e, dorsal valve interiors, \u00d73 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 271. rugosochonetidae (p. 415-417).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-446.jpg?height=1680&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dyoros":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Dyoros","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dyoros Stehli, 1954, p. 312","Type_species":"Chonetes consaguineus GIRTY, 1929, p. 409, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stauromata Hoover, 1981, p. 51, obj.","Synonyms":"Stauromata","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Wide-hinged smooth shells with sulcus varying from deep to barely visible, ventral valve interior, visceral region usually strongly fringed by spines on anterolateral side, Strong angular ears, deep ventral sulcus","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian), Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 272, 1a-c. *D. (D.) consanguineus (Girty), Bone Spring and Skinner Ranch Formations, Asselian, Texas, a, articulated shell, dorsal side, X2, b, ventral valve interior, X2, c, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 272. rugosochonetidae (p. 415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-447.jpg?height=1230&width=1179&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=219)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Dyoros)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"D. (Dyoros)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Dyoros) Stehli, 1954, p. 312","Type_species":"Chonetes consaguineus GIRTY, 1929, p. 409, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strong angular ears, deep ventral sulcus.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 272, 1a-c. *D. (D.) consanguineus (Girty), Bone Spring and Skinner Ranch Formations, Asselian, Texas, a, articulated shell, dorsal side, X2, b, ventral valve interior, X2, c, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 272. rugosochonetidae (p. 415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-447.jpg?height=1230&width=1179&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=219)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Lissosia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"D. (Lissosia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Lissosia) Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1241","Type_species":"D. (L.) concavus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Wide hinge, strong ears but sulcus conspicuously developed in late adult stages","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Kazanian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 273a-c. * D. (L.) concavus, Word Formation, Kazanian, Texas, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, x4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 273. rugosochonetidae (p. 415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-448.jpg?height=1600&width=1044&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=291)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Tetragonetes)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"D. (Tetragonetes)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Tetragonetes) Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1246","Type_species":"D. (T.) quadrangulatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively narrow hinged, reduced ears, rectangular outline, strong sulcus, moderately developed interior details","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Kazanian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 272, 2a-d. *D. (T.) quadrangulatus, Word Formation, Kazanian, Texas, a-c, ventral valve, exterior, anterior, internal view, X3, d, dorsal valve interior, X3.","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 272. rugosochonetidae (p. 415).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-447.jpg?height=1230&width=1179&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=219)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eolissochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Eolissochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eolissochonetes HOARE, 1960, p. 220","Type_species":"Chonetes laevis Keyes, 1888, p. 229, non Davidson, 1866, OD, =Eolissochonetes keyesi MUIR-WOOD, 1962, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Eolissochonetes keyesi Muir-Wood, 1962, p. 76, OD","Synonyms":"Eolissochonetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Svalbardia by the very short anderidia that usually do not fuse with median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Namurian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 271,4a\u2013d. *E. keyesi (MUIR-WOOD), Namurian, Missouri; a,b, ventral valve exteriors, \u00d72; c, ventral valve interior, \u00d72; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Hoare, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 271. rugosochonetidae (p. 415-417).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-446.jpg?height=1680&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Komiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Komiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Komiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Komiella LIASHENKO, 1985, p. 14","Type_species":"K. devonica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Entire surface smooth, bisulcate, teeth and sockets widely spaced","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western USA (Alaska, Nevada), western Canada (Yukon Territory), Timan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1252, 5a-c. K. gilberti Johnson & Blodgett, lower Eifelian, west-central Alaska, posterior showing jugum, ventral interior, and dorsal interior views, X10 (Johnson & Blodgett, 1993).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1252, 5d-g. K. stenoparva, upper Givetian, Nevada, anterior, posterior, dorsal, and side views, X10 (Johnson & Blodgett, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson & Blodgett, 1993, \nJohnson & Blodgett, 1993","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leiochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Leiochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leiochonetes ROBERTS, 1976, p. 26","Type_species":"L. salisburyensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately to strongly concavoconvex, spines orthomorph oblique, almost perpendicular, symmetrically arranged, dorsal valve interior with short median septum, cardinal process pit well developed, anderidia widely divergent anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 271, 3a-c. *L. salisburyensis, Vis\u00e9an, eastern Australia, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Roberts, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 271. rugosochonetidae (p. 415-417).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-446.jpg?height=1680&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leurosina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Leurosina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leurosina Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1260","Type_species":"L. marginata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, widely rectangular in outline, anterior commissure unfolded or broadly deflected dorsally, spines orthomorph oblique","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 274, 1a-d. * L. marginata, Word Formation, Kazanian, Texas, a-c, ventral valve, exterior, interior, anterior view, X3, d, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 274. rugosochonetidae (p. 417-420).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-449.jpg?height=1618&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Lissochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissochonetes Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 169","Type_species":"Chonetes geinitzianus Waagen, 1884, p. 621, OD, nom. nov. pro Chonetes glabra Geinitz, 1866, p. 60, non HALL, 1857, p. 117","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell transverse, slightly concavoconvex, weakly sulcate; spines orthomorph oblique (40\u00b0), symmetrically arranged; delicate dorsal valve internal structures with low, narrow median septum, or breviseptum, and anderidia not fusing posteriorly; cardinal process pit present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)-Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas), Nebraska","Figure_captions":"Fig. 274, 2a-c. *L. geinitzianus (Waagen), upper Pennsylvanian, Nebraska, a, ventral valve exterior, x3.5, b, articulated shell, dorsal side, X3, c, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Dunbar & Condra, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dunbar & Condra, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 274. rugosochonetidae (p. 417-420).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-449.jpg?height=1618&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadrochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Quadrochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadrochonetes STEHLI, 1954, p. 309","Type_species":"Q. girtyi, OD, nom. nov. pro Chonetes quadratus GIRTY, 1929, p. 309","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, quadrate, strongly concavoconvex, smooth shell; prominent dorsal fold, deep ventral sulcus; ears large; spines orthomorph oblique, high angled; dorsal valve interior with low, short median septum; brachial ridges obscure or absent; short, curved in-socket ridges, anderidia anteriorly widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 274, 3a-e. *Q. girtyi, Bone Spring Formation, Artinskian, Texas, a, ventral valve exterior, x2, b, ventral valve interior, X3, c, posterior part of ventral valve, X4, d, e, dorsal valve interiors, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 274. rugosochonetidae (p. 417-420).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-449.jpg?height=1618&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcataria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Sulcataria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcataria Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 5","Type_species":"Chonetina? rostrata Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 150, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth shell with deeply sulcate ventral valve, dorsal valve weakly concave with strong median fold, ventral valve interior with broad, elevated adductor ridge, flattened margins, dorsal valve interior with thick median septum, strongly lobed anterior visceral region","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 274, 4a-c. *S. rostrata (Dunbar & Condra), Graham Formation, Asselian, Texas, a, b, ventral valve, ventral, anterior views, X4, c, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Cooper & Grant, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 274. rugosochonetidae (p. 417-420).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-449.jpg?height=1618&width=1271&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tivertonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Tivertonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tivertonia ARCHBOLD, 1983a, p. 71","Type_species":"Lissochonetes yarrolensis MAXWELL, 1954a, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell smooth, gently concavoconvex, ventral valve with short, thin spines at moderate angle to hinge, mature dorsal valve interior with distinct cardinal process pit, lateral septa, long median septum, maximum width of shell of immature individuals at midlength of valves, lending semicircular outline to shell, sulcus absent or ill defined.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"eastern Australia, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 275,1a\u2013c. *T. yarrolensis (MAXWELL), Yarrol Formation, Queensland; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 4; b, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73.25; c, ventral valve internal mold, \u00d73.75 (Archbold, 1983a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 275. rugosochonetidae (p. 420).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-450.jpg?height=1164&width=1078&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=272)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhexichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Zhexichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhexichonetes LIANG, 1982, p. 201","Type_species":"Z. longispina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, costellate shell without sulcus, fold, spines long, vertical near umbo, posterolaterally directed near angles, dorsal valve interior with stout median septum not supporting cardinal process, strongly developed anderidia, high, anteriorly thickened","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 275, 2 a-c. *Z. longispina, Jia Shan Formation, Lower Permian, ventral valve external mold, dorsal valve internal mold, ventral valve internal mold, \u00d7 4.7 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 275. rugosochonetidae (p. 420).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-450.jpg?height=1164&width=1078&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=272)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undulella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Undulellinae","Genus":"Undulella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undulella Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 5","Type_species":"U. undulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, slightly concavoconvex, subrectangular in outline with cardinal extremities at 90\u00b0, anteromedian margin of shell deflected dorsally, spines orthomorph, almost perpendicular","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 276, 1a-c. *U. undulata, Word Formation, Texas, ventral valve exterior, interior, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1969","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Micraphelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Undulellinae","Genus":"Micraphelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Micraphelia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 4","Type_species":"M. scitula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, unfolded, narrow-hinged rugosochonetids with orthomorph oblique spines, interior with thickened, spinose anterolateral visceral region","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 276, 2a-c. *M. scitula, Bell Canyon Formation, Texas, ventral valve exterior, interior, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1969","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamellosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Lamellosiinae","Genus":"Lamellosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamellosia Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1270","Type_species":"L. lamellosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtrapezoidal, spines orthomorph oblique, symmetrically arranged","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian-Tatarian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 276, 4a, b. *L. lamellosa, Guadalupian, Texas, ventral valve exterior, interior, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parademonedys":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Lamellosiinae","Genus":"Parademonedys","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parademonedys Yang Xue-chang, 1984, p. 208332","Type_species":"P. huananensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtrapezoidal, strongly concavoconvex, spines present but not described, interiors unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 276, 3. *P. huananensis, southern China, ventral valve exterior, x3 (Yang Xue-chang, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang Xue-chang, 1984","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quinquenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Quinquenellinae","Genus":"Quinquenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quinquenella WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 2","Type_species":"Q. glabra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, subquadrate to subtrapezoidal, with maximum width at hinge line, orthomorph oblique spines, dorsal valve interior with variably developed, thin median septum, long, thin accessory septa, short, strong anderidia usually fused posteriorly, cardinal process pit variably developed","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Tatarian)","Geography":"Australia, Indonesia, Himalaya, ?Burma, ?Malaysia, ?Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 276, 5a-d. Q. magnifica Archbold, Aifat Formation, Irian Jaya, Permian, Indonesia, a, dorsal side of articulated shell, latex, X4, b, ventral valve internal mold, X4, c, dorsal valve internal mold, X4.5, d, juvenile dorsal valve internal mold, X_8 (Archbold, 1981d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1981","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sandrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Quinquenellinae","Genus":"Sandrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sandrella WATERHOUSE, 1985, p. 212","Type_species":"S. platina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smaller medium, smooth shell, almost planoconvex, spines not observed, ventral valve interior with short, narrow myophragm, dorsal valve interior with cardinal process pit, low, ill-developed median septum, long anderidia, five pairs of low, narrow accessory septa.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Himalayas, Lamnimargus himalayaensis Zone","Figure_captions":"Fig. 276,6ac. *S. platina, Gungri formation, Permian, Lamnimargus himalayensis Zone, western Himalayas; a, ventral valve internal mold, \u00d7 1.5; b, dorsal valve interior, latex, \u00d72; c, dorsal valve interior, latex, \u00d7 3 (Waterhouse, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1985","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Daviesiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Daviesiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Daviesiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Daviesiella WAAGEN, 1884, p. 613","Type_species":"Productus llangollensis Davidson, 1863, p. 277, SD OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1280","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, highly concavoconvex shell, ventral valve massive, much thickened, pseudodeltidium lacking, chilidium present, ventral valve interior with dendritic adductor scars, dorsal valve interior with massive median septum supporting cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"England, Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 277a-e. *D. llangollensis (Davidson), Wales (Denbighshire), a, b, ventral valve, ventral, lateral views, x1,  c, interarea","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 277. rugosochonetidae (p. 421-423).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-453.jpg?height=1671&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Productella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productellinae","Genus":"Productella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Productella HALL, 1867c, p. 153","Type_species":"Productus subaculeatus Murchison, 1840, p. 255, SD OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1279","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Width 10 to 20 mm, concavoconvex, with spines evenly distributed on ventral valve only, spine bases commonly not elongate, rugae weak posterolaterally, no ribbing","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (?Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (Frasnian, ?Famennian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 278, 1a-e. * P. subaculeata (Murchison), upper Frasnian, France (Boulonnais), a-d, shell viewed posteriorly, laterally, ventrally, dorsally, x2, e, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 278. productellidae (p. 424-426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-457.jpg?height=1908&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chattertonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productellinae","Genus":"Chattertonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chattertonia JOHNSON, 1976, p. 789","Type_species":"Spinulicosta campbelli CHATTERTON, 1973, p. 78, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Spinulicosta, but with anderidia","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 278, 2a-f. * C. campbelli (\u0421hatterton), Emsian, New South Wales, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, ANU 18950, X3 (new), c, ventral valve lateral view, X3, d, ventral valve exterior, X_2.2, e, ventral valve interior showing teeth, X3, f, dorsal valve interior showing anderidia, arrow, X4 (Chatterton, 1973)","Museum_or_author_information":"Chatterton, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 278. productellidae (p. 424-426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-457.jpg?height=1908&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Helaspis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productellinae","Genus":"Helaspis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Helaspis IMBRIE, 1959, p. 400","Type_species":"H. luma, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Spinulicosta, but exagerated elongate spine bases simulate ribs posteriorly, ribbed anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 278, 3a-c. *H. luma, Givetian, Michigan, a, b, ventral, dorsal exteriors of shell, x2, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Imbrie, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Imbrie, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 278. productellidae (p. 424-426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-457.jpg?height=1908&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinoproductella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productellinae","Genus":"Sinoproductella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinoproductella WANG, 1955b, p. 349","Type_species":"Productella hemispherica TIEN, 1938, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, gently concavoconvex with short trail, shallow corpus, ?short interareas or ginglymus, spines long on ears, low angled on rest of ventral valve, rugae weak dorsally, plus dimples, ?teeth.","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"upper Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 278,4. *S. hemispherica (T IEN ), Famennian, Hsiknangshan Limestone, Hunan; ventral valve exterior, \u00d71 (Wang, 1955b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 278. productellidae (p. 424-426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-457.jpg?height=1908&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinulicosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productellinae","Genus":"Spinulicosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinulicosta NALIVKIN, 1937, p. 49","Type_species":"Productus spinulicostus HALL, 1857, p. 173, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subrounded, strongly concavoconvex profile, weakly lamellose, spines as Productella, but with elongate spine ridges posterior to spines, ribbing anteriorly, dorsal valve dimpled. Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian (Eifelian): North America, Europe, Australia, ?Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian, Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Australia, ?Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 278, 5a, b. *S. spinulicosta (Hall), Eifelian, New York, a, b, lectotype, ventral valve exterior, lateral views, AMNH 4377a, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)., Fig. 278, 5c. S. sp. cf. S. spinulicosta (Hall), Lower Devonian, Ohio, dorsal valve exterior, x2 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960)., Fig. 278, 5d, e. S. sp. cf. S. navicella (Hall), Middle Devonian, Nevada, d, silicified ventral valve exterior, X2, e, incomplete silicified dorsal valve interior, X3_3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuirWood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 278. productellidae (p. 424-426).\nfig. 278. productellidae (p. 424-426).\nfig. 278. productellidae (p. 424-426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-457.jpg?height=1908&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-457.jpg?height=1908&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-457.jpg?height=1908&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stelckia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productellinae","Genus":"Stelckia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stelckia CRICKMAY, 1963, p. 21","Type_species":"S. galearius, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, outline semicircular to subtriangular, highly arched medianly, ears flat, radial ridges faint, possibly spine bases, rugae on ears, weak on venter, dorsal valve, spines at ears, medianly, recumbent on venter","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 278, 6a-e. *S. galearius, Givetian, Ramparts Formation, Northwest Territories, a, b, holotype, incomplete corpus viewed dorsally, posteriorly, showing paired dorsal ridges, PRI 27111, X 1, c, d, ventral, lateral views of incomplete specimen, x1.5, e, dorsolateral view of posteromedian region, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 278. productellidae (p. 424-426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-457.jpg?height=1908&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Productina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Productininini)","Genus":"Productina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Productina SUTTON, 1938, p. 551","Type_species":"Productus sampsoni WELLER, 1909, p. 300, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subrounded outline with small ears, strongly concavoconvex with inflated umbo, ribbing regular, relatively fine, interrupted anteriorly by lamellae, especially dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Hastarian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Hastarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous (lower Hastarian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Australia, ?northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 279,1a\u2013e. *P. sampsoni (WELLER), Hastarian; a,b, ventral valve viewed ventrally, laterally, Texas, \u00d7 2; c, ventral valve viewed posteriorly, Texas, \u00d72; d,e, dorsal view of shell, dorsal valve interior, Caballero Formation, New Mexico, \u00d7 3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 279. productellidae (p. 426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-459.jpg?height=1906&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":27,"ending_date":355.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Argentiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Productininini)","Genus":"Argentiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Argentiproductus Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195","Type_species":"Producta margaritacea PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 215, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thomasia Fredericks, 1928, p. 783, non Poche, 1908, nec R\u00fcebsaamen, 1910, nec Wilson, 1910, nec Lambert, 1918, Thomasina Paeckelmann, 1931, p. 181, non Newstead & Carter, 1911","Synonyms":"Thomasia, Thomasina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse posteriorly, ribbing wide, flattened, branching, slightly lamellose, few ventral spines only","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig . 279,2a\u2013f. *A. margaritacea (PHILLIPS ), Asbian; a, neotype, ventral valve exterior, north Wales, BMNH BB 13616, selected by B RUNTON & MUNDY, 1993, \u00d71; b,c, ventral, dorsal views of shell, silici\ufb01ed specimens, Fermanagh, British Isles, \u00d7 1.5; d, ventral view of young valve with median spine, silici\ufb01ed specimen, Fermanagh, \u00d7 1.5; e, ventral valve interior, silici\ufb01ed specimen, Fermanagh, \u00d72.5; f, dorsal valve interior, silici\ufb01ed specimen, Fermanagh, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB","figure_index":"fig. 279. productellidae (p. 426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-459.jpg?height=1906&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dorsirugatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Productininini)","Genus":"Dorsirugatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dorsirugatia Lazarev in Lazarev & SUUR'SUREN, 1992, p. 63","Type_species":"D. tsagankhalgensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Wide ears, weak ventral ribbing, row of three spines on each flank, dorsal lamellae plus weak anterior ribbing","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 279, 3a-d. *D. tsagankhalgensis, uppermost Famennian, Gobi Altai, a, holotype, viewed ventrally, PIN 3385\/1523, X3, b-d, ventral valve viewed anteroventrally, posteriorly, laterally, x3 (Brunton & Mundy, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Mundy, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 279. productellidae (p. 426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-459.jpg?height=1906&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Productellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Productininini)","Genus":"Productellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Productellina REED, 1943, p. 99","Type_species":"Productus (Productellina) fremingtonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ears small, ventral valve only ribbed, dorsal valve lamellose, possibly only single pair of ventral flank spines","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian), Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"southern Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 279, 4a-d. * P. fremingtonensis, lower Tournaisian, Pilton Beds, Devon, a, b, holotype, dorsal valve external mold, latex replica, OUM E287, x2, c, d, ventral valve internal mold viewed ventrally, laterally, note spine base, arrowed, x(n e w)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 279. productellidae (p. 426).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-459.jpg?height=1906&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonetella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Chonetellini)","Genus":"Chonetella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonetella WAAGEN, 1884, p. 613","Type_species":"Chonetella artiensis KROTOW, 1885, p. 275, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, highly concavoconvex with dorsal median fold, deep ventral sulcus, shell smooth with growth lines, spines developed, dorsal valve interior with several platelike septa formed from fused papillae, no median septum. Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)-Permian (Kazanian): Europe, Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)-Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Pakistan, Salt Range","Figure_captions":"Fig . 280,1a\u2013d. *C. nasuta, Permian, Kalabagh member, Khisor Range; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71; b, ventral valve interior, \u00d72; c, ventral valve exterior, \u00d72; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Krotow, 1885","figure_index":"fig. 249. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-413.jpg?height=1814&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Celebetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Chonetellini)","Genus":"Celebetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Celebetes GRANT, 1976, p. 137","Type_species":"C. gymnus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex profile with weak geniculation, ribbing absent, concentric ornament weak or absent, spines few near hinge, few or absent elsewhere, anterior margin commonly not nasute, cardinal process narrow to trifid with short shaft, tubercles widespread, endospines at anterior margin of visceral disk","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 280, 2a-f. *C. gymnus, Artinskian, Phangnga, a, holotype, viewed ventrally, X 1, b, c, holotype, viewed dorsally, laterally, USNM 212444, X2, d, ventral valve interior, x2, dorsal valve interior, x2, f, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 280. productellidae (p. 428-429).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-460.jpg?height=961&width=1296&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Haydenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Chonetellini)","Genus":"Haydenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Haydenella REED, 1944, p. 78","Type_species":"Productus kiangsiensis KAYSER, 1883, p. 185, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Striatospica Waterhouse, 1975, p. 11 (type, Striatifera kayseri \u0421hao, 1927b, pl. 13, fig. 9, OD)","Synonyms":"Striatospica","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smaller medium-sized corpus with short simple trails, broad outline, short ginglymus common, ribbing weak, absent at umbos, rugae only on ears, spines separate corpus from posterior ear regions, thin spines scattered on ventral corpus, ventral diductor scars prominent, cardinal process dorsally trifid, lateral ridges weak, no marginal ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"China, Asia, Transcaucasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 280, 3a-e. * H. kiangsiensis (KAYSER), a, b, ventral valve exterior, lateral view of shell showing flank spines, Permian, Jiangxi, X1, c-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of shell, middle Productus Limestone, Salt Range, Pakistan, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 280. productellidae (p. 428-429).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-460.jpg?height=961&width=1296&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ogbinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Chonetellini)","Genus":"Ogbinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ogbinia Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1965, p. 229","Type_species":"O. dzhagrensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 10 mm wide, elongate outline, ginglymus, ribbing low, lacking rugae, spines in row near hinge only, cardinal process unifid, supported by shell thickening anteriorly, median septum short.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 280, 4a-c. *O. dzhagrensis, Ufimian, Transcaucasus, holotype, viewed posteriorly, ventrally, laterally, PIN 2071\/65, X1 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 280. productellidae (p. 428-429).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-460.jpg?height=961&width=1296&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parachonetella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Chonetellini)","Genus":"Parachonetella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parachonetella LIAO, 1980, p. 260","Type_species":"P. zhongyingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Chonetella, but differs in having irregular ribs on trail, ventral cincture at corpus margin","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"upper Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 280, 5a, b. * P. zhongyingensis, Changhsingian, Guizhou, a, holotype, anteroventral view, NIGP 43650, x2, b, anteroventral view of another specimen, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 280. productellidae (p. 428-429).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-460.jpg?height=961&width=1296&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planihaydenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Chonetellini)","Genus":"Planihaydenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planihaydenella C HANG , 1987, p. 757[764]","Type_species":"P. anqingensis; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, possible synonym of Haydenella, but ribbing reportedly well developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"No image provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paramarginifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Paramarginifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paramarginifera FREDERICKS, 1916, p. 61","Type_species":"Marginifera clarkei CHERNYSCHEV, 1902, p. 328, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with pentagonal outline, profile concavoconvex, long trail with broadly nasute extension, median sulcus originates at umbo, ribbing complete, rugae weak on disks, six spines symmetrically disposed on ears, flanks, venter, cincture bordering ventral corpus, interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Artinskian)","Geography":"Ural Mountains, Inner Mongolia, northern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 281, 1a-d. * P. clarkei (Tschernyschew), Permian, Schwagerina Limestone, Ural Mountains, a, b, anteroventral view, anterior view, X 1, c, d, posteroventral view, lateral view, XI (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 281. productellidae (p. 429).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-462.jpg?height=1381&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alitaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Alitaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alitaria Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1967, p. 808, nom. nov. pro Alifera MUIR-WOOD & COOPER, 1960, p. 207 (type, Productus expansus DE KONINCK, 1842, p. 159, non PANDER, 1830)","Type_species":"Alifera konincki Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 208, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline with large strongly differentiated ears, disks reticulate, commonly two pairs of thick halteroid spines on flanks, strong ventral marginal ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, northern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 281, 2a-f. *A. konincki (Muir-Wood & Cooper), Vis\u00e9an, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, a, oblique lateral view of internal mold showing marginal ridge, x2, b, c, ventral view of internal mold, replica of its dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 281. productellidae (p. 429).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-462.jpg?height=1381&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bibatiola":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Bibatiola","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bibatiola GRANT, 1976, p. 136","Type_species":"B. costata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline broadly triangular with nasute anterior margin, deeply concavoconvex, ribbing originates posteriorly on disks, spines few, two or three on each flank, up to six on venter, cardinal process trifid, sessile, lateral ridges extend weakly to separate ears, endospines short, few.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 281, 3a-e. *B. costata, Artinskian, Ko Muk, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 212423, X2, d, e, dorsal valve interior, viewed laterally, x2 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 281. productellidae (p. 429).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-462.jpg?height=1381&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bothrionia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Bothrionia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bothrionia Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 984","Type_species":"B. nasuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline nasute, median ribs may be lacking at sulcus, on trail may branch anterior to spine bases, spines few, one large spine on each ear, others over ventral valve, posterior sulcus becoming nasute anteriorly at adult margin, ventral ear baffles continued anteriorly to form low ridge around corpus, cardinal process sessile, trifid, median septum short, thin, endospines numerous, long.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 281, 4a-e. *B. nasuta, Permian, Word Formation, Texas, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 149637a, X1, d, ventral valve interior, X2, e, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 281. productellidae (p. 429).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-462.jpg?height=1381&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Cymoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymoproductus XU, 1987, p. 227","Type_species":"C. callicostella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, medium size, transverse with hinge equal to maximum width, ventral disk weakly convex, geniculate with short trail, ribbing fine, ears with irregular rugae only, spines strong, in rows separating ears, interiors unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 282, 6a, b. *C. callicostella, Changhsingian, China, a, ventral valve exterior, X 1, b, incomplete dorsal valve exterior with dimples opposite ventral spine positions, X 1 (Xu, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 282. productellidae (p. 429-432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-463.jpg?height=1530&width=1288&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eomarginiferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Eomarginiferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eomarginiferina BRUNTON, 1966, p. 229","Type_species":"Eomarginifera (E.) trispina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 10 mm wide, ventral profile with tight spiral, trail rarely slightly nasute, reticulate posteriorly, few (commonly three) thick symmetrical ventral spines, corpus relatively deep, no median sulcus, no anterior ventral marginal ridges.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an, ?lower Moscovian)","Geography":"Europe, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 282, 2a-h. *E. trispina (Brunton), Asbian, Fermanagh, British Isles, silicified specimens, a, holotype viewed dorsally, showing position of ear baffles, BMNH BB 52890, X4, b-d, ventral valve viewed ventrally, laterally, internally, showing median spine cavity, arrow, X3, e, f, dorsal valve interior viewed ventrally, posteroventrally, X4, g) young ventral valve exterior with three major spines, X3, h, juvenile ventral valve with pedicle sheath, X15 (Brunton, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nBrunton, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 282. productellidae (p. 429-432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-463.jpg?height=1530&width=1288&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Huatangia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Huatangia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Huatangia Liao & MENG, 1986, p. 78","Type_species":"H. sulcatifera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small transverse shell with narrow anterior sulcus, ribbing irregular on corpus, fine on trail, rugae strong posterolaterally on ventral valve, reticulate posteriorly on dorsal disk, ventral marginal ridge, cardinal process narrow (?unifid)\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 282, 4ad. *H. sulcatifera, Changhsingian, Hunan, a, holotype, lateral view, NIGP 74198, x1, b, anteroventral view, NIGP 74198, x2, c, ventral valve exterior, X1, d, external mold of dorsal valve, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 282. productellidae (p. 429-432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-463.jpg?height=1530&width=1288&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paryphella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Paryphella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paryphella Liao in Zhao & OTHERS, 1981, p. 5383","Type_species":"Cathaysia sulcatifera LIAO, 1980, p. 261, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, widest at hinge with large flat ears, ginglymus short, dorsal disk weakly concave, ribbing simple, weak posteriorly, rugae strong on ears, two pairs of spines at hinge, cardinal process narrow, elongate, low median septum extending to midlength of valve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Upper Permian (Changhsingian), ?Lower Triassic","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 282,7. *P. sulcatifera (LIAO), upper Upper Permian, Guizhou; ventral valve exterior, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 282. productellidae (p. 429-432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-463.jpg?height=1530&width=1288&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protoniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Protoniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protoniella BELL, 1929, p. 110","Type_species":"P. beedii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline rounded, profile concavoconvex, slight median sulcus on ventral trail, ribbing starts near beak, bearing fine scattered spines ventrally, dorsal valve ribbed, weakly lamellose anterolaterally, no rugae, cardinal ridges, ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"central, eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 282, 3a-d. *P. beedi, Lower Carboniferous, upper Windsor, Nova Scotia, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, GSC 7954d, X1, d, posterior view of ventral valve, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 282. productellidae (p. 429-432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-463.jpg?height=1530&width=1288&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Overtonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Overtoniini)","Genus":"Overtonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Overtonia THOMAS, 1914, p. 259","Type_species":"Producta fimbriata J. de C. SOWERBY, 1824 in 1823-1825, p. 85, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ventral spines associated with rugae from crests, short prostrate spines at lamellose anterior margins, dorsal spines erect in bands between series of short trails, dorsal adductor platforms raised","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, ?Asia, ?northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 283, 1 a-g. *O. fimbriata (J. de C. Sowerby), a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior views of shell, Asbian, York-","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fimbrinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Overtoniini)","Genus":"Fimbrinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fimbrinia COOPER, 1972, p. 450, nom. nov. pro Fimbriaria Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, p. 186, non Froelich, 1802","Type_species":"Overtonia plummeri KING, 1938, p. 276, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Overtonia but small, spine bands single, from crests of rugae, dorsal adductor scars commonly not elevated","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)-Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 283, 2a-e. * F. plummeri (King), Finnis Shale, Texas, a, ventral, x3, b, c, dorsal, lateral views of shell, x2, d, e, dorsal valve exterior, interior, X4 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Avonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Avoniini)","Genus":"Avonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Avonia THOMAS, 1914, p. 259","Type_species":"Productus youngianus DAVIDSON, 1860, p. 180, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline somewhat elongate, concentric ornament of weak irregular lamellae, ribbing weak, only anteriorly, lateral ridges to inner side of ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an to lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 284, 3ad. *A. youngiana (Davidson), Brigantian, Stirlingshire, a-d, lectotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, laterally, BMNH B 45680, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 284. productellidae (p. 433-434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-464.jpg?height=1101&width=1289&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barunkhuraya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Avoniini)","Genus":"Barunkhuraya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barunkhuraya Lazarev in Brunton & LAZAREV, 1997, p. 385","Type_species":"B. indrengynensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, slightly wider than long, nongeniculate, rugae on both valves, slightly lamellose, spines ventral, with swollen bases, row near hinge, cardinal process pit, lateral ridges weak, very short, but strongly divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 284,4a\u2013c. *B. indrengynensis, upper Famennian, IndrengynNuru Mountains; a,b, slab showing holotype, dorsal valve external mold (right), ventral valve external mold (left), PIN N 3385\/1104, \u00d7 2; c, dorsal valve internal mold, \u00d7 2 (Brunton & Lazarev, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 284. productellidae (p. 433-434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-464.jpg?height=1101&width=1289&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Onavia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Avoniini)","Genus":"Onavia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Onavia Lazarev in Brunton & LAZAREV, 1997, p. 387","Type_species":"O. barunkhurensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, nongeniculate, rugae, spines on both valves, lateral ridges very short, weak","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 284,1a\u2013d. *O. barunkhurensis, Tournaisian, Khuren-Ula Mountains; a, holotype, viewed laterally, PIN N 3385\/1358, \u00d71; b, ventral view of specimen with most of ventral valve missing, \u00d71; c, ventral valve internal mold, \u00d72; d, dorsal valve external mold, \u00d7 2 (Brunton & Lazarev, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Lazarev, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 284. productellidae (p. 433-434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-464.jpg?height=1101&width=1289&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quasiavonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Avoniini)","Genus":"Quasiavonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quasiavonia BRUNTON, 1966, p. 219","Type_species":"Productus aculeatus J. SOWERBY, 1814 in 1812-1815, p. 156, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral umbo inflated, both valves irregularly lamellose, spines with slightly swollen bases ventrally, fine dorsally, corpus cavity moderate","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, western Asia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 284,2a\u2013e. *Q. aculeata (J. SOWERBY); a\u2013d, lectotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, laterally, Vis\u00e9an, Derbyshire, BMNH B 60992, \u00d72; e, specimen viewed anteriorly, showing lamellae, Brigantian, Derbyshire, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 284. productellidae (p. 433-434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-464.jpg?height=1101&width=1289&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costispinifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Costispinifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costispinifera Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 217","Type_species":"C. texana, OD, =Avonia walcottiana costata R. E. KING, 1931, p. 85","Synonyms_with_authors":"Avonia walcottiana costata R. E. King, 1931, p. 85","Synonyms":"Avonia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse corpus with geniculate profile, deep cavity, elongate trails, rugae irregular on posterior disks, ribbing developed on trails, spines evenly distributed over ventral valve, thinner on dorsal valve, cardinal process with short shaft, lateral ridges extend across ears, long endospines border brachial areas anteriorly and laterally","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 285, 1a-f. *C. texana, Kazanian, Word Limestone, Texas, a-d, holotype, viewed anteriorly, posteriorly, dorsally, laterally, USNM 124150a, X1, e, ventral valve partial interior, X2, f, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 285. productellidae (p. 434-436).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-467.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":271.79,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Comuquia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Comuquia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Comuquia GRANT, 1976, p. 97","Type_species":"C. modesta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate ovate, concavoconvex profile with shallow corpus, ribbing absent, some growth lines prominent, spines evenly distributed on ventral valve, dorsal spines fine, cardinal process bilobed, weakly quadrifid, median ridge weak, short, brachial ridges not developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand, Himalaya, northern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 285, 2 a-e .*C. modesta, Artinskian, Ko Muk, Thailand, a-c, holotype, ventral valve viewed ventrally, internally, laterally, USNM 212136, X3, d, dorsal view of complete shell, X3, e, young dorsal valve interior, X3 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 285. productellidae (p. 434-436).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-467.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Darlinuria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Darlinuria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Darlinuria Li & GU, 1976, p. 245","Type_species":"D. liaoningensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular corpus outline with small, well-differentiated ears, ventral profile weakly convex, dorsal valve concave, corpus cavity shallow, spines prostrate, small, in groups on ears, scattered on disk, concentrically in broad bands anteriorly, dorsal spines reportedly few, interiors poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian-Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian-Tatarian)","Geography":"Inner Mongolia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 285, 3a-e. *D. liaoningensis, Upper Permian, Liaoning Province, a, b, holotype, ventral, posterior views (with ventral valve uppermost), SIGM 7K20, x2.5, c, d, ventral, lateral views of specimen, X3, e, internal mold of ventral valve, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 285. productellidae (p. 434-436).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-467.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dorashamia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Dorashamia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dorashamia Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1965, p. 217","Type_species":"D. abichi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small chonetiform shell with thick-walled valves, ornament of weak rugae becoming lamellose anteriorly, spine row near hinge, rare thin spines over venter, three spines separate dorsal ears, cardinal process sessile, bilobed, lateral ridges separate ears, disappear anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus, ?North Caucasus, Kashmir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 285, 5a-d. *D. abichi, upper Capitanian, Transcaucasus, a, b, holotype viewed ventrally, dorsally, PIN 2072\/42, X4, c, holotype viewed laterally, PIN 2072\/42, x1, d, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, X4 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 285. productellidae (p. 434-436).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-467.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dyschrestia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Dyschrestia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dyschrestia GRANT, 1976, p. 101","Type_species":"D. spodia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Broadly subovate, widest near midlength, beak inflated, spines equally and widely scattered on ventral disk, thicker in groups on flanks and on concentric lamellae on trail, dorsal spines slender, lateral ridges extend to separate ears weakly, endospines numerous in broad band around brachial ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand, Western Australia, Indonesia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 286, 1a-e. *D. spodia, upper Artinskian, Ko Muk, Thailand, a-c, holotype viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 212164, X2, d, incomplete ventral valve interior, X4, e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinauriella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Echinauriella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinauriella Lazarev in Brunton & LAZAREV, 1997, p. 387","Type_species":"Krotovia jisuensiformis Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1965, p. 216, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 10 mm wide, strongly convex profile, spines fine posteriorly, densely distributed on both valves, plications incipient on trail, dorsal lateral ridges prominent, adductor scars narrow, elongate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 285,4a\u2013d. *E. jisuensiformis (S ARYTCHEVA), Roadian, River Vedi; a,b, holotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, PIN 2071\/ 78, \u00d71; c, ventral view of specimen, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 285. productellidae (p. 434-436).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-467.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinauris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Echinauris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinauris Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 221","Type_species":"E. lateralis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular outline, with small, well-differentiated ears, ventral corpus strongly inflated in transverse profile, cavity moderately deep, exterior smooth, but for erect spines covering both valves, clusters of thicker spines on flanks, ear baffles ventrally, dorsal lateral ridges separate ears, long endospines anterolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)-lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 286, 2a-e. * E. lateralis, Upper Permian, Word Limestone, Texas, a, holotype, ventral view, USNM 124052a, XI (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960), b, dorsal view of specimen, x1.5, c, lateral view of specimen, x1.5, d, ventral view of shell with much of ventral valve missing, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975), e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuirWood & Cooper, 1960, \nCooper & Grant, 1975, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lethamia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Lethamiini)","Genus":"Lethamia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lethamia WATERHOUSE, 1973, p. 38","Type_species":"L. ligurritus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Stictozoster but larger with less distinctive spine bands, dorsal adult internal morphology more clearly defined, with a median septum more prominent anteriorly and well-differentiated ears. Lower Permian (Sakmarian)-Upper Permian (Changhsingian): New Zealand, eastern and Western Australia. Waterhouse (2001) erected the tribe Lethamiini for this genus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)-Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"New Zealand, eastern and Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1753, 1a-e. * L. ligurritus, holotype, Roadian, mid-Permian, South Island, New Zealand, BR 957, a, internal mold, dorsal view, b, external mold of dorsal valve and ventral umbo, c, rubber replica of b, d, rubber replica of ventral valve exterior, x1.5, e, rubber replica of posteromedian part of dorsal interior, x1.5 (Waterhouse, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1753. productellidae (p. 2640-2641).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-372.jpg?height=1518&width=1279&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoplicatifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Neoplicatifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neoplicatifera Ching, Liao, & HOU, 1974, p. 309","Type_species":"Plicatifera huangi Ustritsky in Ustritsky, Hu, & CHAN, 1960, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium transverse corpus with long trail, ventral profile with weakly convex disk, weakly geniculate, flanks steep, nearly parallel, dorsal disk gently concave geniculate, corpus cavity moderately deep, rugae on both disks, weakly ribbed or smooth, spines fine, posteriorly on rugae, scattered anteriorly, curved row between umbonal slope and ears, dorsal valve with fine short spines, cardinal process bilobate, median septum long, lateral ridges, marginal ridges lost anteriorly.  [Assigned to the Semicostellini of the Plicatiferinae if with strong geniculation and ribbing on trail, Ustritsky decided (1960) that the species described by Huang (1932, p. 38-41) was not Plicatifera minor (Schellwien) and renamed it P. huangi.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"China, Salt Range","Figure_captions":"Fig. 286, 4a-d. *N. huangi (Ustritsky), Permian, China (Guizhou Province), a-c, shell viewed posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, x1, ~ d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Huang, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Huang, 1932","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraplicatifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Paraplicatifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraplicatifera Zhao & TAN, 1984a, p. 26","Type_species":"*P. regularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Neoplicatifera, but differs in its clearly defined anterior ribbing, dorsal valve unknown, but assumed spinose.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)-lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 286, 3a-c. * P. regularis, Permian, China, holotype, viewed posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, HB 257, X2 (Zhao & Tan, 1984a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhao & Tan, 1984","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoavonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Pseudoavonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoavonia Wang in Zhang, Fu, & DING, 1983, p. 312","Type_species":"Avonia lopingensiformis Ustritsky in Ustritsky, Hu, & CHAN, 1960, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, resembles Costispinifera, but lacks concentric ornament on ventral umbo, perhaps fewer dorsal spines, apparently has stronger marginal ridges at sides of dorsal disk. Lower Permian (Artinskian): China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 286, 6a, b. *P. lopingensiformis (Ustritsky), Chihsian, Xinjiang, ventral valve viewed anteriorly, posteriorly, X1 (Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stictozoster":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Stictozoster","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stictozoster GRANT, 1976, p. 96","Type_species":"S. leptus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline circular, evenly concavoconvex, ribs, rugae absent, but with weak lamellose ornament, spines fine, of equal dimensions, arranged on variable concentric bands on both valves, cardinal process small with variable pit, median septum thin, short, endospines extensive in both valves","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand, western and eastern Timor, Indonesia, Western Australia, western Malaysia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 285, 6a-e. *S. leptus, Permian, Ko Muk, Thailand, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, anteriorly, laterally, x2, dorsally, USNM 212105, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 285. productellidae (p. 434-436).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-467.jpg?height=1838&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tubersulculus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Tubersulculus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tubersulculus Waterhouse in Bamber & WATERHOUSE, 1971, p. 208","Type_species":"T. maximus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, deeply concavoconvex profile, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold produce tubiform median trail, ribbing absent, concentric ornament of weak lamellae, spines with swollen bases, densely spaced on both valves, concentrically arranged anteriorly, cardinal process bilobed, quadrifid, adductor scars indistinct, lateral ridges separate ears, disk interior strongly endospinose","Beginning_age":"Upper Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Upper Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)-Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Canada, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 286, 5a-e. *T. maximus, Lower Permian, Jungle Creek Formation, Yukon Territory, a, b, holotype, internal mold viewed ventrally, dorsally, GSC 26393, X1, c, ventral valve exterior, X1, d, replica of dorsal exterior, X1, e, incomplete mold of ventral valve interior, X1 (Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nT, \nBamber & Waterhouse, 1971","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhuaconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Zhuaconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhuaconcha LIANG, 1990, p. 183","Type_species":"Z. hirsutispins, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with weakly concavoconvex profile, hinge slightly less than maximum width, spines fine, closely covering both valves, ribbing, concentric ornament absent, dorsal marginal ridge, raised adductor scars, apart from marginal ridge genus similar to Echinauriella","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Illustrations inadequate for publication.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Institifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Institiferini)","Genus":"Institifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Institifera M UIR -W OOD & C OOPER , 1960, p. 203","Type_species":"Productus tessellatus DE KONINCK, 1847b, p. 110; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Deep corpus, but slightly concave dorsal valve; ribbing variable, but clear anteriorly and especially on elaborate bordering structures that roll dorsally inward, ventrally outward; spines \ufb01ne from concentric swollen bases.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 287, 2a\u2013e. *I. tessellata ( DE K ONINCK ), Vis\u00e9an, Ireland; a, shell viewed ventrally with section of recurved \ufb02ange preserved, Cork, \u00d72; b,c, shell viewed dorsally, laterally with its inwardly turned dorsal \ufb02ange, anteriorly recurved ventral \ufb02ange, Cork, \u00d73; d, dorsal view of shell with complete dorsal, ventral \ufb02anges, Cork, \u00d73; e, dorsal view of corpus (\ufb02ange missing) plus ventral \ufb02ange, Kildare, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 287. productellidae (p. 436-439).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-469.jpg?height=1695&width=1296&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thomasella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Institiferini)","Genus":"Thomasella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thomasella FREDERICKS, 1928, p. 778","Type_species":"Productus wrighti DAVIDSON, 1861, p. 162, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, corpus around 5 mm width, rugose visceral disk, ribbed flange, spines few from ventral rugae","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"British Isles","Figure_captions":"Fig. 287, 3a, b. *T. wrighti (Davidson), Vis\u00e9an, Cork, Ireland, a, drawing of ventral exterior, with flange, X3 (Davidson, 1861), b, lectotype, same specimen, BMNH B 40097, x4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nDavidson, 1861","figure_index":"fig. 287. productellidae (p. 436-439).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-469.jpg?height=1695&width=1296&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Krotovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Krotoviini)","Genus":"Krotovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Krotovia FREDERICKS, 1928, p. 779","Type_species":"Productus spinulosus J. SOWERBY, 1814 in 1812-1815, p. 155, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Swollen (tuberculate) spine bases, dense, quincuncially arranged spines, thin shelled, weakly developed marginal ridges, cardinal process quadrifid.    [Although it is tempting to reduce the stratigraphical range of Krotovia by the introduction of Guangia in the Upper Permian, justification based on morphological reasons has yet to be made. The original diagnosis of Guangia reads as if for the type species of Krotovia, but for \u201cdorsal spines few.\u201d (Waterhouse, 2002b, p. 46). Shen and others (2000, p. 739) describe their K. inflata as having numerous small dorsal spines, however, and their illustration supports this. The degree to which spine bases are swollen may increase in Permian species, but this small difference does not warrant a new genus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous\u2013Upper Permian","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 287, 1a-e. *K. spinulosa (J. Sowerby), silicified specimens, Asbian, Fermanagh, British Isles, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, x2.3, d, e, incomplete dorsal valve viewed posterodorsally, internally, X3.6 (Brunton, 1966).   --  Fig. 1752, 2a\u2013b. K. inflata (Shen & others), Lopingian, southern Tibet; a, holotype, incomplete ventral valve exterior, NMVP148883, \u00d71.5; b, dorsal valve external mold, \u00d71.5 (Shen & others, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 287. productellidae (p. 436-439).\nfig. 1752. productellidae (p. 2639-2640).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-469.jpg?height=1695&width=1296&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=165).\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-371.jpg?height=992&width=1286&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=230).","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scoloconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Krotoviini)","Genus":"Scoloconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scoloconcha GORDON, 1966, p. 583","Type_species":"Productus indianensis HALL, 1858b, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 6 mm wide, spines less dense than Krotovia, may be roughly concentric, cardinal process trifid, strong marginal structures","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 287, 4a-d. * S. indianensis (Hall), middle Vis\u00e9an, Indiana, a, b, ventral, posterior views of shell, X3, c, internal view of dorsal valve, X3, d, posterior view of dorsal valve interior, X4 (Gordon, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gordon, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 287. productellidae (p. 436-439).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-469.jpg?height=1695&width=1296&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marginifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Marginiferini)","Genus":"Marginifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marginifera WAAGEN, 1884, p. 713","Type_species":"M. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Strigospina Liao, 1979, p. 535 (type, S. lineata, OD)","Synonyms":"Strigospina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subquadrate with well-differentiated, wide ears, ventral profile strongly convex near geniculation, dorsal disk weakly concave with series of two to three trails, ribbing commonly weak, reticulate disks, spines in prominent rows along flanks plus others widely scattered on venter, none at hinge, ear baffles in both valves, dorsal lateral ridges strongly divergent, continue straight across ears, becoming marginal ridge, endospines in single row anterior to brachial ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)-lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Himalayas, southeastern Asia, north, northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 288, 1 a-e .* M. typica, Permian, Wargal Limestone, Pakistan, Khisor Range, a, b, posterior, anteroventral views of ventral valve, x1.5, c, dorsal view of shell, times, d, lateral view of shell, X2, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Grant, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 288. productellidae (p. 439).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-472.jpg?height=1456&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Entacanthadus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Marginiferini)","Genus":"Entacanthadus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Entacanthadus GRANT, 1993b, p. 13","Type_species":"E. chioticus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately deep cavity resembling Marginifera in shape, but lacking ribbing and with small ears, dorsal valve weakly concave, geniculate, with series of closely spaced trails, spines in row at flanks, widely scattered over ventral corpus, dorsal adductor scars slightly arched medianly over start of short median septum.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 288, 3a-e. * E. chioticus, Kungurian, Khios Island, a, holotype, viewed ventrally, USNM 402157, x2, b, dorsal view of shell, x2, c, d, ventral valve viewed laterally, internally, X2, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Grant, 1993b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 288. productellidae (p. 439).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-472.jpg?height=1456&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jipuproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Marginiferini)","Genus":"Jipuproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jipuproductus SUN, 1983, p. 123","Type_species":"J. jipuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, seemingly similar to Marginifera, but condition of dorsal trails unknown, probably differing in its small ears, prominent rugae on flanks, dorsal cardinal ridges.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Xizang, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Illustrations inadequate for publication.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Otariella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Marginiferini)","Genus":"Otariella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Otariella WATERHOUSE, 1978, p. 30","Type_species":"Marginifera otaria GRANT, 1976, p. 115, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Marginifera, but differs with trail overhanging dorsal disk, in lacking ribs, although there are elongate spine bases on trail, widely extended concavoconvex ears with unusually deep auricular cavities, somewhat twisted appearance, dorsal valve seemingly with only one trail, spine row on flanks less prominent, dorsal interior with more numerous endospines.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (lower Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-lower Kungurian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 288, 2a-e. *O. otaria (Grant), Permian, Khao Chang, a, b, holotype viewed ventrally, laterally, USNM 212259, X2, c, holotype viewed dorsally, USNM 212259, X1, d, shell viewed anteroventrally, x2, e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 288. productellidae (p. 439).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-472.jpg?height=1456&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":278.84,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Probolionia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Marginiferini)","Genus":"Probolionia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Probolionia COOPER, 1957, p. 27","Type_species":"P. posteroreticulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with well-differentiated ears forming the widest part of the shell, weakly convex ventral disk, geniculation, and convex trail, median sulcus from the median disk, dorsal disk gently concave, geniculate, with several dorsal trails, ribbing originates near the beak, with rugae forming reticulation, spines symmetrical on ears, venter, and row along flanks, no dorsal spines, lateral, marginal ridges complete.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)-lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"USA, Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 289, 2a-d. *P. posteroreticulata, Permian, Coyote Butte Formation, Oregon, a-c, holotype, viewed posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, USNM 125369, x2, drawing of longitudinal section showing dorsal trails, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 289. types of alternate folding; 1 , rectimarginate; 2-5, forms of folding that are basically sulcate; 6-9, forms of folding that are basically plicate (adapted from williams \\& rowell, 1965b).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-030.jpg?height=1829&width=1227&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinomarginifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Marginiferini)","Genus":"Spinomarginifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinomarginifera Huang, 1932, p. 16","Type_species":"S. kueichowensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rugosomarginifera XU, 1987, p. 224 (type, Marginifera jisuensis \u0421\u043d\u0430\u043e, 1927b, p. 149, OD), Haydenoides Chan in Yang De-li & others, 1977, p. 352 (type, H. orientalis, OD)","Synonyms":"Rugosomarginifera, Haydenoides","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, with a wide hinge, weakly concavoconvex with a long ventral trail anterior to geniculation, dorsal trail short, ribbing absent, but elongate spine bases, rugae irregular, narrow, spines commonly densely spaced, fine, but in some widely spaced anteriorly, dorsal valve with variably developed fine spines (the type species reported as lacking dorsal spines), marginal ridges strong in both valves, but ventrally incomplete anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (upper Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (upper Roadian)-Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China, Japan, Afghanistan, Middle East","Figure_captions":"Fig. 289, 1a-f. *S. kueichowensis, Permian Coal Series, Guizhou, China, a-c, ventral, posterior, lateral views,X1, d, ventral view with remnants of long spines, X1, exfoliated dorsal valve interior, X1, f, internal mold of dorsal valve, X1 (Huang, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Huang, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 289. types of alternate folding; 1 , rectimarginate; 2-5, forms of folding that are basically sulcate; 6-9, forms of folding that are basically plicate (adapted from williams \\& rowell, 1965b).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-030.jpg?height=1829&width=1227&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":271.79,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Breileenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Breileeniini)","Genus":"Breileenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Breileenia Brunton & LAZAREV, 1997, p. 389","Type_species":"Productus davidsoni JAROSZ, 1917, p. 88, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subrounded, corpus cavity moderately deep, spines distributed on both valves, ventrally with elongate bases or weak ribs originating at about half corpus length, growth lamellae weak, but may become prominent anteroventrally. Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)-Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian): western Europe, ?China, Canada. --Fig. 290, 1a-e. *B. davidsoni (Jarosz), a, b, lectotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, Asbian, Derbyshire, British Isles, BGS 72461, X1, c, external mold of dorsal valve, Asbian, Derbyshire, x1, d, lateral view of shell, Asbian, Derbyshire, x1.5, e, ventral view of shell with broken ventral trail, Staffordshire, X1.5 (Brunton & Lazarev, 1997). -_Fig. 290, 1f, g. B. radiata Brunton, Brigantian, Derbyshire, corpus viewed ventrally, dorsally, showing lateral ridges, x2 (Brunton & Lazarev, 1997).","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)-Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Geography":"western Europe, ?China, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 290, 1a-e. *B. davidsoni (Jarosz), a, b, lectotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, Asbian, Derbyshire, British Isles, BGS 72461, X1, c, external mold of dorsal valve, Asbian, Derbyshire, x1, d, lateral view of shell, Asbian, Derbyshire, x1.5, e, ventral view of shell with broken ventral trail, Staffordshire, X1.5 (Brunton & Lazarev, 1997)., \"Fig. 290, 1f, g. B. radiata Brunton, Brigantian, Derbyshire, corpus viewed ventrally, dorsally, showing lateral ridges, x2 (Brunton & Lazarev, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Lazarev, 1997, \nBrunton & Lazarev, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 290. productellidae (p. 440-441).\nfig. 290. productellidae (p. 440-441).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-474.jpg?height=1544&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-474.jpg?height=1544&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Desmoinesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Breileeniini)","Genus":"Desmoinesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Desmoinesia HOARE, 1960, p. 226","Type_species":"Productus muricatus Norwood & Pratten, 1855a, p. 14, non Phillips, 1836, OD, =Marginifera muricatina Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 222","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rudinia MuirWood & Cooper, 1960, p. 229, obj.","Synonyms":"Rudinia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transverse, ventral umbo weakly inflated, irregularly rugose, weakly ribbed on corpus, trails, ventral spines on ribs, becoming concentric on anterior corpus and trail, dorsal spines sparse, reduced in later species, ventral ear baffles, subperipheral ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 290,2a\u2013f. *D. muricatina (DUNBAR & CONDRA), Desmoinesian, Oklahoma; a, ventral view of shell, \u00d72; b,c, posterior, dorsal views of shell, \u00d72; d, lateral view of shell, \u00d71; e, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 2; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 2 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 290. productellidae (p. 440-441).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-474.jpg?height=1544&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":309.78,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Breileeniini)","Genus":"Sandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sandia Sutherland & HARLOW, 1973, p. 41","Type_species":"S. brevis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Radial ribbing relatively strong, posterior reticulation, dorsal spines thin plus few thick ones anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (middle Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (middle Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (middle Moscovian)","Geography":"southern North America","Figure_captions":"\u2014\u2014Fig. 290, 3a-f. *S. brevis, middle Moscovian, New Mexico, a, b, holotype viewed ventrally, laterally, OU 7688,X1, c-e, holotype viewed anteriorly, posteriorly, dorsally, x2, f, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Sutherland & Harlow, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nSutherland & Harlow, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 290. productellidae (p. 440-441).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-474.jpg?height=1544&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":312.47,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":309.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Incisius":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Incisiini)","Genus":"Incisius","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Incisius GRANT, 1976, p. 103","Type_species":"I. concisus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline narrow, widening anteriorly forming weakly bilobed anterior margin, profile nongeniculate, with strongly incurved ventral umbo, halteroid spines in row on each flank, scattered over venter, absent from sulcus and from dorsal valve, cardinal process small, bilobed, brachial ridges enclose elongate lobes occupying most of dorsal disk.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)-Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Thailand, southern China, Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 291, 3a-d. *I. concisus, Permian, Ko Muk, Thailand, a, holotype viewed ventrally, USNM 212184, X4, b, holotype viewed dorsally, USNM 212184, x1.5, c, shell viewed laterally, x3, d, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 291. productellidae (p. 442-443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-475.jpg?height=980&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Incisiini)","Genus":"Cyrtalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtalosia Termier & TERMIER, 1970, p. 455","Type_species":"C. circinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly preserved and known, difficult to differentiate from Incisius other than by its reported lack of ventral spines.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"Cambodia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 291,1a,b. *C. circinata, Dzhul\ufb01an, Phnom Anseh; drawings of dorsal, ventral views, \u00d7 3 (Termier & Termier, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 291. productellidae (p. 442-443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-475.jpg?height=980&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytisia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Incisiini)","Genus":"Rhytisia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytisia Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 967","Type_species":"R. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 8 mm wide, rounded, concavoconvex profile, no anterior sulcus, rugae on both valves, no ribbing, spines relatively strong, scattered on ventral valve only, cardinal process sessile, bilobed, lateral ridges strongly divergent, separating ears, disappear anterolaterally, median septum short, tuberculate anteromedianly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)-lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 291,5a\u2013d. *R. rugosa, Permian, Road Canyon Formation, Texas; a, holotype, viewed dorsally, USNM 152703c, \u00d72; b, ventral valve exterior, \u00d73; c, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d72; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 291. productellidae (p. 442-443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-475.jpg?height=980&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scapharina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Incisiini)","Genus":"Scapharina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scapharina Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 895","Type_species":"S. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate with rounded anterior margin, spines few, probably confined near posterior margin, shell commonly roughly lamellose, ear baffles in ventral valve, cardinal process small, supported by lateral ridges separating ears and continued as complete marginal ridge.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"FIG . 291,4a\u2013e. *S. rugosa, Permian, Bell Canyon Formation, Texas; a\u2013c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 152657d, \u00d73; d, ventral valve interior, \u00d73; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 291. productellidae (p. 442-443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-475.jpg?height=980&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Simplicarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Incisiini)","Genus":"Simplicarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Simplicarina Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 966","Type_species":"S. incompta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, outline subquadrate with small ears, rounded anterior margin, hinge approximately equal to maximum width, exteriors smooth with variable median sulcus, spines few, one or two on lateral slopes, venter, cardinal process small, sessile, bilobate, median septum short, lateral ridges at high angle from hinge, extend as marginal ridge, weak anteriorly, but with endospines.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 291, 2a-g. * S. incompta, Permian, Road Canyon Formation, Texas, a-e, holotype viewed ventrally, posteriorly, anteriorly, dorsally, laterally, USNM 153927a, x1, f, ventral valve viewed posteriorly, X2, g, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 291. productellidae (p. 442-443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-475.jpg?height=980&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paucispinifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Paucispinifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paucispinifera Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 319","Type_species":"* P. auriculata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse outline with large ears forming widest part of shell, ribbing most strongly developed in geniculation region, lost at trail margin, rugae absent, about six spines symmetrically placed on ears, flanks, venter, smaller spines in rows separating ears from corpus, cardinal process sessile, broad with zygidium, lateral ridges strong, continued as complete marginal ridge.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 292, 1a-e. *P. auriculata, Permian, Word Formation, Texas, a, b, holotype viewed anteriorly, posteroventrally, USNM 124054g, X1, c, dorsal valve interior, X1.5 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), d, e, shell viewed dorsally, laterally, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 292. productellidae (p. 444).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-477.jpg?height=1889&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anemonaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Anemonaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anemonaria Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 8","Type_species":"A. inflata, OD, =Marginifera sublaevis KING, 1931, p. 89, partim","Synonyms_with_authors":"Marginifera sublaevis King, 1931, p. 89, partim","Synonyms":"Marginifera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subrectangular, ears extended, deeply concavoconvex, sulcus distinct, nearly smooth except for indistinct ribs on trail, spines few, in row on each flank, scattered over venter, visceral disk, ventral interior with small ear baffles, sessile cardinal process with zygidium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Roadian)","Geography":"USA, north and northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 292,2a\u2013d. *A. in\ufb02ata, Permian, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71; b, dorsal view of complete specimen, \u00d7 1; c,d, dorsal valve viewed internally, \u00d7 2, posteriorly, \u00d74 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 292. productellidae (p. 444).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-477.jpg?height=1889&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Azygidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Azygidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Azygidium WATERHOUSE, 1983c, p. 153","Type_species":"Horridonia mitis HILL, 1950, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Anemonaria, but with longer trail, no zygidium, but similarly weak or no ribbing.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"eastern Australia (Dresden Formation)","Figure_captions":"No image provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caricula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Caricula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caricula GRANT, 1976, p. 128","Type_species":"C. salebrosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, ears extended, geniculate, visceral disks strongly rugose, weakly ribbed, ribbing almost lost on trails, sulcus prominent, spines few, up to four across ears, six on venter, cardinal process internally V-shaped, on short shaft, median septum raised anteriorly, lateral ridges extend as low marginal ridges around corpus, brachial ridges prominent","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 293,1a\u2013e. *C. salebrosa, Artinskian, Ko Muk; a\u2013c, holotype viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 212368, \u00d73; d,e, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 293. productellidae (p. 444-447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-478.jpg?height=1743&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caucasoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Caucasoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caucasoproductus G. KOTLYAR, 1989, p. 121","Type_species":"P. (Productus) dichotomocostatus LICHAREW, 1937, p 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, asymmetric, trails may flare, plano- to weakly concavoconvex corpus, ribbing thin with dichotomous branching, visceral disks reticulate, spine row near hinge, widely scattered over valve, marginal ridge around dorsal cavity.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"North Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 292, 4a-d. * C. dichotomocostatus (Licharew), Dzhulfian, Urushten a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of incomplete specimen, \u00d71; d, posteroventral view of incomplete specimen, \u00d71 (Licharew, 1937).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 292. productellidae (p. 444).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-477.jpg?height=1889&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costiferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Costiferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costiferina Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 277","Type_species":"Productus indicus WAAGEN, 1884, p. 687, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Larger medium size, transverse in ventral outline, with well-defined ears, ventral profile strongly, but evenly convex, dorsal disk almost flat, geniculate with trail, ribbing originates near umbo, widening to coarsely irregular on trail, disks reticulate, spines large, on ears, in row separating ears and on trail, dorsal lateral ridges bend sharply to separate ears, continue as marginal ridge, adductor scars large with anterior and posterior components, long median septum, valves thick shelled.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Pakistan, Western Australia, southeastern Asia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 292,3a\u2013c. *C. indica (W AAGEN ), Upper Permian, upper Productus Limestone, Salt Range, Pakistan; ventral valve viewed posteroventrally, anteriorly, laterally, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).\u2014\u2014Fig . 292,3d\u2013f. C. vishnu (WAAGEN ), Permian, upper Productus Limestone, Salt Range, Pakistan; d, ventral valve interior, \u00d71; e,f, dorsal valve interior, lateral view, \u00d7 1 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuir- }}Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 292. productellidae (p. 444).\nfig. 292. productellidae (p. 444).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-477.jpg?height=1889&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-477.jpg?height=1889&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elliottella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Elliottella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elliottella Stehli, 1955, p. 711, nom. nov. pro Psilonotus Stehli, 1954, p. 323, non WALKER, 1834","Type_species":"Psilonotus transversalis STEHLI, 1954, p. 324, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, somewhat transverse shells, corpus cavity commonly moderately deep, ventral median sulcus, ventral disk convex, profile geniculate, ribbing strong, originating posteriorly on disks, spines widely scattered, arising from ribs, weak divergent lateral ridges extend across ears, median septum reaches margin of disk.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 293, 2a, b. * E. transversalis (Stehli), Lower Permian, Bone Spring Formation, Texas, ventral valve viewed ventrally, laterally, x1 (Stehli, 1954)., Fig. 293, 2c, d. E. minima (Stehli), Lower Permian, Bone Spring Formation, Texas, shell viewed dorsally, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1954, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 293. productellidae (p. 444-447).\nfig. 293. productellidae (p. 444-447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-478.jpg?height=1743&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-478.jpg?height=1743&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hystriculina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Hystriculina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hystriculina Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 210","Type_species":"H. texana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral spines sparse, include row on each umbonal flank, concentric ornament posteriorly, weak, lateral ridges strongly divergent, continued as ear baffles.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Kasimovian)-Permian","Geography":"North America, central Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 293, 3a-f. *H. texana, upper Kasimovian-Gzhelian, Texas, a-d, holotype viewed ventrally, posteriorly, dorsally, laterally, USNM 124034a, x2, ef, dorsal valve interior, posterior, x3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 293. productellidae (p. 444-447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-478.jpg?height=1743&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":305.35,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jiguliconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Jiguliconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jiguliconcha LAZAREV, 1990, p. 81","Type_species":"Hystriculina gracilicosta LAZAREV, 1984, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hystriculina, but lateral ridges weak, close to hinge.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Geography":"eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 293, 5a-d. *J. gracilicosta (Lazarev), Kasimovian, Moscow basin, a, anteroventral view of ventral valve, X1, b, c, ventral, lateral views of ventral valve, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, median septum broken, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 293. productellidae (p. 444-447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-478.jpg?height=1743&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamnimargus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Lamnimargus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamnimargus WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 10","Type_species":"Marginifera himalayensis DIENER, 1899, p. 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse with large ears forming wide hinge line, median sulcus originates near beak, disk reticulate, spines in Nepal, Pamirs","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 293, 4a-e. *L. himalayensis (Diener), upper Lower Permian, a, b, lectotype (selected by Waterhouse, 1975) viewed ventrally, laterally, Kashmir, X 1, c, ventral view of shell with exfoliated, partially missing ventral valve, Spiti, X1, d, e, external mold of dorsal valve, anteroventral view of shell, Spiti, X1 (Diener, 1899).","Museum_or_author_information":"selected by Waterhouse, 1975, \nDiener, 1899","figure_index":"fig. 293. productellidae (p. 444-447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-478.jpg?height=1743&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lampangella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Lampangella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lampangella WATERHOUSE, 1983a, p. 121","Type_species":"L. lata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline with large ears, short ginglymus, ribbing prominent anteriorly, spines in row near hinge, row at ears, sparse on ventral corpus, low ear baffles.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 294, 1 a-c .* L. lata, Upper Permian, Huali Tak Formation, northwestern Thailand, a, holotype, incomplete ventral valve exterior, TBR 441, x2, b, ventral valve exterior, x3, c, dorsal valve external mold, x2.5 (Waterhouse, 1983a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 294. productellidae (p. 447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-480.jpg?height=1819&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liosotella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Liosotella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liosotella COOPER, 1953, p. 36","Type_species":"L. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with broad, shallow median sulcus, gently concavoconvex corpus, geniculate, long trails, steep flanks, ribbing strong only on trail, spines in curved rows at base of flanks, scattered variably on rest of valve, zygidium commonly present, dispositions of lateral ridges, extensions across ears variable, one or two rows of strong endospines anterior to well-marked brachial ridges, surfaces tuberculate.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian), lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Geography":"central North America, northern and northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 294, 2a-d. * L. rugosa, Upper Permian, Monos Formation, Sonora, Mexico, holotype viewed posteriorly, anteriorly, dorsally, laterally, USNM 115458, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).-Fig. 294, 2e-f. L. irregularis Cooper & Grant, Upper Permian, Word Formation, Texas, dorsal valve exterior, interior, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 294. productellidae (p. 447).\nfig. 294. productellidae (p. 447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-480.jpg?height=1819&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-480.jpg?height=1819&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":271.79,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nudauris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Nudauris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nudauris STEHLI, 1954, p. 317","Type_species":"N. diabloensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, weakly concavoconvex profile, ears well developed at widest part of shell, weak ventral sulcus, dorsal fold, ribbing weak to obscure, rugae on both disks, spines in row near hinge, scattered on ventral valve, lateral ridges short, close to hinge, cardinal process trifid, median septum long, thin.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 294, 4a-e. *N. diabloensis, Permian, Bone Spring Formation, Texas, a-c, ventral valve viewed ventrally, anteriorly, laterally, X1, d, dorsal valve exterior, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 294. productellidae (p. 447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-480.jpg?height=1819&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oncosarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Oncosarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oncosarina Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 9","Type_species":"O. spinocostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly concavoconvex profile with steep flanks, ventral sulcus weak or absent, disk smooth, ribbing originating anteriorly on disks, prominent on trail, spines thick in clusters on anterior ears, thinner on umbonal regions, lateral slopes, crests of costae, dorsal adductor scars on platforms overhanging medianly, cardinal process broad, variably bilobed, quadrifid, lateral ridges extend to separate ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (lower Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-lower Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"FIG . 294,3a\u2013d. *O. spinocostata, Permian, Skinner Ranch Formation, Texas; a, holotype viewed ventrally, USNM 149824, \u00d72; b, holotype viewed laterally, USNM 149824, \u00d71; c, shell viewed dorsally, \u00d72; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 294. productellidae (p. 447).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-480.jpg?height=1819&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":278.84,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Retimarginifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Retimarginifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Retimarginifera WATERHOUSE, 1970, p. 123","Type_species":"R. perforata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, widest at hinge, profile deeply concavoconvex, deep ventral sulcus, visceral disk reticulate with clear ribbing commonly extending along trail, six major spines, in pairs on ears, venter, sessile, trifid cardinal process, lateral ridges extend as marginal ridge that may be lost anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (lower Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Thailand, Himalayas, northern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 295,1a\u2013d. *R. perforata, Permian, Byro Group, Western Australia, Carnavon Basin; a, holotype viewed ventrally, U.W.A. 59282, \u00d7 2; b, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 2 (Waterhouse, 1970); c, dorsal view of shell, \u00d71.5; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1.5 (Archbold, 1984).\u2014\u2014Fig . 295,1e\u2013g. R. celeteria G RANT , Permian, Ko Muk, Thailand; e, dorsal view of shell, \u00d71; f,g, shell viewed ventrally, laterally, \u00d71 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1970, \nArchbold, 1984, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 295. productellidae (p. 447-449).\nfig. 295. productellidae (p. 447-449).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-481.jpg?height=1719&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-481.jpg?height=1719&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":278.84,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shanxiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Shanxiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shanxiproductus Duan & LI, 1985, p. 232","Type_species":"S. shanxiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Hystriculina, but medianly sulcate, rugose on visceral disks, may form distal spine ridges on ventral trail, ventral internal marginal ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian), Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 295, 2ac. * S. shanxiensis, Asselian, Shanxi, anterior, posterior, lateral views of ventral valve, x2 (Duan & Li, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Duan & \\\\mathrm{Li}, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 295. productellidae (p. 447-449).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-481.jpg?height=1719&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Spinarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinarella Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1058","Type_species":"*S. perfecta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, outline rectangular, but with extended ears, deeply concavoconvex, ribbing low, variable over anterior disks, trails, rugae in posterior region producing varied degree of reticulation, spines in row across ears, scattered widely over ventral valve, ventral adductor scars sunken, cardinal process small, sessile, trifid to quadrifid, median ridge long, brachial ridges strong, inner surface strongly endospinose.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 295, 3a-f. * S. perfecta, Permian, Road Canyon Formation, Texas, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 148844a, x1, d, ventral valve interior, x1, e, ventral valve viewed posteriorly, X1_mathbf1, f, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 295. productellidae (p. 447-449).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-481.jpg?height=1719&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Transennatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Transennatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Transennatia WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 10","Type_species":"Productus gratiosus WAAGEN, 1884, p. 691, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gratiosina Grant, 1976, p. 131, obj., Asioproductus Chan (Zhan) in Hou, Zhan, & Chen, 1979, p. 85 (type, A. bellus, OD), Kurtomarginifera Xu, 1987, p. 225 (type, K. spinata, OD)","Synonyms":"Gratiosina, Kurtomarginifera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subquadrate with small ears, ribs strongly defined, commonly converging into sulcus, rugae strong, producing reticulation on both disks, spines in row separating ears, scattered on disk, trail, cardinal process sessile quadrifid","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (?Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (?Kungurian), Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Himalayas, Thailand, China, Timor, Western Australia, Greece, Sicily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 295, 4a-e. *T. gratiosa (Waagen), Upper Permian, Wargal Formation, Salt Range, Pakistan, a, b, ventral, dorsal views, x1, c-e, lateral, ventral interior, dorsal interior, x2 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 295. productellidae (p. 447-449).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-481.jpg?height=1719&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xestosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Xestosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xestosia Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1063","Type_species":"X. obsolescens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Spinarella, but with clumps of spines on ears, internally with endospines distributed only marginally","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 296a-c. *X. obsolescens, Permian, Cathederal Mountain Formation, Texas, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 148861b, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975), Fig. 296d, e. X. schucherti (King), dorsal valve interior, ventral valve exterior, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 296. productellidae (p. 449-450).\nfig. 296. productellidae (p. 449-450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-482.jpg?height=1174&width=607&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=180)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-482.jpg?height=1174&width=607&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=180)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicatifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Plicatifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicatifera CHAO, 1927b, p. 25","Type_species":"Productus plicatilis J. de C. SOWERBY, 1824 in 1823-1825, p. 85, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, rugae strongly developed on corpus, ribbing absent or incipient, narrow, may extend over trail, stout spines near hinge, on flanks, few anteriorly, smaller ones scattered on rugae","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an-upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 297, 1 a-c .* P. plicatilis (J. de C. Sowerby), Vis\u00e9an, Derbyshire, British Isles, lectotype, viewed anteroventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, BMNH B 60960, X2 (new), Fig. 297, 1d-f. P. pseudoplicatilis (Muir-Wood, 1928), Asbian, Fermanagh, silicified specimens, d, dorsal valve interior, x1.5, e, interiors of two incomplete articulated valves viewed anteriorly, x1 . 5,  f, incomplete juvenile ventral valve exterior showing pedicle sheath, arrow, clasping spines, times_10 (Brunton & Mundy, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1928, \nBrunton & Mundy, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 297. productellidae (p. 450-452).\nfig. 297. productellidae (p. 450-452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-483.jpg?height=1654&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-483.jpg?height=1654&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Absenticosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Absenticosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Absenticosta LAZAREV, 1991, p. 58","Type_species":"A. uldzejtuensis Suur'suren & Lazarev in LAZAREV, 1991, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rugae thin, undulose, irregular, spines thin, densely arranged ventrally, dorsal spines few, thicker anteriorly, lateral ridges continue weakly to anterior margin","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (?middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous ( upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (?middle Vis\u00e9an, upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Transbaikalia, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 297, 4ad. *A. uldzejtuensis (Suur'suren & Lazarev), middle Vis\u00e9an-upper Vis\u00e9an, Mongolia, a, b, incomplete shell viewed anteroventrally, posteriorly, x1.5 (new), c, external mold of dorsal valve, x1, d, anterolateral view of external mold of dorsal valve, XI (Lazarev, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 297. productellidae (p. 450-452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-483.jpg?height=1654&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aseptella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Aseptella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aseptella Mart\u00ednez Chac\u00f3n & Winkler PRINS, 1977, p. 18","Type_species":"A. asturica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, up to 14 mm wide, transverse shell, rugae narrow but clear or lamellose, no ribs, ventral spines stout, in two radiating rows on each flank, dorsal interior with strong lateral ridges and ear baffles.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian-Bashkirian), ?Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"Spain, Argentina, Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 297, 2a-d. *A. asturica, lower Bashkirian, Oviedo, a, external mold of ventral valve, x8.5, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X4, c, external mold of dorsal valve, X4, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, X(Mart\u00ednez Chac\u00f3n & Winkler Prins, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mart\u00ednez Chac\u00f3n & Winkler Prins, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 297. productellidae (p. 450-452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-483.jpg?height=1654&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crossacanthia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Crossacanthia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crossacanthia GORDON, 1966, p. 580","Type_species":"C. perlamellosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded shells, no ribbing, concentric lamellae on both valves bearing numerous spines, but only anteriorly on dorsal valve, dorsal complete subperipheral ridge","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 298,2a\u2013e. *C. perlamellosa, middle Vis\u00e9an, Missouri; a, holotype viewed ventrally, USNM 120637, \u00d71; b,c, anteriorly, laterally, USNM 120637, \u00d72; d, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d72; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Gordon, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 298. productellidae (p. 450-452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-484.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ferganoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Ferganoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ferganoproductus GALITSKAYA, 1977, p. 33","Type_species":"Productus ferganensis JANISCHEWSKY, 1918, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rugae narrow, irregular posteriorly, forming some reticulation with spine bases, spines fine covering ventral valve, plus rows near hinge, at flanks, rarely and thicker on dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-Serpukhovian)","Geography":"eastern Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 298, 1a-d. *F. ferganensis (Janischewsky), Serpukhovian, Kirghizia, a, b, ventral exterior viewed ventrally, posteriorly, X1, c, d, external mold of dorsal valve viewed dorsally, posteriorly, X1 (Galitskaya, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Galitskaya, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 298. productellidae (p. 450-452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-484.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platyselma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Platyselma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platyselma GORDON, 1966, p. 575","Type_species":"P. echinatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex with a moderately deep corpus cavity, weak lamellae on both valves, spines in weak concentric bands confined to the ventral valve (or perhaps fine ones on the dorsal valves), strong subperipheral ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 297, 3a-c. * P. echinatum, middle Vis\u00e9an, Oklahoma, a, incomplete ventral valve exterior, x2, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1, c, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Gordon, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gordon, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 297. productellidae (p. 450-452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-483.jpg?height=1654&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Rugoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugoconcha JIN & SUN, 1981, p. 132","Type_species":"Plicatifera chaoi GRABAU, 1936, p. 171, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Plicatifera, but seemingly lacking trails, with rugae covering ventral valve, small cicatrix, ginglymus may be present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 298, 3a-c. *R. chaoi (Grabau), lower Bashkirian, Guangxi, a, ventral valve exterior (holotype No. 5384 lost during WWII, neotype, NIGP 48674, held at Nanjing Institute of Geology & Paleontology), X , b, c, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, posteroventrally, x1 (Grabau, 1936).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nGrabau, 1936","figure_index":"fig. 298. productellidae (p. 450-452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-484.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levipustula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levipustulini)","Genus":"Levipustula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levipustula MAXWELL , 1951, p. 10","Type_species":"L. levis; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex pro\ufb01le, shallow to moderate corpus cavity; pustulose quincuncial spine bases covering ventral valve, spines long, slender, including on ears; lateral ridges short.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-Bashkirian)","Geography":"Australia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 299, 3a\u2013c. *L. levis; a,b, holotype, dorsal valve external mold, latex replica of ventral valve exterior, Moscovian, Queensland, UQF 11900a,b, \u00d7 1.5 (new); c, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, New South Wales, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 299. productellidae (p. 453).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-486.jpg?height=1853&width=1293&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bulahdelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levipustulini)","Genus":"Bulahdelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bulahdelia Roberts in Roberts, Hunt, & THOMPSON, 1976, p. 213","Type_species":"B. myallensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral spine row near hinge, elongate spine bases posteriorly, lacking anteriorly where spines concentrically arranged, dorsal spines anteriorly only on lamellose bands, cardinal process pit present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 299, 1a-e. *B. myallensis, upper Vis\u00e9an, New South Wales, a, holotype, latex replica of ventral valve exterior, AMF 57742, x1.5, b, internal mold of ventral valve interior, x1 . 5,  c, latex replica of dorsal valve exterior, x1 . 5, d, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, x1.5, e, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Roberts, Hunt, & Thompson, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMF, \nRoberts, Hunt, & Thompson, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 299. productellidae (p. 453).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-486.jpg?height=1853&width=1293&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Impiacus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levipustulini)","Genus":"Impiacus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Impiacus Lazarev & Suur'suren in Afanasjeva & OTHERS, 1988, p. 53","Type_species":"I. dzhinsetuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nudymia Lazarev, 1990, p. 93 (type, Bailliena nudymiensis Sarytcheva, 1977, p. 116)","Synonyms":"Nudymia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large shells, corpus depth variable, rugae weak, irregular, spines varied on both valves, with increasing density on ears in stratigraphically younger species, cardinal ridges diverge from hinge laterally, may extend as ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"northeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 299,2a\u2013c. *I. dzhinsetuensis, upper Vis\u00e9an, Gobi Altai, Mongolia; a,b, ventral valve internal mold viewed posteriorly, anteriorly, \u00d71 (new); c, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d71 (new). \u2014\u2014Fig. 299,2d,e. I. arateliensis L AZAREV, upper Vis\u00e9an, Ara-Teli-Gol River; d, holotype, external mold of ventral valve, PIN 3385\/1250, \u00d71; e, incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Lazarev, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 299. productellidae (p. 453).\nfig. 299. productellidae (p. 453).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-486.jpg?height=1853&width=1293&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=166)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-486.jpg?height=1853&width=1293&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jakutoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levipustulini)","Genus":"Jakutoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jakutoproductus KASCHIRTZEV, 1959, p. 28","Type_species":"Marginifera verchoyanica FREDERICKS, 1931, p. 211, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transverse, with well-differentiated ears, ventral disk weakly convex, dorsal disk almost flat, rugae irregular on corpus of both valves, commonly undulose, spine bases scattered ventrally, elongate posteriorly, rounded and concentrically arranged on trail, cardinal process pit separates median septum, lateral ridges in both valves, dorsally continuous as weak marginal ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Kungurian)","Geography":"northern Canada, Siberia, Mongolia, northern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 300, 1 a-e. *J. verchoyanica (Fredericks), ?Sakmarian-Artinskian, northeastern Russia, Verkhoyan, a, b, lectotype, abraded ventral valve\\nLanipustula Klets, 1983, p. 7571 *Pustula baicalensis Maslennikov, 1960, p. 341, OD. Similar to Levipustula, but with dense dorsal spines, cardinal ridges, buttress plates. Lower Carboniferous (?upper Vis\u00e9an)-upper Upper Carboniferous: Russia, Transbaikal, Mongolia.--Fig. 300, 2a-d. * L. baicalensis (Maslennikov), Upper Carboniferous, Transbaikalia, a, neotype, ventral valve exterior, PIN 3979 \/ 1, X1, b, ventral valve internal cast, x2, c, dorsal valve external mold, X3, d, dorsal valve internal cast, x3 (Klets, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Klets, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 300. productellidae (p. 453).\nfig. 300. productellidae (p. 453).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-487.jpg?height=1680&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-487.jpg?height=1680&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lanipustula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levipustulini)","Genus":"Lanipustula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lanipustula KLETS, 1983, p. 7571","Type_species":"Pustula baicalensis MASLENNIKOV, 1960, p. 341, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Levipustula, but with dense dorsal spines, cardinal ridges, buttress plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (?upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"upper Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"upper Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (?upper Vis\u00e9an)-upper Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"Russia, Transbaikal, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 300, 2a-d. * L. baicalensis (Maslennikov), Upper Carboniferous, Transbaikalia, a, neotype, ventral valve exterior, PIN 3979 \/ 1, X1, b, ventral valve internal cast, x2, c, dorsal valve external mold, X3, d, dorsal valve internal cast, x3 (Klets, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Klets, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 300. productellidae (p. 453).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-487.jpg?height=1680&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Onopordumaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levipustulini)","Genus":"Onopordumaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Onopordumaria Waterhouse in Bamber & WATERHOUSE, 1971, p. 205","Type_species":"O. punctura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, resembles Levipustula, but has more, thinner ventral spines, swollen dorsal spine bases, dorsal interior with strong endospines anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (middle Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (middle Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (middle Moscovian)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 301 a-c .* O. punctura, middle Moscovian, Yukon, a, holotype, incomplete ventral valve exterior, GSC 26396, x1, b, broken ventral valve internal casts, X1, c, dorsal valve internal cast, X1 (Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nBamber & Waterhouse, 1971","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":312.47,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":309.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Piatnitzkya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levipustulini)","Genus":"Piatnitzkya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Piatnitzkya TABOADA, 1993, p. 591","Type_species":"P. borrelloi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"The presence of fine ribbing would place this genus in the Auriculispininae","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, resembles Jakutoproductus, but lacks concentric rugae, strong rounded spine bases on trail.  [The presence of fine ribbing would place this genus in the Auriculispininae.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 300, 4a-d. * P. borrelloi, Permian, Rio Genoa Formation, Chubat Province, a, ventral valve exterior, X 1.5, b, dorsal valve external mold, X2, c, d, latex replicas of dorsal valve interiors, x1.5 (Taboada, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Taboada, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 300. productellidae (p. 453).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-487.jpg?height=1680&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Verchojania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levipustulini)","Genus":"Verchojania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Verchojania \u0410\u0412RAMOV, 1970, p. 112","Type_species":"Jakutoproductus cheraskowi KASCHIRTZEV, 1959, p. 30, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Jakutoproductus but without dorsal spines, with weakly developed or lacking concentric rugae, ventral sulcus variable","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian)","Geography":"northern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 300, 3 a-c .  * V .  cheraskowi (KASChirtZev), Bashkirian-Moscovian, Yakutsk, a, b, internal mold of ventral valve viewed ventrally, anterolaterally, x1 (new), c, ventral valve, shell missing umbonally, viewed posteriorly, x1 (Abramov, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Abramov, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 300. productellidae (p. 453).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-487.jpg?height=1680&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levitusia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levitusiini)","Genus":"Levitusia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levitusia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 295","Type_species":"Productus humerosus J. Sowerby, 1822 in 18211822, p. 21, OD, = P. christiani de KONINCK, 1847a, spines","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Commonly large with thick walled ventral valve, trail long, spreading; \ufb01ne radial ornament on some species, may also have median ridge with corpus cavity shallow, ventral brachial pits in some species","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, Ural Mountains, ?Middle Asia (Kirghizia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 302a-f. *L. humerosa (J. Sowerby), a, b, holotype, ventral valve internal mold viewed anteriorly, laterally, lower Vis\u00e9an, Derbyshire, British Isles, BMNH B 60959, X1, c, d, ventral valve exterior viewed anteriorly, laterally, Staffordshire, x0.75 (Brunton, 1979), e, dorsal valve interior, Staffordshire,X1, f, ventral valve exterior viewed posteroventrally, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).-Fig. 302 g . Specimen called P. christiani by de Koninck, detail anteromedianly, showing median spines, fine radial ornament, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, UPS D812, X2.5 (Brunton, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1979, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nBrunton, 1979","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthoplecta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levitusiini)","Genus":"Acanthoplecta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthoplecta Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 170","Type_species":"*Producta mesoloba PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 215, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, around 30 mm wide, concavoconvex with long trails, may have gutter, commonly weak median fold bearing spines, dorsal sulcus, other spines scattered, body cavity shallow to deep.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 303, 1a-f. * A. mesoloba (Phillips), a, lectotype, ventral valve exterior viewed anteriorly, Asbian, Yorkshire, BMNH B427, x1.5, b, lectotype, ventral valve exterior viewed anterolaterally, Asbian, Yorkshire, X 1, c, ventral valve exterior viewed posteriorly, Asbian, Yorkshire, x1 (new), d, complete shell viewed dorsally, Asbian, Yorkshire, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), e, f, silicified dorsal valve with gutter viewed ventrally, laterally, Fermanagh, x1.25 (Brunton, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nBrunton, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 303. productellidae (p. 456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-489.jpg?height=1890&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Admodorugosus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levitusiini)","Genus":"Admodorugosus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Admodorugosus Brunton & MUNDY, 1993, p. 111","Type_species":"A. cracoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, prominent rugae covering entire valves, no ribbing, larger spines in rows near hinge and medianly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian)","First_Occurrence":"Asbian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asbian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 303, 2a-e. *A. cracoensis, a, b, holotype, shell with broken ventral valve, showing some of dorsal valve, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, Asbian, Yorkshire, BMNH BD 2447, X2, c, oblique view of shell with ventral trail missing, Staffordshire, X2, d, anterolateral view of complete ventral valve, Staffordshire, X2, e, anterior view of ventral valve showing median spines, Staffordshire, X2 (Brunton & Mundy, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Mundy, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 303. productellidae (p. 456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-489.jpg?height=1890&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":41.3,"beginning_date":339.97,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":65.1,"ending_date":336.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geniculifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levitusiini)","Genus":"Geniculifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geniculifera Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 187","Type_species":"Avonia boonensis BRANSON, 1938, p. 40, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 12 mm wide, planoconvex, deep corpus plus simple trails, rugae posteriorly on disks, trails smooth, spines few, scattered on ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","First_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 304, 1a-d. * G. boonensis (Branson), Hastarian, New Mexico, a-c, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, X2, d, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).--Fig. 304, 1e. G. keyserlingiana (de Koninck), Vis\u00e9an, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, X3.5 (Brunton & Mundy, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nBrunton & Mundy, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 304. productellidae (p. 456).\nfig. 304. productellidae (p. 456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-491.jpg?height=1104&width=1301&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=158)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-491.jpg?height=1104&width=1301&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=158)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kadraliproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levitusiini)","Genus":"Kadraliproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kadraliproductus GALITSKAYA, 1977, p. 36","Type_species":"Productus (Plicatifera) kadralensis GLADTCHENKO, 1955, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Posterior nodose reticulation of impersistent median ribbing with rugae, spines at hinge, scattered ventrally, corpus deep.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Kirghizia, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 303, 3a-d. *K. kadralensis (Gladtchenko), upper Tournaisian, Kirghizia, a, b, holotype, ventral valve viewed posteroventrally, anteriorly, Inst. Geol. 81\/3, X1, complete ventral valve viewed laterally, X1, d, shell with part of ventral valve missing, viewed anteriorly showing deep corpus, X1 (Galitskaya, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Galitskaya, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 303. productellidae (p. 456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-489.jpg?height=1890&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinorugifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Levitusiini)","Genus":"Spinorugifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinorugifera ROBERTS, 1976, p. 50","Type_species":"S. chichesterensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, gently concavoconvex profile without clear trails, entirely rugose, slightly lamellose ventrally, with spines near hinge, scattered on ventral rugae, spines commonly lacking dorsally, lateral ridges short","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 304, 2a-d. *S. chichesterensis, upper Vis\u00e9an, New South Wales, a, b, holotype, latex replicas of ventral valve exterior, dorsal valve exterior, AMF 57025a, b, x2, c, d, latex replicas of dorsal valve exterior, interior, x2 (Roberts, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMF, \nRoberts, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 304. productellidae (p. 456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-491.jpg?height=1104&width=1301&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=158)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugauris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Rugaurini)","Genus":"Rugauris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugauris Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 193","Type_species":"R. paucispina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, semicircular outline, gently concavoconvex profile, rugae numerous, narrow, covering disks, fine low-angled spines cover ventral valve, dorsal valve dimpled, few spines, lateral ridges subparallel to hinge","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","First_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","Geography":"USA, Russia, eastern Australia, Canada, ?San Salvador","Figure_captions":"Fig . 305,1a\u2013f. *R. paucispina, Hastarian, Iowa; a\u2013d, holotype, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views of ventral valve, USNM 79477a, \u00d71; e, replica of dorsal valve exterior, \u00d71; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 305. productellidae (p. 459-461).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-492.jpg?height=1774&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":80.6,"ending_date":349.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carringtonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Rugaurini)","Genus":"Carringtonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carringtonia Brunton & MUNDY, 1986, p. 2","Type_species":"Productus carringtoniana DAVIDSON, 1863, p. 274, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, markedly but irregularly rugose, ventral spines only, at hinge, widely on rugae","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 305, 2a-d. *C. carringtoniana (Davidson), a, lectotype, ventral valve exterior, Asbian, Staffordshire, BMNH B 5743, x1, b, external mold of dorsal valve showing dimples of ventral hinge spines, Asbian, Staffordshire, x1.5, c, d, posterolateral, dorsal views of shell, Yorkshire, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 305. productellidae (p. 459-461).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-492.jpg?height=1774&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iniproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Rugaurini)","Genus":"Iniproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iniproductus LAZAREV, 1990, p. 88","Type_species":"Pustula ?inica Sarytcheva in Beznossnova & OTHERS, 1962, p. 151, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Rugauris, but larger, rugae less regular, no dorsal spines, two or three rows of thicker spines near hinge, elongate quincuncial spine bases except on trails where spine bases small, concentric, cardinal ridges short","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig . 306a\u2013e. *I.inicus (S ARYTCHEVA), upper Famennian, Kuzbass; a,b, ventral, lateral views of ventral valve, \u00d7 1; c, dorsal exterior of incomplete shell, \u00d7 1; d, spines extending from near lateral margin of ventral valve, \u00d7 2.5; e, incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Sarytcheva & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 306. productellidae (p. 459-460).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-493.jpg?height=1014&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbinaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Rugaurini)","Genus":"Orbinaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbinaria Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 149","Type_species":"Productella pyxidata HALL, 1858a, p. 498, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Weakly concavoconvex profile, concentric ornament, especially on dorsal valve, dorsal spines sparse, fine, ventral spines with slight pustules, teeth minute, dorsal interior with strongly papillose subperipheral ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (?Hastarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian), Lower Carboniferous (?Hastarian)","Geography":"North America, ?Europe, ?northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 305, 3a-e. *O. pyxidata (Hall), upper Famennian, possibly to lower Hastarian, Louisiana Limestone, Missouri, a, ventral valve exterior, x2, b, c, lateral view, dorsal view of shell, X2, d, e, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 305. productellidae (p. 459-461).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-492.jpg?height=1774&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":80.6,"ending_date":349.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Rugaurini)","Genus":"Planoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planoproductus STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 310","Type_species":"Productella hillsboroensis KINDLE, 1909, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium sized, rugae weak ventrally, stronger dorsally, spines on ventral valve only, fine, numerous with short ridges, lateral ridges short, divergent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"southern USA, France, ?Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 305, 4a-e. * P. hillsboroensis (Kindle), uppermost Famennian, New Mexico, a, b, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, laterally, X1, c, detail of ornament, X, d, dorsal valve exterior, X1, e, posterior region of dorsal valve interior, X4 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 305. productellidae (p. 459-461).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-492.jpg?height=1774&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semicostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Semicostellini)","Genus":"Semicostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semicostella Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 195","Type_species":"Avonia oklahomensis SNIDER, 1915, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rugae weak, with elongated spine bases on ventral disk, clear ribs anteriorly, spines in row on flanks, dorsal valve rugose, sparsely spinose, geniculate with clear ribs on trail, divergent lateral ridges, marginal structures","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (-lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"southern USA, Ural Mountains, northern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 307, 1a-e. *S. oklahomensis (Snider), upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian, Oklahoma, a-c, ventral valve viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, x1,  d, shell viewed dorsally, x1,  e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 307. productellidae (p. 461-464).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-494.jpg?height=1816&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cinctifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Semicostellini)","Genus":"Cinctifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cinctifera M UIR -WOOD & COOPER , 1960, p. 165","Type_species":"Productus medusa de KONINCK, 1842, p. 166; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve disk \ufb02attened, ribbing complete, other than beaks; cinctures especially at margin of disk, spinose outgrowths from ventral valve margin.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 307, 2a\u2013g. *C. medusa ( DE K ONINCK ); a\u2013c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, ventral valve viewed laterally, Asbian, Derbyshire, British Isles, \u00d72; d\u2013f, internal mold viewed ventrally, dorsally plus latex replica of dorsal interior, Asbian, Derbyshire, \u00d72 (new); g, ventral valve internal mold showing marginal spines, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, \u00d73 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 307. productellidae (p. 461-464).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-494.jpg?height=1816&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Limbifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Semicostellini)","Genus":"Limbifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Limbifera Brunton & MUNDY, 1988b, p. 69","Type_species":"Productus griffithianus de KONINCK, 1847b, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, corpus outline triangular with large flattened ears, weakly concavoconvex with shallow corpus, ventrally geniculated gutter, ribbing entire with rugae posteriorly, paired row of stout attachment spines across ears, lateral ridges, ear baffles strong","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Eu","Figure_captions":"Fig. 308, 3a\u2013d. *L. grif\ufb01thiana ( DE KONINCK); a, lectotype, incomplete internal mold viewed anterodorsally, Vis\u00e9an, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, BMNH BD 3376, \u00d73; b, internal mold of dorsal valve, Vis\u00e9an, Vis\u00e9, \u00d73; c, oblique view of ventral valve exterior with gutter, Asbian, Yorkshire, \u00d72; d, incomplete ventral valve exterior with posterior attachment spines, Asbian, Yorkshire, \u00d71.5 (Brunton & Mundy, 1988b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 308. productellidae (p. 463-464).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-495.jpg?height=1449&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maemia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Semicostellini)","Genus":"Maemia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maemia Lazarev in Brunton & LAZAREV, 1997, p. 391","Type_species":"M. chaykensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with rectangular outline, both valves geniculate with moderate to deep corpus cavity, rugae weak on both disks, ribbing on trails only, spines on both valves, ventral lateral and marginal ridges weak, dorsal cardinal ridges continue as ear baffles, weak submarginal ridges, adductor scars raised with medianly curving crests","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"Arctic Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 307, 3a-c. *M. chaykensis, upper Bashkirian-lower Kasimovian, Yugorsky Peninsula, Mongolia, a, holotype, viewed ventrally, PIN N 2802 \/ 1168, X1, b, ventral valve exterior, x1, c, dorsal valve exterior, x2 (Brunton & Lazarev, 1997)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 307, 3d. M. nana Lazarev, upper Moscovian-lower Kasimovian, dorsal valve internal mold, x2 (Brunton & Lazarev, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Lazarev, 1997, \nBrunton & Lazarev, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 307. productellidae (p. 461-464).\nfig. 307. productellidae (p. 461-464).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-494.jpg?height=1816&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-494.jpg?height=1816&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Overtoniina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Semicostellini)","Genus":"Overtoniina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Overtoniina Grunt in Grunt & DMITRIEV, 1973, p. 94","Type_species":"O. mamazairica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex corpus with geniculation to trails, ventral disk weakly but densely rugose, with rounded spine bases, trail with broad ribs, lateral ridges, median septum short, adductor platforms overhang anteromedianly","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Pamir, Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 308, 1a-d. *O. mamazairica, Artinskian, southeastern Pamir, a, b, holotype, internal mold viewed ventrally, dorsally, PIN 2228\/590, X1, c, d, specimen viewed ventrally, laterally, X1 (Grunt & Dmitriev, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt & Dmitriev, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 308. productellidae (p. 463-464).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-495.jpg?height=1449&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pharcidodiscus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Semicostellini)","Genus":"Pharcidodiscus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pharcidodiscus ROBERTS, 1976, p. 46","Type_species":"P. boulderensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rugae, ribbing weaker than Semicostella, ears prominent, corpus cavity moderately deep, spine rows just anterior to hinge, cardinal ridges, but ear baffles absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 309a-e. * P. boulderensis, upper Tournaisian, Queensland, a, holotype, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, GSQ F10269, x1.5, b, latex replica of posterior region of ventral valve exterior, x1.5, c, latex replica of ante-","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 309. productellidae (p. 464).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-496.jpg?height=847&width=952&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=337)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytiophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Semicostellini)","Genus":"Rhytiophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytiophora Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 192","Type_species":"Productus blairi MILLER, 1891, p. 689, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate outline, rugae irregular, weak ventromedianly, trail short, ribbed, spine ridges ventrally, especially anteriorly, spines numerous, dorsally only anteriorly, lateral ridges extend to separate ears from corpus","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Hastarian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Hastarian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Hastarian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Hastarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Hastarian)","Geography":"USA, Central America, northwestern Australia, ?central China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 307, 4a-d. * R. blairi (Miller), middle Hastarian, Missouri, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of shell, X1, d, half of dorsal valve interior completed by mirror image, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 307. productellidae (p. 461-464).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-494.jpg?height=1816&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":27,"beginning_date":355.91,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":54,"ending_date":352.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Semicostellini)","Genus":"Spinosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinosteges Liang, 1990, p. 155461","Type_species":"S. sinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subquadrate with hinge slightly less than maximum width, ventral disk flattened, trail sulcate, elongate spine bases on ventral disk, relatively fine ribbing on trail, dorsal valve interiors unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 308, 2a, b. *S. sinensis, Permian, Lengwu Formation, Zhejiang, anteroventral, lateral views, x2 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 308. productellidae (p. 463-464).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-495.jpg?height=1449&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yakovlevia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Yakovleviini)","Genus":"Yakovlevia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yakovlevia Fredericks, 1925, p. 7","Type_species":"Y. kaluzinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Muirwoodia Licharew, 1947, p. 188, partim (type, Productus mammatus Keyserling, 1846, p. 206, OD)","Synonyms":"Muirwoodia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, outline pentagonal to subquadrate, ventral profile with flattened disk, strong geniculation, long trail, corpus cavity shallow, commonly median sulcus, starting posteriorly on disk, ribbing fine, weak, spines in rows of increasing size near hinge, plus few others, commonly four symmetrically placed, muscle fields strongly impressed, cardinal process sessile, broad, lateral ridges close to hinge, strongly angled separating small ears, anterior disk thickened or with endospines.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Siberia, Arctic regions, Mongolia, China, Japan, USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 310, 1a. *Y. kaluzinensis, upper Lower Permian, eastern Siberia, ventral valve internal mold, x0.7 (Wiman, 1914), Fig. 310, 1b, c. Y. mammata (Keyserling), Lower Permian, northern Russia, ventral valve viewed ventrally, anteriorly, X1 (Licharew, 1947), Fig. 310, 1d, e. Y. multistriata (Meek), Lower Permian, Texas, d, ventral valve exterior, x1, e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Licharew, 1947)","Museum_or_author_information":"Wiman, 1914, \nLicharew, 1947, \nLicharew, 1947","figure_index":"fig. 310. productellidae (p. 465-467).\nfig. 310. productellidae (p. 465-467).\nfig. 310. productellidae (p. 465-467).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-497.jpg?height=1289&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-497.jpg?height=1289&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-497.jpg?height=1289&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Duartea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Yakovleviini)","Genus":"Duartea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Duartea MENDES, 1959, p. 58","Type_species":"Productus batesianus DERBY, 1874, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Muirwoodia Licharew, 1947, p. 188, partim, Paramuirwoodia Zhang in Zhang & others, 1983, p. 298","Synonyms":"Muirwoodia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Yakovlevia externally, but moderately deep corpus, spines in weak row separating ears, slight posterior reticulation, ribs become weak anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"South America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 310, 3a-d. *D. batesiana (Derby), lower part of Upper Carboniferous, Para Province, Brazil, a, b, shell viewed posteriorly, dorsally, X 1.5, c, ventral valve exterior, X1, d, lateral view of ventral valve,X1 (Mendes, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mendes, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 310. productellidae (p. 465-467).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-497.jpg?height=1289&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Inflatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Yakovleviini)","Genus":"Inflatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Inflatia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 226","Type_species":"Productus inflatus MCCHESNEY, 1860, p. 40, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Adairia Gordon, Henry, & Treworgy, 1993, p. 20 (type, A. adairensis Drake, 1897, p. 402)","Synonyms":"Adairia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline somewhat elongate with long trail, corpus deep, spines in row diverging from hinge, sparsely covering valve, especially anteriorly, dorsal valve strongly geniculate, no series of trails, ventral muscle fields strongly differentiated, dorsal interior thickened marginally","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)-Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"North America, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 311,1a\u2013g. *I. in\ufb02ata (MCCHESNEY), upper Vis\u00e9an, Oklahoma; ac, complete shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, \u00d71 (Gordon, Henry, & Treworgy, 1993); d, ventral valve exterior viewed posteriorly, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960); e, ventral valve interior, \u00d71.5; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71.5; g, median section of shell showing corpus cavity, \u00d7 1 (Gordon, Henry, & Treworgy, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 311. productellidae (p. 466-467).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-498.jpg?height=1137&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sajakella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Yakovleviini)","Genus":"Sajakella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sajakella Nasikanova in SARYTCHEVA, 1968, p. 141","Type_species":"S. formosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, closely resembling Inflatia, but ears more prominent, ribbing commonly finer, trail spines thicker, cardinal process supported by ridges connecting to adductor scars","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)-Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":"Boreal Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 311, 2a-d. *S. formosa, Bashkirian, Keregetassk Series, Kazakhstan, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior viewed anteriorly, PIN 1506\/88, x1, b, ventral valve viewed laterally,X1, c, ventral valve internal cast, X1, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, X1 (Sarytcheva, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 311. productellidae (p. 466-467).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-498.jpg?height=1137&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenaspinus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Yakovleviini)","Genus":"Tenaspinus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenaspinus Brunton & MUNDY, 1994, p. 120","Type_species":"T. smarti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded elliptical outline with well-differentiated ears, ribbing starts close to umbos, widens anteriorly, disks reticulate, clasping spines at hinge, anterior ear margins, sparsely scattered on ventral disk","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"British Isles","Figure_captions":"Fig. 310, 2a-d. *T. smarti, a, b, holotype, corpus plus part of one ear viewed ventrally, dorsally, Asbian, Yorkshire, BMNH BD 9544, x2, lateral view of a shell with part of ventral valve missing to show corpus depth (arrow), Derbyshire, X2, d, ventral view of shell clasping crinoid columnal (arrow), Derbyshire, X3 (Brunton & Mundy, 1994)","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nBrunton & Mundy, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 310. productellidae (p. 465-467).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-497.jpg?height=1289&width=1278&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liolimbella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Liolimbella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liolimbella Li Li in Ding Yunje & others, 1991, p. 155184","Type_species":"L. spanoptycha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles small Rhytibulus, elongate oval outline with hinge less than maximum width, rugae fine, slightly increasingly separated anteriorly toward nonrugose margin, spines at hinge and scattered from rugae on ventral valve, dorsal valve and interiors unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 312a. * L. spanoptycha, Lower Permian, Quinling, ventral valve, X3 (Ding & others, 1991), Fig. 312b. L. polyptycha, ventral valve, x3 (Ding & others, 1991)","Museum_or_author_information":"Ding & others, 1991, \nDing & others, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 312. productellidae (p. 467).\nfig. 312. productellidae (p. 467).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-499.jpg?height=598&width=298&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=989)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-499.jpg?height=598&width=298&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=989)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Productus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Productini)","Genus":"Productus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Productus KOTLYAR, 1964, 123-134, 3 pl.","Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"New Representatives of the genus Productus from the Upper Permian of Southern Primoria","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (?Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-Serpukovian, ?Bashkirian)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa, southern China, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 313,1a\u2013e. *P. productus (MARTIN), upper Vis\u00e9an, Derbyshire; a\u2013d, complete holotype, ventral, lateral views, BMNH B 40952, dorsal, posterior views of detached corpus region, \u00d71; e, anterior view of ventral valve, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 313,1f. P. carbonarius ( DE K ONINCK ), lower Serpukhovian, Yorkshire; latex replica of dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 313. productidae (p. 467-469).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-500.jpg?height=1792&width=1286&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carlinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Productini)","Genus":"Carlinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carlinia GORDON, 1971, p. 258","Type_species":"Productus phillipsi Norwood & PRATTEN, 1855a, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Diaphragmus, but short trails, lacks strong reticulation posteriorly, ribbing commonly coarse, spines on ears, lacking clumps on flanks, wide zone of diaphragms","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 313, 3a-e. *C. phillipsi (Norwood & Pratten), upper Chesterian, Utah, a, b, ventral, lateral views of specimen, X1, dorsal view of shell, X1, d, posterior view of ventral valve, x1 . 5, ~ e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Gordon, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gordon, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 313. productidae (p. 467-469).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-500.jpg?height=1792&width=1286&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Companteris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Productini)","Genus":"Companteris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Companteris LAZAREV, 1981, p. 79","Type_species":"C. aljutovensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, dorsal diaphragm with two trails, dorsal adductor scar platforms overhang laterally","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian-lower Moscovian)","Geography":"eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 313, 2a-e. * C. aljutovensis, upper Bashkirian-lower Moscovian, Moscow Basin, a, b, ventral, lateral views of ventral valve, X, c, ventral valve exterior with cardinal extremity, spine bases preserved, X2, d, dorsal valve exterior showing the ornament, microornament of diaphragm with traces of fragmented trails, x5, e, dorsal valve interior, XI (Lazarev, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 313. productidae (p. 467-469).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-500.jpg?height=1792&width=1286&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diaphragmus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Productini)","Genus":"Diaphragmus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diaphragmus GIRTY, 1910, p. 217","Type_species":"Productus elegans Norwood & Pratten, 1855a, p. 13, non M'Coy, 1884, OD, =Productus cestriensis WORTHEN, 1860, p. 570","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Productus, but with series of dorsal diaphragms, trails leaving short flat external dorsal disk","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig . 314,1a\u2013f. *P. elegans (NORWOOD & PRATTEN), upper Vis\u00e9an\u2013lower Serpukhovian; a, ventral view of ventral valve, Oklahoma, \u00d7 1; b,c, dorsal, lateral views of complete specimen, Oklahoma, \u00d7 1; d, spine bases on \ufb02ank, Oklahoma, \u00d72; e, longitudinal section of specimen showing two diaphragms, two successive dorsal trails, Oklahoma, \u00d72; f, dorsal valve interior, Illinois, \u00d7 4 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 314. productidae (p. 469).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-502.jpg?height=1732&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dowhatania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Productini)","Genus":"Dowhatania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dowhatania Waterhouse in Waterhouse & GUPTA, 1979, p. 127","Type_species":"Productus dowhatensis DIENER, 1915, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parabuxtonia Yang & Zhang, 1982, p. 304 (type, P. kongjingensis, OD), Shishapangmaella Yang in Yang & Fan, 1983, p. 273 (type, S. shishapangaensis, OD), obj.","Synonyms":"Parabuxtonia, Shishapangmaella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, medium size, numerous fine spines, especially on ventral ears, flanks, absent dorsally, possibly with dorsal diaphragms, cardinal ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an), Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Geography":"Himalayas, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 314, 2a-c. * D. dowhatensis (Diener), ?Bashkirian, Kashmir, a, ventral valve exterior with fringing spines, x1, b, ventral valve exterior, x1, c, incomplete dorsal valve interior, x1 (Diener, 1915).","Museum_or_author_information":"Diener, 1915","figure_index":"fig. 314. productidae (p. 469).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-502.jpg?height=1732&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lopasnia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Productini)","Genus":"Lopasnia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lopasnia Ilkhovsky in LAZAREV, 1990, p. 103","Type_species":"Thomasina (?) adhaerescens Ivanova in IVANOV, 1935, p. 112, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline rather transverse, ribbing strong, coarse anteriorly, two dorsal trails, short diaphragm, cardinal process supported by adductor ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 314, 3a, b. * L. adhaerescens (Ivanova), Moscovian, Moscow basin, a, ventral view of ventral valve, x2 (Ivanov, 1935), b, exfoliated dorsal valve exterior showing adductor ridges, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ivanov, 1935","figure_index":"fig. 314. productidae (p. 469).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-502.jpg?height=1732&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marginirugus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Productini)","Genus":"Marginirugus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marginirugus Sutton, 1938, p. 559","Type_species":"Productus magnus Meek & WORTHEN, 1862, p. 142, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, weakly plano- to concavoconvex lateral profile with short trails, moderate to deep corpus, fine ribbing entire, rugae posterolaterally, no reticulation, spines only ventrally, thick row close to hinge, posteriorly directed, fine spines sparse on corpus, cardinal process trifid, lateral ridges continue as weak subperipheral rim","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 315a-f. *M. magnus (Meek & Worthen), lower Vis\u00e9an, a, b, posterior, lateral views of ventral valve, Illinois, X1, c, posterior view of dorsal valve showing cardinal process, Illinois, X1, d, posteroventral view of ventral valve interior, Illinois, X 1, e, f, dorsal valve interior, ventral view of ventral valve, Oklahoma, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 315. productidae (p. 469).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-503.jpg?height=1816&width=1220&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kozlowskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Kozlowskiini)","Genus":"Kozlowskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kozlowskia FREDERICKS, 1933, p. 29","Type_species":"Productus capaci D'ORBIGNY, 1842, p. 50, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, outline transverse with well-developed ears forming widest part of shell, planoconvex corpus, commonly with reticulate disks, ribbing may disappear anteriorly, spines variable from few, thick, and symmetrically arranged to more numerous scattered spines, zygidium present, endospines in single row at anterior margin of disk.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 316, 2a-c. * K. capaci (d'Orbigny), Lower Permian, Capinota, Bolivia, a, b, ventral valve posteriorly, laterally, X2, c, ventral valve interior, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)., \"\u2014\u2014Fig. 316, 2d-f. K. splendens (Norwood & Pratten), Upper Carboniferous, Magdalena Formation, New Mexico, d, dorsal view, X1, e, anteroventral view, X2, f, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 316. productidae (p. 469-470)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-504.jpg?height=963&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eomarginifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Kozlowskiini)","Genus":"Eomarginifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eomarginifera MUIR-WOOD, 1930, p. 103","Type_species":"Productus longispinus J. SOWERBY, 1814 in 1812-1815, p. 154, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lissomarginifera Lane, 1962, p. 901 (type, L. nuda, OD)","Synonyms":"Lissomarginifera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 15 mm wide, ears small, zygidium absent, six symmetrical, stout spines, commonly weak median sulcus, dorsal submarginal ridges weak anteriorly, absent ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (?lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian), ?Upper Carboniferous (?lower Moscovian)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 316, 3a-d. * E. longispina (J. Sowerby), upper Vis\u00e9an, Ayrshire, Scotland, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior views of complete specimen, x2 (new), Fig. 316, 3e, f. E. lobata (J. Sowerby), e, internal mold of ventral valve, Pendleian, Northumberland, British Isles, f, dorsal valve interior, Brigantian, x2 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 316. productidae (p. 469-470)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-504.jpg?height=963&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Minispina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Kozlowskiini)","Genus":"Minispina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Minispina W ATERHOUSE , 1982a, p. 45","Type_species":"M. alata; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Kozlowskia, possibly differing by having no dorsal trails.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian-Gzhelian)","Geography":"southeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 316,1a\u2013c. *M. alata, upper Upper Carboniferous, northeastern Thailand; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d72.2; b, ventral valve internal mold, \u00d73.5; c, dorsal valve internal mold, \u00d73 (Waterhouse, 1982a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 316. productidae (p. 469-470)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-504.jpg?height=963&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kutorginella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Kutorginella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kutorginella Ivanova, 1951, p. 329","Type_species":"K. mosquensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Retaria Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, p. 230 (type, R. umbonata, OD), Neoproboscidella Ivanova, 1949, nom. nud., Calliomarginatia Ching in Zhang & Ching, 1976, p. 181 (type, C. himalayensis, OD), Aspinosella Waterhouse, 1982a, p. 47 (type, Kutorginella uddeni Cooper & Grant, 1975, p. 1029, OD)","Synonyms":"Retaria, Neoproboscidella, Calliomarginatia, Aspinosella, Kutorginella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Ventral median sulcus prominent, may form extended (nasute) trail medianly, ears large, almost flat, cardinal or lateral ridges continuous with ear baffles, extending as endospinous marginal ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)-Lower Permian","Geography":"eastern Europe, middle Asia, North America, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 317, 1a-d. *K. mosquensis, Kasimovian-Gzhelian, Moscow Basin, a, anterior view of specimen lacking nasute trail, x1, b, ventroanterior view of specimen showing nasute trail, x1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), c, posterior view of ventral valve, x1.2, d, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Sarytcheva, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nSarytcheva, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 317. productidae (p. 472-475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-505.jpg?height=1794&width=1286&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antiquatonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Antiquatonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antiquatonia MILORADOVICH, 1945, p. 496","Type_species":"Productus antiquatus J. SOWERBY, 1821 in 1821-1822, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral spine ridge flanking ears with internal complimentary lateral ridges, ventral spines thick, halteroid","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-Serpukhovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 317, 2a, b. *A. antiquata (J. Sowerby), Vis\u00e9an, Derbyshire, lectotype selected by Muir-Wood, 1928, anterior, lateral views of specimen lacking ears, BMNH B 60956, X1 (new)., \"--Fig. 317, 2c-f. A. hindi (Muir-Wood), lower Brigantian, Derbyshire, c, d, holotype, posterior, lateral views, BMNH B 47860, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1928), ef, posterior view, showing part of internal mold, oblique lateral view of ventral valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1928","figure_index":"fig. 317. productidae (p. 472-475).\nfig. 317. productidae (p. 472-475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-505.jpg?height=1794&width=1286&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-505.jpg?height=1794&width=1286&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kelamelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Kelamelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kelamelia Zhang Zi-xin in Zhang & OTHERS, 1983, p. 305","Type_species":"K. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, ventral spines at hinge, flank to ear junction, lateral ridges ?short, slightly divergent, not extended as ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Geography":"northern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 318,1a\u2013d. *K. typica, Moscovian, Xinjiang; anterior, dorsal, lateral, posterior views of complete specimen, \u00d71 (Zhang & others, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 318. productidae (p. 472-475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-506.jpg?height=1570&width=1299&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=159)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Keokukia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Keokukia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Keokukia CARTER, 1990, p. 229","Type_species":"K. sulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ears small, pointed, spine row diverges slightly from ventral hinge, others on flanks, trail, no dorsal spines, lateral ridges close to hinge, no marginal ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 318,3a\u2013e. *K. sulcata, lower Vis\u00e9an, Illinois; a\u2013d, holotype, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, CMNH 34891, \u00d7 1; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1.5 (Carter, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 318. productidae (p. 472-475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-506.jpg?height=1570&width=1299&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=159)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marginoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Marginoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marginoproductus Tan ZHEN-XIU, 1986, p. 435443","Type_species":"M. hunanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, around 20 mm wide, deep corpus with long trail, dorsal spines reportedly absent, but if present should be assigned to the Tolmatchoffinae, closely resembles Marginatia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 317, 3a-e. *M. hunanensis, lower Vis\u00e9an, Hunan, a, holotype, posterior view, HB 318, x1, b, c, anterior, lateral views of ventral valve, X1, d, dorsal valve exterior, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Tan, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tan, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 317. productidae (p. 472-475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-505.jpg?height=1794&width=1286&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Promarginifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Promarginifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Promarginifera SHIELLS, 1966, p. 428","Type_species":"P. trearnensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, corpus deep, ears well differentiated, trail simple, spines numerous, covering ventral valve, few and fine dorsally, lateral ridges close to hinge","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"British Isles","Figure_captions":"Fig. 318, 2a-e. * P. trearnensis, Asbian, Ayrshire, a-c, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, HM L6202, X2, d, ventral valve interior, X2, e, dorsal valve interior, X2.5 (Shiells, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shiells, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 318. productidae (p. 472-475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-506.jpg?height=1570&width=1299&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=159)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Svalbardoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Svalbardoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Svalbardoproductus USTRITSKY, 1962b, p. 82","Type_species":"S. stratoauritus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Thamnosia, but said to differ by lacking spine clusters on ears, ribbing weak, indistinct anteriorly. Found in the upper Lower Permian (Kungurian) of Spitzbergen.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"Spitzbergen","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tesuquea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Tesuquea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tesuquea Sutherland & HARLOW, 1973, p. 53","Type_species":"T. formosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, corpus deep, spines only ventrally, small over reticulate disk, single or double rows prominent on flanks, continued onto trail, cardinal process small, sessile, cardinal ridges angle sharply at ears, continue as ear baffles","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":"southern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 319, 2a-e. * T. formosa, Bashkirian, New Mexico, a, holotype, ventral view, OU 7659, x1, b, c, posterior, lateral views, X2, d, dorsal valve exterior, X2, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Sutherland & Harlow, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nT, \nSutherland & Harlow, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 319. productidae (p. 475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-508.jpg?height=1642&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thamnosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Thamnosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thamnosia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 10","Type_species":"T. anterospinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, widest at hinge, ventral disk gently convex, geniculate with long trail, medianly sulcate, spines on both valves, ventral valve with clusters of thicker spines on lateral slopes and anterior trail, dorsal spines small, thin, ear baffles in both valves, dorsally as extensions of cardinal ridges that diverge from hinge, marginal ridge becoming overgrown by row of endospines anteriorly. The inclusion of Neopugilis from the Lower Permian of Shaanxi, China, may extend the range from the uppermost Carboniferous, interiors are poorly known.","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Carboniferous (?Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Carboniferous (?Gzhelian), upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"USA, Arctic Canada, eastern Greenland, Arctic Eurasia, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 319, 1a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 149852, X1, d, ventral valve interior, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 319. productidae (p. 475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-508.jpg?height=1642&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tubaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Retariini)","Genus":"Tubaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tubaria Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 236","Type_species":"Productus genuinus KUTORGA, 1844, p. 93, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Kutorginella, but with larger convex ears and greatly extended anterior margin, forming a tube, dorsal marginal ridge smooth","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)-Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Russia, Fergana","Figure_captions":"Fig. 319,3a\u2013d. *T. genuina (KUTORGA), Schwagerina Limestone, Ural Moun- tains; a, shell viewed ventrally, ventral valve missing over right ear, \u00d71; b,c, shell viewed laterally, ventrally with ventral corpus removed, showing dor- sal external mold, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960); d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71.5 (Sarytcheva, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 319. productidae (p. 475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-508.jpg?height=1642&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spyridiophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Spridiophorini)","Genus":"Spyridiophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spyridiophora Cooper & STEHLI, 1955, p. 471","Type_species":"S. distincta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spiridiophora Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva, Licharew, & Sokolskaja, 1960, p. 234","Synonyms":"Spiridiophora","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size with a transverse outline, large ears, ventral sulcus originating on umbo, dorsal disk almost flat, geniculate, spines include ear clusters, none dorsally, ear baffles in both valves strong, cardinal process sessile, bilobed, quadrifid, dorsal adductor scars raised, laterally directed platforms or true spyridium.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (?Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian, ?Artinskian)","Geography":"USA, southeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 320, 2a-e. *S. distincta, Lower Permian, Wolfcamp Formation, Texas, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, anteriorly, dorsally, x1,  d, dorsal valve viewed posteriorly showing spyridium, x3 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960), e, holotype, dorsal valve interior, USNM 124117, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuirWood & Cooper, 1960, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 320. productidae (p. 475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-509.jpg?height=707&width=1275&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alexenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Spridiophorini)","Genus":"Alexenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alexenia Ivanova in IVANOV, 1935, p. 89","Type_species":"A. reticulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Spyridiophora but internal dorsal adductor platforms separated medianly, and less elevated.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian-Kasimovian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 320, 1ac. * A. reticulata, Moscow basin, a, ventral valve exterior, Moscovian, x2, b, ventral valve exterior, Moscovian, X1 (Ivanova, 1935), c, dorsal valve interior, Kasimovian, x1 (Lazarev, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ivanova, 1935, \nLazarev, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 320. productidae (p. 475).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-509.jpg?height=707&width=1275&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leioproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Leioproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leioproductus STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 307","Type_species":"Productella coloradoensis var. plicatus KINDLE, 1909, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Productella coloradoensis var. plicatus Kindle, 1909, p. 18, OD","Synonyms":"Productella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Spines sparse, evenly distributed roughly radially, commonly including ventral median row on low ridge, weak lateral ridges extend toward lateral margins, short accessory ridges posterior to adductor scars, cardinal process pit","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"North America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 321, 1a-f. *L. plicatus (Kindle), uppermost Famennian, New Mexico, a, posterior view, x1, b, anteroventral view, times, c, dorsal view, x1, d, lateral view, x2, e, dorsal valve interior, X2_mathbf2, f, conjoined valves showing dorsal, ventral interiors, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 321. productidae (p. 476-477).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-510.jpg?height=1754&width=1302&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ardiviscus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Ardiviscus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ardiviscus Lazarev in Lazarev & PUSHKIN, 1986, p. 42","Type_species":"A. naidovense Pushkin in Lazarev & PUSHKIN, 1986, p. 4338, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leioproductus, but with thinner spines, occurring more densely posterolaterally, teeth present, but no cardinal process pit","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Eurasia, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 321, 5a-e. *A. naidovense Pushkin, lower Famennian, Belorussia, Gomel' region, a, b, holotype, ventral, lateral views, PIN N 4067\/113, X1, c, oblique lateral view of ventral valve exterior, X1, d, dorsal view of shell, X1, e, partial ventral valve internal mold showing muscle scars, x3 (Lazarev & Pushkin, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev & Pushkin, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 321. productidae (p. 476-477).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-510.jpg?height=1754&width=1302&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bispinoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Bispinoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bispinoproductus STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 311","Type_species":"B. varispinosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Leioproductus, but with numerous ventral small spines, anteriorly on elongate bases, separated by slightly lamellose bands","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"southern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 321, 4a-d. *B. varispinosus, Famennian, New Mexico, a, dorsal view of complete specimen, x1,  b, ventral view of ventral valve,X1, c, lateral view of ventral valve, note spines, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X2 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 321. productidae (p. 476-477).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-510.jpg?height=1754&width=1302&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Galeatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Galeatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Galeatella Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 173","Type_species":"G. galeata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, relatively shallow corpus, ventral disk weakly convex, gentle median sulcus, spines thin, at hinge, on indistinct rugae and anteriorly, cardinal process pit, accessory ridges posterior to adductor scars, no cardinal ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 321, 2a-e. *G. galeata, uppermost Famennian, New Mexico, a-c, ventral, anterior, lateral views of ventral valve, X1, d, dorsal view of nearly complete specimen, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 321. productidae (p. 476-477).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-510.jpg?height=1754&width=1302&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grandiproductella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Grandiproductella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grandiproductella Lazarev in Lazarev & SIMAKOV, 1987, p. 121","Type_species":"G. omolonensis Simakov in Lazarev & SIMAKOV, 1987, p. 121135, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium sized, around 30 mm wide, spines thin, in line at hinge, elsewhere rare, no ventromedian sulcus, teeth strong.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"northeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 322, 1a-c. * G. omolonensis Simakov, Famennian, Omolon Massif, a, holotype, ventral view, PIN N 4112\/101, x1, b, posterior view of ventral valve, X1, c, posteroventral view of exfoliated ventral valve showing muscle scars, X1 (Lazarev & Simakov, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev & Simakov, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 322. productidae (p. 477-480).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-511.jpg?height=1708&width=1276&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hunanoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Hunanoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hunanoproductus Hou HONG-FEI, 1965, p. 117","Type_species":"H. hunanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smaller medium size, outline subrounded, profile geniculate with flared trail, spines at hinge and rare, thin anteriorly, posterior rugae slight, corpus relatively shallow","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 321, 3a-d. *H. hunanensis, lowermost Tournaisian, southern China, a, b, holotype, lateral, posterior views of ventral valve, IV 530, x1,  c, d, ventral, dorsal views of complete specimen,X1 (Hou, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hou, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 321. productidae (p. 476-477).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-510.jpg?height=1754&width=1302&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kavesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Kavesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kavesia Lazarev in Lazarev & SIMAKOV, 1987, p. 122","Type_species":"K. intrastriata Simakov in Lazarev & SIMAKOV, 1987, p. 123136, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Grandiproductella, but dorsal visceral disk more flat, teeth absent, no cardinal process pit","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"upper Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Devonian, Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"northeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 322,4a\u2013d. *K. intrastriata S IMAKOV , ? uppermost Famennian\u2013lower Tournaisian, Omolon Massif; a, holotype, dorsal view, showing cardinal process, PIN N 4112\/104, \u00d71; b, internal cast of ventral valve, \u00d71; c, incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d73 (Lazarev & Simakov, 1987); d, anterolateral view of largely exfoliated valve, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 322. productidae (p. 477-480).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-511.jpg?height=1708&width=1276&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magnumbonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Magnumbonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magnumbonella CARTER, 1968, p. 1145","Type_species":"M. macrura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Lateral profile strongly curved with deep corpus, rugae confined posteriorly, strong on flanks, spines rare, fine on dorsal valve, occasional elongate spine bases distal to spines, no cardinal process pit, lateral ridges diverge slightly from hinge, reaching ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 322, 2a-d. *M. macrura, lower Vis\u00e9an, Missouri, a, b, ventral, lateral views of ventral valve, x1.5, c, anterior view of ventral valve, X_1.5,  d, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Carter, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 322. productidae (p. 477-480).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-511.jpg?height=1708&width=1276&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesoplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Mesoplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesoplica REED, 1943, p. 97","Type_species":"Leptaena praelonga J. DE C. SOWERBY, 1840, pl. 53, fig. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, distinct ventral median fold bearing thicker spines in some, ribbing incipient anteriorly on corpus, trail, teeth absent, cardinal ridges short","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, ?Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 322, 5a-d. *M. praelonga (J. DE C. Sowerby), uppermost Famennian, Devonshire, a, b, lateral, anterior views of ventral valve internal mold, x1 (new), c, d, replicas of interior, exterior of posterior part of dorsal valve, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), Fig. 322, 5e. M. simplicior (Nalivkin), Famennian, Kirghizia, posterior view of ventral valve, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 322. productidae (p. 477-480).\nfig. 322. productidae (p. 477-480).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-511.jpg?height=1708&width=1276&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=175)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-511.jpg?height=1708&width=1276&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Productelloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Leioproductinini)","Genus":"Productelloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Productelloides O. KOTLYAR, 1985, p. 112","Type_species":"P. gorobtsovensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Leioproductus, but without ventromedian fold, spines fine, widely scattered, teeth small","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 322, 3a-d. * P. gorobtsovensis, upper Famennian, Poltava District, a, b, holotype, anteroventral, lateral views, IGN 2078\/ 110, X 1, c, view of ventral valve surface at anterior margin, X3, d, part of dorsal valve interior, ventral umbo showing teeth, x5 (Kotlyar, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kotlyar, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 322. productidae (p. 477-480).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-511.jpg?height=1708&width=1276&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Horridonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Horridoniini)","Genus":"Horridonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Horridonia CHAO, 1927b, p. 24","Type_species":"Productus horridus J. SOWERBY, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sowerbina Fredericks, 1928, p. 778 (type, Productus timanicus Stuckenberg, 1905, p. 86, OD), Pleurohorridonia Dunbar, 1955, p. 89 (type, P. scoresbyensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Sowerbina, Pleurohorridonia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline pentagonal with wide hinge, weak median sulcus and dorsal fold, ribbing, rugae absent, spines in one to three rows on ears, few scattered on ventral valve, single row near dorsal hinge, dorsal lateral ridges extend to ears, dorsal muscle field rhombic, endospines around anterior margins of disk.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"Europe, Arctic regions, ?Pakistan (Salt Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 323,1a\u2013f. *H. horrida (J. SOWERBY); a\u2013e, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, dorsally, Zechstein, Th\u00fcringia, Germany, \u00d7 1; f, dorsal valve interior, Magnesian Limestone, Durham, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 323. productidae (p. 480-483).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-513.jpg?height=1840&width=1290&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bailliena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Horridoniini)","Genus":"Bailliena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bailliena Nelson & JOHNSON, 1968, p. 723","Type_species":"B. yukonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Horridonia, but lacks dorsal spines near hinge, but with spines at dorsal geniculation zone, lamellose, especially dorsally, ribbed anteriorly on trail, anterior to thick spine bases","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)-Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"northern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 323, 2a-d. * B. yukonensis, Gzhelian-Asselian, Yukon Territory, a, holotype, viewed laterally, UCF 1088, X1, b, holotype, close up of ventral hinge region, UCF 1088, c, d, ventral, dorsal views of specimen, x1 (Nelson & Johnson, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nelson & Johnson, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 323. productidae (p. 480-483).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-513.jpg?height=1840&width=1290&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Burovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Horridoniini)","Genus":"Burovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Burovia USTRITSKY, 1980, p. 25","Type_species":"B. selanderensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with variable outline, ears well differentiated, median sulcus originating on disk, prominent growth lines may form bands anteriorly, spines lacking at hinge, arranged in well-spaced rows on ventral valve and row at dorsal hinge with thick cluster on ears, cardinal process sessile, quadrifid, cardinal ridges weak or absent, marginal ridges strong laterally, continued anteriorly, shell substance thick, giving strong morphology with wide adductor scars","Beginning_age":"Upper Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Upper Permian","Geography":"Arctic regions","Figure_captions":"Fig. 324 a-c*B. selanderensis, Selander Formation, Selander Bay, Spitzbergen; a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, repository and number unknown, \u00d71; b, incomplete ventral valve with spine cluster, \u00d71; c, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Ustritsky, 1980).\u2014\u2014Fig. 324, d. B. maynei (D UNBAR ); anteroventral view of specimen, \u00d7 1 (Ustritsky, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 324. productidae (p. 480).\nfig. 324. productidae (p. 480).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-514.jpg?height=1867&width=1277&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-514.jpg?height=1867&width=1277&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praehorridonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Horridoniini)","Genus":"Praehorridonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praehorridonia USTRITSKY, 1962a, p. 57","Type_species":"P. dorsoplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shape similar to Horridonia, but with thin spines scattered over ventral valve and anteriorly only on dorsal valve, incipient radial ribbing, lateral ridges thick, extended to separate ears","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-Bashkirian)","Geography":"Arctic regions, Siberia, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 325, 1a-d. *P. dorsoplicata, lowermost Bashkirian, Kholodinn Formation, Taymyr, a, b, holotype, lateral, ventral views, VSEGEI 8363\/176, x1, c, ventral view showing incipient ribbing, VSEGEI 8363\/176, times, d, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Ustritsky, 1962a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ustritsky, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 325. productidae (p. 480).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-515.jpg?height=1379&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugoclostus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Horridoniini)","Genus":"Rugoclostus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugoclostus EASTON, 1962, p. 59","Type_species":"R. nivalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Praehorridonia but possibly differs in having ventral ginglymus and spines more densely covering dorsal ears","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 325, 2 a-c. *R. nivalis, lower Bashkirian, Cameron Creek Formation, Morrowan, Montana, holotype, dorsal, posterior, anteroventral views, USNM 118789, X1 (Easton, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nEaston, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 325. productidae (p. 480).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-515.jpg?height=1379&width=1280&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tityrophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Horridoniini)","Genus":"Tityrophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tityrophoria Waterhouse in Bamber & WATERHOUSE, 1971, p. 214","Type_species":"T. nelsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Praehorridonia, but differs in lacking crowded spines on ventral flange and trail, and in having only rare or absent dorsal spines. Lower Permian: Canada.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 323, 3a-c. *T. nelsoni, Lower Permian, basal Tahkandit Formation, Yukon Territory, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, GSC 26417,X1, c, anteroventral view of internal cast,X1 (Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nT, \nBamber & Waterhouse, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 323. productidae (p. 480-483).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-513.jpg?height=1840&width=1290&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Semiproductini)","Genus":"Semiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semiproductus BUBLICHENKO, 1956, p. 99","Type_species":"S. minax, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium, around 35 mm, outline subquadrate to elongate with broad sulcus anteriorly, ventral profile strongly convex, rugae weak or incomplete on disks with elongate spine bases, spines on weak ribs on ventral trail, lateral ridges prominent, but short. Upper Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian).","Beginning_age":"Upper Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"Ural Mountains, Asia, northern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 326, 1a, b. *S. minax, lower Tournaisian, Kazakhstan, a, holotype, external mold of dorsal valve plus fragment of ventral valve to top right, \u00d70.8 (Bublichenko, 1956), b, internal mold of ventral valve, x1 (Bublichenko, 1971)., Fig. 326, 1c-e. S. etheridgei McKellar, uppermost Famennian, Queensland, c, holotype, ventral valve exterior, GSQ F4088, X1.5, d, e, replicas of dorsal valve exterior, interior, X1.5 (McKellar, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bublichenko, 1956, \nBublichenko, 1971, \nMcKellar, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 326. productidae (p. 483-485).\nfig. 326. productidae (p. 483-485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-516.jpg?height=1535&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-516.jpg?height=1535&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Semiproductini)","Genus":"Acanthoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthoproductus MARTYNOVA, 1970, p. 59[49]","Type_species":"A. bogdanovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smaller medium size, 25 mm wide, rugae narrow on corpus, elongate spine bases become weak ridges only, dorsal valve with fine radial striations, median fold, sulcus, teeth.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 326, 2a-e. *A. bogdanovi, Famennian, Kazakhstan, a-c, holotype, anteroventral, dorsal, lateral views, MGU 137\/42, X1, d, exfoliated dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Martynova, 1970); e, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d73 (Lazarev, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 326. productidae (p. 483-485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-516.jpg?height=1535&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lomatiphora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Semiproductini)","Genus":"Lomatiphora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lomatiphora ROBERTS, 1971, p. 84","Type_species":"L. aquila, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Complete ribbing, other than at beak, weaker on trail flanges of both valves, fine, scattered ventrally spines, sessile quadrifid cardinal process supported by adductor ridges, weak lateral ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 327, 1a-e. *L. aquila, lower Tournaisian, Bonaparte Gulf basin, a, latex replica of ventral valve exterior viewed posteroventrally, X 1.6, b, anteroventral view of ventral valve exterior, X2, c, dorsal valve exterior, x1 . 4, d, ventral valve internal mold, x1.5, e, holotype, latex replica, dorsal valve interior, CPC 8261a, x2 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nRoberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 327. productidae (p. 485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-518.jpg?height=1860&width=1288&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Margaritiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Semiproductini)","Genus":"Margaritiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Margaritiproductus LAZAREV, 1986a, p. 67","Type_species":"Productus (Overtonia) celak NALIVKIN, 1937, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, moderately deep corpus, resembling Semiproductus, but ribbing confined to trails, teeth small","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 328, 3a, b. * M. celak (Nalivkin), upper Famennian, Kazakhstan, a, dorsal valve interior with fragment of ventral valve, small teeth, X3, b, dorsal valve exterior, X3 (Lazarev, 1986a), Fig. 328, 3c. Margaritiproductus sp., part of dorsal valve interior showing socket, muscle scar, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 328. productidae (p. 485).\nfig. 328. productidae (p. 485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-519.jpg?height=1788&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-519.jpg?height=1788&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nigerinoplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Semiproductini)","Genus":"Nigerinoplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nigerinoplica LAZAREV, 1986a, p. 66","Type_species":"Plicatifera nigerina MARTYNOVA, 1961, p. 87, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ribbing coarse, commonly confined anteriorly on trail, resembles Spinocarinifera, but with teeth","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Eurasia, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 327, 3a-c. *N. nigerina (Martynova), upper Famennian, Kazakhstan, a, dorsal view of shell, X3, b, partly exfoliated dorsal valve interior showing greatly reduced tooth, x3 (Lazarev, 1986a), c, oblique view of dorsal interior, X3 (Lazarev, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1986, \nLazarev, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 327. productidae (p. 485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-518.jpg?height=1860&width=1288&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Seminucella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Semiproductini)","Genus":"Seminucella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Seminucella CARTER, 1987, p. 26","Type_species":"Spinocarinifera (Seminucella) parva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 10 mm wide, resembles Spinocarinifera, but subparallel flanks, less even ribbing anteriorly, without peglike median lobe of cardinal process, perhaps larger cardinal process pit. Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-lower Vis\u00e9an): northern North America.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"northern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 327, 2a-f. *S. parva, Tournaisian, western Alberta, a-d, holotype, viewed ventrally, anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally, GSC 63207, X3, e, dorsal valve exterior, X3, f, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Carter, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nCarter, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 327. productidae (p. 485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-518.jpg?height=1860&width=1288&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinocarinifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Semiproductini)","Genus":"Spinocarinifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinocarinifera ROBERTS, 1971, p. 100","Type_species":"S. adunata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nigeroplica Nalivkin, 1975, p. 160 (type, Productus niger Gosselet, 1888, p. 632), ?Productus flemingii de Koninck, 1847a, p. 196, non Sowerby, 1812, p. 155, sensu Gosselet, 1880, pl. 6, fig. 16","Synonyms":"Nigeroplica, ?Productus flemingii de","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, outline subquadrate with small but well-differentiated ears, profile strongly convex, dorsal valve weakly concave, geniculate with no spines, ribbing well formed anteriorly, cardinal process trifid with pit small, variable, cardinal ridges diverge from hinge close to ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"Australia, Eurasia, northern Africa, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 328, 1 a-e .* S. adunata, Hastarian, Bonaparte Gulf, Australia, a-d, holotype viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, laterally, CPC 8564, \u00d7 2; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 4 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 328. productidae (p. 485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-519.jpg?height=1788&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yanguania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Semiproductini)","Genus":"Yanguania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yanguania Yang SHI-PU, 1978, p. 107","Type_species":"Spinulicosta dushanensis Yan SHI-PU, 1964, p. 87, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Spinocarinifera, possibly differing by weak rugae posteriorly, weakly developed ribbing anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 328, 2a-d. * Y. dushanensis, lower Tournaisian, Yanguan, Guizhou, a, shell viewed anteroventrally, x2, b, shell viewed dorsally, x1, c, d, shell viewed anteriorly, laterally, x1 (Yang Shi-pu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang Shi-pu, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 328. productidae (p. 485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-519.jpg?height=1788&width=1290&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tyloplecta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Tyloplectini)","Genus":"Tyloplecta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tyloplecta Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 290","Type_species":"Productus scabriculus mut. nankingensis FRECH, 1911, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nankinoproductus Huang & Tseng, 1948, p. 254, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Nankinoproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, planoconvex with short adult trail, hinge equal to maximum width, elongate spine bases posteriorly, becoming ribs at midlength of corpus, rugae present posterolaterally on both valves, spines near hinge, scattered on venter, cardinal process with wide shaft, weak lateral ridges, ear baffles, shell substance thick.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"China, southern Europe, ?Indonesia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 329 a-g . T. nankingensis, Lower Permian, Chihsian Formation, Sichuan, a-c, specimen viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, X1, d, shell viewed dorsally, X1, e, ventral valve interior, X1+, f, dorsal valve interior, X1, g, detail of dorsal valve external ornament, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 329. productidae (p. 485).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-520.jpg?height=1135&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Araxilevis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Tyloplectini)","Genus":"Araxilevis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Araxilevis Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1965, p. 221","Type_species":"Productus intermedius ABICH, 1878, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, ventral profile strongly convex with weak geniculation, anterior trail lamellose, median sulcus weak, ribbing absent, rugae weak on disks, ears, spine bases swollen, rounded posteriorly, elongate on ventral trail, dorsal valve weakly concave with short trail, cardinal process large, trifid, lateral ridges diverge slightly from hinge, continue weakly separating ears and to lateral margins, valves thick shelled, finely striate on exfoliated surfaces.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 330, 1a-e. * A. intermedius (ABICH), upper Capitanian, Transcaucasus, a, b, lectotype, viewed laterally, dorsally, LGE 24\/99, X1, c, anterior view, X1, d, ventral view, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 330. productidae (p. 485-488).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-521.jpg?height=1561&width=1300&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=161)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoantiquatonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Leioproductinae (Tribe Tyloplectini)","Genus":"Pseudoantiquatonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoantiquatonia Zhan & WU, 1982, p. 98","Type_species":"P. mutabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, planoconvex corpus with trails, spine distribution, ribbing as in Tyloplecta, but finer.\"","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"China (Xizang, Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 330, 2a-d. *P. mutabilis, Upper Permian, Xiala Formation, Xainza, Tibet, a, b, anterior, lateral views, X 1, c, d, deeply exfoliated dorsal valve interior, anterior, X1 (Zhan & Wu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhan & Wu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 330. productidae (p. 485-488).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-521.jpg?height=1561&width=1300&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=161)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dictyoclostus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Dictyoclostus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dictyoclostus MUIR-WOOD, 1930, p. 103","Type_species":"Anomites semireticulatus MARTIN, 1809, p. 7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to commonly large, ribbing entire, ginglymus absent, spines clustered at ears, otherwise weak, cardinal ridges weak, not extended as ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, ?Asia, ?northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 331a-d. *D. semireticulatus (MarTIN), upper Vis\u00e9an, Yorkshire, neotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views, BMNH B45691, X1 (new)., Fig. 331e. D. pinguis (Muir-Wood), upper Vis\u00e9an, Yorkshire, wax replica of dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 331. productidae (p. 488).\nfig. 331. productidae (p. 488).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-522.jpg?height=1864&width=1276&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-522.jpg?height=1864&width=1276&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Auloprotonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Auloprotonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Auloprotonia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 273","Type_species":"A. aulacophora, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Somewhat resembling Dictyoclostus in ornament, but less strongly rugose, spines weaker, but with a pair of strong spines on ears, trail with gutter, cardinal ridges extending to weak ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 332, 1a-f. * A. aulacophora, middle Vis\u00e9an, Oklahoma, a-c, holotype, ventral, lateral, lateral oblique views, USNM 123976e, x1, d, dorsal valve exterior, X1, e, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, X1, f, posterior view of ventral valve internal mold, XI (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 332. productidae (p. 488-491).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-523.jpg?height=1620&width=1298&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callytharrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae (Tribe Dictyoclostini)","Genus":"Callytharrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callytharrella ARCHBOLD, 1985, p. 19","Type_species":"Dictyoclostus callytharrensis PRENDERGAST, 1943, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Stereochia, but less strongly geniculate, weaker ear baffles, and with ribs on adult ears.    [Since the publication of Brunton and others (2000, p. 489), Archibold has described (in Hogeboom & Archibold, 1999) new topotypic material in which he demonstrated the presence of a curved row of spines on each flank, just anteroventral to the large reflexed ears, in addition to the large spines that grew near the posterior margins of the weakly rugose ears (Brunton & others, 2000, fig. 333,2a).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1758, 3. * C. callytharrensis (Prendergast), Callytharra Formation, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia, detail of ear and flank showing positions of spines on and close to ear, x2 (Hogeboom & Archbold, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hogeboom & Archbold, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1758. productidae (p. 2644-2646).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-377.jpg?height=1898&width=1289&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chaoiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Chaoiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chaoiella FREDERICKS, 1933, p. 27","Type_species":"Productus semireticularis var. gruenewaldti KROTOW, 1888, p. 546, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ears large, strong ventromedian sulcus, resembles Reticulatia, but with more densely scattered ventral spines and clusters on ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 332, 2a\u2013e. *C. gruenewaldti (KROTOW), Artinskian, Russia; ac, ventral, lateral, dorsal views of large specimen, \u00d7 1; d, posterior view of ventral exterior, \u00d7 1; e, posterodorsal view of specimen showing cardinal process, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 332. productidae (p. 488-491).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-523.jpg?height=1620&width=1298&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dasysaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Dasysaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dasysaria Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 9","Type_species":"D. undulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Reticulatia, but with more densely scattered ventral spines and clusters on ears, large ears, strong ventromedian sulcus","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 333, 1 a-f .*D. undulata, Lower Permian, Hueco Formation, Texas, a\u2013c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, \u00d71; d, ventral valve interior, \u00d71; e,f, dorsal valve exterior, interior, \u00d71 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 333. productidae (p. 489-492).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-524.jpg?height=1768&width=1300&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kunlunia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Kunlunia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kunlunia Wang ZHI, 1983, p. 308","Type_species":"K. aspera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Liraplecta, but differs in having large extended ears on which are clusters of spines. Lower Permian (Asselian-Kungurian): China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Kungurian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"334,2a\u2013c. *K. aspera, lower Chihsian, Kunlun Mountains, Xinjiang; a,b, holotype, ventral, lateral views, XBRB 355, repository unknown, \u00d71; c, incomplete dorsal valve interior showing part of external mold, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 334. productidae (p. 492-494).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-525.jpg?height=1667&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liraplecta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Liraplecta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liraplecta Jin & SUN, 1981, p. 136","Type_species":"Productus richthofeni \u0421\u041d\u0410\u041e, 1927b, p. 60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Stereochia, but has dorsal capillae plus normal ribbing","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 334, 1a-e. * L. richthofeni (\u0421\u043d\u0430\u043e), Sakmarian, Lizha Formation, Tibet, a, b, anterior, lateral views of specimen, X1, c, d, ventral, dorsal views of shell, X1, e, detail of dorsal external ornament, X10 (Jin & Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 334. productidae (p. 492-494).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-525.jpg?height=1667&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Niutoushania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Niutoushania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Niutoushania LIAO, 1984, p. 281","Type_species":"N. niutoushanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, elongate with hinge wider than corpus width, profile strongly, evenly convex, median sulcus weak, dorsal valve with flattened posterior disk, geniculate, with trail, ribbing fine, somewhat irregular posteriorly, widening anteriorly, rugae seemingly absent, spines reported at hinge only, dorsal cardinal ridges extend as weak marginal ridge. Possibly a dictyoclostid but seemingly no reticulation.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 335, la-d. *N. niutoushanensis, Longtan Formation, Anhui Province, a, b, holotype, viewed posteriorly, laterally, NIGP 71140, X1, c, anterior view of shell, X1, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, X 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 335. productidae (p. 494-496).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-526.jpg?height=1500&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ozora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Ozora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ozora CARTER, 1990, p. 226","Type_species":"O. genevievensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Spines ventral, near hinge, on flanks, rare on disk, but in concentric bands on trail with widened ribs, reticulation prominent posteriorly, adult dorsal disk with marginal ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 336, 1a-e. *O. genevievensis, lower Vis\u00e9an, Missouri; a, holo- type, dorsal valve exterior, CMNH 34893, \u00d71; b,c, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, posteriorly, \u00d71; d, ventral valve viewed laterally, \u00d71; e, incom- plete dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Carter, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 336. productidae (p. 494-496).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-527.jpg?height=1689&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pugilis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Pugilis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pugilis Sarytcheva, 1949, p. 104, Pugilus Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1952, p. 77, obj.","Type_species":"Producta pugilis PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 215, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pugilus Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1952, p. 77, obj.\"","Synonyms":"Pugilus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, deep corpus, ribs regular posteriorly, but irregular and commonly weak on trails, enlarged or branched distal to spine bases, dorsal valve commonly lamellose on trail, lateral ridges strong, near hinge, continue as ear baffles and subperipheral ridge laterally","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 336, 2a-f. *P. pugilis (Phillips), a-d, anterior, ventral, posterior, lateral views of shell, upper Vis\u00e9an, north Wales, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, Northumberland, X1, f, dorsal view of shell exterior showing series of dorsal trails, Serpukhovian, Renfrewshire, Scotland, x1 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 336. productidae (p. 494-496).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-527.jpg?height=1689&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reticulatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Reticulatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reticulatia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 284","Type_species":"Productus huecoensis KING, 1931, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Dictyoclostus, but differs in having ginglymus, lateral ridges near the hinge that may continue weakly as marginal ridges with endospines anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (lower Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Lower Permian (lower Artinskian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 335, 2a-e. * R. huecoensis (King), Lower Permian, Hughes Creek Shale, Nebraska, a- d, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, dorsally, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 335. productidae (p. 494-496).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-526.jpg?height=1500&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":288.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Rugatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugatia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 285","Type_species":"Productus paraindicus MCKEE, 1938, p. 241, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse with large, well-differentiated ears, median sulcus shallow, extending to valve margins, rugae weak on ears, some on dorsal disk, ribbing variable, originates anteriorly on disks, weak, irregular, coarse to strong anteriorly on corpus, spines thick, in lines separating umbo from ears, in clusters on ears, widely scattered on corpus, also with small spines, ventral adductor platform high, cardinal ridges lost at ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 337, 2a-e. * R. paraindica (McKee), Lower Permian, Leonard Formation, Texas, a, b, anterior, lateral views, x1, c, dorsal view, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1, e, disarticulated dorsal, ventral valves, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 337. productidae (p. 496).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-529.jpg?height=1778&width=1264&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=181)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stereochia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae","Genus":"Stereochia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stereochia GRANT, 1976, p. 150","Type_species":"*S. litostyla, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, widest at hinge, disks of both valves reticulate, trails costate, spines thick, but few, single on ears, venter, ventral adductor platforms raised, dendritic, diductor scars strongly striated, cardinal process trifid, shaft short, continuous with median septum, lateral ridges, ear baffles, latter strong in ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand, Indonesia, ?northeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 337, 1a-e. *S. litostyla, upper Artinskian, Ko Muk, Thailand, a, b, holotype, viewed laterally, dorsally, USNM 212592, x0.75, c, d, ventral valve exterior, interior, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 337. productidae (p. 496).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-529.jpg?height=1778&width=1264&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=181)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Buxtonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Buxtoniini)","Genus":"Buxtonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Buxtonia THOMAS, 1914, p. 259","Type_species":"Anomites scabriculus Martin, 1809, p. 8, OD, species declared invalid, ICZN, 1956a; = Productus scabriculus J. Sowerby, 1814 in 1812-1815, p. 157, SD, ICZN, Opinion 420, 1956b, p. 143","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventral posterior ribbing characterized by swollen elongate spine bases, cardinal ridges to ears, cardinal process narrow, dorsally reflexed","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Europe, America, Australia, ?Far East","Figure_captions":"Fig. 338, 3a-c. *B. scabricula (J. Sowerby), upper Vis\u00e9an, Derbyshire, a-c, lectotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, BMNH B 60954, X1 (new)., Fig. 338, 3d, e. Buxtonia sp., Lower Carboniferous, Pendleian, Northumberland, d, dorsal view of internal mold, X1, e, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 338. productidae (p. 496-500).\nfig. 338. productidae (p. 496-500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-530.jpg?height=1736&width=1287&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-530.jpg?height=1736&width=1287&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bellaclathrus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Buxtoniini)","Genus":"Bellaclathrus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bellaclathrus WINTERS, 1963, p. 26","Type_species":"B. spinosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, corpus outline subquadrate, corpus profile almost planoconvex with strong dorsal geniculation, trails short, ventral sulcus weak, disks reticulate, spines fine on both valves plus rows of thick spines at ventral ears, cardinal process trifid with short shaft internally, lateral ridges reach ears, medium septum divided posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 338, 1a-f. *B. spinosus, Lower Permian, Fort Apache Limestone, Arizona, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, AMNH 27995\/3:1, X1, d, ventral view, X1, e, part of dorsal valve interior, X2, f, exterior showing cardinal process, \u00d7 3 (Winters, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nWinters, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 338. productidae (p. 496-500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-530.jpg?height=1736&width=1287&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Buxtonioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Buxtoniini)","Genus":"Buxtonioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Buxtonioides MENDES, 1959, p. 43","Type_species":"Productus amazonicus KATZER, 1903, p. 264, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gemmulicosta Waterhouse in Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971, p. 210 (type, G. gemma, OD)","Synonyms":"Gemmulicosta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Kochiproductus, but apparently lacking bordering flange, internal ventral posteromedian ridge, and without adult buttress plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Gzhelian)","Geography":"South America, Canada, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 339, a-c. *B. amazonicus (Katzer), Morrowan-Desmoinesian, Brazil, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of complete specimen, \u00d7 1; c, detailsIG of ventral valve exterior, \u00d75 (Mendes, 1959).\u2014\u2014Fig. 339, d. B. gemma WATERHOUSE, Moscovian, western Alberta; ventral view of ventral valve, \u00d71 (Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971).\u2014\u2014Fig 339, e. B. gjeliensis (I VANOV ), Gzhelian, Gzel, near Moscow; dorsal valve exterior plus interior of ventral umbo showing cardinal process, lack of ventral ridge, \u00d71 (Lazarev, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 339. productidae (p. 496-498).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-531.jpg?height=1732&width=1291&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Flexaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Buxtoniini)","Genus":"Flexaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Flexaria MUIR - OOD & COOPER , 1960, p. 258","Type_species":"Productus arkansanus GIRTY, 1910, p. 216; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Buxtonia, but differing in its \ufb02at dorsal disk, geniculate trail; short lateral ridges, more elongate adductor muscle scars.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 340, 2a\u2013f. *F. arkansana (GIRTY), upper Vis\u00e9an\u2013lower Serpukhovian; a, dorsal view of complete specimen, Missouri, \u00d71; b\u2013d, ventral, posterior, lateral views of complete specimen, Missouri, \u00d71; e, dorsal valve interior, Oklahoma, \u00d72; f, lateral view of dorsal valve, Oklahoma, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kochiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Buxtoniini)","Genus":"Kochiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kochiproductus DUNBAR, 1955, p. 107","Type_species":"Productus porrectus Kutorga, 1844, p. 96, SD Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 260","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tschernyschewiella Fredericks, 1924, p. 20, non von Toll, 1899","Synonyms":"Tschernyschewiella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, with large ears, commonly with anterolateral flange, ribbing weak on ventral valve, accentuated by closely spaced elongate spine bases, rugae more prominent on dorsal valve, spines recumbent from swollen bases, semierect on ears and ventral trail, cover dorsal valve, low ventral median ridge from umbo to anterior of muscle field, cardinal ridges long, buttress plates with pit in adults.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (?lower Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian, ?lower Sakmarian)","Geography":"Arctic regions, Mongolia, North and South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 338, 2a-e. K. peruvianus (d'Orbigny), Lower Permian, Hueco Formation, Texas, a-d, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, dorsally, \u00d7 0.75; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 338. productidae (p. 496-500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-530.jpg?height=1736&width=1287&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":292.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Labriproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Buxtoniini)","Genus":"Labriproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Labriproductus Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195","Type_species":"Productus wortheni HALL, 1858a, p. 638, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Worthenella Girty, 1938b, p. 442, non Walcott, 1911","Synonyms":"Worthenella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Smaller than Buxtonia, but with stronger ribs, small bordering flange, no ventromedian sulcation\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 341, 1a-e. *L. wortheni (HALL), upper Tournaisian, Missouri, a-d, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior views of specimen, x2, e, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 341. productidae (p. 500-501).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-533.jpg?height=1328&width=1296&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marginicinctus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Buxtoniini)","Genus":"Marginicinctus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marginicinctus SUTTON, 1938, p. 561","Type_species":"Productus marginicinctus PROUT, 1857, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Buxtonia, but smaller, with bordering reflexed flange, internal marginal ridges in both valves","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"North","Figure_captions":"Fig. 340 ,1a\u2013d. *M. marginicinctus (PROUT), middle Vis\u00e9an; a, ventral valve exterior, Missouri, \u00d7 1; b,c, oblique lateral, anterior views of specimen, Iowa, \u00d72; d, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, Tennessee, \u00d7 2 (Muir Wood & Cooper, 1960).\u2014\u2014Fig. 340, 1e,f. M. projectus (M UIR -W OOD ), Vis\u00e9an, Cork; e, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 1; f, ventral view of shell with \ufb02ange, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Setigerites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Buxtoniini)","Genus":"Setigerites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Setigerites GIRTY, 1939, p. 141, nom. nov. pro Setigerella GIRTY , 1938b, p. 434, non E HRENBERG ,\n\n1872","Type_species":"Productus setigerus Hall, 1858a, p. 638,  =P. setiger, nom. correct. Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 197, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium, trail commonly with gutter, rugae at umbonal flanks weak, ribbing fine, entire, associated with slightly swollen spine bases, spine groups posteriorly and on ears, cardinal process pit small, lateral ridges only slightly divergent from hinge, no marginal ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia, ?northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 341, 2a-e. *S. setiger (HALL), upper Tournaisian, a- c, ventral, posterior, lateral views of ventral valve, Indiana, x1 , d, posterolateral region showing spine bases on ears, Indiana, x2, e, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, Missouri, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 341. productidae (p. 500-501).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-533.jpg?height=1328&width=1296&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tolmatchoffia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Tolmatchoffia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tolmatchoffia FREDERICKS, 1933, p. 28","Type_species":"Productus robustus TOLMATCHOFF, 1924, p. 230, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, almost planoconvex, deep corpus, gently spreading trail, ribbing entire, becoming wider, indistinct on ventral trail, rugae more distinct dorsally, reticulate, spines scattered on both valves, commonly concentric on ventral trail, cardinal process large, normally with pit, cardinal ridges may reach ears, no marginal ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 342 a-e. *T. robusta (Tolmatchoff), Tournaisian, Kuzbass, central Asia, a-c, neotype, selected by Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva and others, 1963, ventral, lateral, posterior views of ventral valve, PIN 1493\/149, x1, d, dorsal valve exterior, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Sarytcheva & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSarytcheva & others, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 342. productidae (p. 502).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-535.jpg?height=1868&width=1282&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthocosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Acanthocosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthocosta ROBERTS, 1971, p. 104","Type_species":"A. teicherti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, 20 to 25 mm wide, ribbing absent at beak, elongate spine bases posteriorly becoming regular ribs anteriorly with spines, thicker spines in rows on flanks, few and fine dorsally, cardinal ridges short. Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian): Australia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 343a-f. *A. teicherti, Tournaisian, Bonaparte Gulf, Australia, ad, holotype, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, CPC 8645, X2, e, f, interior, exterior views of dorsal valve showing spine bases, x4 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nRoberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 343. productidae (p. 502).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-536.jpg?height=1581&width=1250&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=188)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brasilioproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Brasilioproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brasilioproductus MENDES, 1959, p. 48","Type_species":"Productus chandlessi DERBY, 1874, p. 51, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, reticulate visceral disk, ribbing weak on trail, dorsal spines with row near hinge","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian)","Geography":"South America, southern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 344, 1a-e. *B. chandlessi (Derby), Morrowan-Desmoinesian, Brazil, a, b, ventral, lateral views of complete specimen, X1.7, c, dorsal view of complete specimen, X1.3 (Mendes, 1959), d, e, ventral valve anterior view, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Derby, 1874).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mendes, 1959, \nDerby, 1874","figure_index":"fig. 344. productidae (p. 502).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-537.jpg?height=1627&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Libys":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Libys","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Libys Massa, Termier, & TERMIER, 1974, p. 175","Type_species":"L. hericinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size reaches around 55 mm wide, resembles Peniculauris, but with dorsal spines restricted to margins and ears, not on hinge or umbo. Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an): northern Africa.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 344, 2a. *L. hericinus, Holkerian, Libya, posterior view of ventral valve, X1 (new)., Fig. 344, 2b-e. L. minor Massa, Termier, & Termier, Vis\u00e9an, Libya, b-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, TA 92\/6, X1, e, dorsal view of internal mold, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 344. productidae (p. 502).\nfig. 344. productidae (p. 502).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-537.jpg?height=1627&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-537.jpg?height=1627&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marginatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Marginatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marginatia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 262","Type_species":"Productus fernglenensis WELLER, 1909, p. 299, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paramarginatia Yang Shi-pu, 1978, p. 111 (type, P. weinginensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Paramarginatia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, reticulate posteriorly, dorsal spines rare, small, dorsal valve with variably positioned lateral ridges, commonly extending to lateral margins and commonly subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"North America, Europe, northern Africa, central China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 344, 3a-d. *M. fernglenensis (Weller), lower Vis\u00e9an, Missouri, a-c, posterior, anterior, lateral views of ventral valve, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 344. productidae (p. 502).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-537.jpg?height=1627&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peniculauris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Peniculauris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peniculauris Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 278","Type_species":"P. mckeei; OD; nom. nov. pro Productus ivesi KING, 1931, p. 69, non NEWBERRY , 1861]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, widest at hinge, with large ears, ginglymus incipient, ventral profile somewhat flattened posteriorly, geniculate and long trail, ribbing strong, swollen at densely positioned spine bases, disks weakly reticulate, spines in rows near hinge, clusters on ears and scattered over ventral valve, fine on dorsal valve, cardinal process trifid with large median sector, lateral ridges extend across ears, adductor scars wide, long median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Roadian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 345, 1a-e. *P. mckeei, Lower Permian, Leonard Formation, Texas, a-d, holotype, viewed ventrally, anteriorly, laterally, dorsally, USNM 123445, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 345. productidae (p. 502).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-538.jpg?height=1745&width=1279&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Piloricilla":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Piloricilla","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Piloricilla CARTER, 1987, p. 33","Type_species":"P. desmetensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Acanthocosta, but with flared lateral margins and some thicker ventral spines anteriorly, cardinal ridges widening laterally and uniting with obscure marginal rim","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 345, 2a-g. * P. desmetensis, lower Vis\u00e9an, western Alberta, a-e, holotype, ventral, anterior, lateral, posterior, dorsal views, GSC 63246, x1, f, dorsal valve interior, x2, g, posterior view of preceding specimen, X3 (Carter, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nCarter, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 345. productidae (p. 502).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-538.jpg?height=1745&width=1279&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scissicosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Scissicosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scissicosta Lazarev in Lazarev & SUUR'SUREN, 1992, p. 65","Type_species":"S. gobiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Tolmatchoffia, but smaller, more concave dorsal valve, ribbing absent at beaks, well defined on trails, dorsal spines rare, confined to zone of geniculation. Lower Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian): Mongolia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 346, 1a-d. *S. gobiensis, Hastarian, Mongolia, a, b, holotype, ventrally, laterally views, PIN N 3385\/ 1080,X1, c, ventral valve exterior,X1, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, X1 (Lazarev & Suur'suren, 1992).-Fig. 346, 1e. S. busalaensis Suur'suren, exterior mold of dorsal valve, x1 (Lazarev & Suur'suren, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev & Suur'suren, 1992, \nLazarev & Suur'suren, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 346. productidae (p. 502-505).\nfig. 346. productidae (p. 502-505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-539.jpg?height=1832&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-539.jpg?height=1832&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinifrons":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Spinifrons","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinifrons STEHLI, 1954, p. 318","Type_species":"S. quadratus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, resembling Peniculauris, but with clusters of thicker spines on ears and rarely anteriorly, cardinal process small, weakly developed lateral ridges close to hinge, and other internal morphology weak.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian-Artinskian)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 346, 3a-e. *S. quadratus, Lower Permian, Bone Spring Formation, Texas, a, b, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, X1, c, lateral view, X1, d, e, dorsal valve exterior, interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 346. productidae (p. 502-505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-539.jpg?height=1832&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":292.02,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Squamaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Squamaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Squamaria Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 287","Type_species":"S. moorei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with wide hinge, ventral trail lamellose marginally, disks reticulate, but ribbing weak, irregular on trails, spines in prominent thick clusters on ears of both valves, widely scattered ventrally on accentuated ribs, sparse, fine dorsally, lateral, marginal ridges weak, shell substance thick","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 347, 1a-f. * S. moorei, Lower Permian, Talpa Formation, Texas, a, b, holotype, viewed anteriorly, dorsally, USNM 123987, \u00d71; c,d, posterior, lateral views of shell, \u00d71; e, incomplete ventral valve interior, \u00d71; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 347. productidae (p. 504-508).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-540.jpg?height=1594&width=1293&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tomilia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Tomilia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tomilia Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & OTHERS, 1963, p. 220","Type_species":"{ }^{*}T. khalfini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Tolmatchoffia, but smaller, ribbing less well developed, sulcate, with thick-walled valves, cardinal process massive, protruding, supported by thick, short, divergent lateral ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 346, 2a-e. *T. khalfini, Vis\u00e9an, Kuzbass, central Asia, a, b, ventral, posterior views of ventral valve, X1, c, posterior view of ventral valve internal mold, X1, d, e, holotype, lateral, dorsal views of internal mold, PIN N 1493\/134, X1 (Sarytcheva & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSarytcheva & others, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 346. productidae (p. 502-505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-539.jpg?height=1832&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tomiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Tomiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tomiproductus Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & OTHERS, 1963, p. 201","Type_species":"Productus elegantulus TOLMATCHOFF, 1924, p. 244, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thin shelled, deep corpus, elongate ventral trail, ribbing entire, fine, weak reticulation on disks, spines sparsely scattered, thicker, somewhat concentric on ventral trail, paired ridges posterior to dorsal adductor scars, lateral ridges reach ears.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America, ?northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 348, 2a-e. *T. elegantulus (Tolmat-\\nUmboanctus Waterhouse in Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971, p. 212 *U. spinosus, OD. Size medium, thick shelled with geniculated dorsal valve, ventral trail medianly sulcate, ribbing strong, clearly reticulate disks, spines numerous on both valves, concentric on ventral trail, cardinal ridges prominent, endospines large anteriorly, prominent ventral ad- ductor scar platform. Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian): Canada.-Fig. 347, 2a-e. *U. spinosus, Moscovian, Yukon, a, ventral view of ventral valve, X1 b, c, holotype, anterior, dorsal views, GSC 26411, X1, d, e, ventral, dorsal views of internal cast, X1 (Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971). \u00d71; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73 (Sarytcheva & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nT, \nTolmat-\\nUmboanctus Waterhouse in Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971, \nBamber & Waterhouse, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 348. productidae (p. 505-509).\nfig. 347. productidae (p. 504-508).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-541.jpg?height=1455&width=568&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=854)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-540.jpg?height=1594&width=1293&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Umboanctus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Umboanctus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Umboanctus Waterhouse in Bamber & WATERHOUSE, 1971, p. 212","Type_species":"U. spinosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium, thick shelled with geniculated dorsal valve, ventral trail medianly sulcate, ribbing strong, clearly reticulate disks, spines numerous on both valves, concentric on ventral trail, cardinal ridges prominent, endospines large anteriorly, prominent ventral adductor scar platform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 347, 2a-e. *U. spinosus, Moscovian, Yukon, a, ventral view of ventral valve, X1 b, c, holotype, anterior, dorsal views, GSC 26411, X1, d, e, ventral, dorsal views of internal cast, X1 (Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nBamber & Waterhouse, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 347. productidae (p. 504-508).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-540.jpg?height=1594&width=1293&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinshaoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Buxtoniinae (Tribe Tolmatchoffiini)","Genus":"Xinshaoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinshaoproductus Tan ZHEN-XIU, 1986, p. 433","Type_species":"X. xinshaoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Neoyanguania SHI XIAOYING, 1988, p. 348352 (type, N. quadrata)","Synonyms":"Neoyanguania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"less well-defined ribbing, reticulation posteriorly, spines numerous from ventral elongate bases, not known dorsally, weak cardinal ridges plus ridges posterolaterally to adductor scars","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 348, 1 a-d . *X. xinshaoensis, Tournaisian, Hunan, a-c, holotype, lateral, anterior, posterior views, HB 302, x1,  d, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Tan, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tan, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 348. productidae (p. 505-509).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-541.jpg?height=1455&width=568&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=854)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinoconchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Echinoconchinae (Tribe Echinoconchini)","Genus":"Echinoconchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinoconchus WELLER, 1914, p. 138","Type_species":"Anomites punctatus Martin, 1809, pl. 37, fig. 6-8, declared invalid from 1948, ICZN, 1950, =Productus punctatus J. Sowerby, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 22, SD \u0421HAO, 1927b, p. 63","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely subcircular, dorsal valve weakly concave, minimal trails, cardinal process narrow, supported by cardinal ridges, adductor scars elongate, slightly raised anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 349a-e. *E. punctatus (J. Sowerby), Asbian, a, lectotype, viewed ventrally, Derbyshire, British Isles, BMNH B 60966, X1 (new), b-d, shell viewed dorsally, laterally, ventrally, Yorkshire, X1, e, anterolateral detail of ventral exterior, Yorkshire, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960). \u2014\u2014Fig. 349f. *E. alternatus (NORWOOD & PRATTEN), dorsal valve interior, Chesterian, Oklahoma, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 349. echinoconchidae (p. 509-510).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-542.jpg?height=1695&width=1304&top_left_y=137&top_left_x=161)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Echinoconchinae (Tribe Echinoconchini)","Genus":"Echinaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinaria Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 248","Type_species":"Productus semipunctatus SHEPARD, 1838, p. 153, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate outline widening anteriorly, cardinal ridges, strong median septum support narrow, trifid, cardinal process, ear baffles weak","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)-Lower Permian","Geography":"North America, northern South America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 350, 2a-d. *E. semipunctata (Shepard), Virgilian, a, ventral valve exterior, Texas, X1, b, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, Texas, X2, c, shell viewed laterally, Kansas, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, Illinois, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 350. echinoconchidae (p. 510-511).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-543.jpg?height=1282&width=1287&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stepanoconchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Echinoconchinae (Tribe Echinoconchini)","Genus":"Stepanoconchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stepanoconchus LAZAREV, 1985, p. 69","Type_species":"Echinoconchus postpunctatus Stepanov in VOLGIN, 1960, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally resembles Echinoconchus, but differs internally by having dorsal adductor scars on laterally curving muscle platforms.","Beginning_age":"Upper Upper Carboniferous (upper Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Upper Carboniferous (upper Gzhelian)-Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Ural Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 350, 1a, b. *S. postpunctatus (Stepanov), Lower Permian, Ural Mountains, a, dorsal view of incomplete shell fractured at adductor platform, \u00d70.75; b, transverse section of dorsal adductor platform, valve internal surface to bottom, \u00d75 (Lazarev, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 350. echinoconchidae (p. 510-511).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-543.jpg?height=1282&width=1287&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":301.28,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calliprotonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Echinoconchinae (Tribe Calliprotoniini)","Genus":"Calliprotonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calliprotonia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 246","Type_species":"C. renfrarum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, planoconvex with short trails, commonly weak ventromedian sulcation, cardinal process trifid, strongly supported by lateral ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)-Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"North America, South America, eastern Europe (Moscow basin, Ural Mountains), Asia, ?Spitzbergen","Figure_captions":"Fig. 351, 2a-g. * C. renfrarum, Virgilian, Texas, a-e, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, dorsally, X1, f, g, dorsal valve exterior, interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 351. echinoconchidae (p. 512).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-544.jpg?height=1110&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karavankina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Echinoconchinae (Tribe Karavankinini)","Genus":"Karavankina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karavankina Ramov\u0161, 1969, p. 261","Type_species":"K. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Karavankina Ramov\u0161, 1966, p. 120, nom. nud.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline commonly transversely subcircular, concentric bands with wide, spine-free regions, cardinal ridges weak, paired dorsal adductor platforms undercut anteromedianly","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 351, 1a-d. * K. typica, Kazanian, northern Yugoslavia, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, UL 3714\/160, X1, d, detail of ventral ornament, x5 (Ramov\u0161, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ramov\u0161, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 351. echinoconchidae (p. 512).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-544.jpg?height=1110&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinoconchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Echinoconchinae (Tribe Karavankinini)","Genus":"Echinoconchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinoconchella LAZAREV, 1985, p. 70","Type_species":"Productus elegans M'COR, 1844, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Karavankina, but without dorsal muscle platforms","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Brigantian)","First_Occurrence":"Brigantian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Brigantian-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 351, 3a-c. * E. elegans (M'Coy), Brigantian, Scotland, a, b, shell viewed ventrally, laterally, X2, dorsal valve interior, X3 (new)., Fig. 351, 3d. E. venusta (\u0422\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430s), lower Brigantian, Derbyshire, dorsal view of shell showing spine bases, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 351. echinoconchidae (p. 512).\nfig. 351. echinoconchidae (p. 512).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-544.jpg?height=1110&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-544.jpg?height=1110&width=1282&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":49.2,"beginning_date":338.67,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Juresania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Juresania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Juresania FREDERICKS, 1928, p. 786","Type_species":"Productus juresanensis CHERNYSCHEV, 1902, p. 276, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Smaller medium size, subquadrate outline with hinge forming widest part, ventral profile weakly geniculate, median sulcation weak, ventral disk with elongate spine bases arranged quincuncially, anterior to disk (trail) nonrugose bands with differentiated spines, elongate thicker spines posteriorly, thinner recumbent spines anteriorly, buttress plates converge anteriorly to median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)-Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"Arctic Eurasia, western Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 352, 3a-e. *J. juresanensis (Tschernyschew), Schwagerina Limestone, Juresan River, Russia, a, b, syntype, specimen viewed posteriorly, laterally,X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), c, anteroventral view of ventral valve, X1, d, detail of ventral trail, X3 (Lazarev, 1990), e, dorsoposterior view of shell with dorsal valve removed, showing short convergent buttress plates (arrow), X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nLazarev, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 352. echinoconchidae (p. 513).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-546.jpg?height=1653&width=1291&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ametoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Ametoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ametoria Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1055","Type_species":"A. residua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, hinge wide, spines of two sizes covering venter, clusters on ears and flanks, finer covering dorsal valve, buttress plates absent.\"","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 352, 1a-e. *A. residua, Road Canyon Formation, Texas, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, anteriorly, laterally, USNM 153476, x1, d, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, X1, e, incomplete dorsal valve interior, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 352. echinoconchidae (p. 513).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-546.jpg?height=1653&width=1291&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bathymyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Bathymyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bathymyonia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 244","Type_species":"Productus nevadensis MEEK, 1877, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subquadrate in dorsal outline, dorsal disk plane to gently concave with short trail, medium sulcation slight, spines mixed in size, varied inclinations, ventral disk with elongate swollen bases, anteriorly spines arranged in bands of several rows, cardinal process large, with shaft, buttress plates absent, cardinal ridges strong, ventral valve thick shelled posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (?Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (?Artinskian, Kungurian)","Geography":"USA, ?eastern China, ?Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 353, 1a-g. *B. nevadensis (\u041c\u0435\u0435\u043a), Lower Permian, Phosphoria Formation, a-d, lectotype, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, Nevada, USNM 668a, X1, e, dorsal valve exterior, Nevada, X1, f, ventral valve internal mold, Nevada, X1, g, dorsal valve interior, Wyoming, x1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 353. echinoconchidae (p. 513-515).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-547.jpg?height=1464&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bilotina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Bilotina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bilotina REED, 1944, p. 109","Type_species":"Strophalosia (Bilotina) subtecta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Septasteges Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970, p. 120 (type, S. acanthus, OD)","Synonyms":"Septasteges","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Smaller medium size with subquadrate corpus outline, deep planoconvex profile with geniculate trails, small cicatrix may be present, ventral ginglymus, elongate spine ridges may simulate impersistent ribbing, spines strong, evenly scattered on ventral valve, thin on dorsal valve, cardinal process strong, supported by paired elevated adductor platforms, cardinal, marginal ridges strong.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"western Pakistan, Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 352, 2a-c. *B. subtecta, Amb Formation, Khisor Range, a, b, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, laterally, x1,  c, incomplete dorsal valve interior, x1 (Grant, 1976). - Fig. 352, 2d-g. B. acantha (Waterhouse & Piyasin), Rat Bui Limestone, southern Thailand, d, e, ventral valve viewed ventrally, posteriorly, x2,  f, dorsal valve exterior, X1, g, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1976, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 352. echinoconchidae (p. 513).\nfig. 352. echinoconchidae (p. 513).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-546.jpg?height=1653&width=1291&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=163)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-546.jpg?height=1653&width=1291&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Buntoxia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Buntoxia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Buntoxia LAZAREV, 1986b, p. 94","Type_species":"Buxtonia scabricula var. mosquensis IVANOV, 1935, p. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve almost flat, ventral spine bases swollen umbonally, rugae anteriorly with bands of differentiated spines, median septum grooved posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Asbian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Asbian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Asbian)-Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 354a-d. *B. mosquensis (Ivanov), Moscovian, Myachkovian, Moscow basin, a-c, ventral valve exterior viewed anteroventrally, laterally, posteroventrally, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, x1 (new), Fig. 354e. B. sp. aff. B. mosquensis (Ivanov), Kasimovian, detail of ventral ornament anteriorly, X3 (Lazarev, 1990), Fig. 354f. B. sp., Serpukhovian, detail of ventral valve posteroventrally, X3 (Lazarev, 1990)","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1990, \nLazarev, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 354. echinoconchidae (p. 513).\nfig. 354. echinoconchidae (p. 513).\nfig. 354. echinoconchidae (p. 513).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-548.jpg?height=1544&width=1289&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-548.jpg?height=1544&width=1289&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-548.jpg?height=1544&width=1289&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":53,"beginning_date":338.04,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cubacula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Cubacula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cubacula LAZAREV, 1984, p. 73","Type_species":"Productus subpunctatus NIKITIN, 1890, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, slightly emarginate outline, resembles Parajuresania, but between every four or five recumbent spines erect spines project from middle of bands, each widely separated by narrow rugae originating at about half corpus length, commonly symmetrical in profile","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian-lower Gzhelian)","Geography":"eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 355, 1 a-f .* C. subpunctata (Nikitin), Kasimovian, Moscow basin, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, laterally, dorsally, x1,  d, detail of cardinal process dorsally, X4, e, detail of ventral valve ornament, X3, f, dorsal valve interior, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 355. echinoconchidae (p. 513-515).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-549.jpg?height=1168&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":301.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Densepustula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Densepustula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Densepustula LAZAREV, 1982, p. 66","Type_species":"Flexaria russiensis SEMENOVA, 1972, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament as in Juresania posteriorly, but lacks concentric bands anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian-lower Moscovian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 356, 1a-d. *D. russiensis (Semenova), lower Moscovian, Moscow basin, a, ventral valve viewed anteriorly, X3, b, dorsal valve exterior, X1, c, detail of dorsal valve exterior, X4, d, incomplete juvenile dorsal valve interior showing buttress plates, \u00d7 3 (Lazarev, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 356. echinoconchidae (p. 513-516).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-550.jpg?height=1113&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parajuresania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Parajuresania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parajuresania LAZAREV, 1982, p. 70","Type_species":"Productus nebrascensis OWEN, 1852, p. 584, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Juresania but differs in having small, uncommon ventral cicatrix, concentric bands with differentiated spines only anteriorly, anterior spines thin, recumbent, posterior spines thicker, suberect, buttress plates subparallel as juvenile.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Kasimovian), Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"North America, northern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 353, 2a-f .*P. nebrascensis (Owen), Asselian, Kansas, a-e, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, dorsally, x1,  f, dorsal valve interior, X1 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 353. echinoconchidae (p. 513-515).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-547.jpg?height=1464&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":305.35,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pulchratia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Pulchratia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pulchratia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 249","Type_species":"Productus symmetricus MCCHESNEY, 1860, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Parajuresania, but spines more uniform in size, lacking strong spine bases, lateral ridges diverge slightly from hinge, buttress plates weak, convergent, or lost in adults","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian-Gzhelian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 355, 2a-e. *P. symmetrica (McChesney), Virgilian, Texas, a-d, shell viewed anteroventrally, laterally, dorsally, dorsolaterally, x1 (new), e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 355. echinoconchidae (p. 513-515).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-549.jpg?height=1168&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vediproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Juresaniini)","Genus":"Vediproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vediproductus Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1965, p. 219","Type_species":"V. vediensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, resembles Juresania, but differs by having spine bands of strong relief covering ventral valve, cardinal ridges bend sharply across ears.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 356, 2a-e. *V. vediensis, Ufimian, Avush, Transcaucasia, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, PIN 207\/32, x1, detail of ventral valve exterior, X3, e, incomplete dorsal valve interior, x1 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 356. echinoconchidae (p. 513-516).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-550.jpg?height=1113&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waagenoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Waagenoconchini)","Genus":"Waagenoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waagenoconcha C\u041d\u0410\u041e, 1927b, p. 24, 85","Type_species":"Productus humboldti D'ORBIGNY, 1842, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Biplatyconcha Waterhouse, 1983b, p. 125, nom. nov. pro Platyconcha Waterhouse, 1975, p. 8, non Longstaff, 1933, gastropod (type, P. grandis Waterhouse, 1975, p. 8), Ruthenia Frederiks, 1928, p. 789 (type, Productus irginae Stuckenberg, 1898, p. 340), Wimanoconcha Waterhouse, 1983b, p. 125 (type, Waagenoconcha wimani Frederiks, 1934, p. 28)","Synonyms":"Biplatyconcha, Ruthenia, Wimanoconcha","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large shells, outline subrounded with hinge slightly less than maximum width, corpus planoconvex, with short trails, corpus covered by pustulose, slightly elongate spine bases arranged quincuncially, dorsal interior with no buttress plates.\"","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"upper Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 357, 1a-c. *W. humboldti (d'Orbigny), Lower Permian, Bolivia, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)., Fig. 357, 1d. W. prophetica (Cooper & Grant), upper Finnis Shale, Gzhelian, Texas; detail of ventral valve exterior, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).\u2014\u2014Fig. 357,1e,f. W. magni\ufb01ca COOPER & GRANT, upper Lower Permian, Texas; dorsal valve exterior, part of interior, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 357. echinoconchidae (p. 517-518).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-551.jpg?height=1676&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"W. (Waagenochocha)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Waagenoconchini)","Genus":"W. (Waagenochocha)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"W. (Waagenochocha) \u0421\u041d\u0410\u041e, 1927b, p. 85","Type_species":"Productus humboldti D'ORBIGNY, 1842, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Waagenoconcha with spreading flanks, ventral trail with smaller spines than corpus and with small rounded bases","Beginning_age":"Upper Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Upper Carboniferous-upper Lower Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 357, 1a-c. *W. humboldti (d'Orbigny), Lower Permian, Bolivia, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)., Fig. 357, 1d. W. prophetica (Cooper & Grant), upper Finnis Shale, Gzhelian, Texas; detail of ventral valve exterior, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).\u2014\u2014Fig. 357,1e,f. W. magni\ufb01ca COOPER & GRANT, upper Lower Permian, Texas; dorsal valve exterior, part of interior, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 357. echinoconchidae (p. 517-518).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-551.jpg?height=1676&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":254.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"W. (Gruntoconcha)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Waagenoconchini)","Genus":"W. (Gruntoconcha)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"W. (Gruntoconcha) ANGIOLINI, 1995, p. 206","Type_species":"W. (G.) macrotuberculata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Waagenoconcha in having coarse, less elongate spine bases, weak differentiation of anterior nonswollen spine bases, weak rugae near start of ventral trail, steep lateral margins giving more strongly convex transverse profile.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"western Himalayas (Karakorum)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 357, 2a. *W. (G.) macrotuberculata, Ufimian, Karakorum, ventral valve exterior,X1 (new), Fig. 357, 2b-f. W. (G.) abichi (WAAGEN), ?Kazanian, mid-Productus Limestone, Khisor Range; b,c, shell viewed ventrally, anteriorly, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960); d, anteroventral view of shell, \u00d71.5; e, dorsal view of shell, \u00d7 1.25; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1.5 (Grant, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 357. echinoconchidae (p. 517-518).\nfig. 357. echinoconchidae (p. 517-518).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-551.jpg?height=1676&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-551.jpg?height=1676&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Balkhasheconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Waagenoconchini)","Genus":"Balkhasheconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Balkhasheconcha LAZAREV, 1985, p. 6866","Type_species":"Waagenoconcha balkhashensis Nasikanova in SARYTCHEVA, 1968, p. 106, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Waagenoconcha in ornament, but with buttress plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian)","Geography":"northeastern Arctic Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 358, 2a-c. *B. balkhashensis (Nasikanova), Upper Carboniferous, Keregetassk Formation, Kazakhstan, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, PIN 1506\/1163, x1, b, incomplete dorsal valve interior,X1, c, detail of ventral external ornament, X3 (Sarytcheva, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 358. echinoconchidae (p. 518).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-552.jpg?height=1735&width=1293&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Buxtoniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Waagenoconchini)","Genus":"Buxtoniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Buxtoniella Abramov & GRIGORJEVA, 1986, p. 94","Type_species":"B. longispina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Balkhasheconcha but no anterior band of thinner spines on ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 358, 1a-d. *B. longispina, middle Vis\u00e9an, Sokolsk Beds, Verkhoyansk, a, holotype, anteroventral view of ventral valve, PIN 4002\/858, x1, b, ventral view of ventral exterior, X 1, c, dorsal view of incomplete specimen, \u00d7 1; d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Abramov & Grigorjeva, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 358. echinoconchidae (p. 518).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-552.jpg?height=1735&width=1293&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinauris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Waagenoconchini)","Genus":"Spinauris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinauris ROBERTS, 1971, p. 107","Type_species":"S. cristata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Waagenoconcha, but lacks well-differentiated finer spines anteriorly, cardinal process shaft weak or lacking, pit variably present, cardinal ridges weak, short, may extend as weak ear baffles, submarginal ridge.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 358, 3ae. * S. cristata, lower Tournaisian, Bonaparte Gulf, a- d, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, dorsally, x1, e, holotype, dorsal valve interior, CPC 8543, x1 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nRoberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 358. echinoconchidae (p. 518).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-552.jpg?height=1735&width=1293&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pustula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Pustulinae","Genus":"Pustula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pustula THOMAS, 1914, p. 259","Type_species":"Producta pustulosa PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 216, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subrectangular with weak ventral sulcus, dorsal median fold, almost planoconvex, trails minimal, spine bases elongate, in irregular concentric bands with weak spine differentiation, cardinal process narrow, dorsal face trifid, cardinal ridges diminish toward the hinge.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 359, 1a\u2013f. *P. pustulosa (PHILLIPS), Asbian\u2013Brigantian; a, holotype, viewed anterolaterally, Lancashire, British Isles, BMNH B419, \u00d71; b\u2013e, specimen viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, dorsally, Staffordshire, \u00d7 1 (new); f, incomplete dorsal valve interior, Scotland, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 359. echinoconchidae (p. 519-521).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-553.jpg?height=1392&width=1285&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Etheridgina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Pustulinae","Genus":"Etheridgina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Etheridgina OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1278","Type_species":"Productus complectens ETHERIDGE, 1876, p. 462, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, possibly representing the young of more Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an) species. Found in the British Isles.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"British Isles","Figure_captions":"Fig. 359, 2a-d. *E. complectens (Etheridge), Brigantian, East Lothian, a, ventral valve exterior, X 5, b, ventral valve clasping crinoid stem, X, c, d, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, interior, X5 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 359. echinoconchidae (p. 519-521).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-553.jpg?height=1392&width=1285&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scutepustula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Pustulinae","Genus":"Scutepustula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scutepustula Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & OTHERS, 1963, p. 165","Type_species":"Productus (Waagenoconcha) scutelatus BALASHOVA, 1955, p. 146, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium, outline subcircular, closely spaced rugae bearing well-differentiated bands of elongate spine bases, otherwise resembles Pustula","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 360, la-e. *S. scutelata (Balashova), upper Tournaisian, southeastern Ural Mountains, a, b, shell viewed ventrally and with corpus removed, exposing part of dorsal valve external mold, \u00d7 1; c, ventral ornament viewed posterolaterally, \u00d7 3; d, ventral ornament viewed anteromedianly showing spine bases, \u00d7 5; e, ventral valve in lateral pro\ufb01le, \u00d7 1 (Sarytcheva & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 360. echinoconchidae (p. 521-522).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-555.jpg?height=1324&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septarinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Pustulinae","Genus":"Septarinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septarinia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 251","Type_species":"Productus leuchtenbergensis de KONINCK, 1847a, p. 226, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornamentation resembles Pustula on disks, but spines in concentric bands anteriorly, with more prominent dorsal median fold, ventral umbo interior with low median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian)","First_Occurrence":"Asbian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asbian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 360, 2 a-f . * S. leuchtenbergensis (de Koninck), Asbian, a, b, lectotype, internal mold, viewed posteriorly, dorsally, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, BMNH BD 193, \u00d71.5 (Mundy & Brunton, 1983); c, latex replica of posterior corpus cavity showing median septa, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, \u00d71.5 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960); d\u2013f, shell viewed ventrally, laterally, anteriorly, Cork, Ireland, \u00d71 (Mundy & Brunton, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 360. echinoconchidae (p. 521-522).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-555.jpg?height=1324&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":41.3,"beginning_date":339.97,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":65.1,"ending_date":336.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sentosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Sentosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sentosia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 196","Type_species":"Krotovia praecursor STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 313, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size small to medium, outline transversely elliptical, ventral umbo small, rugae delicate, irregular, associated with fine prostrate spines from small rounded bases, cardinal process bilobed, quadrifid, lateral ridges short, only slightly divergent from hinge. Upper Devonian (Famennian): North America, ?northern Africa, Europe.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"North America, ?northern Africa, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 361, 1 a-e. *S. praecursor (Stainbrook), Famennian, New Mexico, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, X1, d, shell viewed dorsally, X2, e, part of dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 361. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-556.jpg?height=1761&width=1304&top_left_y=135&top_left_x=157)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alatoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Alatoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alatoproductus Jing & Zhu in Jing & HU, 1978, p. 120","Type_species":"A. truncatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chonostegoidella Li & Yang in Li, Yang, & Feng, 1986, p. 219 (type, C. longlinensis, OD), =Chenxianoproductus Liao & Meng, 1986, p. 79 (type, C. nitens, OD)","Synonyms":"Chonostegoidella, Chenxianoproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subtrigonal in outline with hinge less than maximum width, small cicatrix present in some, ventral median sulcus shallow, dorsal disk gently concave, trail short, short elongate spine bases with suberect fine spines becoming weakly arranged concentrically anteriorly, interiors poorly known, but with lateral ridges curving to lateral margins","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian, Upper Permian (Kazanian-Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 361, 2c, d. A. nitens Liao & Meng, Upper Permian, Hunan, c, holotype, ventral valve exterior, NIGP 74181, X1.5, d, external mold of dorsal valve, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 361. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-556.jpg?height=1761&width=1304&top_left_y=135&top_left_x=157)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jakutella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Jakutella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jakutella ABRAMOV, 1970, p. 119","Type_species":"J. sarytchevae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ventral profile strongly convex, concentric ornament anteriorly lamellose, somewhat resembling Stegacanthia, no differentiation of spines, arranged quincuncially posteriorly, interiors unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian-Kasimovian)","Geography":"northern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 361, 4a-d. *J. sarytchevae, Moscovian, Yakutsk, a, anterior view of ventral valve exterior, x1 (Abramov, 1970), b, c, posteroventral, lateral views of ventral valve, X 1, d, external mold of dorsal valve, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Abramov, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 361. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-556.jpg?height=1761&width=1304&top_left_y=135&top_left_x=157)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laminatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Laminatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laminatia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 189","Type_species":"Productella laminata KINDLE, 1909, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, gently concavoconvex, concentric ornament strong, lamellose, spines differentiated into bands and by size, lateral ridges short, divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"southern North America, Australia, ?Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 362, 1a-f. * L. laminata (Kindle), uppermost Famennian, New Mexico, a, ventral valve exterior, x2, b-e, shell viewed anteriorly, laterally, posteriorly, dorsally, X2, f, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 362. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-557.jpg?height=1787&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Malloproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Malloproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Malloproductus TACHIBANA, 1981, p. 62","Type_species":"M. pexus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium, similar to Sentosia, but possibly with longer fine spines, extending almost radially, cardinal process elongate, median septum long, narrow.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 362, 3 a-c .* M. pexus, Famennian, northeastern Japan, a, ventral valve exterior with corona of spines, squashed, X1, b, replica of dorsal valve exterior, including cardinal process, x1.5, c, replica of dorsal valve interior, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 362. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-557.jpg?height=1787&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Markamia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Markamia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Markamia Jin Yu-gan & Shi Quan in Jin & OTHERS, 1985, p. 192","Type_species":"M. transversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tuberella LI in Li, Yang, & Feng, 1986, p. 222 (type, T. typica, OD), Uraloconchus Lazarev, 1990, p. 112 (type, Productus jakovlevi Chernyschev, 1902, p. 300, OD)","Synonyms":"Tuberella, Uraloconchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size small to medium, outline transverse, weakly concavoconvex, spines prostrate, coarse posteriorly on narrow lamellose bands separated by narrower bands of smooth shell, dorsal spines fine, interiors unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian), Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"China, Tibet, western Ural Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 362, 4a, b. *M. transversa, Gzhelian-Asselian, Xizang, a, ventral valve exterior, NIGP 60757, x1, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1 (Jin & others, 1985).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nJin & others, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 362. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-557.jpg?height=1787&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Productellana":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Productellana","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Productellana STAINBROOK, 1950, p. 373","Type_species":"P. bifaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subcircular, reportedly with short interarea, open delthyrium, rugae weak, irregular, slightly lamellose, spines widely spaced, weakly concentric","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"North America, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 362, 2a-e. * P. bifaria, Famennian, Aplington, Iowa, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, anteriorly, SUI 21656A, X1, d, shell viewed dorsally, X1 .5, e, shell viewed dorsally, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 362. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-557.jpg?height=1787&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sentosioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Sentosioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sentosioides Lazarev in Lazarev & SUUR'SUREN, 1992, p. 69","Type_species":"S. tsagankhalginensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral umbo moderately inflated, elongate spine-base pustules on both valves, ventral spines thicker than Sentosia, weak concentric ornament","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Russia, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 362, 5a-d. * S. tsagankhalginensis, uppermost Famennian, Gobi Altai, Mongolia, a, incomplete ventral valve exterior, x2 (new), b, replica of incomplete dorsal valve exterior, x1 . 5, ~ c, part of dorsal valve interior plus external mold, x1.6 (new), d, holotype, incomplete dorsal valve interior, PIN 3385\/1050, X1 (Lazarev & Suur'suren, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev & Suur'suren, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 362. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-557.jpg?height=1787&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stegacanthia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Sentosiini)","Genus":"Stegacanthia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stegacanthia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 198","Type_species":"S. bowsheri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium, concavoconvex with short trails, ornament lamellose, each band with elongate spine bases, spines prostrate, lateral ridges diverge toward ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"southern North America, ?northern Africa, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 361, 3a-e. *S. bowsheri, Ivorian, New Mexico, a-d, holotype, viewed ventrally, anteriorly, laterally, dorsally, USNM 123963, x1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 361. sentosiidae (p. 522-523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-556.jpg?height=1761&width=1304&top_left_y=135&top_left_x=157)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ericiatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Bagrasiini)","Genus":"Ericiatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ericiatia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 172","Type_species":"Productus newberryi Hall, 1857, p. 180, OD, =Productella newberryi HALL, 1883, pl. 49, fig. 1-3","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bagrasia NALIVKIN in SARYTCHEVA, LICHAREW, & SOKOLSKAJA, 1960, p. 231 (type, Productus chonetiformis KRESTOVNIKOV & KARPYSHEV, 1948, p. 48)","Synonyms":"Bagrasia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size small to medium; outline subcircular to transverse, elongate spine bases simulate ribbing over complete shell; cardinal process weakly supported by short lateral ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western ural Mountains, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig.363, a\u2013d. *E. newberryi (H ALL ), upper Kinderhookian\u2013lower Osagean, Ohio; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71; b, lateral pro\ufb01le of ventral valve, \u00d71; c, replica of dorsal valve exterior, \u00d71; d, replica of incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d71.5 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caucasiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Bagrasiini)","Genus":"Caucasiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caucasiproductus LAZAREV, 1987, p. 50","Type_species":"C. gretchishnikovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size small, thick-walled with up to 0.5 mm thick ventral spines, short ventral median septum, cardinal pro- cess strongly V-shaped","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Transcaucasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 364, 2a. *C. gretchishnikovae, Givetian, Transcaucasia, holotype, ventral valve exterior, PIN 4127\/103, x3 (Lazarev, 1987)., Fig. 364, 2b-e. Caucasiproductus sp., b, c, dorsal, posterior views of shell, x3 (Lazarev, 1987), d, ventral valve internal mold plus shell anterolaterally, X3, e, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Lazarev, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1987, \nLazarev, 1987, \nLazarev, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 364. sentosiidae (p. 526).\nfig. 364. sentosiidae (p. 526).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-559.jpg?height=1353&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-559.jpg?height=1353&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praewaagenoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Bagrasiini)","Genus":"Praewaagenoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praewaagenoconcha SOKOLSKAYA, 1948, p. 132","Type_species":"Productus orelianus von M\u00d6LLER, 1871, p. 389, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thinner shelled than Caucasiproductus, spines relatively fine in roughly concentric arrangement, commonly with spine bearing median ridge, no ventral median septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 364, 3a-d. * P. oreliana (von M\u00f6ller), Famennian, Moscow basin, a, b, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, laterally, X2, c, shell viewed posteriorly, X2, d, shell viewed dorsally showing spines, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 364. sentosiidae (p. 526).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-559.jpg?height=1353&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Sentosiidae","Subfamily":"Sentosiinae (Tribe Bagrasiini)","Genus":"Strophoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophoproductus NALIVKIN, 1937, p. 46","Type_species":"Productella hystricula HALL, 1867c, p. 178, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, undulose concentric ornament, weak elongate spine bases, spines probably recumbent, cardinal process strongly bilobed internally, with pit and short socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 364, 1 a-c .* S. hystriculus (Hall), Frasnian, New York, a, ventral valve exterior, x2, b, dorsal valve exterior, X, c, dorsal valve interior on left, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 364. sentosiidae (p. 526).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-559.jpg?height=1353&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septiconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septiconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septiconcha Termier & OTHERS, 1974, p. 125","Type_species":"S. taeniosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Insufficient morphology to assign, but if deep corpus cavity, then assigned to Juresaniinae","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Linoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linoproductus CHAO, 1927b, p. 128","Type_species":"Productus cora D'ORBIGNY, 1842, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Euproductus Whitehouse, 1928, p. 281, obj., Cora Fredericks, 1928, p. 781, 790, obj, Levisapicus Tong in Tong & others, 1990, p. 66100 (type, L. giganteus)","Synonyms":"Euproductus, Cora, Levisapicus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, outline elongate subcircular, ventral profile inflated posteriorly, dorsal corpus gently concave, hinge commonly widest part of shell, ribbing complete, tends to be distorted at spine bases, which are widely scattered ventrally, spines also closely set in one or two rows along hinge, rugae on ventral ears, flanks, dorsal corpus, cardinal process sessile, trifid, supported by lateral ridges, adductor scars, brachial ridges weakly marked. Upper Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian (Kazanian): cosmopolitan.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 365,1a\u2013f. *L. cora Lower Permian, Bolivia (Cochabamba); a\u2013d, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, dorsally, laterally, \u00d7 1; e, large example viewed ventrally, \u00d71; f, incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Kozlowski, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 365. linoproductidae (p. 527-530).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-560.jpg?height=1805&width=1290&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Balakhonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Balakhonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Balakhonia Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & OTHERS, 1963, p. 231","Type_species":"B. ostrogensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, ventral vided, bordered posterolaterally by ridges.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian), ?Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":"Eurasia, ?northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 365, 2a-d. *B. ostrogensis, upper Vis\u00e9an-Serpukhovian, Ostrog Formation, Kuzbass, a-c, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, dorsal valve external, internal molds, PIN 1493\/278, X1, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, x2 (Sarytcheva & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & others, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 365. linoproductidae (p. 527-530).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-560.jpg?height=1805&width=1290&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bandoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Bandoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bandoproductus Jing & SUN, 1981, p. 138","Type_species":"B. hemiglobica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, resembling Linoproductus, but with fine ventral spines no wider than ribs on corpus, single row of hinge spines, trails short, thin shelled","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)-Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Tibet (Xizang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 366, 4a, b. *B. hemiglobica, Lower Permian, Bando Group, Tibet, a, ventral valve exterior, X1, b, external mold of incomplete dorsal valve, x1 (Jin & Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 366. linoproductidae (p. 529-530).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-561.jpg?height=1460&width=1300&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coolkilella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Coolkilella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coolkilella ARCHBOLD, 1993, p. 14","Type_species":"Cancrinella coolkilyaensis ARCHBOLD, 1983b, p. 241, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Cancrinella, but with planoconvex corpus, strongly geniculate dorsal valve, long trails, rugae at ears, weak on disks, spines in two rows on ears, sparse on venter from weakly developed, elongate bases.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (lower Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (upper Artinskian-lower Kungurian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 366, 1a-e. *C. coolkilyaensis (Archbold), upper Lower Permian, Western Australia, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of specimen, \u00d7 2 (Archbold, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 366. linoproductidae (p. 529-530).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-561.jpg?height=1460&width=1300&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":278.84,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fluctuaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Fluctuaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fluctuaria Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 303","Type_species":"Productus undatus DEFRANCE, 1826, p. 354, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate, nongeniculate profile, rugae prominent, entire, increasing in size anteriorly, spines at hinge, ears, otherwise rare, cardinal process small, sessile, cardinal ridges weak","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (?lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an), ?Upper Carboniferous (?lower Moscovian)","Geography":"Eurasia, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 366, 2a-d. *F. undata (Defrance), Asbian, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of specimen, \u00d7 2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 366. linoproductidae (p. 529-530).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-561.jpg?height=1460&width=1300&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kasetia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Kasetia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kasetia WATERHOUSE, 1981, p. 89","Type_species":"K. kaseti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Coolkilella, but small with irregular discontinuous rugae, spines in clusters on ears, weakly developed spine bases.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"southern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 367 a-e. *K. kaseti, Lower Permian, Ko Yao Noi Formation, Thailand, a, b, holotype, incomplete internal mold of ventral, dorsal valves, TBR 287, X3, c, ventral valve internal mold, X3, d, replica of ventral valve exterior, X3, e, exfoliated dorsal valve interior, X3 (Waterhouse, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 367. linoproductidae (p. 530).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-562.jpg?height=1746&width=636&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marginovatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Marginovatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marginovatia Gordon & HENRY, 1990, p. 533","Type_species":"Productus ovatus var. minor SNIDER, 1915, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, less than 20 mm wide, spines in one or two rows near ventral hinge, others sparsely scattered, rugae at ears, less commonly complete on ventral disk, marginal ridges in both valves at start of trails.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)-Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":"USA, Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 365, 3a-f. *M. minor (Snider), Chesterian, Oklahoma, a-d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of shell, X2, e, posterolateral view of shell, X2, f, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Gordon & Henry, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gordon & Henry, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 365. linoproductidae (p. 527-530).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-560.jpg?height=1805&width=1290&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mistproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Mistproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mistproductus Yang DE-LI, 1991, p. 81","Type_species":"M. eucallusus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, similar to Linoproductus, but may be folded anteriorly, possibly resulting from shell damage, and reportedly with cicatrix surrounded by rhizoid spines on ears, flanks, corpus cavity deep","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 366, 3a-c. *M. eucallusus, Lower Permian, Guangxi, a, b, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, X1, c, dorsal valve interior, X1.5 (Yang De-li, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang De-li, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 366. linoproductidae (p. 529-530).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-561.jpg?height=1460&width=1300&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anidanthus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Anidanthinae","Genus":"Anidanthus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anidanthus Hill, 1950, p. 9, Linoproductus springsurensis BOOKER, 1932, p. 67","Type_species":"Linoproductus springsurensis BOOKER, 1932, p. 67, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Anidanthus Whitehouse, 1928, p. 282, nom. nud., ?Pseudomarginifera Stepanov, 1934, p. 56 (type, Productus ussuricus Fredericks, 1924, p. 8)","Synonyms":"Anidanthus, ?Pseudomarginifera,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse shells with large, well-differentiated ears forming maximum width, ribbing on both valves, except ears, rugae lamellose dorsally, spines in row near hinge, widely scattered on corpus, trail, dorsal interior with thickened shell posteromedianly, median septum about half disk length.    [Protoanidanthus should have been included as a junior synonym of Anidanthus HiLL, 1950 in the revised Treatise (Brunton & others, 2000, p. 531). WaterHouse (1986) diagnosed his genus as having smaller ears than Anidanthus . We believe this to be an intrageneric character. Protoanidanthus was described from the Lower Permian (Artinskian) of Australia (Queensland). The description of the genus Anidanthus in Brunton and others (2000, p. 531) remains unchanged, as do the entries for stratigraphy, distribution, and illustrations. This is only a note of emendation correcting an omission from the 2000 description of the genus Anidanthus.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Lower Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"Australia, northern and central Asia, central America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 368, 1ad. *A. springsurensis (Booker), New South Wales, a, ventral valve exterior, X, b, dorsal valve exterior, X2, c, ventral valve interior, X2, d, replica of dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 368. linoproductidae (p. 531-533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-563.jpg?height=1392&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Akatchania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Anidanthinae","Genus":"Akatchania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Akatchania Klets in Abramov & GRIGORJEVA, 1988, p. 135","Type_species":"A. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, hinge width approximately equal to corpus width, cavity shallow, rugae on ventral flanks and ears, dorsal valve with widely separated lamellae, spines near hinge only, extending posterolaterally, median septum short, lateral, marginal ridges complete in both valves.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"central Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 368, 4a-d. *A. plana, Lower Permian, Katchan Formation, southern Verkhoyan, a, b, holotype, internal mold viewed ventrally, dorsally, M.Ch. 14019-1\/50, x2, dorsal valve external mold, x2 (Abramov & Grigorjeva, 1988), d, ventral valve exterior, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Abramov & Grigorjeva, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 368. linoproductidae (p. 531-533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-563.jpg?height=1392&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fusiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Anidanthinae","Genus":"Fusiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fusiproductus WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 12","Type_species":"Linoproductus fusiformis HUANG, 1932, p. 45, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Poorly known small shells with highly enrolled ventral valve, outline wide with subtubular ventral ears, ribbing fine, spines single on ears, lacking on venter.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"China (Guizhou), ?Urals, ?Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 368, 2. *F. fusiformis (Huang), Capitanian, Guizhou, ventral valve exterior, X1 (Huang, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Huang, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 368. linoproductidae (p. 531-533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-563.jpg?height=1392&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kuvelousia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Anidanthinae","Genus":"Kuvelousia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kuvelousia Waterhouse, 1968a, p. 1175","Type_species":"K. sphiva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nothokuvelousia Waterhouse in Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986, p. 62 (type, N. aurifera)","Synonyms":"Nothokuvelousia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Megousia, but larger with dorsal valve heavily thickened, median septum may reach marginal ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Arctic Canada, USA, eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 369, 1a-f. *K. sphiva, Kazanian, Degerbols Formation, Arctic Canada, a-c, holotype, ventral valve exterior, interior, dorsal valve exterior, GSC 22910, \u00d7 1, d, e, ventral valve exterior, viewed laterally, X 1, f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Waterhouse, 1968a).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nWaterhouse, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 369. linoproductidae (p. 532-533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-564.jpg?height=1396&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megousia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Anidanthinae","Genus":"Megousia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megousia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 309","Type_species":"M. auriculata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Anidanthus, but ribbing on extended ears curving anterodorsally, Lower Permian: North America, eastern Australia, Tasmania","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian","Geography":"North America, eastern Australia, Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 369, 3a-c. * M. auriculata, Upper Permian, Word Limestone, Texas, a, holotype, viewed dorsally, USNM 124108b, X2, b, ventral valve exterior, X2, c, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), Fig. 369, 3d. M. alata (Cooper), Monos Formation, Sonora, Mexico, ventral valve exterior, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 369. linoproductidae (p. 532-533).\nfig. 369. linoproductidae (p. 532-533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-564.jpg?height=1396&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-564.jpg?height=1396&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protanidanthus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Anidanthinae","Genus":"Protanidanthus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protanidanthus LIAO, 1979, p. 536","Type_species":"P. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Anidanthus, but lacks dorsal lamellae","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 368, 3a-c. * P. elegans, Asselian, Guizhou, a, ventral valve exterior, X1, b, dorsal valve exterior, X1, c, lateral view of shell, X1 (Liao, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liao, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 368. linoproductidae (p. 531-533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-563.jpg?height=1392&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Anidanthinae","Genus":"Zia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zia Sutherland & HARLOW, 1973, p. 59","Type_species":"Z. novamexicana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Semilunataproductus HAN Tong-Xiang in Han & others, 1987, p. 317 (type, S. semilunatus, OD)","Synonyms":"Semilunataproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, around 30 mm wide, outline subcircular, profile geniculate with flattened ventral disk, disks reticulate, trails ribbed, spines scattered on ventral valve, but larger on trail, cardinal process sessile, lateral ridges diverge into ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 369, 2a-e. * Z. novamexicana, Morrowan, New Mexico, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, OU 7790, x1, d, lateral view of ventral valve exterior, X1, e, incomplete replica of dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Sutherland & Harlow, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nSutherland & Harlow, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 369. linoproductidae (p. 532-533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-564.jpg?height=1396&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grandaurispina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Grandaurispininae","Genus":"Grandaurispina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grandaurispina Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 305","Type_species":"C. kingorum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with hinge at maximum width, dorsal disk weakly concave with short trail, ribbing fine (capillae) commonly indistinct, rugae weak on dorsal disk, spines thick, in clusters on ears and flanks, thin with slightly elongate bases quincuncially arranged ventrally, dorsal valve with dimples, thin suberect spines, cardinal process sessile, trifid, lacking pit, lateral ridges short, medium septum long.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 370, Ia-d. *G. kingorum, Upper Permian, Word Formation, Texas, a, holotype, viewed dorsally, USNM 123454, x1.5, b, ventral valve exterior, X1, c, d, dorsal valve viewed externally showing capillae, internally, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 370. linoproductidae (p. 533-534).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-566.jpg?height=1574&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cancrinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Grandaurispininae","Genus":"Cancrinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cancrinella FREDERICKS, 1928, p. 784","Type_species":"Productus cancrini de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 245, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Platycancrinella Waterhouse, 1983b, p. 126 (type, P. grandauris)","Synonyms":"Platycancrinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, corpus almost planoconvex, deep cavity, spines with elongate swollen bases on ribs, evenly distributed, clusters on ears, spines fine on dorsal valves, rugae weak on both valves, cardinal process sessile, lateral ridges close to hinge, median septum commonly divided posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)-Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 370, 2a-d. *C. cancrini (de Verneuil), Lower Permian, Arctic Russia, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, x1, d, part of dorsal valve interior, X4 (Sarytcheva, 1977).-Fig. 370, 2e, f. C. subquadrata Cooper & Grant, Upper Permian, Word Formation, Texas, e, dorsal valve exterior, X2, f, dorsal valve interior, X1^ (text Cooper  & Grant, 1975).-Fig. 370, 2g, h. C. altissima (R. H. King), Gzhelian, Wayland Shale, Texas, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, 1977, \n\\\\text {Cooper } &} Grant, 1975, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 370. linoproductidae (p. 533-534).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-566.jpg?height=1574&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holotricharina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Grandaurispininae","Genus":"Holotricharina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holotricharina Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1173","Type_species":"H. hirsuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Grandaurispina with ventral spines of two sizes, but lacks ventral ribbing. Lower Permian-lower Upper Permian: USA.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 371, 1a-e. *H. hirsuta, Lower Permian, Road Canyon Formation, Texas, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, USNM 149896a, X1, b, c, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, laterally, X1, d, shell viewed dorsally, x2, e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 371. linoproductidae (p. 533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-567.jpg?height=1341&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Grandaurispininae","Genus":"Lyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lyonia ARCHBOLD, 1983b, p. 244","Type_species":"Lyonia Archbold, 1983b, p. 244 *Linoproductus cancriniformis var. lyoni PRENDERGAST, 1943, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Cancrinella, but with strong hinge spines, no ear clusters, dorsal spines developed anteriorly, cardinal process small, unusually sessile, unsupported by ridges, lacking clear lateral ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Western Australia, ?Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 372, 1a-e. *L. lyoni (Prendergast), Sakmarian, Lyons Group, Carnarvon basin, a, holotype, vental valve exterior, AMF 36530, X1, b, ventral valve exterior, X 1, c, dorsal valve external mold, X1, d, dorsal valve internal mold, X1, e, replica of dorsal cardinalia, \u00d7 4.5 (Archbold, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMF, \nArchbold, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 372. linoproductidae (p. 533-535).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-568.jpg?height=1181&width=1269&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paucispinauria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Grandaurispininae","Genus":"Paucispinauria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paucispinauria WATERHOUSE, 1983b, p. 130","Type_species":"Terrakea concava WATERHOUSE, 1964, p. 67, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Terrakea, but possibly differing in its coarser ventral spines and band of coarse spines at the base of the dorsal trail.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"southern New Zealand, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 371, 2a-e. *P. concava (Waterhouse), low Upper Permian, Productus Creek Limestone, Southland, New Zealand, a, b, holotype, ventral valve internal mold viewed posteriorly, replica of dorsal valve exterior, NZGS BR 200, \u00d7 2, c, d, ventral valve exterior viewed anteriorly, posteroventrally, \u00d7 2, e, replica of dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 2 (Waterhouse, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 371. linoproductidae (p. 533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-567.jpg?height=1341&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stepanoviella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Grandaurispininae","Genus":"Stepanoviella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stepanoviella ZAVODOWSKY, 1960, p. 336","Type_species":"S. paracurvata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Globiella, but with planoconvex deep corpus profile, outline more transverse, with recumbent, suberect spines on ventral valve, suberect spines on dorsal trail.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian-Tatarian)","Geography":"northeastern Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 370,3a\u2013e. *S. paracurvata, Kazanian,Khivatch Horizon, Kolymo-Omolon; a\u2013d, holotype, viewed ventrally, anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally, TsNIGRA 30\/9081, \u00d71; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Zavodowsky, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 370. linoproductidae (p. 533-534).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-566.jpg?height=1574&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terrakea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Grandaurispininae","Genus":"Terrakea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terrakea Booker, 1930, p. 66","Type_species":"Productus brachythaerus Morris in de Strezelecki, 1845, p. 284, non G. B. Sowerby, 1844, p. 158, SD MAXWELL, 1956, p. 333","Synonyms_with_authors":"Saetosina Waterhouse in Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986, p. 54 (type, Terrakea multispinosa Dear, 1971, p. 18)","Synonyms":"Saetosina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, gently concavoconvex profile, moderate to deep corpus, ribbing on both valves, ventrally with swollen elongate spine bases with semirecumbent spines, spines on dorsal valve mainly anteriorly, dorsal lateral ridges slightly divergent from hinge, median ridge commonly weakly divided posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"eastern Australia, New Zealand, Russian Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 372, 2a-d. *T. brachythaerum (Morris), upper Marine Series, New South Wales, a, ventral valve internal mold viewed","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 372. linoproductidae (p. 533-535).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-568.jpg?height=1181&width=1269&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Siphonosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Siphonosiinae","Genus":"Siphonosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Siphonosia Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1188","Type_species":"S. alleni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small siphonate shells, beak with small cicatrix, weakly reticulate disks, spines posterolaterally on ventral valve, ventral diductor scars widely triangular, cardinal process sessile, narrow quadrifid, lateral ridges strongly divergent, brachial ridges elongate, reaching disk borders","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 373a-f. * S. alleni, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas, a-c, holotype, ventral valve viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, USNM 152789a, x1.5, d, holotype, ventral valve viewed internally, USNM 152789a, x1.5, e, dorsal valve exterior, x2, f, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 373. linoproductidae (p. 535).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-569.jpg?height=1096&width=601&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=842)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monticulifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Monticuliferinae","Genus":"Monticulifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monticulifera Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 327","Type_species":"Productus intermedius var. sinensis FRECH, 1911, p. 176, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sinoproductus Chan & Li, 1962, p. 477, obj.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, monticules dense posteriorly, decreasing anteriorly, interrupted by irregular capillae, ill-defined ribs on trail, spines near hinge line, scattered on ventral valve, dorsal median septum narrow, almost reaching anterior edge of disk.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian), Upper Permian (?Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian), Upper Permian (?Kazanian)","Geography":"central China, ?Indonesia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 374, 2a-d. *M. sinensis (Frech), ChihsianMaokouan, Sichuan, a, b, ventral valve exterior, lateral views, X1, c, detail of external ornament, X3, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 374. monticuliferidae (p. 536-537).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-570.jpg?height=1170&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chilianshania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Monticuliferinae","Genus":"Chilianshania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chilianshania Yang & Ting in Yang & OTHERS, 1962, p. 85","Type_species":"C. chilianshanensis Ting in Yang & OTHERS, 1962, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Capillifera Jin & Ye in Jin & others, 1979, p. 86, invalid, =Pseudomonticulifera Zhao & Tan, 1984b, p. 26 (type, C. hunanensis Zhao & Tan in Liu, Tan, & Ding, 1982, p. 189)","Synonyms":"Capillifera, Pseudomonticulifera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Monticulifera, but lacks capillae ventrally and monticules, small spine tubercles present posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Artinskian), lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"west central China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 374, 1a-d. * C. chilianshanensis (Ding), Chihsian-Maokouan, Qinghai, a, b, holotype, viewed posteriorly, anteriorly, IGAS 00178, X1, c, ventral valve viewed posteroventrally, X1, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, x1 (Yang & others, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & others, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 374. monticuliferidae (p. 536-537).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-570.jpg?height=1170&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paramonticulifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Monticuliferinae","Genus":"Paramonticulifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paramonticulifera TONG, 1978, p. 234","Type_species":"P. incosta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tongluella Liang, 1990, p. 202466 (type, T. basilica)","Synonyms":"Tongluella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large transverse shells, around 50 mm, resembling Monticulifera, but lacking capillae and having tuberculate ornament, possibly not true monticules, no anterior ribbing. Lower Upper Permian: China.","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 375, 1a-d. * P. incosta, Upper Permian, Maokouan Formation, Sichuan, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, SB 4075, repository unknown, X1, d, posterior view of ventral valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 375. monticuliferidae (p. 537).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-571.jpg?height=1324&width=1296&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhenania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Monticuliferinae","Genus":"Zhenania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhenania Ding in Zhang, Fu, & DING, 1983, p. 293","Type_species":"Z. zhenanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, similar to Monticulifera, but with smaller tubercles or monticules, capillate, but with no anterior ribs","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 375, 2a-c. * Z. zhenanensis, Upper Permian, Shuixiakou Formation, Shanxi, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x1 (Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 375. monticuliferidae (p. 537).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-571.jpg?height=1324&width=1296&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Auriculispina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Auriculispina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Auriculispina WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 13","Type_species":"Cancrinella levis MAXWELL, 1964, p. 34, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size with narrow ventral umbo, both valves finely ribbed, moderately rugose, spines ventral only, dense along hinge, ears, quincuncially on venter, dorsal valve dimpled, ventral adductor scars smooth to striate.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 376, 1a-d. *A. levis (Maxwell), Lower Permian, Burnett Formation, Yarrol basin, a, holotype, ventral valve internal mold, UQF 187056, X1.5, b, incomplete ventral valve external mold, x1.5 (Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986), c, dorsal valve internal mold, x1.2, d, part of ventral valve exterior, X1.2 (Maxwell, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986, \nMaxwell, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 376. monticuliferidae (p. 537-538).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-572.jpg?height=1620&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asperlinus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Asperlinus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asperlinus Waterhouse & PIYASIN, 1970, p. 132","Type_species":"Productus asperulus WAAGEN, 1884, p. 693, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size with relatively strong ribbing, spines evenly distributed over ventral valve, producing dorsal dimples, weak lateral ridges in dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian-Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"western Pakistan, Thailand, Timor","Figure_captions":"Fig. 376, 4a-d. *A. asperulus (Waagen), upper Productus Limestone, Capitanian, Salt Range, Pakistan, a-c, lectotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, anteriorly, GSI F3732, X1, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, X1 (Waagen, 1884).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1884","figure_index":"fig. 376. monticuliferidae (p. 537-538).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-572.jpg?height=1620&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cancrinelloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Cancrinelloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cancrinelloides Ustritsky in Ustritsky & TSCHERNJAK, 1963, p. 85","Type_species":"Productus obrutschewi LICHAREW, 1934c, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, transverse shell, profile gently convex with weak geniculation, short trail, corpus cavity becoming moderate in depth by adulthood, spine bases elongate except at hinge, anterior margin, spines evenly distributed, recumbent posteriorly, erect, more dense anteriorly, lateral ridges diverge from hinge, rather short, short ridges posterolaterally to dorsal adductor scars.\"","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Arctic, Transbaikalia, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 376, 3a-c. *C. obrutschewi (Licharew), Roadian, Omolonskya, a, holotype, incomplete ventral valve exterior, TsNIGRA 16\/ 10901, x1, b, lateral view of ventral valve, x1, c, ventral valve exterior, X1 (Sarytcheva, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 376. monticuliferidae (p. 537-538).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-572.jpg?height=1620&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chianella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Chianella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chianella WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 13","Type_species":"Avonia? chianensis CHAO, 1927b, p. 126, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Longyania Zhu, 1990, p. 71 (type, L. magna)","Synonyms":"Longyania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium shells with wide hinge, well-defined ears, ventral disk flattish, curving into simple trail, ribbing strong, spines along ventral hinge, sparsely scattered, rugae on dorsal flanks","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian), lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 377, 1a-c. *C. chianensis (\u0421\u043d\u0430\u043e), Hsiaokiang Limestone, Jiangxi, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, NIGP 904, X1, c, median longitudinal section of specimen, x1 (Chao, 1927b).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChao, 1927","figure_index":"fig. 377. monticuliferidae (p. 538-539).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-573.jpg?height=1612&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costatumulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Costatumulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costatumulus Waterhouse in Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986, p. 58","Type_species":"Auriculispina tumidus Waterhouse, Briggs, & PARFREY, 1983, p. 133, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Auritusinia Waterhouse, 2002b, p. 52 (type, Costatamulus tazawai SHEN & others, 2000, p. 743)","Synonyms":"Auritusinia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cancrinelloides with double row of spines close to ventral hinge, but possibly with less regular rugae, elongate spine bases continuing to ventral valve margin.    [The only points of differentiation given by Waterhouse (2002b) for separating C. tazawai from Costatamulus are more strongly developed rugae and more strongly developed ears on the new genus. Comparisons of the original descriptions and illustrations by Waterhouse (1986) and SHEN and others (2000) show similar ears and only some difference in the development of rugae, which tends to be a variable character. The type species of Costatamulus is Lower Permian in age, and that of Auritusinia is upper Upper Permian. The type species, C. tumidus, was illustrated in the genus entry of the Treatise (Brunton & others, 2000, p. 538). Here a second species from younger strata is illustrated.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Australia, central and ?eastern Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 376, 2a-d. * C. tumidus (Waterhouse, Briggs, & Parfrey), Lower Permian, Elvinia Formation, Bowen basin, Australia, a, replica of ventral valve exterior, x1.5, b, replica of incomplete ventral valve exterior, x1.5, c, dorsal valve external mold, x1 . 5, ~ d, replica of dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986).  -- Fig. 1765, 1a-c. C. tazawai Shen & others, Lopingian, southern Tibet, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, NMV P148917, x1.5, b, ventral valve exterior with elongate spine bases, x1.5, c, external mold of a dorsal valve showing one ear, x1.5 (Shen & others, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 376. monticuliferidae (p. 537-538)..\nfig. 1765. monticuliferidae (p. 2655-2656).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-387.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Filiconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Filiconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Filiconcha DEAR, 1969, p. 299","Type_species":"F. hillae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cancrinelloides, but with more abundant spines posteriorly, spines on dorsal valve also. Upper Lower Permian: eastern Australia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 377, 3ae. *F. hillae, Flat Top Formation, Lower Permian, Bowen basin, Australia, a, holotype, viewed ventrally, GSQ F10996a, X1, b, replica of ventral valve exterior,X1, c, dorsal valve internal mold, X_1.5,  d, replica of part of dorsal interior, X3, e, dorsal valve external mold, X2 (Dear, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dear, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 377. monticuliferidae (p. 538-539).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-573.jpg?height=1612&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":254.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Globiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globiella Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 304","Type_species":"Productus hemisphaerium KUTORGA, 1844, p. 99, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smaller medium size shell, globose, anteriorly elongate, small, poorly differentiated ears at maximum width, anterior flanks steep, corpus cavity moderately shallow, ribbing fine, regular, covering shell, spines only at ventral hinge, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, ventral lateral ridges separate ears, fit with weak dorsal ridges, paired median ridges separate dorsal adductor fields","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Russia, Himalayan chain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 377, 2a-g. *G. hemisphaerium (Kutorga), Kazanian, Kama River, Russia, a-c, ventral valve viewed ventrally, laterally, internally, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), e, f, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, x1, ~ g, posterior view of shell, X1 (Grigorjewa, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nGrigorjewa, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 377. monticuliferidae (p. 538-539).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-573.jpg?height=1612&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linoprotonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Linoprotonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linoprotonia FERGUSON, 1971, p. 551","Type_species":"Productus hemisphaericus J. SOWERBY, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Connectoproductus Donakova, 1974, p. 173 (type, Productus probus Rotai, 1931, p. 53\"","Synonyms":"Connectoproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium to large, gently concavoconvex profile, spines near hinge, few on venter, dorsal median septum more prominent, dorsal lateral ridges short, strong, divergent, adductor scars with raised median edges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 378, 1a\u2013e. *L. hemisphaericus (J. SOWERBY ), Asbian; a, lectotype, viewed ventrally, southern Wales, BMNH B 44114, selected by PRENTICE, 1949, p. 265, \u00d71; b, dorsal valve exterior, southern Wales, \u00d71; c, ventral valve internal mold, Somerset, \u00d71; d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, northern Wales, \u00d71; e, details of posterolateral spines on ventral valve, Lancashire, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 378. monticuliferidae (p. 539-544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-574.jpg?height=1814&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liraria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Liraria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liraria Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1156","Type_species":"L. lirata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Globiella, but wider than long, spines near hinge, few on venter, dorsal median septum more prominent, dorsal lateral ridges short, strong, divergent, adductor scars with raised median edges","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 378, 3a-f. *L. lirata, Bone Spring Formation, Texas, a-d, holotype, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, internally, USNM 152782a, X1, e, dorsal valve exterior, X2, f, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 378. monticuliferidae (p. 539-544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-574.jpg?height=1814&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magadania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Magadania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magadania Ganelin in Grigorjewa, Ganelin, & KOTLYAR, 1977, p. 153","Type_species":"Cancrinella? bajkurica Ustritsky in Ustritsky & TSCHERNJAK, 1963, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline elongate, stongly concavoconvex with shallow corpus cavity, ribbing narrow, rugae on dorsal disk, spines only ventrally, elongate, slightly swollen bases, recumbent, becoming erect anteriorly, dorsal lateral ridges strongly divergent from hinge, median septum divided posteriorly, shell walls thick","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (?Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (?Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (?Kazanian)","Geography":"Taymyr, ?northeastern Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 379, 1a-d. *M. bajkurica (Ustritsky), Upper Permian, upper Baykur Formation, River Sokolinaya, Russia; a,b, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, TsNIGRA 126\/ 8263, \u00d7 2; c, ventral valve internal mold, \u00d7 1 (Grigorjewa, Ganelin, & Kotlyar, 1977); d, ventral valve viewed laterally, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 379. monticuliferidae (p. 541-546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-575.jpg?height=1777&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magniplicatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Magniplicatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magniplicatina W ATERHOUSE , 1983b, p. 130","Type_species":"Cancrinella magniplica C AMPBELL , 1953, p. 7; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Helenaeproductus LAZAREV in PAVLOVA & others, 1991, p. 117 (type, H. khubsugulensis)","Synonyms":"Helenaeproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Cancrinella, but with shallow corpus, strong rugae on ventral valve and relatively thick, widely spaced ventral spines.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian), Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand, USA, Mongolia, Russian Arctic, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 378, 2a\u2013c. M. halli (WATERHOUSE), Mangarewa Formation, New Zealand; a,b, holotype, ventral, lateral views of incomplete internal mold, NZGS BR950, \u00d71; c, oblique view of ventral valve internal mold, \u00d71 (Waterhouse, 1982c).\u2014Fig. 378,2d,e. M. sparsispinosa (COOPER & GRANT), Bone Spring Formation, Texas; d, holotype, ventral valve exterior, USNM 152780a, \u00d72; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 378. monticuliferidae (p. 539-544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-574.jpg?height=1814&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ovatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Ovatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ovatia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 311","Type_species":"O. elongata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, ventral profile close to ideal spiral with no geniculation, trail narrow, elongate, umbo narrow, but highly arched, strongly differentiated from ears where rugae are strong, one to two rows of spines near hinge, sparsely scattered on ventral valve where they commonly interrupt ribs, lateral ridges short","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)-Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 379, 4a-e. *O. elongata, Chesterian, Oklahoma, a-c, holotype, viewed anteroventrally, laterally, posteriorly, USNM 124101a, x1,  d, dorsal view of small shell,X1, e, dorsal valve interior,X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 379. monticuliferidae (p. 541-546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-575.jpg?height=1777&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Papiliolinus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Papiliolinus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Papiliolinus Waterhouse & GUPTA, 1977, p. 160","Type_species":"P. eishmakami, OD, nom. nov. pro Productus undatus Diener, 1899, p. 23, non DEFRANCE, 1826","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, large, subsemicircular outline, profile curvature weak, ribbing fine for family, rugae fine and possibly covering valves, cardinal process seemingly trifid with broad median ridge","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"northern India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 380, 2a, b. *P. eishmakami, upper Vis\u00e9an, Kashmir, two external casts of dorsal valves, x1 (Diener, 1899).","Museum_or_author_information":"Diener, 1899","figure_index":"fig. 380. monticuliferidae (p. 544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-576.jpg?height=719&width=1292&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudohaydenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Pseudohaydenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudohaydenella LIANG , 1990, p. 174[462]","Type_species":"P. huadongensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lamiproductus LIANG, 1990, p. 205[467] (type, L. typicus)","Synonyms":"Lamiproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, possible synonym of Chianella. Medium to large, subtriangular, somewhat nasute outline; no sulcus; rugae con\ufb01ned to ears; spines sparsely scattered on ribs; dorsal lateral ridges low, thick.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian):","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian):","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian):","Geography":"eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 380,1. *P. huadongensis, upper Capitanian, Lengwu Formation, Zhejiang; ventral valve exterior, \u00d71.5 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 380. monticuliferidae (p. 544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-576.jpg?height=719&width=1292&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spitzbergenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Spitzbergenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spitzbergenia G. Kotlyar in Grigorjewa, Ganelin, & KOTLYAR, 1977, p. 155","Type_species":"Productus loveni WIMAN, 1914, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, subquadrate outline, prominent elongate spine bases on ventral disk resemble Magniplicatina, but lacks prominent rugae, spines recumbent, thin, concentric arrangement anteriorly, erect spines on ears, flanks, trail, ventral diductor scars enclose adductor scars anteriorly, cardinal process small, supported by medianly grooved median septum, strongly diverging short lateral ridges.\"","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Spitzbergen, Novaya Zemlaya, Canada, Alaska, northern and northeastern European Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 379, 2a-c. *S. loveni, Kazanian, Selander Formation, Spitzbergen, a, ventral valve exterior, X1, b, ventral valve internal mold, X1, c, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Grigorjewa, Ganelin, & Kotlyar, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grigorjewa, Ganelin, & Kotlyar, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 379. monticuliferidae (p. 541-546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-575.jpg?height=1777&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Teleoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Teleoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Teleoproductus Li Li in Li Li, Yang De-li, & Feng RU-LIN, 1986, p. 230","Type_species":"T. typicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, hinge widest part of shell, anterior margin strongly nasute, but not forming tube with dorsal trail, rugae strong on flanks, ears, dorsal disk, spines at hinge and few on ventral flanks, interiors unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)-lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 381, 3a-c. * T. typicus, Longyin Formation, Guangxi, holotype, viewed anteroventrally, posteriorly, laterally, ?NGM 562176 (repository unknown), x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 381. monticuliferidae (p. 544-546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-577.jpg?height=1709&width=1300&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Undaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undaria Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 317","Type_species":"U. manxensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, trails elongate, tubiform, ribbing entire, prominent at rugae that cover corpus, trails posteriorly, spines at and close to hinge, widely scattered on ventral corpus, cardinal process bilobed, quadrifid, lateral ridges and short ear baffles, median septum long, but thin.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 379, 3a-c. *U. manxensis, Asbian, Isle of Man, a, incomplete ventral valve exterior, X, b, external","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 379. monticuliferidae (p. 541-546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-575.jpg?height=1777&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undellaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Undellaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undellaria Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1157","Type_species":"U. magnifica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with hinge slightly narrower than midwidth, transverse profile evenly convex, rugae weak on both valves, spines numerous, thin, short, less abundant on anterior venter, ventral muscle field relatively small, cardinal process small, sessile, bilobed, quadrifid, lateral ridges weak, short in both valves, adductor scars raised anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 381, 1a-f. * U. magnifica, Bone Spring Formation, Texas, a-d, holotype, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, anteriorly, laterally, USNM 152783b, X1, e, f, dorsal valve exterior, interior, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 381. monticuliferidae (p. 544-546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-577.jpg?height=1709&width=1300&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vitiliproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Vitiliproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vitiliproductus Ching Yu-gan & Liao ZHAO-TING, 1974, p. 278","Type_species":"Productus groeberi KRENKEL, 1913, p. 42, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, intersecting oblique rugae forming tetrahedral elevations over corpus, rugae commonly strong at flanks, interiors unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"China, western Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 381, 2a-c. *V. groeberi (Krenkel), a, b, ventral, lateral views of shell, as figured by Krenkel (1913), ?Asbian, Tien Shan, X1, c, ventral valve exterior, upper Vis\u00e9an, Guizhou, XI (Brunton & Mundy, 1988a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 381, 2d. V. wedberensis Brunton & Mundy, ?Asbian, Kerry County, Ireland, lateral view of ventral valve, X1 (Brunton & Mundy, 1988a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Mundy, 1988, \nBrunton & Mundy, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 381. monticuliferidae (p. 544-546).\nfig. 381. monticuliferidae (p. 544-546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-577.jpg?height=1709&width=1300&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=163)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-577.jpg?height=1709&width=1300&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Compressoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Compressoproductinae","Genus":"Compressoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Compressoproductus Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva, Licharew, & SOKOLSKAJA, 1960, p. 231","Type_species":"Productus compressus WAAGEN, 1884, p. 710, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Substriatifera Kotlyar, 1964, p. 123 (type, Productus (mytiloides) vladivostockensis Fredericks, 1925, p. 17)","Synonyms":"Substriatifera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate trigonal outline resembling Stratifera, but commonly with a narrow hinge, deeper corpus cavity, and rugae persisting over both valves, ventral lateral ridges weak, shell substance thin","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian-upper Tatarian)","Geography":"Pakistan, northern Caucasus, Transcaucasus, southeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 382, 1ac. *C. compressus (Waagen), Productus Limestone, Salt Range, Pakistan, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally and from both sides, x0.8 (Waagen, 1884).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1884","figure_index":"fig. 382. monticuliferidae (p. 546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-579.jpg?height=1381&width=1297&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fallaxoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Compressoproductinae","Genus":"Fallaxoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fallaxoproductus Li, Gu, & Li, 1982, p. 115128","Type_species":"F. sutungensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Compressoproductus, but lacks ears and rugae confined to the dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Inner Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 382, 2a. *F. sutungensis, Lower Permian, Inner Mongolia, ventral valve exterior, x1 (Li, Gu, & Li, 1982), Fig. 382, 2b-d. F. dedorus, Lower Permian, Inner Mongolia, b, dorsal valve exterior,X1, c, d, internal molds of ventral, dorsal valves, x1 ( Li , Gu, & Li, 1982)","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Li}, \\\\mathrm{Gu}, & \\\\mathrm{Li}, 1982, \n Li , Gu, & Li, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 382. monticuliferidae (p. 546).\nfig. 382. monticuliferidae (p. 546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-579.jpg?height=1381&width=1297&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=162)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-579.jpg?height=1381&width=1297&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sarytchevinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Compressoproductinae","Genus":"Sarytchevinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sarytchevinella WATERHOUSE, 1983a, p. 126","Type_species":"Productus djulfensis STOYANOW, 1915, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Compressoproductus, but may differ in having a somewhat wider hinge line, spines on the venter, and weak or no rugae anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"Armenia, Caucasus, southern China, northern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 382, 3a-c. * S. djulfensis (Stoyanow), upper Capitanian, Armenia, a, b, exterior viewed ventrally, laterally, X1, c, posterior part of shell viewed dorsally, X2 (Stoyanow, 1915).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stoyanow, 1915","figure_index":"fig. 382. monticuliferidae (p. 546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-579.jpg?height=1381&width=1297&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Devonoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Devonoproductinae","Genus":"Devonoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Devonoproductus STAINBROOK, 1943, p. 55","Type_species":"Productella walcotti Fenton & Fenton, 1924, p. 119, OD, nom. nov. pro Productus dissimilis Hall, 1858a, p. 497, non de Koninck, 1847a, p. 225, =P. (Productella) hallana WALCOTT, 1884, p. 130, partim","Synonyms_with_authors":"Striatoproductus Nalivkin, 1947, p. 75 (type, Orthis sericea von Buch, 1838, p. 68)\"","Synonyms":"Striatoproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subcircular, cicatrix small, rare, spines suberect at hinge, widely scattered ventrally from bases wider than ribs, dorsal lamellae prominent, lateral ridges may continue anteriorly, median septum long, not supporting cardinal process. Upper Devonian (Frasnian): North America, Europe, central Asia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 383, 1a-f. *D. walcotti (Fenton & Fenton), Frasnian, Iowa, a, b, shell viewed posteriorly, laterally, X2, c, ventral valve exterior, X2, d, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 2, e, f, dorsal valve exterior, interior, \u00d7 3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 383. monticuliferidae (p. 546-547).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-580.jpg?height=1774&width=1284&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonopectoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Devonoproductinae","Genus":"Chonopectoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonopectoides CRICKMAY, 1963, p. 23","Type_species":"C. catamorphus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, small, around 4.5 mm wide, chonetiform shells with ventral ginglymus, ribs fine, obscure, on ventral valve only, dorsal valve lamellose, spines project posterolaterally from hinge only, teeth strong, socket ridges continue as weak ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Upper Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Middle Devonian","Geography":"Canada (Northwest Territories)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 383, 2a-d. *C. catamorphus, a, holotype, viewed ventrally, PRI 27124, x10, b, ventral valve interior, x10, c, dorsal valve exterior, X_10, d, dorsal valve interior, X_10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 383. monticuliferidae (p. 546-547).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-580.jpg?height=1774&width=1284&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Poloniproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Devonoproductinae","Genus":"Poloniproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Poloniproductus Biernat & LAZAREV, 1988, p. 66","Type_species":"Productella varians BIERNAT, 1966, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Devonoproductus, but with suberect spines from slightly elongate bases and weak concentric lamellae on both valves, no ribbing, teeth small, brachial impressions wide on disk","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 383, 3a-f. * P. varians (Biernat), Eifelian, Holy Cross Mountains, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, x2 (new), d, shell viewed dorsally, X2 (Lazarev, 1990), e, ventral valve interior, x2 (new), f, dorsal valve interior, x2.5 (Biernat, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1990, \nBiernat, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 383. monticuliferidae (p. 546-547).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-580.jpg?height=1774&width=1284&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoproductella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Eoproductellinae","Genus":"Eoproductella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoproductella RZHONSNITZKAYA, 1980, p. 59","Type_species":"E. menakovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, hinge widest part of shell, profile strongly concavoconvex, ribbing weak on both valves, spines widespread from thick bases, anderidia present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"middle Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 384,1a\u2013c. *E. menakovae, Pragian, Tadjikistan; a, oblique lateral view of ventral valve, \u00d7 1; b, ventral valve viewed dorsally showing teeth, \u00d71.5; c, dorsal valve interior, one lobe of cardinal process missing, \u00d71.5 (Lazarev, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 384. monticuliferidae (p. 549-550).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-581.jpg?height=1096&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Eoproductellinae","Genus":"Plicoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicoproductus LJASCHENKO, 1969, p. 14","Type_species":"Productella mosolovica LJASCHENKO, 1958a, p. 93, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, relatively coarsely costellate with additional fine striae especially dorsally, spines ventral, relatively coarse with irregular concentric arrangement","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 384, 2a-d. *P. mosolovica (Ljaschenko), Middle Devonian, Russia, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of shell, X2, c, d, dorsal valve external mold, lateral view of shell with two spines, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 384. monticuliferidae (p. 549-550).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-581.jpg?height=1096&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striatoproductella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Eoproductellinae","Genus":"Striatoproductella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striatoproductella KRYLOVA, 1962, p. 54","Type_species":"Striatoproductus tunguensis NALIVKIN, 1960, p. 319, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hanaeproductus Ficner & Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1978, p. 65 (type, Productus rittbergensis Quenstedt, 1871, p. 613)","Synonyms":"Hanaeproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subcircular corpus, spine bases fine, elongate, only ventrally, dorsal valve with low dichotomizing ribs, teeth small.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"northern Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 384, 3a-d. *S. tunguensis (Nalivkin), upper Givetian, Siberia, a, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, X1, b, ventral valve exterior viewed posteriorly, x1 . 5, ~ c, dorsal valve external mold, x1,  d, partly exfoliated dorsal valve interior, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 384. monticuliferidae (p. 549-550).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-581.jpg?height=1096&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gigantoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Gigantoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gigantoproductus PRENTICE, 1950, p. 437","Type_species":"Anomites giganteus Martin, 1793, pl. 15, fig. 1 (invalid, ICZN, 1950), =Productus giganteus J. Sowerby, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 19, SD MuirWood, 1951, p. 98 (species validated and SD confirmed, ICZN, 1956b, Opinion 420, p. 135)","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gigantella Sarytcheva, 1928, p. 13, non Ekman, 1905, Anomites giganteus Martin, 1793, pl. 15, fig. 1 (invalid, ICZN, 1950), Productus giganteus J. Sowerby, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 19, SD MuirWood, 1951, p. 98 (species validated and SD confirmed, ICZN, 1956b, Opinion 420, p. 135)","Synonyms":"Gigantella, Anomites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Commonly gigantic, transverse, ribbing entire, but commonly irregular and weakened at trail plications, spines rare, ventral valve thick-shelled with pits accommodating dorsal brachial cones, cardinal process trifid, sessile","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 385a-c. *G. giganteus (J. Sowerby), upper Vis\u00e9an, a, ventral valve exterior, England, x0.6 (Muir-Wood, 1965b), b, c, incomplete dorsal valve interior, internal mold, northern Wales, X1 (new)., \"Fig. 386a-c. *G. giganteus (J. Sowerby), upper Vis\u00e9an, a, ventral valve internal mold, northern Wales, x0.6,  b, c, ventral valve viewed posteriorly, showing damaged shell, and dorsally showing short ginglymus (arrow), Scotland, X0.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 385. monticuliferidae (p. 551).\nfig. 386. monticuliferidae (p. 551).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-582.jpg?height=1596&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-583.jpg?height=672&width=1272&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Beleutella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Beleutella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Beleutella LITVINOVICH, 1967, p. 55","Type_species":"B. rara, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subrounded, ventral profile flattened umbonally, ginglymus strongly developed, ribbing narrow, spines thin, sparse, valve walls thick, cardinal process prominent, trifid with fused median ridges dominant, brachial cones present","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 387, 1a-c. *B. rara, Serpukhovian, Kazakhstan, Dzhezgazgan district, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, MGU 31\/342, x1 (Litvinovich, 1967), c, incomplete ventral valve internal mold, x1 (Litvinovich & Vorontsova, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Litvinovich, 1967, \nLitvinovich & Vorontsova, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 387. monticuliferidae (p. 551).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-584.jpg?height=1509&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Datangia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Datangia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Datangia Yang De-li in Yang De-li & others, 1977, p. 369, Datangia Yang SHI-PU, 1978, p. 122","Type_species":"D. luzhaiensis Ni Shi-zhao in Yang & OTHERS, 1977, p. 369, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Datangia Yang Shi-pu, 1978, p. 122 (type, D. weiningensis, obj.), Moderatoproductus Litvinovich & Vorontsova, 1983, p. 86 (type, Gigantella moderata Schwetsov, 1922, p. 10","Synonyms":"Datangia, Moderatoproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, large, outline subcircular to oval, ribbing strong, even, no plications, spines at hinge, on ears, scattered ventrally, brachial cones absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"China, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 387, 2a-c. *D. luzhaiensis (NI Shizhao), Lower Carboniferous, Datang Stage, Guangxi, ventral, posterior, lateral views of specimen, x1 (Yang & others, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & others, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 387. monticuliferidae (p. 551).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-584.jpg?height=1509&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globosoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Globosoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globosoproductus Litvinovich & VORONTSOVA, 1983, p. 88","Type_species":"Gigantella magnifica SCHIMANSKY, 1940, p. 106, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, large, somewhat ventrally inflated corpus, ribs fine posteriorly, where also reticulate, becoming coarser anteriorly, ventral spines sparse with thinner row near hinge, dorsal spines thin, rarely present, cardinal process narrow, bilobed, thin shelled, no brachial pits","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 388, 1ac. *G. magnifica (Schimansky), Lower Carboniferous, Tulsky, northern Urals; ventral valve viewed anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally, \u00d70.75 (Litvinovich & Vorontsova, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \ntype, G. guizhouensis Yang Shi-pu, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 388. monticuliferidae (p. 552-555).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-585.jpg?height=1873&width=1293&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kansuella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Kansuella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kansuella \u0421\u041d\u0410\u041e, 1928, p. 67","Type_species":"Striatifera kansuensis \u0421\u041d\u0410\u041e, 1927b, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parakansuella Tan Zhen-xiu, 1987, p. 123 (type, P. xinshaoensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Parakansuella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, weakly concavoconvex with weakly inflated ventral umbo and prominent ginglymus in both valves, rugae posteriorly, but weak anteromedianly, interiors as in Gigantoproductus but with bilobed cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 389a, b. *K. kansuensis, Vis\u00e9an, Kansu, China, a, incomplete dorsal valve internal mold, x0.75, b, posterior view of shell with short ginglymus, x0.75 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)., Fig. 389c-e. Kansuella sp., upper Vis\u00e9an, Scotland, incomplete shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, x0.75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 389. monticuliferidae (p. 552-554).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-586.jpg?height=506&width=891&top_left_y=907&top_left_x=436)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kueichowella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Kueichowella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kueichowella Yang Shi-pu in Feng & Jiang, 1978, p. 267, Guizhouella Yang SHI-PU, 1978, p. 124","Type_species":"K. kueichowensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Guizhouella Yang Shi-pu, 1978, p. 124 (type, G. guizhouensis Yang Shi-pu, 1978, p. 125, obj.)","Synonyms":"Guizhouella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally resembles Kansuella, but more strongly concavoconvex, no ginglymus, rugae cover valves fully, valves relatively thin shelled, cardinal process large, unifid","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 390, 2a\u2013c. *K. kueichowensis, lower Serpukhovian, Guizhou, originally \ufb01gured as G. guizhouensis; a,b, holotype, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, MCMB F 3 2297, \u00d7 0.5; c, ventral valve exterior viewed posteroventrally, \u00d71 (Yang Shi-pu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 390. monticuliferidae (p. 554-556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-587.jpg?height=1539&width=1300&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Titanaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Titanaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Titanaria Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 334","Type_species":"T. costellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gigantic or large, transverse, resembling Gigantoproductus, but lacking rugae, anterior plications, ginglymus short, spines fine, widely distributed on both valves, ventral adductor scars between diductors, cardinal process trifid with strongly projecting median portion, brachial cones absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"North America, North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 388, 2 a-d. *T. costellata, Chesterian, California, a, b, holotype, internal mold, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, USNM 8040a, x0.8, c, d, replica of external mold, viewed posterodorsally and replica of incomplete dorsal valve interior, USNM 8040a, \u00d7 0.8 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT","figure_index":"fig. 388. monticuliferidae (p. 552-555).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-585.jpg?height=1873&width=1293&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinjiangiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Xinjiangiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinjiangiproductus Yao & FU, 1987, p. 96","Type_species":"X. yamansuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, resembling Datangia, but with thick-shelled ventral valve and brachial cones, dorsal valve thin shelled","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 390, 1a-c. *X. yamansuensis, Lower Carboniferous, Xinjiang, a, b, holotype, partly exfoliated ventral valve viewed ventrally, laterally, \u00d71; c, exfoliated dorsal valve interior viewed anterolaterally, \u00d71 (Yao & Fu, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 390. monticuliferidae (p. 554-556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-587.jpg?height=1539&width=1300&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Latiproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Semiplanini)","Genus":"Latiproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Latiproductus Sarytcheva & LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1977, p. 75","Type_species":"Productus latissimus J. SOWERBY, 1822 in 18211822, pl. 330, fig. 2-3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Semiplanus, but lacking dorsal spines and with somewhat thicker ventral spines, ribbing, cardinal process trifid with short middle lobe","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Brigantian)","First_Occurrence":"Brigantian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (ower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Brigantian-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 392, 2a\u2013e. *L. latissimus (J. SOWERBY), Brigantian, Isle of Anglesey; a,b, external mold of dorsal valve viewed ventrally, posteriorly, \u00d71; c, external ornament with spine bases, \u00d72; d, median longitudinal section showing ventral pro\ufb01le, \u00d7 1 (new); e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Sarytcheva & Legrand-Blain, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 392. monticuliferidae (p. 556-559).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-589.jpg?height=1815&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":49.2,"beginning_date":338.67,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semiplanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Semiplanini)","Genus":"Semiplanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semiplanella Sarytcheva & LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1977, p. 79","Type_species":"S. carinthica Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1977, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Semiplanus, but with thick-shelled valves and sessile cardinal process with strong but short median lobe, cardinal ridges obscure, spines fine, more common ventrally, brachial ridges well defined. Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an): western Europe, ?central Asia, ?northern Africa.---Fig. 393, 1a-e. *S. carinthica (Sarytcheva), Brigantian, Carnic Alps, Austria, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, in section, PIN 3704\/2, x1}^{\\\\text {1 }}, c, dorsal valve interior viewed posteriorly, x3 (Sarytcheva & Legrand-Blain, 1977), d, anterior view of ventral valve exterior, X_{1}, e, segment of dorsal valve trail external mold with few spine bases, X 5 (new).","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe, ?central Asia, ?northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 393, 1a-e. *S. carinthica (Sarytcheva), Brigantian, Carnic Alps, Austria, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, in section, PIN 3704\/2, X1^text 1 , c, dorsal valve interior viewed posteriorly, x3 (Sarytcheva & Legrand-Blain, 1977), d, anterior view of ventral valve exterior, X1, e, segment of dorsal valve trail external mold with few spine bases, X 5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & Legrand-Blain, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 393. monticuliferidae (p. 559-560).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-590.jpg?height=1561&width=1291&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Talasoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Semiplanini)","Genus":"Talasoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Talasoproductus Litvinovich & VORONTSOVA, 1983, p. 92","Type_species":"T. turlanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell large but thin walled, lateral profile unusually gently convex, ribbing fine with narrow interspaces, spines confined to ventral hinge, ears, cardinal process with median, lateral portions equal, dorsal adductor scars bordered by ridges posterolaterally, lateral ridges short. Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an): Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 393, 2a, b. *T. turlanensis, middle Vis\u00e9an, Kazakhstan, incomplete dorsal valve interior viewed ventrally, posteriorly, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 393. monticuliferidae (p. 559-560).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-590.jpg?height=1561&width=1291&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striatifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Striatiferini)","Genus":"Striatifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striatifera CHAO, 1927b, p. 94","Type_species":"Mytilus striatus Fischer de Waldheim, 1837, p. 181, OD, non Pileopsis striatus PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 224","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate, tapering posteriorly, flattened shell, spines ventral, clustered at ears and scattered on costellae, cardinal process commonly unifid, supported by long median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 394a-e. *S. striata (Fischer de Waldheim), a, dorsal valve interior, Asbian-Brigantian, Russia, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), b-d, corpus of specimen viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, upper Asbian, Belgium, X0.75, e, lateral view of ventral umbo with spine bases marginally, British Isles, Yorkshire, X3 (new)., Fig. 394f, g. Striatifera sp., Meramecian-Chesterian, Oregon, f, dorsal valve interior, X1, g, partly exfoliated ventral valve viewed posteriorly, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 394. monticuliferidae (p. 560).\nfig. 394. monticuliferidae (p. 560).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-591.jpg?height=1521&width=1291&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=163)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-591.jpg?height=1521&width=1291&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proboscidella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Proboscidellini)","Genus":"Proboscidella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proboscidella OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1277","Type_species":"Productus proboscideus de VERNEUIL, 1840, p. 259, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Corpus with weak rugae that may extend on ventral trail, forming long tube, spines strong at posterior margin, sparse or absent elsewhere","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 395a-e. *P. proboscidea (de Verneuil), upper Vis\u00e9an, Belgium a,b, lateral, ventral views of almost complete specimen, \u00d73; c, oblique lateral view of shell with clasping spines, \u00d7 3; d, dorsal view of internal mold of shell, \u00d7 2; e, replica of dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 395. monticuliferidae (p. 560-562).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-592.jpg?height=1512&width=621&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schrenkiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Schrenkiellinae","Genus":"Schrenkiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schrenkiella BARCHATOVA, 1973, p. 97","Type_species":"Productus schrenki STUCKENBERG, 1875, p. 88, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, somewhat trapezoid to broadly trigonal with median ventral fold, visceral disks weakly curved, ribs fine, narrower than interspaces, tend to fluctuate in width, spines only recorded at ventral hinge","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"northern Russia, ?Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 396, 1a, b. *S. schrenki (Stuckenberg), Sakmarian, Timan, partly exfoliated ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, laterally, x1 (new)., Fig. 396, 1c, d. S. timanica Barchatova, specimen viewed posteriorly, laterally, X1 (Barchatova, 1973)., Fig. 396, 1e. S. triangulata (Barchatova), exfoliated dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Barchatova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barchatova, 1973, \nBarchatova, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 396. monticuliferidae (p. 562-563).\nfig. 396. monticuliferidae (p. 562-563).\nfig. 396. monticuliferidae (p. 562-563).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-593.jpg?height=1815&width=1268&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=179)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-593.jpg?height=1815&width=1268&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=179)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-593.jpg?height=1815&width=1268&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=179)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dictyoclostoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Schrenkiellinae","Genus":"Dictyoclostoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dictyoclostoidea Jing & HU, 1978, p. 121","Type_species":"D. kiangsiensis Wang & Ching in Wang, Ching, & FANG, 1966, p. 437, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dictyoclostoidea Wang & Ching in Wang, Ching, & Fang, 1964, p. 264, nom. imperf., Dictyoclostoidea Wang & Ching in Wang, Ching, & Fang, 1966, p. 437, nom. imperf., ?Hypolinoproductus Liang in Wang & others, 1982, p. 212 (type, H. changxingensis)","Synonyms":"Dictyoclostoidea. Dictyoclostoidea, Hypolinoproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Closely resembles Schrenkiella, but possibly with more strongly developed rugae, capillae restricted to dorsal valve, rare spines on ventral valve, short ginglymus may be present. Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)-lower Upper Permian (Kazanian): east-central China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)-lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"east-central China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 397, 2a-d. *D. kiangsiensis Wang & Ching, Xiaojiangbian Limestone, Jiangxi, a-c, specimen viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, x1.5, d, detail of dorsal valve ornament, x5 (new).Fig. 397, 2e, f. D. changxingensis (Liang), Chihsian Formation, Anhui, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve viewed ventrally, laterally, ZI 52803, X1.6 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 397. monticuliferidae (p. 562-563).\nfig. 397. monticuliferidae (p. 562-563).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-594.jpg?height=1155&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-594.jpg?height=1155&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Permundaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Schrenkiellinae","Genus":"Permundaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Permundaria Nakamura, Kato, & CHOI, 1970, p. 295","Type_species":"P. asiatica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly understood genus, medium to large with very weakly concavoconvex profile, rugae, fine ribbing cover shell, but no spines reported","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"Japan, Cambodia, southern China, Kashmir, ?Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 396, 2a. * P. asiatica, Upper Permian, Sisophon Limestone, Kitakami Mountains, holotype, ventral valve external mold, UHR 19015, X1.4 (Nakamura, Kato, & Choi, 1970).-Fig. 396, 2b, c. P. sisophonensis Nakamura, Kato, & Choi, b, holotype, incomplete ventral valve exterior, UHR 19017, x1.4, ~ c, detail","Museum_or_author_information":"Nakamura, Kato, & Choi, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 396. monticuliferidae (p. 562-563).\nfig. 396. monticuliferidae (p. 562-563).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-593.jpg?height=1815&width=1268&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=179)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-593.jpg?height=1815&width=1268&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=179)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striatospica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Schrenkiellinae","Genus":"Striatospica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striatospica WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 11","Type_species":"Striatifera? kayseri \u0421\u041d\u0410\u041e, 1927b, p. 115, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size with hinge forming the widest part of the shell, trail forming flange anteriorly, laterally, rugae fine on both disks, capillae on both valves, no costation, strong spine rows on ears, close to hinge only, interiors unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 397, 1a-c. *S. kayseri (\u0421\u043d\u0430\u043e), Loping Formation, Jiangxi, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, ?NIGP 1104, x1, b, ventral valve exterior, X1, c, external mold of part of dorsal valve, ventral umbo, X1 (Chao, 1927b).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChao, 1927","figure_index":"fig. 397. monticuliferidae (p. 562-563).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-594.jpg?height=1155&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lercarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Monticuliferidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Lercarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lercarella Mascle & TERMIER, 1970, p. 188","Type_species":"L. sicana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, large, transverse, widest at hinge with ginglymus or interarea, weakly concavoconvex with shallow corpus, spines near ventral hinge, on ears and rarely on venter, interiors poorly known, cardinal process possibly ventrally a b Gosaukammerella","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Sicily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 398,1a,b. *L. sicana, Lower Permian, Lercara Friddi; a, reconstruction of ventral valve, \u00d71; b, reconstruction of dorsal valve, \u00d71 (Mascle & Termier, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 398. monticuliferidae (p. 563-564).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-595.jpg?height=1163&width=1293&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhejiangoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Monticuliferidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Zhejiangoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhejiangoproductus Liang Wen-ping, 1990, p. 196464","Type_species":"Z. zhejiangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, large with hinge equal to maximum width, ventral disk flattened, with convex trail, sulcus originating on ventral disk, spines at hinge line and ears, reportedly absent elsewhere, exteriors reportedly smooth other than rugae on ears.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 398, 2a, b. * Z. zhejiangensis, Kazanian, Lengwu Formation, Zhejiang, shell viewed ventrally and laterally, x1.5 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 398. monticuliferidae (p. 563-564).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-595.jpg?height=1163&width=1293&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gosaukammerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productidina - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gosaukammerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gosaukammerella Senowbari-Daryan & FL\u00dcGEL, 1996, p. 92","Type_species":"G. eomesozoica, OD, =?Pycnoporidium eomesozicum FL\u00dcGEL, 1972, p. 968, possibly alga","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, 2 to 3 mm wide, planoconvex corpus, thin valve walls, but ventrally with outgrowths of thick, symmetrical mass of tubules attaching to substrate, shell substance reportedly pseudopunctate, laminar, interiors unknown. If a productide it is a long holdover that lived in a cryptic reef environment\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (?Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (?Norian, ?Rhaetian)","Geography":"alpine Mediterranean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 399, a,b. *G. eomesozoica, Dachstein Reef Limestone, Norian, Austria; a, oblique longitudinal section of both valves, \u00d7 15; b, transverse section of ventral valve and tubular attachment structure, \u00d7 15 (Senowbari-Daryan & Fl\u00fcgel, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Strophalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophalosia W. KING, 1844, p. 313","Type_species":"S. gerardi W. King, 1846, p. 92, SD Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 74","Synonyms_with_authors":"Leptaenalosia W. King, 1850, p. 93, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Leptaenalosia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, slightly transverse subrounded outline with ill-defined small ears, hinge less than maximum width, ventral interarea wide but short, weak concavoconvex profile, concentric ornament weak ventrally, lamellose dorsally, weak capillation may be present on dorsal valve, spines cover ventral valve, suberect, semirecumbent, lateral ridges ventrally, separating ears, medium septum connected to cardinal process, interrupted at adductor scars, reaching two-thirds disk length.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Himalayas, Australia ?Arctic Russia, China, Salt Range","Figure_captions":"Fig. 400, 1 a-c .* S. gerardi W. King, Ladakh, Himalayas, a, b, lectotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, FC D 267, X1.5, c, incomplete dorsal valve interior, X1.5 (Brunton, 1966)., -Fig. 400, 1d-f. S. irwinensis Coleman, Callytharra Formation, Carnarvon basin, Australia, d, ventral valve exterior, x1.2, e, ventral valve internal mold, x1.6, f, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Archbold, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1966, \nArchbold, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 400. strophalosiidae (p. 565-569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-598.jpg?height=1802&width=1289&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coronalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Coronalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coronalosia Waterhouse & GUPTA, 1978, p. 415","Type_species":"C. blijniensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Strophalosia, but with fine ventral spines, other than at hinge line, relatively smooth dorsal valve exterior. Published figures inadequate for illustration.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (?Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (?Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (?Sakmarian)","Geography":"India","Figure_captions":"Published \ufb01gures inadequate for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Craspedalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Craspedalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Craspedalosia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 82","Type_species":"Orthothrix lamellosa GEINITZ, 1848, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Dasyalosia ventrally, but with dorsal valve strongly lamellose, lacking spines. Upper Lower Permian (Roadian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 401, 1a-d. * C. lamellosa (Geinitz), lower Zechstein, Gera, Germany, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, X2, d, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 401. strophalosiidae (p. 565-569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-599.jpg?height=1818&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Etherilosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Etherilosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Etherilosia ARCHBOLD, 1993, p. 11","Type_species":"Strophalosia etheridgei PRENDERGAST, 1943, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular with hinge less than maximum width, resembling Heteralosia, but differing in its relatively larger cicatrix, distinct rhizoid spines, in having only ventral uniform, suberect spines","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian-upper Artinskian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 400, 2a\u2013c. *E. etheridgei (PRENDERGAST ), Callytharra Formation; a, ventral valve exterior, Carnarvon basin, \u00d71.5; b, dorsal valve interior, Carnarvon basin, \u00d72; c, ventral valve interior, Irwin basin, \u00d7 1.5 (Coleman, 1957).\u2014\u2014Fig. 400, 2d\u2013f. E. prendergastae (COLEMAN), ?Cundlego rior, \u00d7 3; e, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 3.2; f, dorsal Formation, Carnarvon basin; d, ventral valve exte- valve interior, \u00d73.2 (Archbold, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 400. strophalosiidae (p. 565-569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-598.jpg?height=1802&width=1289&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":292.02,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heteralosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Heteralosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heteralosia KING, 1938, p. 278","Type_species":"H. slocomi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, gently concavoconvex shells, cicatrix varied, spines bidirectional, both valves lamellose, socket ridges may extend to border adductor scars posteriorly, prominent median septum supports cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian)","First_Occurrence":"Asbian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian), lower Upper Permian","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 401, 2a-e. *H. slocomi, Gzhelian, Graham Formation, Texas, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, x2, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, X3, e, incomplete dorsal valve, posterior, x4 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)., Fig. 401, 2f. H. hystricula (Girty), Wordian, Texas, ventral valve interior showing teeth, muscle field, X3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 401. strophalosiidae (p. 565-569).\nfig. 401. strophalosiidae (p. 565-569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-599.jpg?height=1818&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-599.jpg?height=1818&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":41.3,"beginning_date":339.97,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Leptalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptalosia Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 260","Type_species":"Strophalosia scintilla BEECHER, 1890b, p. 243, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"An unsatisfactory genus, possibly representing the young of other strophalosiids","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, around 3 mm wide, interareas short, ventral valve almost fully cemented by cicatrix, few radiating spines from margins, smooth dorsal exterior, cardinal process bilobed anteroventrally, connecting with small socket ridges.  [An unsatisfactory genus, possibly representing the young of other strophalosiids]\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","First_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian), Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"North America, ?Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 401, 4a-c. *L. scintilla (Beecher), Hastarian, Louisiana Limestone, Missouri, a, dorsal view of attached shell, x4,  b, dorsal valve exterior, x8,  c, dorsal valve interior, x8 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 401. strophalosiidae (p. 565-569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-599.jpg?height=1818&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lialosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Lialosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lialosia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 86","Type_species":"Strophalosia kimberleyensis PRENDERGAST, 1943, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular outline with hinge less than maximum width, interareas short on both valves, cicatrix present, disks gently concavoconvex with short trails, concentric lamellose ornament more prominent dorsally, capillae faint, spines only in rows at low angle to hinge, dorsal interior thickened around disk, with large brachial areas.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 402, 1a-e. *L. kimberleyensis (Prendergast), Wandagee Formation, Carnarvon basin, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally,X1, d, ventral valve interior, X 1.5, e, dorsal valve interior, X1.5 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 402. strophalosiidae (p. 569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-600.jpg?height=1418&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Licharewiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Licharewiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Licharewiella Ustritsky in Ustritsky, Hu Bin, & CHAN, 1960, p. 47","Type_species":"Strophalosia costata WAAGEN, 1884, p. 655, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Magniderbyia Ting, 1965, p. 265, =Costalosia Waterhouse & Shah, 1966, p. 230, obj., Truncatenia Liao, 1982, p. 539542 (type, T. heshanensis)","Synonyms":"Magniderbyia, Costalosia, Truncatenia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsal corpus transversely subquadrate, ventral profile variable, modified by cicatrix almost perpendicular to short interarea, median sulcus from disk to margin, ribs strong, extending onto trails, rhizoid spines surrounding cicatrix, other spines only ventrally, dorsal interior with prominent marginal ridge, adductor scars probably raised on platforms.","Beginning_age":"lower Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"lower Lower Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"lower Lower Permian-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"Pakistan, China, Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 400, 3a-e. *L. costata (Waagen), lower Productus Limestone, Salt Range, a, partly exfoliated specimen viewed laterally, X 1, b-d, same specimen viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, x2, e, incomplete specimen viewed posteriorly, X2^X (Waagen, 1884).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1884","figure_index":"fig. 400. strophalosiidae (p. 565-569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-598.jpg?height=1802&width=1289&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liveringia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Liveringia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liveringia ARCHBOLD, 1987, p. 30","Type_species":"L. magnifica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, widest at midlength, interarea wide, short, capillae weak, but more conspicuous dorsally, spines in rows at hinge, ears, ventral spines few, short, dorsal surface with elongate dimples, marginal ridges in both valves, more prominent laterally, cardinal process short, thick, quadrifid, brachial ridges strong","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 403, 1 a-f .* L. magnifica, Hardman Formation, Canning Basin, a, holotype, dorsal valve external mold, CPC 26450, x1.2, b, detail of ornament, x3.2, c, ventral valve exterior, X_3.2, d, ventral valve internal mold viewed posteriorly, \u00d71.6; e, replica of ventral valve interior, \u00d71; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Archbold, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nArchbold, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 403. strophalosiidae (p. 569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-602.jpg?height=1418&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Megalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megalosia WATERHOUSE, 1988, p. 41","Type_species":"M. chuluensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Marginalosia, but dorsal spines reportedly absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 403, 2a-c. *M. chuluensis, Nisal Formation, northcentral Nepal, a, holotype, viewed dorsally, UQF 76010, X1, b, ventral valve exteriorX1, c, replica of dorsal valve interior,X1 (Waterhouse, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 403. strophalosiidae (p. 569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-602.jpg?height=1418&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphenalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Sphenalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphenalosia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 87","Type_species":"S. smedleyi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, rounded trigonal outline without ears, narrow but high ventral interarea, weakly conavoconvex profile, ribbing, rugae absent, spines numerous ventrally, rhizoid posteriorly, semirecumbent elsewhere, teeth, sockets prominent, cardinal process narrow, long, extending ventrally below flat pseudodeltidium, median septum reaching across disk, marginal ridge weak.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"central USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 401, 3a-f. *S. smedleyi, Phosphoria Formation, Wyoming, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, x1, d,e, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve interior, USNM 119089, \u00d7 1; f, oblique view of dorsal valve interior, USNM 119089, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 401. strophalosiidae (p. 565-569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-599.jpg?height=1818&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subtaeniothaerus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Subtaeniothaerus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subtaeniothaerus SOLOMINA, 1988, p. 40","Type_species":"*S. lungersgauzeni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular outline, hinge less than maximum width, ventral interarea short, spine base tubercles small, densely distributed on ventral valve only, no dorsal spines or dimples reported, marginal ridge in ventral valve, dorsal adductor scars with wide posterior, narrow anterior components","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian","Geography":"northern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 402, 2a-e. *S. lungersgauzeni, Dulgalakh horizon, Verkhoyan, a, holotype, incomplete dorsal valve interior, PIN 4218\/100, boldsymbolX1, b, dorsal valve external mold, ventral interarea, X1, c, part of ventral valve external mold, x2,  d, incomplete ventral valve internal mold, x1, e, incomplete dorsal valve internal mold, x1 (Solomina, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Solomina, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 402. strophalosiidae (p. 569).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-600.jpg?height=1418&width=1284&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dasyalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Dasyalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dasyalosia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 76","Type_species":"Spondylus goldfussi von M\u00dcNSTER, 1839, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bruntonaria Waterhouse, 2001, p. 85 (type, Dasyalosia panicula Brunton, 1966, p. 191, OD)","Synonyms":"Bruntonaria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subcircular outline with variable narrow hinge line, interarea short, pseudodeltidium flat to convex, cicatrix small or absent, spines densely cover both valves, erect, recumbent, teeth prominent, ventral ear baffles, dorsal ear baffles, marginal ridge weak.   [Waterhouse (2001) diagnosed his genus as being small with moderately to well-developed lamellae, and long, densely disposed ventral and dorsal spines of two series. This is acceptable. He described the ventral spines as mostly subprostrate, however, which is not true for either Dasyalosia goldfussi (see Muir-wood & Cooper, 1960, p. 76) or for the two Irish species he assigned to his new genus (see Brunton , 1966, p. 191, pl. 2, 9 ) in which there is a predominance of erect spines. In addition, waterHouse (2001, p. 85) helped to differentiate his new genus from Dasyalosia by writing that the cardinal process of the latter is low when in fact the illustrations in Muir-Wood and Cooper (1960, pl. 6) are of a valve with a broken cardinal process (see Brunton, 1966, p. 190\u2013191). Complete cardinal processes extend well posterior of the hinge line. As yet, insufficient clear distinction has been made to separate D. panicula Brunton from Dasyalosia, despite the stratigraphical interval, so Bruntonaria is placed into junior synonymy with Dasyalosia . The assertion that the Irish species of Dasyalosia are more similar to Acanthalosia than to Dasyalosia (waterHouse, 2001, p. 85) is here rejected.]","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Carboniferous-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 404, 1a-c. *D. goldfussi (voN M\u00fcnster), lower Upper Permian, Zechstein, Gera, Germany, a, b, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, x1, ~ c, ventral valve viewed posteriorly showing interarea, teeth, x3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), \u2014\u2014Fig. 404, 1d, e. D. lamnula Brunton, Asbian, Fermanagh, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, interior, X5 (Brunton, 1966).  -- Fig. 1772, 3a-b. * D. goldfussi (von M\u00fcnster), lower Upper Permian, Gara, Germany, dorsal valve interior and posterior showing disposition of cardinal process, but with abraded terminal myophores, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nBrunton, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 404. strophalosiidae (p. 569-571).\nfig. 1772. strophalosiidae (p. 2663-2667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-396.jpg?height=1429&width=1287&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Acanthalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthalosia Waterhouse in Waterhouse & BRIGGS, 1986, p. 31","Type_species":"A. domina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium, gently concavoconvex with prominent ventral umbo, interareas, dorsal lophidium, ventral spines bidirectional, thicker than dorsal spines, no ribbing or lamellae, cardinal process large, supported by socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 405, 1a-d. *A. domina, upper Lower Permian, Dresden Limestone, Bowen basin, a, holotype, viewed dorsally, UQF 73978, X1, b, ventral valve external mold, X1, c, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 1; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Waterhouse, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 405. strophalosiidae (p. 569-574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-604.jpg?height=1588&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arcticalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Arcticalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arcticalosia WATERHOUSE, 1986, p. 2","Type_species":"Wyndhamia unispinosa WATERHOUSE, 1969, p. 34, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Marginalosia, but possibly differing in having more strongly concentrically ornamented dorsal exterior.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (lower Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Wordian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (lower Wordian), Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 404, 3a-c. *A. unispinosa (Waterhouse), Capitanian, Melville Island, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, GSC 23818, X1, b, dorsal valve exterior, X1, c, dorsal valve interior with broken cardinal process, X1 (Waterhouse, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nWaterhouse, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 404. strophalosiidae (p. 569-571).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-603.jpg?height=1574&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costalosiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Costalosiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costalosiella WATERHOUSE, 1983b, p. 119","Type_species":"Costalosia argentea Waterhouse & SHAH, 1966, p. 233, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Poorly known and some key characteristics not recorded, ventral valve inflated with elongate spine bases becoming ribs toward anterior margins, spines on both valves, dorsal disk weakly reticulate.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (?Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (?Kungurian), Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Iran (Malukabad)","Figure_captions":"No illustrations suitable for publication.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crossalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Crossalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crossalosia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 75","Type_species":"Productus buchianus de KONINCK, 1847b, p. 129, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 9 mm wide, subcircular, high ventral interarea, cicatrix unknown, both valves lamellose, with suberect spines, cardinal process narrow, projecting into ventral umbo, median septum over half disk length.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 404, 2a-d. *C. buchiana (de Koninck), Asbian, a, lectotype, replica of dorsal valve interior, Vis\u00e9, BMNH BD 197, X3 (new), b, c, internal mold of shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, Vis\u00e9, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), d, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, ventral interarea, North Yorkshire, \u00d7 4 (Brunton & Mundy, 1988b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 404. strophalosiidae (p. 569-571).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-603.jpg?height=1574&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Echinalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinalosia WATERHOUSE, 1967, p. 167, nom. nov. pro Multispinula Waterhouse, 1966, p. 11, non Rowell, 1962, p. 147","Type_species":"*Strophalosia maxwelli WATERHOUSE, 1964, p. 32, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Wyndhamia, but somewhat smaller, with relatively less wide hinge line, giving more circular outline.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"upper Lower Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"eastern Australia, southern New Zealand, Nepal, Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 405, 2a\u2013d. *E. maxwelli (W ATER HOUSE ), Productus Creek Group, Southland, New Zealand; a\u2013c, holotype, ventral, dorsal exteriors, dorsal valve internal mold, NZGS BR253, \u00d72; d, ventral valve exterior, \u00d72 (Waterhouse, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 405. strophalosiidae (p. 569-574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-604.jpg?height=1588&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marginalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Marginalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marginalosia WATERHOUSE, 1978, p. 64","Type_species":"Echinalosia kalikotei WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Wyndhamia internally, but externally differs in having a larger cicatrix and more closely spaced ventral recumbent spines","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"northwestern Nepal, ?Russian Arctic, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 406, 1a\u2013d. *M. kalikotei (WATERHOUSE), Chhidruan, northwestern Nepal; a,b, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, UQF 68854, \u00d7 1 (Waterhouse, 1978); c, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve internal mold, \u00d71 (Waterhouse, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 406. strophalosiidae (p. 572-574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-605.jpg?height=1330&width=1267&top_left_y=468&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notolosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Notolosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notolosia ARCHBOLD, 1986, p. 114","Type_species":"Echinalosia (Notolosia) dickinsi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Echinalosia (Notolosia) dickinsi","Synonyms":"Echinalosia (Notolosia)","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smaller, more rounded outline than Echinalosia, cicatrix larger, ventral recumbent spines more closely spaced","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 406, 4ae. *N. dickinsi (Archbold), Hardman Formation, Canning Basin, a, b, holotype, CPC 24451, dorsal valve viewed externally, X3, internally, X2, c, shell viewed ventrally, x1.8, d, shell viewed posteriorly, X2, e, ventral valve viewed internally, X2 (Archbold, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nArchbold, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 406. strophalosiidae (p. 572-574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-605.jpg?height=1330&width=1267&top_left_y=468&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthothrix":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Orthothrix","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthothrix GEINITZ, 1847, p. 84","Type_species":"Orthis excavata Geinitz, 1842, p. 578, SD DALL, 1877, p. 53","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded subtrigonal, maximum width anteriorly, hinge narrow, interarea trigonal, short dorsally, dorsal valve gently convex with relatively deep corpus, dorsal valve lamellose anteriorly, spines fine, recumbent on both valves, cardinal process connected to prominent median septum posteriorly, adductor scars, brachial ridges well developed. Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 406, 3a-d. *O. excavata (GEINITZ), mid-Zechstein, Thuringia; a\u2013c, partly exfoliated specimen viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, \u00d72; d, replica of dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 406. strophalosiidae (p. 572-574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-605.jpg?height=1330&width=1267&top_left_y=468&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wyndhamia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Wyndhamia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wyndhamia BOOKER, 1929, p. 24","Type_species":"Strophalosia (W.) dalwoodensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Branxtonia Booker, 1929, p. 30 (type, B. typica), Pseudostrophalosia Clarke, 1970, p. 987 (type, S. brittoni Maxwell, 1954b, partim)","Synonyms":"Branxtonia, Pseudostrophalosia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, dorsal valve outline subquadrate, interareas short, concentric ornament rugose at ears, otherwise weak or rare lamellae, spines semierect but finer spines prostrate from short ridges, fine only on dorsal valve, cardinal process prominent, trifid, socket ridges short, extending as low marginal ridge, dorsal disk with thickened shell anteriorly.\"","Beginning_age":"lower Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"lower Lower Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"lower Lower Permian-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand, Siberia, Arctic Canada, lower Upper Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 405, 3a-c. *W. dalwoodensis (Booker), ?Artinskian, Hobart, Tasmania, a, replica of part of ventral valve exterior, X2, b, shell viewed dorsally, X1, c, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).--Fig. 405, 3d. W. jukesi (Etheridge), detail of cardinal process viewed posteriorly, x1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 405. strophalosiidae (p. 569-574).\nfig. 405. strophalosiidae (p. 569-574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-604.jpg?height=1588&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=171)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-604.jpg?height=1588&width=1288&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mingenewia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Mingenewiinae","Genus":"Mingenewia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mingenewia ARCHBOLD, 1980a, p. 255","Type_species":"M. anomala, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small transverse shell, planoconvex, deep corpus with short trails, ventral interarea short, wide, ventral exterior smooth, dorsal exterior almost totally covered by prominent lamellae, brachial ridges prominent anteriorly, close to the anterior end of the median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (middle Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (middle Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (middle Artinskian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 407a-f. *M. anomala, Mingenew Formation, Perth Basin, a-c, holotype, viewed dorsally, ventrally, laterally, CPC 19145, X4, d, dorsal valve exterior, x4 (Archbold, 1980b), e, replica of dorsal valve interior, X4.5, f, replica of ventral valve posterodorsally, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nArchbold, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 407. strophalosiidae (p. 574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-606.jpg?height=1338&width=641&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":288.13,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":285.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonopectus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Chonopectidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chonopectus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonopectus Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 312","Type_species":"Chonetes fischeri Norwood & PRATTEN, 1855b, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Chonetoid in appearance with hinge spines, short ventral median ridge, but commonly with small cicatrix, additional rare ventral spines, capillae variable, rugae weak, irregular posterolaterally, cardinal process with small flanking sockets, anteromedian pit, long, low median septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian, Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","Geography":"North America, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 408, 1a-c. *C. fischeri (Norwood & Pratten), lower Kinderhookian, Iowa, a, external replica of ventral valve, x1, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X2, c, ventral valve exterior, x4 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 408. chonopectidae (p. 575-576).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-607.jpg?height=1537&width=1295&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=161)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":80.6,"ending_date":349.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dengalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Chonopectidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dengalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dengalosia Manankov & PAVLOVA, 1981, p. 137","Type_species":"D. gobica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral umbo extending posteriorly of hinge, with prominent interarea, rugae irregular, discontinuous capillae, ventral spines at low angle from hinge, suberect elsewhere, dorsal spines rare, anteriorly, cardinal process narrow, elongate quadrifid, occupying deltidium","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"northern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 409, 1a-f. * D. gobica, upper Vis\u00e9an, southern Mongolia, a, b, internal mold viewed ventrally, dorsally, X 1 . 5, c, posterior view of shell showing interareas, \u00d7 1.5, d, detail of ventral exterior with fine capillae, X3 (new), e, exfoliated dorsal valve, X1, f, part of dorsal valve interior, X3 (Manankov & Pavlova, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Manankov & Pavlova, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 409. chonopectidae (p. 576).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-609.jpg?height=1640&width=1298&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parmephrix":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Chonopectidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parmephrix","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parmephrix Brunton & Mundy in Brunton, Racheboeuf, & MUNDY, 1994, p. 58","Type_species":"P. eileeni Brunton & Mundy in Brunton, Racheboeuf, & Mundy, 1994, p. 58, OD, P. eileenarum Brunton, Lazarev, & Grant, herein, =Palmerhytis stebdenensis Brunton & MUNDY, 1986, p. 6, partim","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Semenewia, but flattened irregular disks, small cicatrix, rugae irregular, covering corpus, ventrally bearing scattered spines, no radial ornament, teeth small.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 408, 2a-e. * P. eileenarum Brunton, Lazarev, & Grant, Asbian, North Yorkshire, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of incomplete specimen, times, c, holotype, partly exfoliated ventral valve exterior showing small cicatrix, BMNH BD 2496, X2, d, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, X2, e, incomplete dorsal valve interior, external mold of ventral interarea, x2 (Brunton, Racheboeuf, & Mundy, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, Racheboeuf, & Mundy, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 408. chonopectidae (p. 575-576).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-607.jpg?height=1537&width=1295&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=161)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semenewia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Chonopectidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Semenewia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semenewia PAECKELMANN, 1930, p. 217","Type_species":"Chonetes concentrica de KONINCK, 1847b, p. 186, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Palmerhytis Brunton & Mundy, 1986, p. 6, partim","Synonyms":"Palmerhytis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"cicatrix variable, rugae regular, strongly developed, covering both valves, spines at hinge, smaller on rugae, fine capillae, cardinal process supported by inner socket ridges, short median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian)","First_Occurrence":"Asbian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Brigantian)","Last_Occurrence":"Brigantian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Asbian-Brigantian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 409, 2a-e. * S. concentrica (dE Koninck), Asbian-Brigantian, Vis\u00e9, a, lectotype, replica of dorsal valve exterior, ventral interarea, ESNM 20034, times, b, slightly distorted dorsal valve exterior, ventral hinge spines, X2, c, young ventral valve exterior, X2, d, replica of two ventral valve interiors with hinge spines from lower attached to upper, x2, e, replica of dorsal valve interior, articulated posterior region of ventral valve, note dorsal valve dimples posteriorly indicating ventral spines and fine external capillae, X3 (Brunton, Racheboeuf, & Mundy, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, Racheboeuf, & Mundy, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 409. chonopectidae (p. 576).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-609.jpg?height=1640&width=1298&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":41.3,"beginning_date":339.97,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Araksalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Araksalosiinae","Genus":"Araksalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Araksalosia LAZAREV, 1989, p. 3632","Type_species":"Waagenoconcha maxima ABRAMJAN, 1957, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Hamlingella, about 50 mm wide, but with no dorsal valve spines, spines finer than Acanthatia","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Transcaucasia, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 410, 1a-d. *A. maxima (Abramjan), uppermost Famennian, Transcaucasia, a, deeply exfoliated ventral valve exposing internal mold posteromedianly, x1 (Lazarev, 1989), b, partly exfoliated ventral exterior showing spine bases, X2 (new), c, dorsal valve interior,X1, d, detail of cardinalia, teeth, sockets, x2 (Lazarev, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1989, \nLazarev, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 410. araksalosiidae (p. 576-577).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-610.jpg?height=1486&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Araksalosiinae","Genus":"Acanthatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthatia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 158","Type_species":"Heteralosia nupera STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 309, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subcircular, cicatrix small, interareas, but reduced in dorsal valve, narrow arched pseudodeltidium, ventral spines strong at hinge, fine prostrate elsewhere, rare dorsally, cardinal process externally quadrifid, supported anteriorly by pair of short weak ridges.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, western Europe, ?northern Africa, ?Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 411, 1a-e. *A. nupera (Stainbrook), uppermost Famennian, New Mexico, Percha Shale, a, ventral valve exterior, x1.5, b, shell viewed laterally, X1, c, shell viewed dorsally, X1, d, shell viewed posteriorly, times, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 411. araksalosiidae (p. 576-578).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-611.jpg?height=1499&width=1293&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hamlingella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Araksalosiinae","Genus":"Hamlingella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hamlingella REED, 1943, p. 78","Type_species":"Productella goergesi PAECKELMANN, 1931, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely subrounded, hinge line less than maximum width, ventral hinge spines curved with fine recumbent hairlike spines from delicate swollen bases covering valve, more erect spines dorsally, never ribbed, widely divergent ridges support cardinal process, border dorsal adductor scars posterolaterally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Germany, England, ?Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 410, 2a, b. H. goergesi (Paeckelmann), Famennian, Etroeungt, Rhine, a, partly exfoliated ventral valve, X1, b, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Paeckelmann, 1931)., Fig. 410, 2c, d. H. piltonensis (Reed), Pilton Beds, Devon, c, holotype, ventral valve internal mold, SM H 276, X1, d, latex replica, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"SM, \nPaeckelmann, 1931","figure_index":"fig. 410. araksalosiidae (p. 576-577).\nfig. 410. araksalosiidae (p. 576-577).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-610.jpg?height=1486&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-610.jpg?height=1486&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kahlella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Araksalosiinae","Genus":"Kahlella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kahlella LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1995, p. 430","Type_species":"K. meyendorffi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Whidbornella with strong row of hinge spines, but with no anterior ribbing or sign of dorsal spines, fine impersistent rugae posterolaterally, cardinalia weak, with pit, not connected to short medium septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 411, 2a-d. *K. meyendorffi, upper Famennian, Famennian V-VI, Saharan Algeria, a, holotype, dorsal view of shell showing ventral hinge spines, SSL 413602a, x1.3, b, incomplete ventral valve exterior, x1, c, dorsal valve interior, x1.3, deeply exfoliated dorsal valve exterior, x1.3 (Legrand-Blain, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Legrand-Blain, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 411. araksalosiidae (p. 576-578).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-611.jpg?height=1499&width=1293&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ruthiphiala":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Araksalosiinae","Genus":"Ruthiphiala","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ruthiphiala CARTER, 1988, p. 30","Type_species":"Pustula bushbergensis BRANSON, 1938, p. 164, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium sized, semicircular in outline, ventral valve with hinge spines plus finer prostrate spines from elongate swollen bases producing riblike ornament, inner socket ridges short, median septum extending anteriorly from shallow cardinal process pit.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","First_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","Geography":"central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 412, 2a-e. *R. bushbergensis (Branson), lower Kinderhookian, Missouri, a, lectotype, viewed posteriorly, UMC 4253, x2, b, c, lectotype, viewed laterally, ventrally, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1, e, posteromedian area of dorsal valve interior with external mold of ventral interarea (arrow), x2 (Carter, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 412. araksalosiidae (p. 578-579).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-612.jpg?height=1134&width=1295&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":80.6,"ending_date":349.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Whidbornella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Araksalosiinae","Genus":"Whidbornella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Whidbornella REED, 1943, p. 71","Type_species":"Leptaena caperata J. de C. SOWERBY, 1840, pl. 53, fig. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subcircular to elongate, wide hinge line, rugae irregular, mainly at ears; spines strong at ventral hinge, elongate spine bases tending to form incipient ribs anteromedianly; inner socket ridges at high angle to hinge supporting low cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"western Europe, northern Africa, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 412,1a\u2013d. *W. caperata (J. DE C. SOWERBY), uppermost Famennian, Pilton Beds, Devon; a, ventral valve external mold, \u00d71; b, replica of ventral valve interior, \u00d71.5 (new); c, dorsal valve external mold, \u00d7 1; d, replica of incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 412. araksalosiidae (p. 578-579).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-612.jpg?height=1134&width=1295&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Donalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Donalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Donalosia LAZAREV, 1989, p. 35","Type_species":"*Productella calva var. multispinosa SOKOLSKAYA, 1948, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Convex pseudodeltidium, spines at hinge thicker than elsewhere, absent dorsally, rugae varied, more prominent on dorsal valve posteriorly, brachial ridges spreading widely. Upper Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian): eastern Europe, Transcaucasia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian)","Geography":"eastern Europe, Transcaucasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 413, 1a-d. *D. multispinosa (Sokolskaya), Famennian, Zadonsk beds, Russian platform, a, shell viewed ventrally, x2, b, shell viewed dorsally, X1, c, shell viewed posteriorly, X2 (new), d, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).-Fig. 413, 1e. D. caperatiformis (Abramjan), upper Famennian, Transcaucasia, drawing of ventral internal mold, X1 (Lazarev, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nLazarev, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 413. araksalosiidae (p. 580-582).\nfig. 413. araksalosiidae (p. 580-582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-613.jpg?height=1840&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-613.jpg?height=1840&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Auchmerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Auchmerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Auchmerella STRUVE, 1964, p. 521","Type_species":"A. irmingina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, abnormal genus, only ventral valves known, strongly cemented by cicatrix, spines spreading radially, ventral interior resembles Devonalosia, but with narrow median ridge, weakly elevated diductor scars","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 413, 2. *A. irmingina, Eifelian, Eifel, replica of holotype, ventral valve interior, SMF 19227, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"SMF","figure_index":"fig. 413. araksalosiidae (p. 580-582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-613.jpg?height=1840&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Australosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Australosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Australosia MCKELLAR, 1970, p. 12","Type_species":"A. starensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, around 8 mm wide, outline transverse, concavoconvex, commonly with relatively large cicatrix, long trails, ventral interarea with narrow arched pseudodeltidium, rugae weak on disks, costellate anteriorly, spines at hinge line, from ribs anteriorly, socket ridges at low angle to hinge, brachial ridges widely spreading. Upper Devonian (Famennian): Australia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 413, 3a-c. * A. starensis, Famennian, Star Beds, Star basin, Queensland, a, holotype, replica of dorsal valve exterior, ventral interarea with hinge spines, GSQ F11324, X3, b, ventral valve internal mold, X4, c, replica of dorsal valve interior, X4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 413. araksalosiidae (p. 580-582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-613.jpg?height=1840&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Devonalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Devonalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Devonalosia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 83","Type_species":"D. wrightorum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subcircular, flat pseudodeltidium, no chilidium, cicatrix varied, ventral spines only, thick, attaching posteriorly, recumbent anteriorly, arranged concentrically, rugae weak, somewhat lamellose, strong teeth, impressed ventral diductor scars, deep sockets, dorsal median septum, tuberculate between brachial impressions","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 413, 5a-e. *D. wrightorum, Givetian, Arkona Shale, Ontario, a, b, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, X2, c, dorsal view of attached shell, X3, d, ventral valve interior, X3, e, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 413. araksalosiidae (p. 580-582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-613.jpg?height=1840&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dichacaenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Dichacaenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dichacaenia Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 60","Type_species":"D. perplexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, resembling Devonalosia, but with impersistent cicatrix, valve surfaces smooth to weakly lamellose, spines only ventrally, evenly and somewhat radially distributed, recumbent with short spine bases, cardinal process internally strongly bilobed, weak ear baffles, tuberculation fine.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern USA, northern Africa, ?France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 413, 4a, b. *D. perplexa, upper Givetian, O\u00f1ata Formation, New Mexico, holotype, viewed dorsally, posteriorly, USNM 200957a, x1.5 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982)., Fig. 413, 4c, d. D. umbonata Cooper & Dutro, c, ventral valve exterior, X 1, d, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Dutro, 1982, \nCooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 413. araksalosiidae (p. 580-582).\nfig. 413. araksalosiidae (p. 580-582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-613.jpg?height=1840&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-613.jpg?height=1840&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dotswoodia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Dotswoodia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dotswoodia MCKELLAR, 1970, p. 19","Type_species":"Whidbornella (D.) wyatti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely quadrate, around 30 mm wide, short ventral interarea, no cicatrix, short trails, rugae narrow, irregular on posterior visceral disks, spines on ventral valve only, recumbent from elongate spine bases becoming costate anteriorly, commonly with median spine row, dental sockets small, dorsal median septum prominent, supporting cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Australia, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 414, 2a-d. *D. wyatti (McKellar), Famennian, Sentosia minuta Zone, Queensland, a, holotype, replica of ventral valve exterior, GSQ F 11477, X1, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1.5, c, replica of part of ventral valve interior, X2, d, replica of incomplete dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (McKellar, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"McKellar, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 414. araksalosiidae (p. 582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-615.jpg?height=443&width=486&top_left_y=1233&top_left_x=847)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enigmalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Enigmalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enigmalosia CZARNIECKI, 1969, p. 271","Type_species":"E. sarytchevae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute size, extensively cemented ventral valve, somewhat resembling Australosia, but with fine costellation, apparently no teeth, thin shell substance","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (?Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (?Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (?Gzhelian)","Geography":"Spitzbergen","Figure_captions":"Fig. 414, 1a-d. *E. sarytchevae, Gzhelian, western Spitzbergen, a, b, anterior, oblique ventral views of ventral valve exterior, X4, c, oblique lateral view of ventral valve exterior, X4 (new), d, drawing of dorsal valve interior, X4 (Czarniecki, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Czarniecki, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 414. araksalosiidae (p. 582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-615.jpg?height=443&width=486&top_left_y=1233&top_left_x=847)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eostrophalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Eostrophalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eostrophalosia STAINBROOK, 1943, p. 58","Type_species":"Strophalosia rockfordensis Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with circular outline, ventral interarea prominent medianly, apical arched pseudodeltidium, cicatrix small, spines at ventral hinge, recumbent elsewhere, fine on dorsal valve, rugae weak, lamellose, dorsal valve dimpled","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, ?western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 413, 6ad. * E. rockfordensis (Hall & Clarke), Frasnian, Hackberry Formation, Rockford, Iowa, specimen viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, with fragment of shell attached, laterally, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 413. araksalosiidae (p. 580-582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-613.jpg?height=1840&width=1293&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Irboskites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Irboskites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Irboskites BEKKER, 1924, p. 48","Type_species":"I. fixatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, profile planoconvex, ventral valve strongly cemented by extensive cicatrix, short ventral interarea, spines apparently lacking, exteriors smooth, ventral interior resembles Devonalosia with anteriorly angled teeth, dorsal interior with strong inner plus outer socket ridges, brachial markings extensive.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 415, 3a-c. *I. fixatus, lower Frasnian, Irboska Formation, Estonia, a, holotype, replica of ventral valve interior, TAGI BR 011, X 2, b, exterior of ventral valve with cicatrix to right (note that the pair of objects are possibly the tubes of coiled adherent worms), X2, c, dorsal valve interior, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 415. araksalosiidae (p. 582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-616.jpg?height=1007&width=1276&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Morganella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Morganella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Morganella MCKELLAR, 1970, p. 17","Type_species":"M. maxwelli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Corpus width 30 to 35 mm, shells geniculate with sloping flanks, no median sulcation or folding, ventral interarea short, trail margin slightly flared, thick spines confined to hinge area, fine over ventral corpus, teeth small, cardinal process with pit between small socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 414, 3a-e. *M. maxwelli, lower Famennian, Queensland, a, lateral oblique view of replica of incomplete ventral valve exterior, X 1.5, b, external mold of dorsal valve, X 1.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X 1, d, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, X 2, e, latex replica of ventral valve interior showing small teeth, arrowed, X 2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 414. araksalosiidae (p. 582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-615.jpg?height=443&width=486&top_left_y=1233&top_left_x=847)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligorhachis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Oligorhachis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligorhachis IMBRIE, 1959, p. 403","Type_species":"O. oligorhachis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Devonalosia, but small, about 8 mm wide, small cicatrix, relatively thick spines.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 415, 2a-e. *O. oligorhachis, Givetian, Traverse Group, Gravel Point Formation, Michigan, a-d, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, posteriorly, USNM 125574, X3, e, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Imbrie, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nImbrie, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 415. araksalosiidae (p. 582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-616.jpg?height=1007&width=1276&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ralia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Ralia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ralia LAZAREV, 1987, p. 48","Type_species":"R. primigenia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, somewhat transverse, concavoconvex shell with moderately inflated ventral umbo, pseudodeltidium convex, spines at ventral hinge, widely scattered, dorsal valve with weak fine ribbing, anderidia present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 415, 1a, b. * R. primigenia, Emsian, Gobi Altai, Mongolia, a, holotype, dorsal exterior of shell with ventral interarea, PIN 4217\/2, X3, b, internal mold of ventral valve with shell fragments anterolaterally, x3 (Lazarev, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 415. araksalosiidae (p. 582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-616.jpg?height=1007&width=1276&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Truncalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Donalosiinae","Genus":"Truncalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Truncalosia IMBRIE, 1959, p. 401","Type_species":"T. gibbosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles small Heteralosia, but lacking lamellose ornament, spines relatively thin, possibly not bidirectional","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 415, 4a-e. *T. gibbosa, Givetian, Traverse Group, Gravel Point Formation, Michigan, a-d, holotype, viewed dorsally, ventrally, laterally, posteriorly, USNM 125568, times, e, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Imbrie, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nImbrie, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 415. araksalosiidae (p. 582).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-616.jpg?height=1007&width=1276&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadratia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Quadratiinae","Genus":"Quadratia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadratia Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 161","Type_species":"Productus hirsutiforme WALCOTT, 1884, p. 133, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely subrectangular, interareas wide but short, rugae narrow, entire, ventral spines in row near hinge, elsewhere prostrate, concentric, rare dorsally, well-defined ventral muscle fields, lateral ridges extending across ears, cardinal process occupies delthyrium, small sockets, weak dorsal lateral ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (?Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (?Tournaisian, Vis\u00e9an)-Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 416, 1a-e. *dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 416. araksalosiidae (p. 583-586).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-617.jpg?height=1783&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonetipustula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Quadratiinae","Genus":"Chonetipustula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonetipustula PAECKELMANN, 1931, p. 31","Type_species":"Productus plicatus SARRES, 1857, p. 20, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline semicircular, interareas reduced, both valves rugose, ventral spines long, fine, straight at hinge line, recumbent elsewhere, but rare dorsally, short ventral umbonal myophragm, teeth and sockets small, cardinal process occupies delthyrium, marginal ridges unknown. Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an): Europe, ?Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, ?Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 416, 3a, b. * C. plicata (Sarres), upper Vis\u00e9an, Germany, Rhine, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X1, b, ventral valve exterior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 416. araksalosiidae (p. 583-586).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-617.jpg?height=1783&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyphotalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Quadratiinae","Genus":"Cyphotalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyphotalosia CARTER, 1967, p. 281","Type_species":"C. masonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, slightly inflated ventral umbo, differentiated small ears with dorsally flexed extensions, interareas with narrow pseudodeltidium, chilidium, cicatrix small, spines few near ventral hinge, plus scattered and curving on rest of valve, none dorsally, rugae, growth lamellae narrow and somewhat irregular.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","First_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hastarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Hastarian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 416, 4a-e. * C. masonensis, upper Kinderhookian, Texas, a, holotype, viewed ventrally, USNM 154583, X2, b, holotype, viewed dorsoposteriorly, USNM 154583, X3, c, d, ventral valve internal mold viewed ventrally, laterally, X2, e, exfoliated dorsal valve interior, X2 (Carter, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCarter, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 416. araksalosiidae (p. 583-586).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-617.jpg?height=1783&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":80.6,"ending_date":349.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicaea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Quadratiinae","Genus":"Plicaea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicaea AISENVERG, 1992, p. 130","Type_species":"P. insignita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, 5 mm wide, outline transversely quadrate, geniculate, trails with short flange or gutter, interarea short, cicatrix small, attached also by clasping spines near hinge, other spines rare on rugose corpus, trails smooth, wide sessile cardinal process supported by inner socket ridges subparallel to hinge.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 416, 5a-d. *D. insignita, Holkerian, Tulsky, Donetz, a, b, ventral valve external mold, replica, X 5, c, d, dorsal valve internal mold, replica, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 416. araksalosiidae (p. 583-586).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-617.jpg?height=1783&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicatiferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Quadratiinae","Genus":"Plicatiferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicatiferina Kalashnikov, 1980, p. 45, Productus pseudoplicatilis STEPANOV, 1948, p. 33","Type_species":"Productus pseudoplicatilis STEPANOV, 1948, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Quadratia in size, outline, but with prominent, narrow rugae on both valves, ventral median sulcus in some, spines fine on ventral valve, interiors almost unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Geography":"eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig . 416,2a. *P. pseudoplicatilis (STEPANOV), Kasimovian, Bashkiria; ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 1 (Stepanov, 1948).\u2014Fig. 416,2b\u2013d. P. neoplicatilis (STEPANOV), northern Urals; b, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71; c, ventral valve internal mold, \u00d71.5; d, incomplete dorsal valve exterior, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stepanov, 1948","figure_index":"fig. 416. araksalosiidae (p. 583-586).\nfig. 416. araksalosiidae (p. 583-586).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-617.jpg?height=1783&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-617.jpg?height=1783&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytialosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Rhytialosiinae","Genus":"Rhytialosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytialosia LAZAREV, 1989, p. 3835","Type_species":"Productus petini NALIVKIN, 1930, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Maximum width at hinge, cicatrix present, ventral spines only, relatively thick, especially close to hinge, rugae more prominent ventrally, entire, undulose, dorsal median septum full length of disk","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 417, 2a-d. *R. petini (NALIVKIN), middle Frasnian, Russian Platform; a,b, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, \u00d7 2; c, shell viewed dorsally, \u00d71; d, two ventral valves, one externally, one incomplete dorsolaterally showing tooth, arrowed, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 417. araksalosiidae (p. 586-587).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-618.jpg?height=1266&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Agramatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Rhytialosiinae","Genus":"Agramatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Agramatia SOKOLSKAYA, 1948, p. 39","Type_species":"Productus agramati Nalivkin in Markowskil & NALIVKIN, 1934, p. 21, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subsemicircular with adult hinge at maximum width, interareas reduced, cicatrix small, spines fine ventrally, unknown dorsally, rugae impersistent medianly, nodose, absent anteriorly where spine bases tend to be elongate","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Russia, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 417, 1a-c. * A. agramati (Nalivkin), lower Famennian, central Russia, a, b, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, laterally, x2, c, dorsal valve exterior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 417. araksalosiidae (p. 586-587).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-618.jpg?height=1266&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Steinhagella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Rhytialosiinae","Genus":"Steinhagella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Steinhagella GOLDRING, 1957, p. 223","Type_species":"Leptaena membranacea PHILLIPS, 1841, p. 60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subsemicircular, resembles Agramatia, but undulose rugae more persistent medianly, lacking swollen spine bases, dorsal valve with fewer, erect spines. Upper Devonian (Famennian): Eurasia, northern Africa.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 417, 4. *S. membranacea (Phillips), Famennian V-VI, Cornwall, lectotype, internal mold of ventral valve, GSM 95430, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM","figure_index":"fig. 417. araksalosiidae (p. 586-587).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-618.jpg?height=1266&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Veeversalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Araksalosiidae","Subfamily":"Rhytialosiinae","Genus":"Veeversalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Veeversalosia LAZAREV, 1989, p. 3935","Type_species":"Steinhagella numida VEEVERS, 1959, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cicatrix minute, short interareas, small apical pseudodeltidium, spines on both valves, lacking strong hinge spines, rugae fine, differs from Steinhagella by having inner socket ridges extended as lateral ridges, ear baffles, median septum short","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 417, 3a-f. *V. numida (Veevers), middle Frasnian, Fitzroy Basin, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, CPC 2954, X1, d, e, young dorsal valve exterior, interior, x3 . 5,  f, incomplete dorsal valve interior, x2 (Veevers, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nVeevers, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 417. araksalosiidae (p. 586-587).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-618.jpg?height=1266&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Aulosteginae","Genus":"Aulosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulosteges von Helmersen, 1847, p. 330-331","Type_species":"A. wangenheimi de Verneuil, 1845, p. 194, OD, =A. variabilis von HELMERSEN, 1847, p. 330","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, variable to long, may be asymmetric, ventral interarea with elongate to subtrigonal outline, total profile weakly concavoconvex with variably developed cicatrix, concentric ornament weak or absent, spines densely distributed on both valves, of two sizes ventrally, dorsal interior with rhomboidal pit separating cardinal process from median septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"northern Eurasia, ?Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 418, 1a-d. *A. wangenheimi DE Verneuil, Kazanian, Orenburg, Russia, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally,X1, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, x1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 418. aulostegidae (p. 587).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-620.jpg?height=1842&width=1288&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lipanteris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Aulosteginae","Genus":"Lipanteris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lipanteris Briggs in Waterhouse & BRIGGS, 1986, p. 36","Type_species":"Aulosteges (Taeniothaerus) subquadratus var. cracowensis HILL, 1950, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Taeniothaerus, but with somewhat narrower hinge line, lamellae only on dorsal trail, spines larger and more widely spaced on venter, commonly on radial ridges anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 418, 2a, b. *L. cracowensis (Hill), Fairyland Formation, Bowen basin, a, ventral valve viewed laterally, x1,  b, ventral valve internal mold, X1 (Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986)., \"Fig. 418, 2c-e. L. sparsispinosus Briggs, c, d, holotype, ventral valve internal mold viewed laterally, its replica viewed anteroventrally, UQF 72797, X1, e, replica of incomplete dorsal valve interior, x1 (Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Briggs, 1986, \nWaterhouse & Briggs, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 418. aulostegidae (p. 587).\nfig. 418. aulostegidae (p. 587).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-620.jpg?height=1842&width=1288&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-620.jpg?height=1842&width=1288&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megasteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Aulosteginae","Genus":"Megasteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megasteges WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 6","Type_species":"M. nepalensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Wyatkina, but reportedly with only one size of ventral spines, said to differ from Taeniothaerus by having longer interarea, thicker ventral spines, and ventral diductor scars that enclose adductor scars more closely anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Himalayas (northwestern Nepal), ?eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 419, 2a, b. *M. nepalensis, Punjabian, Dolpo Region, Nepal, a, holotype, internal mold viewed dorsally, 314, repository unknown, X1, b, internal mold viewed ventrally, X1 (Waterhouse, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 419. aulostegidae (p. 587).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-621.jpg?height=1775&width=1266&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=180)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reedoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Aulosteginae","Genus":"Reedoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reedoconcha G. KOTLYAR, 1964, p. 124","Type_species":"Productus (Taeniotherus) permixtus REED, 1932b, p. 12, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with elongate outline, maximum width anteriorly, interarea short, occupying about half hinge width, median sulcus weak, variable, beak acute, elongate spine bases simulate ribbing on ventral valve, spines cover both valves, ventrally strong, semirecumbent, dorsally fine, no anterior spine bands, cardinal process with paired ridges on shaft, median septum long, adductor scars well developed","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Oman, Afghanistan, Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 419, 1a-f. * R. permixta (Reed), Sakmarian, a, ventral valve exterior, Agglomeritic Slate, Kashmir, x0.75, b, ventral valve internal mold, Agglomeritic Slate, Kashmir, X1, dorsal valve internal mold, Agglomeritic Slate, Kashmir, X1 (Reed, 1932b), d, ventral valve viewed posteroventrally, Saiwan Formation, southern Oman, X1, e, complete specimen viewed dorsally, Saiwan Formation, southern Oman, x1,  f, dorsal cardinalia viewed internally, Saiwan Formation, southern Oman, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Reed, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 419. aulostegidae (p. 587).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-621.jpg?height=1775&width=1266&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=180)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wyatkina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Aulosteginae","Genus":"Wyatkina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wyatkina FREDERICKS, 1931, p. 211","Type_species":"Aulosteges gigas NECHAEV, 1894, p. 155, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Aulosteges, but larger, with wider, less variable ventral interarea almost equal to maximum width of shell, ventral profile more strongly and evenly convex, spines less thick, possibly absent from dorsal valves","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 420, 2a-d. * W. gigas (Nechaev), Wyatka River, a-c, ventral valve viewed ventrally, laterally, internally, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, x0.75 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 420. aulostegidae (p. 590-591).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-622.jpg?height=1706&width=1275&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Agelesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Agelesiinae","Genus":"Agelesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Agelesia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 6","Type_species":"A. triagonalis R. E. KING, 1931, p. 94, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, commonly distorted, cluster of rhizoid spines confined to the posterior half of the ventral valve, creating dimples on the dorsal valve, both valves finely rugose, cardinal process variable, commonly strongly bilobed, dorsal adductor scars raised, endospines anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 421, 1a-d. * A. triagonalis R. E. King, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas, a-c, complete specimen viewed ventrally, laterally, dorsally, x2, d, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 421. aulostegidae (p. 591).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-624.jpg?height=1271&width=1287&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytibulbus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Agelesiinae","Genus":"Rhytibulbus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytibulbus Li Li in Ding Yunjie & OTHERS, 1991, p. 157","Type_species":"R. zhen'anensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, small to medium, elongate outline with a wide hinge line, well-defined ears, interarea short, ventral profile semicircular, costellae extending to the trail between rugae on disks, spines on the ventral valve only, with wide bases, interiors unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 421, 2a-c. * R. zhenanensis, Quinling Range, a, b, ventral valve viewed posteroventrally, laterally, X1, c, dorsal valve exterior, X1 (Ding & others, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ding & others, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 421. aulostegidae (p. 591).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-624.jpg?height=1271&width=1287&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stipulina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Agelesiinae","Genus":"Stipulina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stipulina Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 200","Type_species":"Productus deshayesianus de KONINCK, 1842, p. 193, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline of corpus plus trails elongate, with well-differentiated ears, ventral interarea small, restricted medianly, long spines from swollen bases on the ventral corpus, ear baffles strong, brachial markings elongate, commonly raised anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 421, 3a-g. *S. deshayesianus (de Koninck), a, ventral valve internal mold viewed laterally, Vis\u00e9, X6, b, c, ventral valve internal mold viewed posteriorly, replica showing strong ear baffles, Vis\u00e9, \u00d7 5 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), d, replica of dorsal valve interior, Vis\u00e9, X 5, e, f, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally, laterally, Asbian, Northern Yorkshire, X 4, g, part of dorsal valve exterior showing large ears, Asbian, Northern Yorkshire, X4 (Brunton & Mundy, 1988b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nBrunton & Mundy, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 421. aulostegidae (p. 591).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-624.jpg?height=1271&width=1287&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Chonosteginae","Genus":"Chonosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonosteges Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 113","Type_species":"Aulosteges magnicostatus GIRTY, 1909, p. 278, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, ventral interarea, umbo variable, depending on attachment, lophidium, zygidium present in some, planoconvex corpus profile with strong geniculation, ribbing strong anterior to geniculation, spines rhizoid on ventral disk, ribs, both trails reflexed ventrally, at corpus margin complex series of interdigitating spines and funnel-like processes. Lower Permian (Artinskian): southern USA, Russia, ?Malaysia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"southern USA, Russia, ?Malaysia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 422, 4a. * C. magnicostatus (Girty), Delaware Mountain Formation, Texas, holotype, viewed dorsally, USNM 118548, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1975)., Fig. 422, 4b-e. C. variabilis Cooper & Grant, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas, b, detail of shell commissure anteriorly with ventral attachment spines below, X3, c, dorsal valve exterior, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), e, ventral valve exterior, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 422. aulostegidae (p. 591-593).\nfig. 422. aulostegidae (p. 591-593).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-625.jpg?height=1370&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-625.jpg?height=1370&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonostegoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Chonosteginae","Genus":"Chonostegoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonostegoides Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1965, p. 212","Type_species":"C. ogbinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, subquadrate outline with small ears, interarea short, corpus planoconvex, deep, trails reflexed, ribbed, spine bases slightly swollen, elongate on ventral corpus, dorsal spines larger anteriorly, marginal structures similar to Chonosteges, dorsal interior with complete marginal ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 422, 1a-c. * C. ogbinensis, Ufimian, Gnishiksky Horizon, Ogbin, a, b, holotype, ventral exterior, largely exfoliated dorsal valve interior, PIN 2071\/76, x1, c, dorsal valve exterior, x1 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).-Fig. 422, 1d. C. armenicus Sarytcheva, detail of external mold of dorsal valve flange, x6 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965, \nSarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 422. aulostegidae (p. 591-593).\nfig. 422. aulostegidae (p. 591-593).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-625.jpg?height=1370&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-625.jpg?height=1370&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costisteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Chonosteginae","Genus":"Costisteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costisteges LIAO, 1982, p. 540","Type_species":"C. dongluoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Chonosteges, but lacks the complex spine, funnel arrangement bordering the corpus cavity. Published figures inadequate for illustration. Upper Permian (Changhsingian): China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Published \ufb01gures inadequate for illustration.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Urushtenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Chonosteginae","Genus":"Urushtenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Urushtenia LICHAREW, 1935, p. 370","Type_species":"Productus pseudomedusa CHERNYSCHEV, 1902, p. 293, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse with planoconvex flattened corpus, geniculate with trails, ventral interarea short, cicatrix small, ribbing starts on disks, prominent on trails, rugae narrow on disks, spines distributed on both disks, fine dorsally, spinose marginal ridges, gutters of trails resembling Chonesteges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"Russia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 422, 3a\u2013e. *U. pseudomedusa (TSCHERNYSCHEW ); a, specimen viewed ventrally, Sakmarian, Schwagerina Limestone, Ural Mountains, \u00d7 2; b, specimen viewed dorsally, Sakmarian, Schwagerina Limestone, Ural Mountains, \u00d7 1; c,d, specimen viewed posteriorly, laterally, Kasarmensky Kamen, Russia, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960); e, dorsal valve interior, Kasarmensky Kamen, Russia, \u00d7 2.5 (Sarytcheva & Grunt, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nSarytcheva & Grunt, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 422. aulostegidae (p. 591-593).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-625.jpg?height=1370&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Urushtenoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Chonosteginae","Genus":"Urushtenoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Urushtenoidea Jing Yu-gan & Hu SHI-ZHONG, 1978, p. 116","Type_species":"Urushtenia chaoi Ching YU-GAN, 1963, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Uncisteges Jing Yu-gan & Hu Shi-zhong, 1978, p. 117 (type, Eomarginifera crenulatea Ting Pei-chen in Yang Tsun-yi & others, 1962, p. 85, OD)","Synonyms":"Uncisteges","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex corpus, geniculated to trails, ribbing originates on disks, prominent on trails, rugae impersistent, more prominent on ventral disk, spines erect on ribs, trail margins extending as interlocking spines similar to Chonosteges, cardinal process with basal pit, adductor field may be elevated, marginal ridge with row of spines","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 422, 2a\u2013c. *U. chaoi (CHING), ?Roadian, Hsiaojiangbian Formation, Jiangxi; a,b, specimen viewed anteriorly, laterally, \u00d71; c, specimen viewed anteriorly showing commissural spines, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 422, 2d. U. chenanensis (CHAN ), Kuhfeng Formation, Shangxi; ventral valve exterior, \u00d71.5 (Jing & Hu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 422. aulostegidae (p. 591-593).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-625.jpg?height=1370&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":254.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ctenalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Ctenalosiinae","Genus":"Ctenalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ctenalosia Cooper & STEHLI, 1955, p. 470","Type_species":"C. fixata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, with hinge of variable width, corpus planoconvex with anterior series of short dorsal trails, interarea short, with internal single row of denticles fitting dorsal hinge pits, ribbing variably developed on trails, both disks anteriorly rugose or lamellose, spines rhizoid on ventral corpus, posterior trail, cardinal process relatively strong, adductor platforms closely spaced with short median septum anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 423, 1a-e. *C. fixata, Word Formation, Texas, a, b, holotype, viewed posteriorly, dorsally, USNM 124123a, X3_mathbf3, c, d, attached ventral valve viewed anteriorly, internally, x3, e, dorsal valve interior, X3^ (text Muir-Wood & Cooper,  1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 423. aulostegidae (p. 593-594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-626.jpg?height=1196&width=627&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":271.79,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongolosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Ctenalosiinae","Genus":"Mongolosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongolosia Manankov & PAVLOVA, 1976, p. 354","Type_species":"M. morenkovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transverse outline, concavoconvex corpus, profile geniculate, no sulcus, cicatrix present, interarea short, concentric lamellae on dorsal valve, ribbing fine, spines in row at hinge, scattered on ears, venter, up to 30 conical denticles at ventral hinge fitting pits on dorsal interior, cardinal process trifid with large median ridge, supported anteriorly by two ridges.\"","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-lower Upper Permian","Geography":"central Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 423, 2a-d. *M. morenkovi, a, b, holotype, viewed dorsally, showing dorsal valve exterior, ventral valve interior, PIN 3158\/1, X1, c, external mold of dorsal valve, X1, d, internal mold of ventral valve, x1 (Manankov & Pavlova, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Manankov & Pavlova, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 423. aulostegidae (p. 593-594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-626.jpg?height=1196&width=627&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Echinosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinosteges Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 101","Type_species":"Aulosteges tuberculatus R. E. KING, 1931, p. 95, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, subquadrate to elongate with strong but variable ventral interarea, corpus planoconvex, gently geniculate with anteriorly flanged trail, ventral disk with swollen spine bases, coarse ribbing on trail, spines rhizoid in clusters on ears and flanks, small, semirecumbent, evenly distributed over ventral valve, dorsal disk dimpled, spines rare, cardinal ridge parallel to hinge, forming sharp angle with complete marginal ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 424, 1a-e. * E. tuberculatus (R. E. King), Word Limestone, Texas, a, ventral valve exterior, X 1, b, c, ventral valve exterior, interior, X1, d, shell viewed dorsally, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 424. aulostegidae (p. 594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-627.jpg?height=1726&width=1273&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Archaiosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Archaiosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Archaiosteges CARTER, 1991, p. 360","Type_species":"A. harperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, hinge less than maximum corpus width, ?without cicatrix, weakly concavoconvex, shallow with short trails, almost completely rugose, ventral swollen spine bases regularly distributed, spines fine, no ribbing, cardinal and marginal ridges, cardinal process thick, strongly supported by nonfunctional ridges resembling inner socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Ivorian)","First_Occurrence":"Ivorian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (?Chadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Chadian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Ivorian, ?Chadian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 424, 2 a-g. *A. harperi, lower Osagean, Iowa, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, anteriorly, laterally, CMNH 34953, X2, d, e, ventral, posterodorsal views, X3, f, young dorsal valve exterior, X3, g, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Carter, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 424. aulostegidae (p. 594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-627.jpg?height=1726&width=1273&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":80.6,"beginning_date":349.17,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":22.8,"ending_date":343,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Baissalosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Baissalosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Baissalosteges G. KOTLYAR, 1989, p. 119","Type_species":"B. gracilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subquadrate outline, maximum width anteriorly, ventral interarea prominent, dorsal disk weakly concave, geniculate with short trail, corpus cavity shallow, capillation fine, indistinct on both valves, spines fine, recumbent, covering valve, rhizoid near hinge, cluster on ears, cardinal ridges, medium septum reach half dorsal disk length, shell material thin.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 425, 3a-e. *B. gracilis, Khachikek Horizon, Transcaucasus, a, b, holotype, incomplete shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, TsNIGRA 36\/12540, X1, c, ventral valve exterior, X1, d, shell viewed dorsally, X1, e, detail of ventral valve exterior, x3 (Kotlyar, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kotlyar, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 425. aulostegidae (p. 594-599).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-628.jpg?height=1537&width=1288&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Edriosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Edriosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Edriosteges Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 103","Type_species":"E. multispinosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Neoedriosteges Liang, 1990, p. 150460 (type, N. transversa, OD)","Synonyms":"Neoedriosteges","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, circular to subquadrate outline with short but wide ventral interarea, corpus gently concavoconvex with trails commonly having gutter, concentric ornament variably lamellose, especially dorsally, fine radial capillae commonly preserved on trails, ventral spines as in Echinosteges, but anteriorly tend to be distributed concentrically, no dorsal spines, interiors resemble Echinosteges.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA, China, Tibet, Salt Range","Figure_captions":"Fig. 425, 2a-e. *E. multispinosus, upper Leonard Formation, Texas, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, USNM 123906a, X1, c, ventral valve interior, X1, d, shell viewed dorsally, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 425. aulostegidae (p. 594-599).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-628.jpg?height=1537&width=1288&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Girlasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Girlasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Girlasia de GREGORIO, 1930, p. 21","Type_species":"Strophalosia (Girlasia) superelegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate outline, narrow hinge with short interarea, corpus weakly concavoconvex, exteriors smooth, spines evenly distributed","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"Sicily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 426,3a\u2013c. *G. superelegans DE GREGORIO, Sosio Limestone, Palermo; a,b, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, \u00d7 3; c, shell viewed laterally, \u00d7 2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 426. aulostegidae (p. 595-597).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-629.jpg?height=1466&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Howseia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Howseia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Howseia LOGAN, 1963, p. 756","Type_species":"Productus latirostratus HOWSE, 1848, p. 256, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, weakly sulcate shell, hinge narrower than width of midlength, ribbing absent, growth lines strong, spines in row on ventral flanks, few on venter, ventral adductor scars dendritic, dorsal scars striated, cardinal process bilobed, quadrifid, extending ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Ending_age":"Lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 426, 1a-f. *H. latirostrata (Howse), middle Magnesian Limestone, County Durham, a- c, lectotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, GSM 59737, x1.5, d, posteriorly exfoliated ventral valve exterior, x1.25, e, ventral valve internal mold plus shell on right ear, x1 . 5,  f, dorsal valve interior, cardinalia, x3 (Logan, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nLogan, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 426. aulostegidae (p. 595-597).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-629.jpg?height=1466&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":271.79,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Limbella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Limbella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Limbella STEHLI, 1954, p. 329","Type_species":"Aulosteges wolfcampensis R. E. KING, 1931, p. 95, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, resembling Edriosteges, but differing in its distinctive fine ribbing, tendency to be lamellose, fewer ventral corpus spines, interareas, relationships of cardinal process to delthyrium vary in both genera, internally has short, well-developed cardinal ridges, lacking marginal ridges and with relatively weak, narrow dorsal adductor scars.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 426, 2a\u2013e. *L. wolfcampensis (R. E. KING), Asselian, Neal Ranch Formation, Texas; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 1; b, ventral valve viewed laterally, \u00d7 1; c, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 1; d, shell viewed dorsally, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960); e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 426. aulostegidae (p. 595-597).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-629.jpg?height=1466&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphenosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Sphenosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphenosteges Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 108","Type_species":"Aulosteges hispidus GIRTY, 1920, p. 644, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally somewhat resembling Sphenalosia, but differs in having fine ribbing, narrow convex pseudodeltidium, no teeth, cardinal process less narrow, shorter","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"central USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 427, 4a-f. *S. hispidus (Girty), Phosphoria Formation, Wyoming, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, USNM 119088, X1, c, detail of ventral valve exterior, X, d, incomplete dorsal view of shell, \u00d7 3; e, lateral view of ventral valve internal mold, \u00d71; f, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spirisosium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Spirisosium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spirisosium de GREGORIO, 1930, p. 23","Type_species":"S. primarium, OD, =Aulosteges karpinskyi GEMMELLARO, 1892, p. 26","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, medium size, assigned to the Gondolininae. Permian (?Wordian): Sicily.","Beginning_age":"Permian (?Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (?Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (?Wordian)","Geography":"Sicily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 427, 3a-d. *S. karpinskyi (Gemmellaro), Sosio Limestone, Sicily, a-c, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, x0.75, d, partly exfoliated ventral valve showing part of diductor scar, \u00d70.75 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophalosiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Strophalosiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophalosiella LICHAREW, 1935, p. 372","Type_species":"S. coraeformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, broadly subcircular with hinge slightly less than maximum width, high trigonal interarea with narrow pseudodeltidium, ribbing fine, entire other than at beak, rugae posterolaterally on dorsal valve, spines reported from edges of interarea, flanks, and possibly scattered on ventral valve only, interiors unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"northern Europe, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 427, 1a-c. *S. coraeformis, Vymm basin, Russia, incomplete specimen viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, X1 (Sarytcheva, Licharew, & Sokolskaja, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, Licharew, & Sokolskaja, 1960","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophalosiina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Strophalosiina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophalosiina LICHAREW, 1935, p. 369","Type_species":"Aulosteges tibeticus DIENER, 1897, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smaller medium size, pentagonal outline with high triangular interarea, median sulcus full length of valve, profile strongly geniculate, ribbing on trails only, rugae on disks, narrow, spines scattered on ventral disk, interiors unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Artinskian), Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Himalayas, Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 425, 1a-d. *S. tibeticus (Diener), Chitichum Limestone, Tibet, Diener specimen, viewed anteroventrally, ventrally, dorsally, laterally, XI (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 425. aulostegidae (p. 594-599).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-628.jpg?height=1537&width=1288&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Echinosteginae","Genus":"Xenosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenosteges Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 111","Type_species":"X. adherens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subquadrate outline with prominent wide ears, interarea short, delthyrium open, lamellose concentric ornament, especially on dorsal valve, spines large, rhizoid on hinge, ears, and at umbo, lacking elsewhere, lateral ridges in both valves, dorsally variably connected to marginal ridge","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Artinskian)-lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 427, 2a-d. *X. adherens, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas, a, ventral valve exterior, x2, b, dorsal valve exterior, X2, c, dorsal valve interior, X_mathbf4 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), d, attached ventral valve viewed internally, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":271.79,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Institina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Institina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Institina Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 164","Type_species":"Productus marginalis de KONINCK, 1847a, p. 238, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rugae on visceral disks, ribbing on trail from geniculated cincture, cardinal process narrow, cardinal ridges reach ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 428, 1a-f. *I. marginalis (de Koninck), Asbian, Vis\u00e9, a-d, partially exfoliated shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, posteriorly, laterally, X2, e, oblique lateral view of ventral valve exterior with trail, x2 (new), f, replica of dorsal valve interior, x3 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 428. aulostegidae (p. 599-604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-632.jpg?height=1766&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costellarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Costellarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costellarina Cooper & Muir-Wood, 1967, p. 808, nom. nov. pro Costellaria Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, p. 123, non SWAINSON, 1840","Type_species":"C. costellata Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 124, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 10 mm wide, subquadrate outline, gently concavoconvex profile, interarea wide, short, cicatrix, ribbing starting anteriorly on reticulate disks, spines semirecumbent, scattered over ventral valve plus clusters on ears, cardinal process sessile, broadly bilobed. Lower Permian: USA.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 428, 2a-g. * C. costellata Muir-Wood & Cooper, Talpa Formation, Texas, a, holotype, viewed dorsally, USNM 124110a, x2, b-d, shell viewed ventrally, posteriorly, laterally, X2, e, ventral valve exterior, X3, f, dorsal valve interior, X4, g, detail of cardinal process externally, x6 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 428. aulostegidae (p. 599-604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-632.jpg?height=1766&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Craspedona":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Craspedona","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Craspedona Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 881","Type_species":"C. newelli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small circular corpus with wide hinge, tubiform anterior trails forming part of flanges, ventral interarea short, cicatrix minute, both disks weakly reticulate, ribbing becoming stronger anteriorly, spines rhizoid at posterior margins and ears, fine spines scattered on ventral corpus, lateral plus marginal ventral ridges, cardinal process small, sessile, partly overhung dorsally by zygidium extending as lateral ridges, ear baffles, near hinge irregular tubercles fit corresponding pits in ventral hinge region.","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Kungurian), Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 429, 1 a-e .* C. newelli, Bell Canyon Formation, Texas, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, USNM 154172a, X1, central valve exterior, x1 . 5,  d, ventral valve interior, x1.5, e, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 429. aulostegidae (p. 599-601).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-633.jpg?height=1697&width=1284&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Glyptosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptosteges Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 876","Type_species":"G. intricatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with small cicatrix, spines rhizoid posteriorly, recumbent on venter, both valves strongly, fully costate, ventral adductor scars elevated, surrounded by flabellate diductor scars, cardinal process small, lateral ridges extending straight across ears.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 429, 3a-e. *G. intricatus, Skinner Ranch Formation, Texas, a, b, ventral valve viewed ventrally, laterally, X 1, c, attached ventral valve exterior, X2, d, e, dorsal valve exterior, interior, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 429. aulostegidae (p. 599-601).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-633.jpg?height=1697&width=1284&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Institella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Institella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Institella COOPER, 1942, p. 230","Type_species":"Productus leonardensis R. E. KING, 1931, p. 70, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, ventral profile with disk weakly convex, geniculate with trail margin reflexed, median sulcus prominent, forming V-shaped fold in gutter, interarea short, cicatrix small, ribbing disappearing on gutter, spines thick, rhizoid at hinge, ears, smaller and scattered on venter, dorsal lateral ridges variable, may extend marked.\"","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian), lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 429, 2a-d. *P. polymorpha, Cherry Canyon Formation, Texas, a, b, ventral valve exterior, interior, x1,  c, dorsal valve interior,X1, d, dorsal valve viewed laterally, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 429. aulostegidae (p. 599-601).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-633.jpg?height=1697&width=1284&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Polymorpharia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Polymorpharia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Polymorpharia Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1143","Type_species":"P. polymorpha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Crespedona, but without strong median flanged trail, lacking rugae on disks, dorsal adductor scars shorter, strongly marked.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)-lower Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 429, 2a-d. *P. polymorpha, Cherry Canyon Formation, Texas, a, b, ventral valve exterior, interior, x1,  c, dorsal valve interior,X1, d, dorsal valve viewed laterally, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 429. aulostegidae (p. 599-601).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-633.jpg?height=1697&width=1284&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Retroplexus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Retroplexus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Retroplexus Brunton & MUNDY, 1988b, p. 74","Type_species":"R. parkhousensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cicatrix small, variable, visceral disks strongly differentiated from ears, rugose, trails smooth with distal spine ridges, rhizoid spines long from hinge and flanks, other spines on ventral corpus and trail, dorsal adductor scars slightly elevated, ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"British Isles, ?western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 430,2a\u2013g. *R. parkhousensis, Asbian; a, holotype, viewed anterolaterally showing spines extending into matrix (arrows), Derbyshire, BMNH BB58751, \u00d72; b, juvenile ventral valve with cicatrix adhering to Tabulipora, Derbyshire, \u00d7 3; c, incomplete ventral interior, Derbyshire, \u00d73; d\u2013f, internal mold viewed anteriorly, laterally, and replica of dorsal valve corpus interior, Staffordshire, \u00d72; g, deeply exfoliated dorsal valve interior with pustules indicating ventral spine positions, Staffordshire, \u00d7 2 (Brunton & Mundy, 1988b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugicostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Rugicostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugicostella Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 166","Type_species":"Productus nystianus de KONINCK, 1842, p. 202, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly geniculate with short ventral interarea, ventral corpus with irregular rugae, swollen spine bases, attachment spines at ventral hinge, cincture, trail smooth to coarsely ribbed, cardinal process supported by short median ridge, cardinal ridges extend as ear baffles, subperipheral rim","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, ?Far East","Figure_captions":"Fig. 430, 1 a-e .*R. nystiana (de Koninck), a, internal mold of ventral valve with hinge spines, upper Vis\u00e9an, Vis\u00e9, X3, b, replica of dorsal valve interior, upper Vis\u00e9an, Vis\u00e9, x4 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), c, dorsal view of complete corpus with d, showing its counterpart attached to Limbifera, Asbian, northern Yorkshire, \u00d73; e, ventral view of corpus and part of long trail, Asbian, northern Yorkshire, \u00d7 3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinuatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Sinuatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinuatella MUIR-WOOD, 1928, p. 37","Type_species":"Leptaena sinuata de KONINCK, 1851, p. 654, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral outline transverse, anteriorly sulcate, visceral disks reticulate, trails weakly ribbed with flange or gutters, cicatrix, attachment spines posteriorly and finer, rare corpus spines, ventral muscle field bordered anterolaterally by ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (-lower Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Namurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-lower Namurian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 428, 3a-g. *S. sinuata (de Koninck), a, ventral valve exterior with cicatrix, Asbian, North Yorkshire, x1.5, b, posterior view of specimen with cicatrix, lateral gutter (arrow), Asbian, North Yorkshire, x2 (new), c, dorsal valve exterior, Asbian, North Yorkshire, x2,  d, lateral view showing geniculate ventral valve, upper Vis\u00e9an, Staffordshire, X2, e, partial internal mold of ventral valve, upper Vis\u00e9an, Staffordshire, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), f, ventral view of shell with spines clasping section of crinoid stem, Asbian, Derbyshire, \u00d71.5 (new); g, replica of young dorsal valve interior, Vis\u00e9, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 428. aulostegidae (p. 599-604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-632.jpg?height=1766&width=1278&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhamnaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Rhamnariinae","Genus":"Rhamnaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhamnaria Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 119","Type_species":"R. kingorum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular outline with weakly developed ears, commonly with cicatrix, sulcation weak, disks plano- to slightly concavoconvex with short dorsal trail, dorsal valve strongly dimpled, spine bases swollen on ventral disk, elongate anteriorly, spines thick in clusters at hinge and flanks, semierect and mixed with thin recumbent spines on rest of valve, cardinal process variable, wide, endospines strong anteriorly on disk.","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 431, 1a-g. *R. kingorum, Word Limestone, Texas, ac, holotype, ventral valve viewed ventrally, anteriorly, laterally, USNM 124072b, X1, d, ventral valve viewed posteriorly, x1, e, ventral valve viewed obliquely, X1_mathbf1, f, dorsal valve interior, X1_mathbf2, g, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 431. aulostegidae (p. 604-605).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-634.jpg?height=1721&width=1271&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cactosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Rhamnariinae","Genus":"Cactosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cactosteges Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 850","Type_species":"C. anomalus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular shells with reduced ventral interarea, concentric ornament weak, dorsal spines more fine than ventral spines, ventral adductor scars elevated on low platforms, cardinal process thick set, weakly bilobed, medium septum low, thin, extending almost to disk margin, endospines prominent anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 432, 2a-e. *C. anomalus, Word Formation, Texas, a, b, holotype viewed ventrally, dorsally, USNM 151297a, times, c, holotype viewed laterally, USNM 151297a, X1, d, ventral valve interior, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 432. aulostegidae (p. 605).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-636.jpg?height=1168&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ramavectus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Rhamnariinae","Genus":"Ramavectus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ramavectus STEHLI, 1954, p. 327","Type_species":"R. diabloensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Somewhat resembles Reedoconcha in size and shape, with concentric lamellae becoming marked toward the ventral margin, ventral spine bases elongate posteriorly with semirecumbent spines, more erect spines at the hinge and ears, dorsal spines fine and semirecumbent, cardinal process short, trifid, supported by a pair of divergent ridges enclosing the posterior edges of weak adductor scars, cardinal ridges barely reaching the ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 432, 1a-f. * R. diabloensis, Bone Spring Formation, Texas, a-c, ventral valve viewed ventrally, posteriorly, internally, X1, d, dorsal valve exterior, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X1, f, lateral view of large ventral valve, x0 . 7 5 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 432. aulostegidae (p. 605).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-636.jpg?height=1168&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ramovsina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Rhamnariinae","Genus":"Ramovsina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ramavectus STEHLI, 1954, p. 327","Type_species":"R. likana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Somewhat resembles Reedoconcha in size and shape, with concentric lamellae becoming marked toward ventral margin, ventral spine bases elongate posteriorly with semirecumbent spines, more erect spines at hinge and ears, dorsal spines fine and semirecumbent, cardinal process short, trifid, supported by pair of divergent ridges enclosing posterior edges of weak adductor scars, cardinal ridges barely reaching ears","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Croatia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 431, 3a-c. * R. likana, Murghabinian, Velebit Mountains, a, holotype, viewed dorsally, GPZ 1223, X1, b, c, dorsal, lateral views of specimen with wide flange on right, x0.75 (Sremac, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sremac, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 431. aulostegidae (p. 604-605).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-634.jpg?height=1721&width=1271&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spuriosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Rhamnariinae","Genus":"Spuriosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spuriosia Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 898","Type_species":"S. circularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 5 mm wide, with a minute cicatrix, ventral interarea very short, dorsal valve with irregular fine rugae, sparse spines","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 431, 2a-e. * S. circularis, Neal Ranch Formation, Texas, a, b, holotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, USNM 153490a, times, c, d, dorsal valve exterior, interior, X4, e, ventral valve interior, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 431. aulostegidae (p. 604-605).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-634.jpg?height=1721&width=1271&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gondolina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Gondolininae","Genus":"Gondolina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gondolina Ching Yu-gan & Liao Zhao-ting in Wang Yu, Ching Yu-gan, & Fang DA-WEI, 1966, p. 412","Type_species":"G. weiningensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Striatifera in outline, but with extended ventral umbo, long triangular interarea, rugae irregular, interrupting ribbing, spines thin, rhizoid, in clusters on umbonal flanks and unknown elsewhere. Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian): China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 433 a-c. *G. weiningensis, lower Serpukhovian, Guizhou, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, NIGP 22444, X0.75 (Wang, Ching, & Fang, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nWang, Ching, & Fang, 1966","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cooperina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Cooperinidae","Subfamily":"Cooperininae","Genus":"Cooperina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cooperina Termier, Termier, & PAJAUD, 1966, p. 332","Type_species":"C. inexpectata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, subquadrate, ventral exterior slightly lamellose, spinose, dorsal valve flat to slightly concave, some spinose, anterior commissure emarginate, ventral interior with long, low, median ridge, dorsal disk almost surrounded by brachial ridges, cardinal process weakly bilobed, adductor scars on platforms elevated anteriorly.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA, Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 434, 1 a-d .* C. inexpectata, Wordian, Texas, a, b, shell with large cicatrix viewed ventrally, dorsally, x6, c, ventral valve interior, x6, d, dorsal valve interior, x6 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 434. cooperinidae (p. 605-606).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-639.jpg?height=1410&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ansehia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Cooperinidae","Subfamily":"Cooperininae","Genus":"Ansehia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ansehia Termier & TERMIER, 1970, p. 456","Type_species":"A. thecideiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, around 5 mm wide,","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Cambodia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 434, 4a, b. *A. thecideiformis, Dzhulfian, Pnom Ansch, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, number and repository unknown, x6 (Termier & Termier, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Termier & Termier, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 434. cooperinidae (p. 605-606).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-639.jpg?height=1410&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atelestegastus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Cooperinidae","Subfamily":"Cooperininae","Genus":"Atelestegastus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atelestegastus Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 828","Type_species":"A. marginatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, attached by cicatrix, rhizoid spines, outline subcircular, rectimarginate, ventral interarea variable, commonly narrow, dorsal disk flat with short geniculate trail, cardinal process bilobed, quadrifid with short shaft, lateral ridges separate ears, dorsal muscle scars slightly raised, brachial ridges large, bounded anteriorly by row of endospines","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 434, 2a-e. *A. marginatus, Neal Ranch Formation, Texas, a-c, holotype, viewed ventrally, laterally, dorsally, USNM 154135a, X6, d, ventral valve exterior, x6^mathbf ( 2 ) e, dorsal valve interior, x6 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 434. cooperinidae (p. 605-606).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-639.jpg?height=1410&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Falafer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Cooperinidae","Subfamily":"Cooperininae","Genus":"Falafer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Falafer GRANT, 1972, p. 216","Type_species":"F epidelus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with sporadic ventral sulcus, ventral interarea short, flat to concave, spines few, on ventral valve only, ventral interior with broad muscle platform having median notch, dorsal interior with paired crenulated ptycholophous brachidia arching posteriorly, cardinal process slender, quadrifid","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (?Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (?Capitanian, Changhsingian)","Geography":"Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 434, 3a-f. *F. epidelus, Episkope Limestone, Idhra, a, holotype, slightly gaping, viewed anteriorly, USNM 169763, x6, b, ventral valve interior, x6, c, shell exterior viewed dorsally, x6,  d, dorsal valve interior viewed ventrally, x6, ~ e, f, anteroventral, lateral views of dorsal valve interior, brachidium, x6 (Grant, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 434. cooperinidae (p. 605-606).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-639.jpg?height=1410&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Epicelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Cooperinidae","Subfamily":"Epiceliinae","Genus":"Epicelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Epicelia GRANT, 1972, p. 223","Type_species":"E. episcopiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline bilobate, ventral valve deeply sulcate with large cicatrix, spines fused together around cicatrix, dorsal valve thick, strongly emarginate, exterior with short spines and paired pits reflecting internal brachiophore platforms, cardinal process small, trifid, extending ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (?Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (?Capitanian, Changhsingian)","Geography":"Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 435, 1a-f. *E. episcopiensis, Episkopi Limestone, Idhra, a-d, holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, anteriorly, laterally, USNM 169751, X6, e, ventral valve interior, X_6, f, dorsal valve interior, X_6 (Grant, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 435. cooperinidae (p. 606-607).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-640.jpg?height=1129&width=1269&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ceocypea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Cooperinidae","Subfamily":"Epiceliinae","Genus":"Ceocypea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ceocypea GRANT, 1972, p. 225","Type_species":"C. dischides; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve bilobate with deep sulcus; cicatrix surrounded by \ufb01ne \ufb02attened spines; cardinal process small, knoblike; brachial ridges strong, indicative of ptycholophe.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (?Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (?Capitanian, Changhsingian)","Geography":"Thailand, Pakistan, Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 435,2a\u2013c. *C. dischides, Episkopi Limestone, dhra; holotype, viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, USNM 169762, \u00d7 4 (Grant, 1972).\u2014\u2014Fig. 435,2d,e. C. chytrina GRANT , Changhsingian, Kalabagh to Wargal Limestones, Khisor Range; d, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 4; e, incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d74 (Grant, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 435. cooperinidae (p. 606-607).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-640.jpg?height=1129&width=1269&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scacchinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Scacchinellidae","Subfamily":"Scacchinellinae","Genus":"Scacchinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scacchinella Gemmellaro, 1891, p. 22","Type_species":"S. variabilis Gemmellaro, 1897, p. 114, SD Schuchert in Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929, p. 110","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Commonly deeply conical with weakly convex dorsal valve, prominent and wide ventral interarea occupying one side, spines rhizoid ventrally, fine dorsally, dorsal adductor platforms overhang laterally","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"North America, southern Europe, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 436, 1a. *S. variabilis Gemmellaro, Sosio Limestone, Sicily, shell viewed posteriorly, x3 (Rudwick & Cowen, 1968)., Fig. 436, 1b-d. S. americana Stehli, Hess Formation, Texas, b, attached specimen viewed anteriorly, X1, c, posterior internal region of articulated valves showing cardinal process, ventral septum, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, x1 . 5^text  (Muir-Wood  & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rudwick & Cowen, 1968, \nMuir-Wood }} & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 436. scacchinellidae (p. 607-609).\nfig. 436. scacchinellidae (p. 607-609).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-641.jpg?height=1438&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=177)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-641.jpg?height=1438&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Derbyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Scacchinellidae","Subfamily":"Scacchinellinae","Genus":"Derbyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Derbyella GRABAU, 1931, p. 269","Type_species":"D. bureri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known, small to medium subconical outline with long, triangular ventral interarea, ribbing apparently interrupted by concentric ornament, ventral interior with median septum, myocoelidium","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 436, 4a, b. *D. bureri, Jisu Honguer Limestone, Jisu Honguer, a, holotype viewed ventrally, GSC 1416, X1, b, holotype viewed dorsally, GSC 1416, X2 (Grabau, 1931).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nGrabau, 1931","figure_index":"fig. 436. scacchinellidae (p. 607-609).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-641.jpg?height=1438&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tschernyschewia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Tschernyschewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tschernyschewia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tschernyschewia STOYANOW, 1910, p. 853","Type_species":"T. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smaller medium size with subcircular corpus outline, short trails, cicatrix small, variable, hinge narrow with short interareas, external ornament somewhat resembling Waagenoconcha, internally with high ventral median septum fitting between lobes of cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"southern Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 436, 3a-e. T. ypica, Dzhul\ufb01an, Armenia; a\u2013c, specimen viewed ventrally, dorsally, laterally, \u00d7 1; d, dorsal view of specimen cut at beak showing cardinal process, median septum, \u00d7 1; e, longitudinal section of specimen showing large ventral median septum, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 436. scacchinellidae (p. 607-609).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-641.jpg?height=1438&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megatschernyschewia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Tschernyschewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Megatschernyschewia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megatschernyschewia SREMAC, 1986, p. 19","Type_species":"M. longiseptata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Tschernyschewia, but larger, around 40 mm wide, with longer, triangular ventral interarea","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Croatia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 436, 2a-c. *M. longiseptata, Murghabian, Velebit Mountains, a, holotype, internal mold of specimen retaining pieces of shell, viewed dorsally, GPZ 1237, x1, b, c, specimen viewed ventrally, dorsally, x1 (Sremac, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sremac, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 436. scacchinellidae (p. 607-609).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-641.jpg?height=1438&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Richthofenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Richthofeniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Richthofenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Richthofenia KAYSER, 1881, p. 352","Type_species":"Anomia lawrenciana de KONINCK, 1863, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Aperture spines possibly similar to those of Prorichthofenia, Hercosia, Hercosestria, and Cyclacantharia, myocoelidium with three septa","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian-Upper Permian","Geography":"Sicily, Russia, China, Japan, Pakistan, Timor","Figure_captions":"Fig. 438, 3a-c. * R. lawrenciana (de Koninck), Pakistan, a, ventral valve interior with myocoelidium, x0.85, b, dorsal valve exterior, x0 . 8 5,  c, ventral valve longitudinal section showing cystose shell structure, x0.85 (Waagen, 1885).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1885","figure_index":"fig. 438. richthofeniidae (p. 611-612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-644.jpg?height=917&width=1256&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=185)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coscinarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Richthofeniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Coscinarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coscinarina Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, p. 138","Type_species":"Richthofenia communis Gemmellaro, 1894, p. 7, OD, described and illustrated by DI-STEFANO, 1914, p. 16","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, with cone much elongated, aperture covered by arched, reticulated meshwork of spines, myocoelidium with single septum, extending length of cup.","Beginning_age":"Middle Permian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Permian","Ending_age":"Middle Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Permian","Geological_periods":"Middle Permian","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 438, 1 a-c .* C. communis (Gemmellaro), Sosio Limestone, Wordian, Sicily, a, dorsolateral view of large specimen, reticulate covering, x0.85, b, specimen showing dorsal valve and myocoelidium, X0.85 (Di-Stefano, 1914), c, dorsal valve interior, X0.85 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Di-Stefano, 1914, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 438. richthofeniidae (p. 611-612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-644.jpg?height=917&width=1256&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=185)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globosobucina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Richthofeniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Globosobucina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globosobucina Waterhouse & PIYASIN, 1970, p. 123","Type_species":"G. scopae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Squat cone attached by beak and stout rhizoid spines, dorsal valve lidlike, convex, not recessed into ventral vestibule, ventral myocoelidium capacious, visible externally, internally bilobate and containing median septum as in Richthofenia, dorsal interior with prominent cardinal process, stout endospines, denticulate margin","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Roadian)-Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"Thailand (Rat Buri)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 439, 2a-f. *G. scopae, holotype, UTC B538, Rat Buri Limestone, a, lateral view showing anterior face of ventral valve with large tubular spines, and inner surface of dorsal valve (above) bearing submarginal spines, x1, b, view of internal ventral spines on anterior face of valve (below), looking through gap between two valves, X1, c, posterior view of ventral valve, showing myocoelidium, growth lamellae, and tubular spines, X1, d, lateral view, with dorsal valve above and ventral valve covered by tubular spines and growth lamellae, X 1, e, f, anterior view looking through gap between dorsal (above) and ventral valves, same view, tilted to show internal face of myocoelidium, x1 (Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 439. richthofeniidae (p. 611-612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-645.jpg?height=1471&width=1296&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Seseloidia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Richthofeniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Seseloidia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Seseloidia GRANT, 1993b, p. 10","Type_species":"S. phelbodes, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Conical, ventral valve walls thick, vesicular, with rough exterior, supporting spines few, scattered randomly, apertural spines absent, dorsal valve pustulose, resting on prominent shelf recessed within ventral aperture, hinge narrowed by proximal swellings of ventral shelf, ventral interior containing low, front-to-back swelling on floor, myocoelidium long, reaching from floor to just below hinge, containing high median septum arising from floor of myocoelidium and not reaching valve wall except at valve floor, muscle marks visible within myocoelidium, apical parts of high shells filled by cystose tissue. Lower Permian: Verbeekina Zone, Greece (Khios Island).","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Greece (Khios Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 439, 1a-d. *S. phelbodes, Kungurian, Khios, a, ventral interior showing myocoelidium and internal bases of spines, x1.5, b, lateral view of juvenile with both valves, X2, c, d, holotype, exterior views, side and posterior, USNM 402133, X1 (Grant, 1993b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 439. richthofeniidae (p. 611-612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-645.jpg?height=1471&width=1296&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striirichthofenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Richthofeniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Striirichthofenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striirichthofenia Lu TONG-CHEN, 1982, p. 609","Type_species":"*S. mianchuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, irregularly conical, base rounded, aperture widely flaring, dorsal valve lidlike, not recessed, pseudodeltidium internal, covered by outer shell layer, outer shell capillate","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China (Sichuan Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 438, 2a-c. *S. mianchuensis, Artinskian, Mianchu, Sichuan, a, b, anterior view, posterior view, x1,  c, holotype, upper view, x1 (Lu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 438. richthofeniidae (p. 611-612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-644.jpg?height=917&width=1256&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=185)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hercosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Hercosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hercosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hercosia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 7","Type_species":"Richthofenia uddeni B\u00d6SE, 1916, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"High cones, tend to cluster, mostly anchored by rhizoid spines, rarely by beak, aperture protected by spines on ventral anterior rim and complimentary long dorsal endospines, both crossing gape during feeding, ventral interior with high bladelike septum for muscle attachment in adults (juveniles have a myocoelidium as in Richthofenia), dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, visible adductor muscle marks, and aforesaid endospines.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 440, 2ad. *H. uddeni (B\u00f6se), Leonardian, western Texas, a, b, anterior, dorsal views of young adult, x1, c, broken ventral valve showing median septum and growth track of hinge, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve showing endospines and cardinal process, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 440. hercosiidae (p. 612-615).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-646.jpg?height=1535&width=1278&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hercosestria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Hercosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hercosestria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hercosestria Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 7","Type_species":"H. cribrosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small cone tending to form clusters, hence typically distorted, attached by beak or numerous rhizoid spines, dorsal valve deeply recessed below low meshwork (coscinidium) protecting aperture (not highly domed as in Sestropoma), ventral interior with high, bladelike median septum, dorsal interior with all features reduced: endospines short and few, cardinal process low, short, bilobed","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Roadian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 440, 3a-c. *H. cribrosa, Roadian, western Texas, a, b, side, dorsal view showing coscinidium over aperture, X1^text 1 , c, interior of dorsal valve showing lobate cardinal process and stunted endospines, \u00d7 1 (Cooper & Grant, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 440. hercosiidae (p. 612-615).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-646.jpg?height=1535&width=1278&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neorichthofenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Hercosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neorichthofenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neorichthofenia Shen, He, & ZHU, 1992, p. 180","Type_species":"Richthofenia mabutii Tazawa & ARAKI, 1984, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve external features unknown, but anteriorly sulcate, interior has low anterior median ridge, numerous fine and irregular radial ribs on anterior sides of valves, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, slender and long shafted, row of endospines two-thirds distance from posterior end.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 441,2a\u2013d. *N. mabutii (T AZAWA & A RAKI ), Kanokura Formation, Kitakami Mountains, Japan, internal mold of conjoined valves; a, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72; b\u2013d, ventral valve interior viewed anteriorly, posteriorly, ventrally, \u00d72 (Tazawa & Araki, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 441. hercosiidae (p. 614-615).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-647.jpg?height=1550&width=453&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=903)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sicularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Hercosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sicularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sicularia GRANT, 1993b, p. 11","Type_species":"Richthofenia sicula Gemmellaro, 1894, p. 7, described and illustrated by DI-STEFANO, 1914, p. 22","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Conventionally conical richthofenioid lacking either coscinidium or, in adults, myocoelidium, but having long, low, thin median septum along inside of posterior wall of ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian-Upper Permian","Geography":"Sicily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 440, 1a-f. *S. sicula (Gemmellaro), Wordian, Sosio Limestone, Sicily, a, posterior view with exfoliated valve revealing internal trace of muscle field, x1,  b, posterior view, x1,  c, anterior view, X 1, d, e, external, internal view of dorsal valve, X1, f, longitudinal section showing low median septum and dorsal valve, x1 (Di-Stefano, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Di-Stefano, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 440. hercosiidae (p. 612-615).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-646.jpg?height=1535&width=1278&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophorichthofenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Hercosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Strophorichthofenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophorichthofenia Termier & OTHERS, 1974, p. 123","Type_species":"S. afghana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, conical ventral valve with flat dorsal valve resting just below ventral margin (opercular), both valves with low median septa, ventral valve with scattered rhizoid spine bases, large cicatrix of attachment, growth lines, and rugae","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 441, 1. *S. afghana, lower Murghabian, Wardak, central Afghanistan, holotype, posterior view of complete specimen, x2 (Termier & others, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Termier & others, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 441. hercosiidae (p. 614-615).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-647.jpg?height=1550&width=453&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=903)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyclacantharia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Cyclacanthariinae","Genus":"Cyclacantharia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyclacantharia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 7","Type_species":"C. kingorum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"High cone, commonly distorted by clustering, variably flared rim entirely surrounded by medianly directed protective spines, ventral valve attached by beak and many anchoring spines, ventral interior with thickened muscle area but no septa, dorsal interior with small bilobed cardinal process and few long stout endospines that cross ventral spines to protect during feeding.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 442, 1ad. * C. kingorum, Word Formation, western Texas, a, dorsal valve exterior, X1, b, dorsal valve interior showing endospines, X1, c, d, holotype, side and dorsal (apertural) views, USNM 153831, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 442. cyclacanthariidae (p. 615-617).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-648.jpg?height=1427&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Collumatus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Cyclacanthariinae","Genus":"Collumatus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Collumatus Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 6","Type_species":"C. solitarius, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small squat cone of solitary habit, attached by base and concentric sheets of shelly tissue, lacking supporting spines, coscinidium of coarse meshwork of flattened anastomosing spines, ventral interior with low adductor thickening and flabellate diductor scars, dorsal interior with short bilobed cardinal process and dendritic adductor scars.","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 442, 2a-f. *C. solitarius, Roadian, western Texas, a-e, holotype, side, posterodorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior views, USNM 153548a, X2, f, dorsal oblique view into open shell showing dorsal valve interior with small cardinal process, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 442. cyclacanthariidae (p. 615-617).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-648.jpg?height=1427&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sestropoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Cyclacanthariinae","Genus":"Sestropoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sestropoma Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 8","Type_species":"S. cribriferum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Variably conical, ventral valve long and tapering to short and squat, marginal rim narrow or flared, coscinidium highly arched with profile reflecting exactly the sweep of dorsal valve opening and remaining at full gape, general aspect like Hercosestria but with more regular and higher coscinidium, and lacking internal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wordian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Wordian-Capitanian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas), Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 442, 4a-c. *S. cribriferum, upper Wordian-Capitanian, western Texas, a, b, side, dorsal (apertural) views showing thick rhizoid spines and strongly elevated and rounded coscinidium over aperture, X 1, c, interior of dorsal valve, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 442. cyclacanthariidae (p. 615-617).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-648.jpg?height=1427&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":266.78,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taphrosestria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Cyclacanthariinae","Genus":"Taphrosestria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taphrosestria Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 954","Type_species":"T. peculiaris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Squat cone with flaring marginal rim, external surface strongly rugose and squamose, attached at base and stabilized by strong spines of circular cross section, dorsal valve deeply recessed, protected by coscinidium of flattened anastomosing spines, ventral interior without septa but thickened muscle field showing attachment scars, dorsal interior nearly smooth, without endospines, brachial ridges rarely visible, cardinal process short, bilobed, muscle field thickened slightly","Beginning_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"upper Lower Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 442, 3a-e. *T. peculiaris, Road Canyon Formation, western Texas, anterior, lateral, posterior, ventral, dorsal views, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 442. cyclacanthariidae (p. 615-617).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-648.jpg?height=1427&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Teguliferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Teguliferininae","Genus":"Teguliferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Teguliferina Schuchert & LeVene, 1929, p. 121, nom. nov. pro Tegulifera Schellwien, 1898, p. 362, non SAALM\u00dcLLER, 1880","Type_species":"Tegulifera deformis SCHELLWIEN, 1898, p. 362, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Low oblique cone (sphenoid), ventral surface wrinkled and irregular, attached by ventral beak, anchored by strong circular or flattened spines reinforced by connecting shelly tissue, anterior edge of ventral cup bearing inwardly pointing protective spines, ventral interior with slightly thickened muscle field but no septa, dorsal interior with short bilobate cardinal process, each lobe with pit for diductor attachment, brachial ridges visible on some specimens, hinge narrow, with short articulating knob on each side","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Lower Permian, ?Upper Permian","Geography":"Yugoslavia, Japan, China, Russia, Ferghana, USA (Kansas, western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 443, 1a, b. *T. deformis (Schellwien), Lower Permian, Yugoslavia, a, dorsal valve exterior, elongate ventral valve above, x1,  b, dorsal valve internal mold, x2 (Schellwien, 1898).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSchellwien, 1898","figure_index":"fig. 443. cyclacanthariidae and gemmellaroiidae (p. 617-619).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-650.jpg?height=1588&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acritosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Teguliferininae","Genus":"Acritosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acritosia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 5","Type_species":"A. magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Low conical, oblique in youth, becoming more symmetrical with growth, ventral cup margin flared, bearing inwardly directed protective spines only anteriorly, valve attached by rhizoid spines of circular cross section, ventral interior without septum but with low median myophragm, dorsal muscle area slightly thickened, cardinal process short, erect, hinge apical, endospines few, stout.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 443, 2a, b. *A. magna, Lower Permian, western Texas, holotype, lateral view, dorsal view showing open dorsal valve in attached position (arrow), USNM 151739a, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 443. cyclacanthariidae and gemmellaroiidae (p. 617-619).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-650.jpg?height=1588&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ardmosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Teguliferininae","Genus":"Ardmosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ardmosteges SUTHERLAND, 1996, p. 8","Type_species":"A. orchamus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sphenoid ventral valve having an early aulostegid growth stage with interarea closed by elytridium and lophidium, followed by a richthofeniid growth stage of progressive fusion of ventral valve posteriorly and dorsal to interarea, developing into a richthofeniid-like cone anchored by rhizoid spines.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":"USA (Oklahoma)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 443, 3a-c. *A. orchamus, holotype, OU 10260, upper Morrowan, Oklahoma, a, posterior view showing growth lines indicating infilling of shell above interarea (arrow, ventral valve broken laterally), x2, b, dorsal view showing tilted dorsal valve in partly open position and protective endospines most frequently on anterior side, times, c, lateral view with juvenile spinose aulostegid stage below, X2 (Sutherland, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nSutherland, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 443. cyclacanthariidae and gemmellaroiidae (p. 617-619).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-650.jpg?height=1588&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planispina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Teguliferininae","Genus":"Planispina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planispina STEHLI, 1954, p. 331","Type_species":"P. conida, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Attachment spines fused together and to sides of cup by flat shelly tissue, anterior margin of cup with long protective spines","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 443, 8a-c. *P. conida, Lower Permian, western Texas, a, holotype, lateral view showing nested cones and flattened spines, AMNH 27313 \/ 1: 1, X1, b, ventral valve interior showing a few large protective spines, X1, c, dorsal valve interior showing cardinal process, median ridge, and marginal endospines, x1 (Stehli, 1954).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nStehli, 1954","figure_index":"fig. 443. cyclacanthariidae and gemmellaroiidae (p. 617-619).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-650.jpg?height=1588&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proteguliferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Teguliferininae","Genus":"Proteguliferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proteguliferina Licharew in Sarytcheva, Licharew, & SOKOLSKAJA, 1960, p. 236","Type_species":"Tegulifera rossica IVANOV, 1925, p. 111, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Teguliferina but spines along periphery of both valves, rudimentary ventral interarea covered by hoodlike later shell tissue, dorsal valve less deeply inserted.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"Russia (Moscow basin, Donetz Basin), ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 443, 7a, b. *P. rossica (Ivanov), Upper Carboniferous, Moscow basin, a, dorsal view of complete shell with hood concealing ventral interarea, X1, b, interarea exposed by removal of hood, x1 (Ivanov, 1925).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ivanov, 1925","figure_index":"fig. 443. cyclacanthariidae and gemmellaroiidae (p. 617-619).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-650.jpg?height=1588&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zalvera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Cyclacanthariidae","Subfamily":"Zalverinae","Genus":"Zalvera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zalvera BRUNTON, 1996, p. 53","Type_species":"Z. sibaica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No external body spines or ventral marginal protective structures, broad rugae irregular, dorsal valve deep within ventral cone, corpus cavity shallow, short, subparallel, internal ventral ridges (arrows) associated with chamber near apical area involved in articulation of valves","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian)","Geography":"Russia (Urals), ?northern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 442, 5a-c. *Z. sibaica, Upper Bashkirian-lower Moscovian, Ural River, holotype, anterior, apical oblique, apical views, BMNH BD9653, X1.5 (Brunton, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 442. cyclacanthariidae (p. 615-617).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-648.jpg?height=1427&width=1275&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gemmellaroia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Gemmellaroiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gemmellaroia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gemmellaroia COSSMANN, 1898, p. 77","Type_species":"Megarhynchus marii Gemmellaro, 1894, p. 7, SD MABUTI, 1937, p. 16","Synonyms_with_authors":"Megalorhynchus de Gregorio, 1930, p. 23 (errore pro Megarhynchus), Gemmellaroiella Mabuti, 1937, p. 16 (type, G. ozawai)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Exterior rugose and finely cal, small, no spines recorded, teeth peglike and with myocoelidium, cardinal process lobes separated medianly, but continuous with sockets, prominent median septum and strong marginal crenulations, valve walls thick.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian-Upper Permian","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 443, 5a,b. *G. marii (GEmmELLARO), Sosio Limestone, ?Kazanian, Sicily; a, posterior view showing conical ventral valve with pseudodeltidium and lidlike dorsal valve, \u00d7 1; b, dorsal valve interior with cardinal process and denticulate margin, \u00d72 (Gemmellaro, 1897).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 443. cyclacanthariidae and gemmellaroiidae (p. 617-619).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-650.jpg?height=1588&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyndalia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Gemmellaroiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyndalia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyndalia GRANT, 1993a, p. 55","Type_species":"C. rudistiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, high conical shells with interarea and prominent convex pseudodeltidium extending from umbo to commissure, subcircular dorsal valve with weak radial costae, ventral costae weak, cicatrix apical, small, no spines recorded, teeth peglike and with myocoelidium, cardinal process lobes separated medianly, but continuous with sockets, prominent median septum and strong marginal crenulations, valve walls thick","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (?Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (?Capitanian, Changhsingian)","Geography":"Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 443, 4a-d. *C. rudistiformis, Capitanian, Episcopi Limestone, Hydra; a, ventral interior showing teeth, \u00d74; b, dorsal valve interior, \u00d76; c, holotype, anterior view of complete shell, USNM 460380, \u00d74; d, posterior view of complete shell, \u00d74 (Grant, 1993a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 443. cyclacanthariidae and gemmellaroiidae (p. 617-619).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-650.jpg?height=1588&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tectarea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Richthofenioidea","Family":"Gemmellaroiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tectarea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tectarea LICHAREW, 1928, p. 268","Type_species":"T. robinsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Probably attached by umbo, exterior usually decorticated, probably capillate with intervening radially arranged pits, myocoelidium long, without septum or anterior groove, may be filled with secondary deposit, each valve with toothlike process and socket articulating with similar structures on other valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Europe (Caucasus)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 443, 6a-c. *T. robinsoni, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of specimen, X3, c, transverse section showing cardinal process and myocoelidium, x3 (Licharew, 1928).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nLicharew, 1928","figure_index":"fig. 443. cyclacanthariidae and gemmellaroiidae (p. 617-619).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-650.jpg?height=1588&width=1271&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptodus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Leptodus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptodus KAYSER, 1883, p. 161","Type_species":"L. richthofeni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lyttonia Waagen, 1883, p. 396 (type, L. nobilis), Gubleria Termier & Termier, 1960, p. 241 (type, G. disjuncta), Spinolyttonia Sarytcheva, 1964, p. 69 (type, S. arakeljani), Lyttonia (Digitia) DE Gregorio, 1930, p. 32 (type, L. (I.) princeps var. glomerata), Lyttonia (Irma) de Gregorio, 1930, p. 32 (type, L. (I.) bilobata), Lyttonia (Vincia) de Gregorio, 1930, p. 31 (type, L. (V.) asymmetrica), ? Lyttonia (Prisca) de Gregorio, 1930, p. 31 (type, ? L. (P.) fasciculata), Juxoldhamina Liang, 1990, p. 470 (type L. imparilisa, OD), Semigublerina Liang, 1990, p. 469 (type S. flabelata, OD)","Synonyms":"Lyttonia, Gubleria, Spinolyttonia, Juxoldhamina, Semigublerina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve scoop shaped, normally transversely oval, attached by beak and everted posterior flap, septa in ventral interior arcuate, normally sharp, tending to vertical disposition, muscle scars large, bounded laterally by high, medianly concave ridges, dorsal adductor scars elongate and impressed well anterior of hinge region, bilobed cardinal process elongate narrow","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Eurasia, USA (Texas), Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 455, 3a, b. *L. richthofeni, Upper Permian, Lo-Ping, China, a, ventral view of partly exfoliated ventral valve, X1, b, tilted view of partly exfoliated ventral valve, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1974)., Fig. 455, 3 c, d. L. nobilis Waagen, Upper Permian, Pakistan, c, ventral valve with attachment flap, x1,  d, partly conjoined valves attached to species of Enteletes, X1 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 455. lyttoniidae (p. 631-634).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-664.jpg?height=1713&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cardinocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Cardinocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cardinocrania WAAGEN, 1885, p. 745","Type_species":"C. indica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small subcircular ventral valve with raised, medianly indented anterior margin and everted posterior flap, raised submedian muscle scars developed posteriorly, dorsal valve unknown","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Pakistan, Timor","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Collemataria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Collemataria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Collemataria Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 433","Type_species":"C. elongata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptodus but normally subtriangular in outline with transverse, regularly arranged septa in ventral valve and more open lobes in dorsal valve, dorsal hinge region without articulatory processes, bilobed cardinal process with four myophore surfaces","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas), Venezuela, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 456, 1a-e. * C. elongata, Upper Permian, Word Formation, Texas, a-c, dorsal, lateral, ventral views of conjoined valves, x1,  d, dorsal view of partly conjoined valves, X1, e, enlargement of posterior half of dorsal interior, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 456. lyttoniidae (p. 631-633).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-665.jpg?height=1747&width=1269&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coscinophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Coscinophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coscinophora Cooper & STEHLI, 1955, p. 469","Type_species":"C. nodosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptodus but with numer- Eolyttonia Fredericks, 1924, p. 25 Oldhamina (Lyttonia) mira Fredericks, 1916, p. 74, OD =Uralina Schuchert & LeVene, 1929, p. 122 (type, U. tastubaensis Likharev, 1925), nom. nov. pro Uralia Likharev, 1925, p. 4, non Mulsant, Verreaux, & Verreaux, 1866, Paraleptodus Li & Gu in Li, Gu, & Su, 1980, p. 390 (type, P. wuchangensis, OD). Large with subconical ventral valve subcircular in outline, attached in part by everted posterior flap, numerous more or less symmetrically disposed lateral septa arcuate, thick with concave flat crests, median incision of dorsal valve slitlike and limited to anterior half, cardinal process having single shaft and bifid myophore. Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian: Austria, Yugoslavia, Upper Carboniferous, northeastern China, Japan, Siberia, USA (Texas), Thailand, Timor, Lower Permian.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 456, 2a\u2013c. *C. nodosa, Lower Permian, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas; a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, \u00d71; b, ventral interior of same specimen, \u00d71; c, dorsal interior of same specimen, \u00d71 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 456. lyttoniidae (p. 631-633).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-665.jpg?height=1747&width=1269&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eolyttonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Eolyttonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eolyttonia FREDERICKS, 1924, p. 25","Type_species":"Oldhamina (Lyttonia) mira FREDERICKS, 1916, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Uralina Schuchert & LeVene, 1929, p. 122 (type, U. tastubaensis Likharev, 1925), nom. nov. pro Uralia Likharev, 1925, p. 4, non Mulsant, Verreaux, & Verreaux, 1866, Paraleptodus Li & Gu in Li, Gu, & Su, 1980, p. 390 (type, P. wuchangensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Uralina, Paraleptodus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subconical ventral valve subcircular in outline, attached in part by everted posterior flap, numerous more or less symmetrically disposed lateral septa arcuate, thick with concave flat crests, median incision of dorsal valve slitlike and limited to anterior half, cardinal process having single shaft and bifid myophore","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"Austria, Yugoslavia, Upper Carboniferous: northeastern China, Japan, Siberia, USA (Texas), Thailand, Timor, Lower Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 457, 1ac. E. chaotica Cooper & Grant, Upper Permian, Road Canyon Formation, Texas, a, b, dorsal exterior, interior of posterior part of same valve, x1, c, enlargement of posterior part of same valve, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).\u2014\u2014Fig. 457, 1d, e. E. circularis Cooper & Grant, Lower Permian, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas, interior, exterior of ventral valve, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 457. lyttoniidae (p. 634-635).\nfig. 457. lyttoniidae (p. 634-635).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-667.jpg?height=1651&width=1295&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-667.jpg?height=1651&width=1295&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Keyserlingina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Keyserlingina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Keyserlingina CHERNYSCHEV, 1902, p. 55","Type_species":"K. schellwieni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parakeyserlingina Fredericks, 1916, p. 14 (type, Keyserlingina darvasica Chernyschev, 1914), Chaoella Likharev, 1931, p. 161 (type, C. caucasica)","Synonyms":"Parakeyserlingina, Chaoella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subconical by forward growth of posterior flap, attached broadly along posterior surface, vallum of ventral valve folded into narrow loops forming up to 7 pairs of lateral ridges and low median ridge split at anterior end, dorsal valve unknown. This genus is poorly known by only a ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous, Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"China (Guangdong, Guizhou), ?Lower Carboniferous: Austria, Upper Carboniferous, China, ?Thailand, Russia (Urals, Caucasus), Lower Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 455, 2. K. filicis (Keyserling), Lower Permian, western Urals, internal mold of ventral valve, X1 (Sarytcheva, Licharew, & Sokolskaya, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, Licharew, & Sokolskaya, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 455. lyttoniidae (p. 631-634).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-664.jpg?height=1713&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loxophragmus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Loxophragmus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loxophragmus Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 432","Type_species":"L. ellipticus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Palaeoldhamina Liang in Wang & others, 1982, p. 230 (type, P. kuzishanensis)","Synonyms":"Palaeoldhamina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subconical ventral valve with up to 10 or so pairs of crenulated, arcuate septa and deeply incised median slit, cardinal process slightly excentric.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA, eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 455, 1a-e. * L. ellipticus, Lower Permian, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas, a, exterior of ventral valve, x1, b, interior of ventral valve, X2, c, d, exterior, interior of dorsal valve, X2, e, dorsal interior, X4 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 455. lyttoniidae (p. 631-634).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-664.jpg?height=1713&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Matanoleptodus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Matanoleptodus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Matanoleptodus LIAO, 1983, p. 641","Type_species":"M. punctatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve, suboval in outline, attached by much of external surface and everted posterior flap associated near its right anterior junction with valves, with few broken hollow spines, median septum strong, flanked by 5 or 6 pairs of arcuate, widely grooved lateral septa. It is not clear from the illustrations whether the broken spines arise from the posterior flap. If they project inwardly from the inner surface of the posterior flap, they cannot be homologous with productide spines.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"China (Guangxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 457, 3a-c. *M. punctatus, Upper Permian, Guangxi Province, a, ventral interior, X2, b, enlargement of posterolateral part of ventral valve showing spine arrangement, X, c, ventral interior attached to bryozoan, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 457. lyttoniidae (p. 634-635).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-667.jpg?height=1651&width=1295&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oldhamina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Oldhamina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oldhamina WAAGEN, 1883, p. 403","Type_species":"Bellerophon decipiens de KONINCK, 1863, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Waagenopora Frech, 1902, p. 647 (type, Oldhamina decipiens de Koninck, 1863), Oldhamella Noetling, 1905, p. 129 (type, Bellerophon decipiens dE Koninck), Oldhamia von Zittel, 1910, p. 280, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Waagenopora, Oldhamella, Oldhamia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve strongly convex, surface nearly smooth with fine growth banding, posterior flap recurved and rolled back in successive layers, internal septa medianly high, tapering laterally, sharp, inclined anteriorly, and strongly arcuate toward anterior to accommodate deep concavity of shell interior, dorsal valve with broad flattened hinge region and straight hinge line, cardinal process bilobed, median septum long, sharp, extending to anterior bifurcation of valve, lobes evenly spaced and more or less symmetrical, cambered with trailing edges anterior, external surface finely tuberculate. Upper Permian: Asia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 458, 2a-c. *O. decipiens (de Koninck), Upper Permian, Pakistan, a, b, posterior, dorsal views of dorsal valve, X3, c, ventral interior, X3 (Waagen, 1883).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1883","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oldhaminella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Oldhaminella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oldhaminella Wanner in Wanner & SIEVERTS, 1935, p. 232","Type_species":"O. philocrina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely oval ventral valve strongly convex with everted posterior flap, median septum extending almost to apex of valve, flanked by 3 or 4 pairs of arcuate lateral ridges formed by fusion of compressed loops, with anterior sides strongly developed as fine ridges, ventral muscle scars bounded by lateral ridges. This genus is based on 2 ventral valves only. Cooper and Grant (1974, p. 412) believed them to be immature Leptodus.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Timor","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Petasmaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Petasmaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Petasmaia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 10","Type_species":"P. expansa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, flat, subcircular ventral valve with numerous, symmetrically disposed, transverse or gently arcuate, sharp septa, strong bilobed cardinal process with 4 myophore surfaces","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 458, 1 a-d .^* P. expansa, Lower Permian, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas, a, b, exterior, interior of partly conjoined valves, x0 . 6 6,  c, dorsal interior, X, d, enlargement of posterior part of same valve, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1974)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pirgulia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Lyttoniinae","Genus":"Pirgulia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Italy, USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Poikilosakos":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Poikilosakinae","Genus":"Poikilosakos","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Poikilosakos WATSON, 1917, p. 212","Type_species":"P. petaloides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"ventral valve cone shaped, bounded by narrow sheath of shell","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"middle Permian","Last_Occurrence":"middle Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-middle Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan, Upper Carboniferous; USA (Texas, New Mexico),Lower-middle Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 459, 2a-c. *P. petaloides, Upper Carboniferous, a, ventral interior, Graham Formation, Texas, X3 (Williams, 1965f), b, elongate ventral interior, valve attached to fenestellid bryozoan colony, Graham Formation, Texas, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1974), c, dorsal exterior, Plattsmouth Limestone, Kansas, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965, \nCooper & Grant, 1974, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 459. lyttoniidae (p. 636-637).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-668.jpg?height=1622&width=1283&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adriana":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Poikilosakinae","Genus":"Adriana","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adriana de GREGORIO, 1930, p. 32","Type_species":"A. osiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stita de Gregorio, 1930, p. 32 (type, Lyttonia (Stita) paupera, OD)","Synonyms":"Stita","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Ventral valve cone shaped, lobes and septa of ridge resembling vallum, on left side possibly single diductor scar.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Sicily, USA (?Texas), ?Thailand","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Choanodus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Poikilosakinae","Genus":"Choanodus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Choanodus Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 401","Type_species":"C. irregularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subconical ventral valve with excessively wrinkled exterior, and internally with many, more or less paired, broad, lateral ridges, asymmetric bilobed cardinal process strongly developed.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 459, 1a-f. *C. irregularis, Lower Permian, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Texas, a, b, lateral, ventral views of ventral exterior, X1, c, interior of same valve, x1 . 5 ), d, dorsal view of mature ventral valve with dorsal valve partly in place, X2, e, interior dorsal valve, X3, f, exterior of dorsal valve, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 459. lyttoniidae (p. 636-637).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-668.jpg?height=1622&width=1283&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoleptodus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Poikilosakinae","Genus":"Pseudoleptodus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoleptodus STEHLI, 1956, p. 311","Type_species":"P. getawayensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Ventral valve subconical through forward growth of posterior flap, attached apically, lobes of vallum roughly symmetrical, compressed into 5 or more pairs of wide ridges, otherwise like Poikilosakos.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian-Upper Permian","Geography":"USA, southern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 460, 1a\u2013e. *P. getawayensis, Lower Permian, Cherry Canyon Formation, Texas; a,b, external, internal views of ventral valve, \u00d71; c, ventral interior, \u00d72; d, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2; e, exterior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 1 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 460. lyttoniidae (p. 637-638).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-670.jpg?height=1252&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sceletonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Poikilosakinae","Genus":"Sceletonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sceletonia Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 405","Type_species":"S. crassa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve cup shaped and deeply grooved externally corresponding to radially disposed, wide ridges internally, cardinal process asymmetrically bilobed","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas), China (Guangxi Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 460, 2a-c. *S. crassa, Lower Permian, Skinner Ranch Formation, Texas, a, b, exterior and interior of ventral valve, x2, c, dorsal interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 460. lyttoniidae (p. 637-638).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-670.jpg?height=1252&width=1275&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rigbyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Rigbyellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rigbyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rigbyella STEHLI, 1956, p. 310","Type_species":"Paralyttonia girtyi Wanner & SIEVERTS, 1935, p. 209, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve thick, margin scalloped and exterior coarsely costal in reflection of internal septa, septa normally uneven in number with median septum slightly higher than others, crests of septa rounded or sharp, ventral muscle scars small, impressed on low pad, bisected and bounded by low myophragms, dorsal valve lobate, smooth inside and outside except for weak growth bands","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas), southern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 461, 1a-d. * R. girtyi, Lower Permian, Bell Canyon Formation, Texas, a- c, ventral, lateral, dorsal views of ventral valve, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1974), d, dorsal view of partly conjoined valves, X3 (Stehli, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974, \nStehli, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 461. rigbyellidae (p. 638-639).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-671.jpg?height=1363&width=618&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=825)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paralyttonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Rigbyellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paralyttonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paralyttonia Wanner in Wanner & SIEVERTS, 1935, p. 207","Type_species":"P. permica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell thin with conspicuous trail, ventral septa irregular in number and occasionally branching or bent, crests flat or concave, muscle scars large, distinctly impressed on pads, exterior of dorsal valve reported as smooth and finely tuberculate, cardinal process minute, dorsal adductor scars on low pads","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Austria, Japan, Thailand, Timor","Figure_captions":"Fig. 461, 2a, b. P. tenax Grant, Lower Permian, Thailand, a, interior of ventral valve attached to small linoproductidine, X3, b, posterior view of ventral interior, X3 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 461. rigbyellidae (p. 638-639).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-671.jpg?height=1363&width=618&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=825)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Permianella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Permianelloidea","Family":"Permianellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Permianella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Permianella He & ZHU, 1979, p. 137","Type_species":"P. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently concavoconvex, with a deep median incision in emarginate margin separating 2 elongate, subparallel lobes of shell, ventral flange developed as narrow fringe","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 462, 1a-c. * P. typica, Upper Permian, southern China, a, internal mold of dorsal valve with adherent shell, x2.75, b, external mold of dorsal valve, x2.75, c, ventral valve, x1.5 (He & Zhu, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"He & Zhu, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 462. permianellidae (p. 639-641).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-672.jpg?height=1761&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dicystoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Permianelloidea","Family":"Permianellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dicystoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dicystoconcha Termier & Termier in Termier & OTHERS, 1974, p. 122","Type_species":"D. lapparenti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dipunctella Liang in Wang & others, 1982, p. 228 (type, D. stenosulcata), Guangjiayanella Yang De-li, 1984, p. 212333 (type, G. guangjiayanensis), Guangdongina Mou & Liu, 1989, p. 458 (type, G. xiamaoensis), Paritisteges Liang, 1990, p. 488 (type, P. latesculcata), Fabulasteges Liang, 1990, p. 489 (type, F. planata, OD)","Synonyms":"Dipunctella, Guangjiayanella, Guangdongina, Paritisteges, Fabulasteges","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells with only shallow indentation in the anterior zone of the emarginate margin and with a negligible ventral flange. The genus was founded on a poorly preserved dorsal valve and is better understood through the review of permianellids by Wang and Jin (1991).","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Afghanistan, southern China, Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 463, 3a,b. *D. lapparenti, Lower Permian, southern China; a, external mold of ventral valve, \u00d73; b, cluster ventral valves, \u00d72 (Wang & Jin, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 461. rigbyellidae (p. 638-639).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-671.jpg?height=1363&width=618&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=825)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laterispina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Permianelloidea","Family":"Permianellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Laterispina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laterispina Wang & JIN, 1991, p. 496","Type_species":"L. liaoi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Permianella but with more divergent lobes and with ventral flange prolonged laterally into spines","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 462, 2a\u2013e. *L. liaoi, Upper Permian, southern China; a, ventral interior with attachment ring, \u00d73; b, ventral interior showing spines, \u00d71.5; c, dorsal interior, \u00d71.5; d, dorsal exterior, \u00d71.5; e, ventral exterior showing spines, \u00d7 1.5 (Wang & Jin, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 462. permianellidae (p. 639-641).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-672.jpg?height=1761&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Permianelloidea","Family":"Permianellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tenerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenerella LIANG, 1990, p. 511","Type_species":"T. usualisa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Obliqunsteges Liang, 1990, p. 511 (type, O. distortus), Sicyusella Liang, 1990, p. 512 (type, S. regularis)","Synonyms":"Obliqunsteges, Sicyusella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Permianella but strongly concavoconvex and with curved, divergent lobes, the nature of the ventral flange is unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Permian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Middle Permian-Upper Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 463, 2a,b. *T. usualisa, Upper Permian, southern China; ventral, lateral views of ventral valve, \u00d72 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 461. rigbyellidae (p. 638-639).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-671.jpg?height=1363&width=618&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=825)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loczyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Permianelloidea","Family":"Permianelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"Loczyellinae","Genus":"Loczyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loczyella FRECH, 1901, p. 503","Type_species":"L. nankingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"no ears developed at hinge line of dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"China, Caucasus","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caninella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Permianelloidea","Family":"Permianelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"Loczyellinae","Genus":"Caninella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caninella LIANG, 1990, p. 216","Type_species":"C. zhinanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex, uniplicate shells, trigonal in outline, anterior margin truncated, with small ears at narrow hinge line, ventral interior with pair of long lateral septa, dorsal interior with thin median septum and small cardinal process. attached to a crinoid stem by the umbo. It remains to be seen whether topotypic Loczyella is congeneric with the specimens from Caucasus. Caninella is not much better served, as it has been founded on three poorly preserved specimens, one of which, the holotype, is a subconical ventral valve with the umbo broken off and no dorsal valve attached. The relationship between Caninella and Loczyella is, therefore, not securely established nor is their taxonomic position within the Strophomenata.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"China (Zhejian)","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Litocothia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Permianelloidea","Family":"Permianelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"Loczyellinae","Genus":"Litocothia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Litocothia GRANT, 1976, p. 166","Type_species":"L. cateora, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, bilobate ventral valve with deep, long median sulcus, ornamented by closely spaced fila, attached by beak, small everted posterior flap forming reflexed region dorsal of hinge, ventral interior featureless except for median raised zone corresponding to sulcus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 463, 1a, b. *L. cateora, Lower Permian, Thailand, exterior, interior of ventral valve, x4 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 463. permianellidae and uncertain (p. 639-642).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-673.jpg?height=1258&width=1279&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonopectella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productida - Suorder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chonopectella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonopectella SARYTCHEVA, 1966, p. 135","Type_species":"Chonopectoides permicus Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1965, p. 232, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"small with weakly convex ventral valve, teeth, spines at hinge, intersecting fine, oblique rugae and single submedian rib","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Transcaucasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 464, 2a, b. * C. permica (Sarytcheva), Dzhulfinsky Formation, Ogbin, holotype, PIN 2071\/52, a, ventral valve exterior, X1, b, detail of ornamentation, X_5 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 464. uncertain (p. 642-643).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-675.jpg?height=1542&width=1284&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ploughsharella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productida - Suorder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ploughsharella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ploughsharella Liang Wen-ping in Wang & OTHERS, 1982, p. 227","Type_species":"P. putaoshanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Poorly known, medium width, outline subtrigonal with extended ventral umbo and trigonal interarea, profile strongly ventribiconvex, seemingly lacking ribbing and spines, but with prominent growth lines, anterior commissure widely unisulcate, interiors unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 464, 1a-d. *P. putaoshanensis, Upper Permian, eastern China, shell viewed posteriorly, anteroventrally, anteriorly, laterally, x1.3 (Wang & others, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang & others, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 464. uncertain (p. 642-643).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-675.jpg?height=1542&width=1284&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punctoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productida - Suorder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Punctoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punctoproductus Liang WEN-PING, 1990, p. 368481","Type_species":"P. eximus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"LIANG placed in his new order, the Punctoproductida, with endopunctae but no pseudopunctae, along with the Dipunctellidina [=Dicystoconcha (Permianellidae)]. Further de\ufb01ned as lacking spines, concavoconvex, and coarsely ribbed.  [The claim for endopunctation in the Productida has not been supported, and the genus may not belong here].","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"upper Upper Permian","Ending_age":"upper Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 464, 3a-c. *P. eximus, upper Upper Permian, Lengwu Formation, Zhejiang, anterior, lateral, posterior views of shell, x2 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 464. uncertain (p. 642-643).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-675.jpg?height=1542&width=1284&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Achunoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productida - Suorder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Productida - Nomina nuda","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Achunoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Achunoproductus USTRITSKY, 1971, p. 21.","Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No diagnosis provided, but possibly related to Shrenkiella in the Monticuliferidae.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chaoina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productida - Suorder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Productida - Nomina nuda","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chaoina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chaoina Ching Yu-gan in Ching Yu-gan, Liao Zhaoting, & Hou HONG-FEI, 1974, p. 308","Type_species":"C. reticulatia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Genus and species not defined, possibly belonging to the Productinae.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subquadrate, widest at hinge, dorsal valve sharply geniculate, but with shallow corpus cavity, ribbing strong, almost entirely costate, rugae on disks, spines in rows separating ears and scattered on ventral valve, cardinal process small, sessile, cardinal ridge thin, adductor scars elevated anteriorly, brachial ridges obscure.  [Genus and species not defined, possibly belonging to the Productinae.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 464, 4 a, b .*C. reticulata, Chihsian Formation, Sichuan, a, dorsal valve interior with much of shell missing, x2, b, ventral valve viewed anteroventrally, x1 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 464. uncertain (p. 642-643).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-675.jpg?height=1542&width=1284&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Choanoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productida - Suorder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Productida - Nomina nuda","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Choanoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Choanoproductus Termier & TERMIER, 1970, p. 459","Type_species":"C. guberi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Choanoproductus Termier & Termier, 1966, p. 609, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Choanoproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"No diagnostic descriptions for genus or species, or relationship provided. Illustrations of muscle scars only, possibly representing a strophalosiidine.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Cambodia","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parapulchratia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productida - Suorder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Productida - Nomina nuda","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parapulchratia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parapulchratia Chan in Hou Hong-fei, Zhan Li-pei, & Chen BIN-WEI, 1979, p. 87","Type_species":"Productus pustulosus palliatus KAYSER, 1883, p. 186, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No diagnosis provided for genus or type specimen. Kayser's specimens possibly representing several genera.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (?Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (?Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (?Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uraloproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productida - Suorder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Productida - Nomina nuda","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Uraloproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uraloproductus USTRITSKY, 1971, p. 21","Type_species":"Productus stuckenbergensis KROTOW, 1885, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No description or diagnosis of genus provided, Lower Permian: Asian Arctic","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Asian Arctic","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthotetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthotetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthotetes Fischer de WALDHEIM, 1829, p. 375","Type_species":"O. radiata Fischer de Waldheim, 1850, p. 491, SD GIRTY, 1909, p. 192","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudoorthotetes Sokolskaya in Sarytcheva & others, 1963, p. 96 (type, P. borodencovensis), Orthotetoides Lazarev, 1984, p. 65 (type, Orthotetes socialis Fischer de Waldheim, 1850)","Synonyms":"Pseudoorthotetes, Orthotetoides","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, rectimarginate, finely costellate by branching, usually with symmetrical ventral beak, convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea linear to vestigial, chilidium small, grooved, dental ridges strong, convergent on high ventral median septum to define small delthyrial chamber commonly filled with secondary shell, less commonly extending anteromedianly for entire length of ventral interarea, socket ridges recurved, ventral muscle scar impressed, large, flabellate, dorsal myophragm onyms of Orthotetes. Lower Carboniferous-Lower Permian: Eurasia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 469, 2a-d. *O. radiata Fischer de Waldheim, Moscovian, Russia, a, ventral valve exterior, x1 (Sokolskaya, 1954), b, c, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Manankov, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sokolskaya, 1954, \nManankov, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 469. orthotetidae (p. 649-652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-683.jpg?height=1564&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apsocalymma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apsocalymma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apsocalymma MCINTOSH, 1974, p. 213","Type_species":"A. shiellsi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Brochocarina but with vestigial pseudodeltidium complementing large, medianly grooved chilidium and strong, dorsal myophragm continuous with base of cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 470, 2a-d. *A. shiellsi, Lower Limestone Group, Ayrshire, a, b, ventral valve, dorsal valve interiors, X1, c, posterior view of dorsal cardinalia and chilidium, X4_mathbf4, d, dorsal valve exterior, X_0.66 (McIntosh, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"McIntosh, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 470. orthotetidae (p. 652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-685.jpg?height=1702&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brochocarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brochocarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brochocarina BRUNTON, 1968, p. 31","Type_species":"Schuchertella wexfordensis SMYTH, 1930, p. 555, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthotetes but essentially planoconvex, finely parvicostellate by intercalation, intersected by fine concentric fila, with anacline dorsal interarea and arched chilidium, dental ridges convergent posteriorly on trifid ridge forming posterior boundary of faintly impressed ventral muscle scar with low myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Ireland, ?Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 470, 1a-e. *B. wexfordensis (Smyth), Asbian, County Fermanagh, Ireland, a, posterodorsal view of incomplete shell, x1 . 5, ~ b, c, ventral valve interior, exterior, x0 . 8, ~ d, detail of external ornamentation, X3, e, dorsal valve interior, x0 . 8 (Brunton, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 470. orthotetidae (p. 652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-685.jpg?height=1702&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Derbyoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Derbyoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Derbyoides Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 114","Type_species":"D. nebrascensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthotetes but more variable in shape with anterior commissure occasionally undulating, pseudodeltidium convex with median groove, dental ridges not cemented to low ventral myophragm, median node at base of cardinal process, dorsal adductor scars impressed, bilobate about low myophragm","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 469, 3a-d. *D. nebrascensis, Kasimovian, Nebraska, a, ventral valve interior, x1 (Dunbar & Condra, 1932), b, c, exterior, interior views of dorsal valve, X1, d, dorsal cardinalia, part of adductor scars, x1.5 (Dunbar & Condra, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dunbar & Condra, 1932, \nDunbar & Condra, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 469. orthotetidae (p. 649-652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-683.jpg?height=1564&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liberella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Liberella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liberella LIANG, 1990, p. 104","Type_species":"L. cassidula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, commonly strongly uniplicate, finely costellate by branching, finely lamellose, pseudodeltidium and chilidium undescribed, dental ridges discrete of strong ventral myophragm ankylosed to internal surface of pseudodeltidium and bisecting faint, flabellate ventral muscle scar, short cardinal process with lobes fused medially into trifid structure, socket ridges recurved.","Beginning_age":"middle Permian","First_Occurrence":"middle Permian","Ending_age":"middle Permian","Last_Occurrence":"middle Permian","Geological_periods":"middle Permian","Geography":"China (Zhejiang Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 470, 3a-c. *L. cassidula, middle Permian, Zhejiang, a, b, dorsal valve, ventral valve exteriors, X2, c, posterior view of internal mold, X2 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 470. orthotetidae (p. 652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-685.jpg?height=1702&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tapajotia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tapajotia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tapajotia DRESSER, 1954, p. 33","Type_species":"Streptorhynchus tapajotensis DERBY, 1874, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Derbyoides but with weak myophragm in ventral valve and nearly planar dorsal valve with more delicate cardinalia and without impressed dorsal adductor scars or myophragm","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"Brazil","Figure_captions":"Fig. 469, 1a-d. *T. tapajotensis (D ERBY ), Itaituba, Bashkirian, Rio Tapajos; a,b, dorsal, anterodorsal views of incomplete ventral valve interiors, \u00d7 1; c, interior view of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5; d, exterior view of dorsal valve, \u00d72.1 (Brunton, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 469. orthotetidae (p. 649-652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-683.jpg?height=1564&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tethorotes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tethorotes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tethorotes MANANKOV, 1979, p. 50","Type_species":"Ombonia grandis SOKOLSKAYA, 1968, p. 60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthotetes but more dorsibiconvex to resupinate and broadly unisulcate with impersistent concentric rugae, dorsal interarea anacline, chilidium with median groove, delthyrial chamber asymmetrical, median septal node at base of cardinal process, muscle scars faint","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 471, 1a-c. *T. grandis (SokolSKAYA), Serpukhovian, northern Pribalkhash, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve internal mold, latex replica of previous specimen showing cardinalia, X1 (Manankov, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nManankov, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 471. orthotetidae (p. 652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-686.jpg?height=1359&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Werriea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Werriea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Werriea Campbell, 1957, p. 44","Type_species":"W. australis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Permorthotetes G. A. Thomas, 1958, p. 82 (type, P. callytharensis)","Synonyms":"Permorthotetes","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthotetes but more variable in shape, mainly resupinate with some asymmetry to ventral beak, finely parvicostellate by intercalation, impersistently rugate, dorsal interarea short, anacline, cardinal process with median groove, as in Permorthotetes, small median node at base of cardinal process, brachiophores present as sharp, distal edges of recurved socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"Australia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 471, 2a-c. * W. australis, lower Vis\u00e9an, New South Wales, a, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, X1, b, external mold of ventral valve, X, c, imperfect cast of cardinal process, X1 (Campbell, 1957).\u2014\u2014Fig. 471, 2d. W. callytherrensis (\u0422nomas), Permian, Australia, ventral valve interior, x1 (Thomas, 1958).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1957, \nThomas, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 471. orthotetidae (p. 652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-686.jpg?height=1359&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pulsia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Pulsiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pulsia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pulsia IVANOV, 1925, p. 113","Type_species":"P. mosquensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Commissure rectimarginate, concentric fila not reported within interspaces or on crests of parvicostellae, dental plates parallel, enclosing callus of secondary shell like pseudospondylium but ventral muscle scars indistinctly impressed, socket ridges well developed, recurved. Carboniferous: Russia.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 472, 1a\u2013c. *P. mosquensis, Kasimovian, Moscow District; a, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 0.5 (Sokolskaya, 1954); b,c, dorsal valve exterior, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71 (Orlov, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 472. pulsiidae (p. 653-654).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-687.jpg?height=1651&width=1298&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schellwienella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Pulsiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schellwienella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schellwienella I. THOMAS, 1910, p. 92","Type_species":"Spirifera crenistria PHILLIPS, 1836, pl. 216, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Carlopsina Reed, 1954, p. 183 (type, Spirifera radialis Phillips, 1836)","Synonyms":"Carlopsina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Pulsia but commonly gently uniplicate with concentric fila forming serrations along crests of parvicostellae, dental plates short, divergent posteriorly, containing impressed, flabellate ventral muscle scars divided by low myophragm, socket ridges short, recurved.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian-Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 472, 2a-c. *S. crenistria (Phillips), Vis\u00e9an, Lancashire, England, lectotype, BMNH B19675, dorsal, ventral, posterior views of shell, XI (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 472, 2d, e. S. radialis (Phillips), Asbian, Fermanagh, Ireland, dorsal valve posterior, dorsal valve interior, x1.3 (Brunton, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 472. pulsiidae (p. 653-654).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-687.jpg?height=1651&width=1298&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthotetella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthotetella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthotetella R. E. K ING , 1931, p. 51","Type_species":"O. wolfcampensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, \ufb01nely parvicostellate by branching; spondylium supported by median septum in young valves, becoming free in adult valves to form cone with convex pseudodeltidium, containing striate ventral muscle scars; socket ridges ankylosed to cardinal process lobes with slits on posteriorly directed myophores; dorsal adductor scars bilobed, lightly impressed about low myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 473, 2a\u2013f. *O. wolfcampensis, Wolfcampian, Texas; a, internal view of ventral valve showing tubular spondylium, \u00d71; b, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 1; c,d, posterior, interior views of dorsal valve, \u00d71; e,f, posterior, dorsal views of shell, \u00d71 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 473. orthotetellidae (p. 655-657).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-688.jpg?height=1710&width=1284&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypopsia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Orthotetellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hypopsia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypopsia Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 272","Type_species":"H. versuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, finely parvicostellate by intercalation, spondylium initially supported by median septum but adnate on floor of adult valves, socket ridges not ankylosed to cardinal process, brachiophores long, divergent, dorsal adductor scars impressed, bilobed about low myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 473, 1 a-d .* H. versuta, Leonardian, Texas, a, b, holotype, ventral, dorsal views of shell, X3, c, d, paratype, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 473. orthotetellidae (p. 655-657).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-688.jpg?height=1710&width=1284&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Derbyia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Derbyiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Derbyia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Derbyia WAAGEN, 1884, p. 576","Type_species":"D. regularis, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 262","Synonyms_with_authors":"Derbyaeconcha Licharew, 1934b, p. 507 (type, Derbya anomata Licharew, 1932, p. 20), Grabauellina Licharew, 1934b, p. 507 (type, Derbya (?Derbyina) mongolica Grabau, 1931, p. 259), nom. nov. pro Derbyina Grabau, 1931, p. 259, non Clarke, 1913, Magniderbyia Ting, 1965, p. 265 (type, Derbya magnifica Licharew, 1939, p. 80), nom. nov. pro Licharewiella Sokolskaya, 1960, p. 219, non Ustritsky, 1960, Pseudoderbyia Licharew, 1934a, p. 211 (type, P. netschajewi), Plicatoderbya H. D. \u0422nomas, 1937, p. 14 (type, Orthotetes magnus Branson, 1930, p. 26), Wardakia Termier & others, 1974, p. 94 (type, Derbyia grandis Waagen, 1884, p. 597), Paraderbyia Sun, 1983, p. 120 (type, P. duomaensis)","Synonyms":"Derbyaeconcha, Grabauellina, Magniderbyia, Pseudoderbyia, Plicatoderbya, Wardakia, Paraderbyia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"A large, normally distorted in shape and uniplicate, finely costellate by branching and intercalation, pseudodeltidium flat with monticulus, chilidium small, occasionally with median groove, vestigial in later, larger species, dental ridges frequently convergent apically on high ventral median septum ankylosed to internal surface of pseudodeltidium, flabellate ventral muscle scar usually deeply impressed, occasionally with raised boundary, ridgelike brachiophores arising from massive socket plates and ridges fused with cardinal process of variable length, subcircular dorsal adductor scars variably impressed about low myophragm, commonly with interrupted rugation like low plication. Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian: cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 474, 2a-c. *D. regularis, Amb Formation, Lower Permian, Salt Range, Pakistan, dorsal, ventral, posterior views of shell, X1 (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 474, 2d, e. D. profunda Cooper & Grant, Wolfcampian, Texas, d, paratype, broken specimen showing cardinalia and dental ridges, X1, e, paratype, posterior view of dorsal valve, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1974)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 474, 2f. D. filosa Cooper & Grant, Wordian, Texas, holotype, posteriorly tilted ventral valve interior, X 1 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 474. derbyiidae (p. 657-660).\nfig. 474. derbyiidae (p. 657-660).\nfig. 474. derbyiidae (p. 657-660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-690.jpg?height=1568&width=1286&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-690.jpg?height=1568&width=1286&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-690.jpg?height=1568&width=1286&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diplanus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Derbyiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diplanus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diplanus STEHLI, 1954, p. 299","Type_species":"Streptorhynchus lamellatum R. E. KING, 1931, p. 49, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subconical, variable anterior commissure, costellate by branching, strongly lamellose, ventral interarea of variable length, pseudodeltidium convex, dorsal interarea abnormally anacline, chilidium with median groove, dental ridges discrete with large teeth, ventral muscle scar obscure, cardinal process of medium height with slitlike myophores, dorsal adductor scars impressed, bilobed frequently with raised margin, bisected by low myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 475, 1a-d. *D. lamellatus (King), Leonardian, Texas, a, ventral valve interior, X2, b, c, posterior, interior views of dorsal valve showing cardinal process and sockets, X4, d, holotype, posterior view of complete specimen, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 475. derbyiidae (p. 657-660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-691.jpg?height=1838&width=1295&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dorsoscyphus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Derbyiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dorsoscyphus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dorsoscyphus ROBERTS, 1971, p. 50","Type_species":"D. spinulosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Derbyia but small, ventribiconvex with subconical ventral valve, gently unisulcate, costellate by intercalation, lamellose, ventral interarea high, pseudodeltidium convex, chilidium reduced, cardinal process relatively low with basal median node and grooved myophores, socket ridges divergent, continuous with cuplike platform containing deeply impressed adductor scars about a strong dorsal myophragm, shell free of rugation.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 475, 3 a-d. *D. spinulosus, Vis\u00e9an, Bonaparte Gulf Basin, a, b, holotype, interior, exterior views of dorsal valve, CPC 10821, X6, c, d, interior, exterior views of ventral valve, x6 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nRoberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 475. derbyiidae (p. 657-660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-691.jpg?height=1838&width=1295&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nothopindax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Derbyiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nothopindax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nothopindax Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 318","Type_species":"N. egregius, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Derbyia but normally ventribiconvex with subconical ventral valve, rectimarginate, finely costellate by branching, ventral median septum anteriorly ankylosed to transverse, spatulate platform representing raised anterior boundary of ventral muscle scar, dorsal adductor scars ill defined, myophragm not developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 475, 2a-e .*N. egregius, Leonardian, Texas, a-c, paratype, posterior, dorsal, ventral views of shell, X0.75, d, paratype, lateral view of ventral valve showing elevated muscle platform, X2, e, holotype, posterior view of incomplete shell with cardinal process and median septum, USNM 151225c, XI (Cooper & Grant, 1974)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 475. derbyiidae (p. 657-660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-691.jpg?height=1838&width=1295&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Streptopomum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Derbyiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Streptopomum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Streptopomum HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 207","Type_species":"Streptorhynchus mjatschkowensis Sokolskaya in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1952, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Miniplanus Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970, p. 101 (type, M. minuta)","Synonyms":"Miniplanus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Diplanus but lacking concentric lamellae and dorsal interarea, its assignment to the Derbyiidae is also provisional on ascertaining its shell structure, which is presently unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 474, 1a-d. *S. mjatschkowensis (Sokolskaya), Moscovian, Moscow basin, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve posterior, exterior, dorsoposterior views of ventral valve, X1 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1954).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1954","figure_index":"fig. 474. derbyiidae (p. 657-660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-690.jpg?height=1568&width=1286&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meekella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Meekella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meekella White & St. John, 1867, p. 120, Gegenella Li & GU, 1976, p. 236","Type_species":"Plicatula striatocostata COX, 1857, p. 568, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gegenella Li & Gu, 1976, p. 236 (type, G. gegenensis)","Synonyms":"Gegenella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, finely costellate by branching, ventral interarea high, procline to mainly apsacline, dental plates convergent onto floor of ventral valve and medial of rarely impressed, flabellate diductor scars, cardinal process usually moderately long, dorsal adductor scars variably impressed within distal ends of socket ridges, bilobed about low myophragm","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous-Upper Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 476, 2a-e. *M. striatocostata (Cox), Moscovian, Iowa, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of shell, X1, d, detail of shell ornament, X5, e, posterior view of ventral valve, x2 (new), Fig. 476, 2f, g. M. attenuata (Girty), Leonardian, Texas, f, oblique lateral view of cardinalia, X4, g, ventral valve interior, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1974)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 476. meekellidae (p. 660).\nfig. 476. meekellidae (p. 660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-693.jpg?height=1504&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-693.jpg?height=1504&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alatorthotetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Alatorthotetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alatorthotetina He Xi-lin & Zhu MEI-LI, 1985, p. 200","Type_species":"A. sichuanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthothetina but usually planoconvex with a mucronate hinge line, finely costellate by branching, ventral diductor scars impressed lateral of short, parallel dental plates.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 476, 1a-c. * A. sichuanensis, Upper Permian, Sichuan, a, dorsal valve exterior, x1, b, paratype, ventral valve exterior, X1, c, paratype, ventral valve internal mold, x1 (He & Zhu, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"He & Zhu, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 476. meekellidae (p. 660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-693.jpg?height=1504&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asiomeekella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Asiomeekella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asiomeekella LIANG, 1990, p. 120","Type_species":"A. isoconvexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Meekella in general appearance but with a catacline ventral interarea, convex pseudodeltidium, less convergent dental plates bounding a pair of low submedial septa, and a short cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous-Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geyerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Geyerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geyerella SCHELLWIEN, 1900, p. 12","Type_species":"G. gemmellaroi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Turriculum de Gregorio, 1930, p. 26 (type, T. imperans)","Synonyms":"Turriculum","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Meekella but variable in size, finely costellate mainly by intercalation, secondary costation variable in amplitude and disposition, occasionally complicated by impersistent rugation, dental plates converging on a high median septum, dorsal myophragm variably developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 477, 4a, b. *G. gemmellaroi, ?Kazanian, Valle de Sosio, Sicily, a, posterior view of shell, X1, b, detail of shell, x2 (new), Fig. 477, 4c, d. G. hessi Cooper & Grant, Wolfcampian, Texas, paratype, interior of ventral valve showing spondylium, posteriorly tilted view of dorsal valve, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1974)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 477. meekellidae (p. 661-664).\nfig. 477. meekellidae (p. 661-664).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-694.jpg?height=1823&width=1276&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=175)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-694.jpg?height=1823&width=1276&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Niviconia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Niviconia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Niviconia Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 373","Type_species":"Meekella globosa R. E. KING, 1931, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Meekella but generally large, strongly ventribiconvex with high conical ventral valve, low, even secondary costae, cardinal process high.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 477, 2a-e. *N globosa (KING), Leonardian, Texas; a,b, lateral, dorsal views of shell, \u00d7 1; c, oblique view of ventral valve interior, \u00d71; d, posterolateral internal view of articulated valves, \u00d71; e, lateral view of cardinalia, \u00d72 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 477. meekellidae (p. 661-664).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-694.jpg?height=1823&width=1276&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthothetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Orthothetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthothetina SCHELLWIEN, 1900, p. 8","Type_species":"Orthothetes persicus, SD Schuchert in Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929, p. 91","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lopingia Chan, 1979, p. 64 (type, Orthotetes ruber Frech, 1911, p. 124)","Synonyms":"Lopingia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Meekella including strong monticulus in flat pseudodeltidium, dental plates converging separately onto floor of ventral valve, and fine costellation mainly by branching but without radial pli- cae of secondary costation","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous-Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 478, 1 a-c .*O. persicus (Schellwien), a, b, exterior, posterior views of ventral valve, Kazanian, Persia, Iran, X1 (Schellwien, 1900), c, dorsal valve exterior, Dzulfian, Transcaucasia, x1 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).-Fig. 478, 1d. O. iljinae (Sokolskaya), Guadalupian, Transcaucasia, holotype, posterior view of dorsal valve, X1 (Sarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schellwien, 1900, \nSarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965, \nSarytcheva & Sokolskaya, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 478. meekellidae (p. 663-664).\nfig. 478. meekellidae (p. 663-664).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-695.jpg?height=1478&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-695.jpg?height=1478&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraorthotetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Paraorthotetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraorthotetina He Xi-lin & Zhu MEI-LI, 1985, p. 198, 203","Type_species":"Orthotetina provecta LIAO, 1980, p. 254, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parameekella He & Zhu, 1985, p. 198203 (type, P. hauyinshanensis)","Synonyms":"Parameekella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthothetina but with greatest width at hinge line and deeply impressed ventral muscle scars, including flabellate diductor insertions on either side of parallel dental plates containing impressions of elongate adductor bases, dorsal adductor scars also deeply impressed about strong median septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 478, 2a-d. * P. provecta (Liao), Upper Permian, western Guizhou, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve internal mold, dorsal exterior, lateral view of internal mold, X1 (He & Zhu, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"He & Zhu, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 478. meekellidae (p. 663-664).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-695.jpg?height=1478&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perigeyerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Perigeyerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perigeyerella Wang, 1955a, p. 101, Perigeyerella WANG, 1955b, p. 346","Type_species":"P. costellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Geyerella but without secondary costation and rounded in outline, usually with less conical ventral valve with sharply pointed beak, broadly unisulcate, finely costellate mainly by branching cancellated by strong, concentric fila, dental plates becoming less convergent with growth so that narrow chamber with supporting median septum is characteristic of young ventral valve and sessile septal chamber or discrete dental plates typical of adult valve. Upper Permian: China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 477, 3a-g. * P. costellata, Upper Permian, northern Guizhou, a, dorsal view of complete shell, X1, b-d, serial sections at intervals shown on a, X 2 (Wang, 1955), e-g, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of shell, x1 (Yang & others, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1955, \nYang & others, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 477. meekellidae (p. 661-664).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-694.jpg?height=1823&width=1276&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sicelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Meekellinae","Genus":"Sicelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sicelia Gortani & MERLA, 1934, p. 284","Type_species":"Canavaria acropedion MERLA, 1928, p. 70, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gemmellaria Fabiani & Ruiz, 1933, p. 7 (footnote), non Munier-Chalmas, 1873, Parageyerella He & Zhu, 1985, p. 203 (type, P. daijiagouensis), Parageyerella Hayasaka, 1953, p. 92 (type, ?Streptorhynchus altus Hamlet, 1928)","Synonyms":"Gemmellaria, Parageyerella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Meekella but without secondary costation, finely parvicostellate mainly by intercalation, flat pseudodeltidium with monticulus, convergent, subparallel dental plates and divergent socket ridges, more elongate ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 477, 1. *S. acropedion (Merla), Upper Permian, Valle de Sosio, Sicily, ventral valve exterior, broken umbonal section, x2 (Williams, 1965e).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 477. meekellidae (p. 661-664).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-694.jpg?height=1823&width=1276&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ombonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Meekellidae","Subfamily":"Omboniinae","Genus":"Ombonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ombonia CANEVA, 1906, p. 54","Type_species":"O. canevai Merla, 1931, p. 80, SD MERLA, 1931, p. 80","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, broadly uniplicate, lacking regularly developed concentric ornamentation, ventral interarea commonly apsacline, dental plates converging on strong, high median septum, ventral muscle scars obscure, dorsal myophragm variably developed","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 479a, b. *O. canevai Merla, Upper Permian, Dolomites, Italy, a, ventral valve internal mold, b, schematic diagram of dorsal valve interior, X1 (Merla, 1931)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 479 c, d. O. dieneri Licharew, Lower Permian, North Caucasus, c, d, dorsal, lateral views of shell,X1 (Orlov, 1960)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 479e-g. O. guadalupensis (Girty), Guadalupian, Texas, ventral valve interior, exterior, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Merla, 1931, \nOrlov, 1960, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 479. meekellidae (p. 664).\nfig. 479. meekellidae (p. 664).\nfig. 479. meekellidae (p. 664).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-697.jpg?height=990&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-697.jpg?height=990&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-697.jpg?height=990&width=1286&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schuchertella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Schuchertellinae","Genus":"Schuchertella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schuchertella GIRTY, 1904, p. 734","Type_species":"Steptorhynchus lens WHITE, 1862, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Variable in size and in texture of costellae, ventral interarea usually anacline, chilidium convex, flabellate ventral muscle scars and impressed dorsal adductor scars, each set divided by low myophragm, extropunctae better developed in the dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian-Upper Carboniferous, ?Lower Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 480, 1a-f. *S. lens (White), upper Famennian, Missouri, a, b, dorsal, ventral views of shell, X 1.5, c, posterior view of shell, x2, d, e, ventral valve, dorsal valve interiors, X 1.5, f, close up of previous specimen showing cardinalia, X4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 480. schuchertellidae (p. 665-667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-698.jpg?height=1869&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goniarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Schuchertellinae","Genus":"Goniarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goniarina Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 2","Type_species":"G. pyelodes, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schuchertella but small, more strongly subconical, secondarily free, relatively coarsely costellate, faintly impressed ventral muscle scar lacking myophragm and strongly impressed dorsal adductor scars on incipient, tuberculate platform with myophragm attaining maximum height anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 480, 3a-f. *G. pyelodes, Wolfcampian, Texas, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, ventral, posterior views of shell, USNM 150411g, e-f, paratypes, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 480. schuchertellidae (p. 665-667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-698.jpg?height=1869&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Serratocrista":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Schuchertellinae","Genus":"Serratocrista","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Serratocrista BRUNTON, 1968, p. 39","Type_species":"S. fistulosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schuchertella, small and with more evenly developed costellae bearing arrays of short, pointed spines along crests, ventral interarea variably disposed, dorsal interarea and chilidium vestigial, muscle scars faint, lacking myophragms, socket ridges weak.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Ireland, northwestern Australia, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 480, 2a-d. *S. fistulosa, Asbian, Fermanagh, Ireland, a, b, holotype, dorsal, ventral views of shell, x1 . 8, ~ c, ventral valve interior, x1 . 6, ~ d, incomplete dorsal valve interiors, x1.7 (Brunton, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 480. schuchertellidae (p. 665-667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-698.jpg?height=1869&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schuchertellopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Schuchertellinae","Genus":"Schuchertellopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schuchertellopsis MAILLIEUX, 1939, p. 5","Type_species":"S. durbutensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small (10 to 12 mm wide), irregularly shaped shells with ventral valve cemented almost completely to substrate, hinge line approximately widest part of shell, ventral profile irregular, dorsal profile plane to weakly convex, ventral interarea with arched pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea weak, irregularly costellate, dental ridges unsupported, dorsal valve poorly known.    [In Williams & Brunton (2000, p. 667), Maillieus's genus was questionably assigned to the Schuchertellinae of the Orthotetidina. In 1978 struve divided the genus into two subgenera by the description of Schuchertellopsis ( Krejcigrafella). Schuchertellopsis s.s. comes from the upper Frasnian of Belgium and Krejcigrafella from the lower Eifelian of Germany.     These subgenera are both closely and almost completely attached by their ventral valves, and at the time of preparation for the orthotetidines for the revised Treatise (Vol. 3, Williams & Brunton, 2000) it was not entirely clear as to whether they would best be classified with the orthotetidines or attached davidsonioids. The main feature differentiating these two taxa is shell structure; the former having laminar shell and the latter fi brous shell. Study of MaiLLieuX\u2019s original collection shows the following orthotetidine features, not seen in davidsonioids: (1) wide ventral interarea with delthyrium covered completely by an arched pseudodeltidium, and (2) shell fabric laminar with pseudupunctae forming pustulose internal surfaces, and sparse extropunctae forming small depressions internally (Fig. 1782).    Williams and Brunton (2000) characterized the Schuchertellidae by, among other features, their unsupported teeth and extropunctate shell, the only family known to have such microstructures in the shell. The finding of extropunctae in Schuchertellopsis, together with its schuchertellid morphology, confirms its position in the Schuchertellidae, and its morphology is similar to the Schuchertellinae. The genus is, however, unique as yet in having both pseudopunctae and extropunctae; it is also the oldest known member of the family. We conclude, therefore, that the pseudopunctation is a holdover from ancestral stock that was pseudopunctate. The extropunctation seen in Schuchertellopsis is less developed than in Carboniferous and Permian genera and would appear to be a new structure introduced to the family at about mid-Devonian time.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)\u2013Upper Devonian (Frasnian):","Geography":"western Europe, ?southern North America.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1782a\u2013b. *S. (S.) durbutensis, Mailleux collection, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels; a, SEM of exfoliated internal surface of ventral valve showing cross-bladed laminae, \u00d7 3000; b, SEM of exfoliated ventral valve interior showing extropunctae, represented by pits, and pseudopunctae represented by tubercles, \u00d7300 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 480. schuchertellidae (p. 665-667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-698.jpg?height=1869&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Schuchertellopsis)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Schuchertellinae","Genus":"S. (Schuchertellopsis)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Schuchertellopsis) MAILLIEUX, 1939, p. 5","Type_species":"S. durbutensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Schuchertellopsis lacking ventral median septum; inner socket ridges extend at shallow angle from hinge, muscle \ufb01elds indistinct.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Belgiun, ? Southern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 480, 5a\u2013c. *S. (S.) durbutensis, attached to cyrtospiriferid shells, upper Frasnian, Belgium; a, syntype, ventral valve viewed dorsally, IRScNB a 1140, \u00d72; b, syntype, ventral valve viewed posteriorly, IRScNB a 1140, \u00d7 3; c, syntype, complete shell viewed dorsally, IRScNB a 1142, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 480. schuchertellidae (p. 665-667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-698.jpg?height=1869&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Krejcigrafella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Schuchertellinae","Genus":"S. (Krejcigrafella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Krejcigrafella) S TRUVE, 1978, p. 97","Type_species":"*S. (K.) krejcigra\ufb01; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles S. (Schuchertellopsis), but with ventral median septum from below pseudodeltidium to ridged marginal thickening.   [Known only from ventral valves attached to stromatoporoids.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany (Eifel Region)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 480, 4 a,b .*. (K.) krejcigrafi, lower Eifelian, Germany, holotype, ventral valve interior viewed dorsally and obliquely, SMF 31801, X3 (Struve, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 480. schuchertellidae (p. 665-667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-698.jpg?height=1869&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Streptorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Streptorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Streptorhynchus KING, 1850, p. 107","Type_species":"Terebratulites pelargonatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1816, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lespius de Gregorio, 1930, p. 24 (type, L. favoritus), Mammosum de Gregorio, 1930, p. 24 (type, M. ipsium)","Synonyms":"Lespius","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium-sized, subconical, ventribiconvex, relatively coarsely costellate with concentric fila, ventral interarea apsacline, pseudodeltidium with monticulus, chilidium small, grooved medianly, ventral muscle scar flabellate, dorsal muscle scar faintly impressed, cardinal process high, occasionally with a short median ridge or node at the base.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous-Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 481, 4a-f. * S. pelargonatus (von Schlotheim), Kazanian, Gera, Germany, a-c, ventral, anterior, lateral views of shell, x1.5, d, posterodorsal view of shell, X3, e, dorsal valve interior showing cardinalia, f, latex mold of dorsal valve interior showing articulation, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 481. schuchertellidae (p. 667-670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-700.jpg?height=1873&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arctitreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Arctitreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arctitreta WHITFIELD, 1908, p. 57","Type_species":"A. pearyi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Grumantia Ustritsky in Ustritsky & Tschernjak, 1963, p. 70 (type, Streptorhynchus kempei (Andersson) in Wiman, 1914)","Synonyms":"Grumantia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large sized, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, finely costellate, concentric ornamentation unknown, apsacline ventral interarea with convex pseudodeltidium and monticulus, vestigial dorsal interarea and chilidium, ventral muscle scar flabellate, dorsal scars faintly impressed about low myophragm, cardinal process high. Permian: Arctic North America, Greenland, Spitzbergen, Arctic Russia.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Arctic North America, Greenland, Spitzbergen, Arctic Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 481, 2a-d. A. kempei (Andersson), Seladersk series, Upper Permian, Spitzbergen, a, ventral valve exterior, x0 . 7, b, dorsal valve internal mold, x1, c, ventral valve internal mold, x0.67, d, juvenile dorsal valve interior, x1 (Manankov, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Manankov, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 481. schuchertellidae (p. 667-670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-700.jpg?height=1873&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bothrostegium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Bothrostegium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bothrostegium Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 330","Type_species":"B. derbyoideum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Streptorhynchus but small and more finely costellate, with variably disposed high interarea, grooved pseudodeltidium, conspicuous perideltidium, grooved chilidium, relatively low cardinal process, ventral muscle scar faint, dorsal muscle scar subcircular with low myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 481, 1a-f. *B. derbyoideum, Roadian, Texas, a-d, anterior, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of shell, X3, e, paratype, dorsal valve interior, X4, f, paratype, posterior view of cardinalia, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 481. schuchertellidae (p. 667-670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-700.jpg?height=1873&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chelononia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Chelononia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chelononia Cooper & GRANT, 1974, p. 327","Type_species":"C. neali, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Streptorhynchus but elongately pyramidal, variably biconvex, unisulcate and more finely costellate with concentric fila, evenly convex pseudodeltidium, impressed dorsal adductor scar and thick, low myophragm","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 482,1a\u2013f. *C. neali, Wolfcampian, Texas; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, ventral, anterior views of shell, USNM 152646f, \u00d71; e,f, ventral valve of paratype, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 482. schuchertellidae (p. 667-670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-701.jpg?height=1785&width=1289&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drahanorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Drahanorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drahanorhynchus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 203","Type_species":"D. drahanicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, semioval, semiconical ventral valve, concave to plane dorsal valve, finely costellate with microscopic spines along crests, ventral interarea catacline to procline, pseudodeltidium convex, dorsal interarea and chilidium vestigial, dental plates and ventral median septum absent, socket ridges parallel with hinge line, fused with low cardinal process lobes with median process at base, dorsal adductor scar associated with myophragm flanked by 2 or 4 pairs of small radiating septa, shell extropunctate. Provisionally placed in the Schuchertellidae.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 481, 3a-f. * D. drahanicus, lower Vis\u00e9an, Moravia, a, b, holotype, internal mold of dorsal valve, latex replica of same specimen, X3, c, d, internal mold of incomplete dorsal valve, external mold of dorsal valve, X3, e, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, f, internal mold of dorsal valve showing small pits in radial arrangement, x9 (Havli\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 481. schuchertellidae (p. 667-670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-700.jpg?height=1873&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kiangsiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Kiangsiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kiangsiella Grabau in CHAO, 1927a, p. 103","Type_species":"Orthotetes tingi GRABAU, 1924, p. 359, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Streptorhynchus but with strong, secondary costation and with well-developed median ridge at base of cardinal process, dorsal adductor scar impressed about low myophragm","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Permian","Geography":"Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 482, 2a-d. *K. tingi (Grabau), Lower Permian, southern Kiangsi, China, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views of shell, X1 (Chao, 1927a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chao, 1927","figure_index":"fig. 482. schuchertellidae (p. 667-670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-701.jpg?height=1785&width=1289&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Notostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notostrophia WATERHOUSE, 1973, p. 35","Type_species":"N. homeri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventribiconvex with recurved margin to dorsal valve, ventral valve and recurved margin of dorsal valve finely costellate, rest of dorsal valve coarsely costate, rarely rugate, pseudodeltidium undescribed, chilidium platelike, teeth with low dental ridges (also referred to as plates), ventral muscle scar flabellate about low myophragm, cardinal process lobes low, grooved, with median node at base, socket ridges recurved, dorsal adductor scars impressed about short myophragm","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 482, 3a-c. *N. homeri, Artinskian, Lower Permian, Southland, a, external latex cast of dorsal valve, b, latex cast of dorsal interior, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X2 (Waterhouse, 1982c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 482. schuchertellidae (p. 667-670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-701.jpg?height=1785&width=1289&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taimyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Taimyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taimyropsis Ustritsky in Ustritsky & TSCHERNJAK, 1963, p. 69","Type_species":"T. monstrosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"incomplete asymmetrical, gently convex, rounded ventral valve ornamented by fine costellae and impersistent concentric rugae, 2 subparallel, shallow grooves traced from the beak for about one-third the length of the valve, grooves interpreted as incipient dental ridges, grooves could also represent striations associated with muscle scars, more specimens of both valves will have to be examined and described to assess the merits of this genus","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Taimyr, Turuzovks Series","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tropidelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Streptorhynchinae","Genus":"Tropidelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tropidelasma Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 3","Type_species":"T. culmenatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Erismatina Waterhouse, 1983a, p. 117 (type, E. cooperi)","Synonyms":"Erismatina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Streptorhynchus but more finely costellate with flattish pseudodeltidium folded into narrow monticulus, short dorsal interarea, vestigial chilidium, fulcral plates confining sockets, faintly impressed ventral muscle scar, dorsal adductor scars impressed about slender myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas), Thailand, ?Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 483a-e. * T. culmenatum, Wolfcampian, Lower Permian, Texas, a, holotype, posterior view of shell, USNM 147829b, x1, b, paratype, lateral view of shell, x1, c, d, paratypes, posterior view of ventral valve, posterior view of dorsal valve, X1, e, paratype, internal view of cardinalia, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCooper & Grant, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 483. schuchertellidae (p. 670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-703.jpg?height=1611&width=630&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=823)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gacella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Gacellinae","Genus":"Gacella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gacella WILLIAMS, 1962, p. 222","Type_species":"G. insolita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, semioval, parvicostellate by intercalation, concentric fila well developed","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Scotland, southeastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 484a-d. *G. insolita, Caradoc, Girvan, Scotland, a, b, dorsal, ventral views of shell, c, d, internal mold of ventral valve, dorsal valve interior, x2.25 (Williams, 1965e).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 484. chilidiopsidae (p. 671).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-704.jpg?height=1189&width=443&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=264)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coolinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Chilidiopsinae","Genus":"Coolinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coolinia BANCROFT, 1949, p. 7","Type_species":"Orthis applanata SALTER, 1846, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chilidiopsis Boucot, 1959, p. 25 (type, Fardenia reedsi Amsden, 1951, p. 84), Krizistrophia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992, p. 176 (type, K. micropoma)","Synonyms":"Chilidiopsis, Krizistrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semioval to mucronate, biconvex, parvicostellate mainly by intercalation, fine concentric fila in interspaces, sporadically rugate, pedicle foramen not persisting in adult shell, pseudodeltidium apical, chilidium large, median basal node commonly developed between low cardinal process lobes, socket ridges recurved, ventral muscle scar flabellate, dorsal muscle scar divided by low myophore.","Beginning_age":"Silurian","First_Occurrence":"Silurian","Ending_age":"Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"Silurian","Geological_periods":"Silurian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 485, 2af .*C. applanata (Salter), upper Llandovery, Mayo, Ireland, a, b, ventral valve internal mold, latex replica of ventral interior, X2, c, dorsal valve internal mold, X2, d, latex replica of dorsal interior, X4, e, ventral valve external mold, f, latex replica of ventral exterior, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 485. chilidiopsidae (p. 671-674).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-705.jpg?height=1857&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fardenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Chilidiopsinae","Genus":"Fardenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fardenia LAMONT, 1935, p. 310","Type_species":"F. scotica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Saughina Bancroft, 1949, p. 7 (type, Strophomena pertinax Reed, 1917, p. 907)","Synonyms":"Saughina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, biconvex, relatively coarsely costellate mainly by branching, pedicle foramen usually persisting in adult shell, pseudodeltidium short, chilidium small, varying from pair of plates to complete cover, socket ridges recurved, muscle scars faint","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 486a-f. * F. scotica, Ashgill, Girvan, Scotland, a, b, exterior mold of dorsal valve, latex replica of same specimen, x3.5, c, interior mold of dorsal valve, d, latex replica of same specimen, X3.75, e, f, interior mold of ventral valve, latex replica of same specimen, x3.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 486. chilidiopsidae (p. 672).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-706.jpg?height=1221&width=1192&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=217)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hipparionix":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Chilidiopsinae","Genus":"Hipparionix","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hipparionix VANUXEM, 1842, p. 124","Type_species":"H. proximus, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 258","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hipparionyx King, 1846, p. 37","Synonyms":"Hipparionyx","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, semioval, resupinate, rectimarginate, finely costellate (concentric ornamentation not preserved), pseudodeltidium large, convex, chilidium vestigial, dorsal interarea linear, dental plates divergent, posteriorly enclosing large, impressed, flabellate ventral muscle scar divided by low myophragm, cardinal process with high, discrete lobes, socket ridges recurved, dorsal muscle scars faint, divided by low myophragm","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 485, 1a, b. *H. proximus, Lower Devonian, New York, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve interior mold, X1 (Shimer & Shrock, 1944).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shimer & Shrock, 1944","figure_index":"fig. 485. chilidiopsidae (p. 671-674).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-705.jpg?height=1857&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iridistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Chilidiopsinae","Genus":"Iridistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iridistrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1965b, p. 292","Type_species":"Orthis umbella BARRANDE, 1848, p. 206, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hinganella Su, 1980, p. 285 (type, Aesopomum chinensis Hamada, 1971), Magicostrophia Zhu, 1985, p. 51 (type, M. hingganensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Hinganella, Magicostrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, semioval, resupinate, parvicostellate with fila in interspaces, pseudodeltidium convex, chilidium reduced or vestigal, dorsal interarea rudimentary, dental plates, long, divergent, basal median node between welldeveloped cardinal process lobes, concave socket ridges parallel with hinge line, muscle scars indistinct.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician, upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, China, Argentina, upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian); China, Upper Ordovician","Figure_captions":"Fig. 485, 3a-d. *I. umbella (Barrande), Emsian, Bohemia, a, ventral valve exterior, X1.8, b, c, internal mold of ventral valve, dorsal valve exterior, x1.5, d, internal view of cardinalia, X4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 485. chilidiopsidae (p. 671-674).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-705.jpg?height=1857&width=1278&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Morinorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Chilidiopsinae","Genus":"Morinorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Morinorhynchus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1965b, p. 291","Type_species":"M. dalmanelliformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Fardenia but subcircular and variably unisulcate, radial ornament tending to be finely fascicostellate, pseudodeltidium convex, chilidium of discrete plates, short socket ridges recurved parallel with hinge line, muscle scars faint with rhombic ventral impressions and lemniscate dorsal mantle canals","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 487, 1a-c. *M. dalmanelliformis, Ludlow, Bohemia, holotype, ventral valve exterior, internal mold of ventral valve, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967)., \"\u2014\u2014Fig. 487, 1d-f. M. crispus (Lindstrom), Ludlow, Gotland, Sweden, d, syntype, ventral valve interior, e, f, lectotype, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x3 (Bassett & Cocks, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, \nBassett & Cocks, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 487. chilidiopsidae (p. 674-676).\nfig. 487. chilidiopsidae (p. 674-676).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-707.jpg?height=1513&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-707.jpg?height=1513&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Valdaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Chilidiopsinae","Genus":"Valdaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Valdaria Bassett & COCKS, 1974, p. 18","Type_species":"V. testudo, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Iridistrophia but subcircular, gently resupinate, and uniplicate, parvicostellate interspaces without fila, chilidium small but entire, dental plates short, teeth weak, flabellate ventral muscle scar faintly impressed, dorsal muscle scar unknown. Lower Silurian-middle Silurian (Wenlock): Sweden.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian","First_Occurrence":"lower Silurian","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 488,2a\u2013c. *V. testudo, lower Wenlock, Gotland, Sweden; a, holotype, enlargement of interarea, \u00d72.25; b,c, ventral valve interior, ventral valve external mold, \u00d71.25 (Bassett & Cocks, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 488. chilidiopsidae (p. 674-675).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-708.jpg?height=1736&width=1296&top_left_y=134&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xystostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Chilidiopsidae","Subfamily":"Chilidiopsinae","Genus":"Xystostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xystostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1965b, p. 292","Type_species":"Terebratulites umbraculum SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 256, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Apicilirella Su, 1976, p. 179 (type, A. vulgaris)","Synonyms":"Apicilirella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Coolinia but larger, subquadrate, more resupinate with high convex pseudodeltidium and low chilidium, fila commonly extending as short spines along fine costellae, dorsal muscle scar divided by myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 487, 2a-d. *X. umbraculum (Schlotheim), Givetian, a, incomplete dorsal valve, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, X1.5; b, ventral valve interior, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, \u00d7 2; c,d, posterior, ventral views of shell, Rhineland, Germany, \u00d71.1 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 487. chilidiopsidae (p. 674-676).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-707.jpg?height=1513&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Areostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Areostrophiinae","Genus":"Areostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Areostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1965b, p. 293","Type_species":"Orthis distorta BARRANDE, 1879, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, subrounded, parvicostellate by intercalation with fila in interspaces, ventral interarea commonly high, apsacline, dorsal interarea lacking, cardinal process lobes discrete, with myophore slits directed posteroventrally and united with strong inner socket ridges by divergent concave socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Silurian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian-Lower Devonian","Geography":"Czech Republic, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 489, 2a-e. *A. distorta (Barrande), Pragian, Bohemia, a, b, dorsal, ventral valve exteriors, x1.5, c, posterodorsal view of internal mold, x1.5, d, e, external, internal views of cardinalia, X3.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 489. areostrophiidae (p. 678-679).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-709.jpg?height=1445&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aesopomum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Areostrophiinae","Genus":"Aesopomum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aesopomum HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1965b, p. 293","Type_species":"Strophomena aesopea BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 92, fig. 4, pl. 133, fig. 2, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Areostrophia but subconical and irregular in shape with very high ventral interarea, dorsal interarea short, anacline, cardinal process lobes fused into single shaft, with myophore slits on posterior faces, ankylosed with divergent brachiophore bases and conspicuous, flanking socket ridges to form thick, concave socket plates (erismata), ventral muscle scar small, lightly impressed, without myophragm.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian","First_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 490a-e. *A. aesopeum (Barrande), Bohemia, a- c, posterior, ventral, dorsal views of internal molds, Pragian, x1.5, d, dorsal valve exterior, Pragian, X1.5, e, posterior view of cardinalia, Emsian, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 490. areostrophiidae (p. 678).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-710.jpg?height=1113&width=1271&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carinastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Areostrophiinae","Genus":"Carinastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carinastrophia GRATSIANOVA, 1975, p. 64","Type_species":"Areostrophia elinovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Xenizostrophia Su, 1976, p. 181 (type, X. spinosa)","Synonyms":"Xenizostrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Areostrophia but smaller, with fine costellae slightly spinose at intersections with concentric fila, inwardly thickened dental ridges, median node between bases of cardinal process lobes. The type species, Xenizostrophia Su from the Lower Devonian of Inner Mongolia, is indistinguishable from Carinastrophia except for the more variable profile of the shell that, in the type species of the former, varies from planoconvex to ventribiconvex.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Russia (Gorno-Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 489, 1 a-c .*C. elinovi (Gratsianova), upper Emsian, Gorno-Altai, southwestern Siberia, a, posterior view of ventral valve internal mold, X3, b, holotype, ventral valve internal mold, X2, c, dorsal valve internal mold, X3 (Gratsianova, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gratsianova, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 489. areostrophiidae (p. 678-679).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-709.jpg?height=1445&width=1286&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adectorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Adectorhynchinae","Genus":"Adectorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adectorhynchus Henry & GORDON, 1985, p. 36","Type_species":"Streptorhynchus suspectum GIRTY, 1929, p. 136, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, normally subconical with high ventral interarea, flat to slightly convex pseudodeltidium with monticulus and linear dorsal interarea with short, medianly notched chilidium, finely parvicostellate with concentric fila, cardinal process lobes long with myophore slits, fused proximally into single shaft, united with socket ridges into thick socket plates (erisma) extending laterally, ventral muscle scar ill defined, myophragm low, dorsal muscle scar impressed about low myophragm","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 491, 1a\u2013e. *A. suspectum (G IRTY ), upper Chesterian, Arkansas; a, posterodorsal view of shell, \u00d71; b\u2013d, ventral, posterior, lateral views of internal mold, \u00d7 1; e, paralectotype, posterior face of cardinal process, \u00d7 3 (Henry & Gordon, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 491. areostrophiidae (p. 680-681).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-711.jpg?height=1519&width=1289&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drahanostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Adectorhynchinae","Genus":"Drahanostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drahanostrophia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 202","Type_species":"D. ficner\u00ed, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subquadrate, strongly ventribiconvex, costellate by branching, ventral interarea apsacline to catacline with convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea linear with small chilidium either as single piece or pair of plates, cardinal process lobes small, bases ankylosed to widely divergent socket ridges extended laterally as small processes, ventral muscle scar indistinct, dorsal muscle scar broadly oval with low myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 491, 2a-c. *D. ficneri, Givetian, Moravia, a, dorsal valve interior, x3.5, b, ventral valve exterior, x2 . 8, c, dorsal valve exterior, x3 . 8 (Havli\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 491. areostrophiidae (p. 680-681).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-711.jpg?height=1519&width=1289&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Floweria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Adectorhynchinae","Genus":"Floweria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Floweria Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 53","Type_species":"Orthis prava Hall in Hall & WHITNEY, 1858, p. 490, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to unequally biconvex, subquadrate, finely costellate by intercalation, pseudodeltidium convex, discrete cardinal process lobes low, grooved, with median node at base, socket ridges recurved, muscle scars normally impressed, dorsal adductor scars usually divided by low myophragm. Upper Devonian: North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 492, 1a-e. * F. prava (HAll), Frasnian, Iowa, a, b, posterior, dorsal views of shell, X2 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982), c, d, exterior, interior views of dorsal valve, X1, e, posterior view of dorsal valve, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 492. areostrophiidae (p. 681).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-712.jpg?height=1251&width=1298&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Adectorhynchinae","Genus":"Guistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guistrophia Wang & RONG, 1986, p. 110","Type_species":"G. modesta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Floweria but resupinate, parvicostellate, with short, weakly developed socket ridges, muscle scars unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Guangxi, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 492, 2a\u2013d. *G. modesta, lower Emsian, southern Guangxi, paratype; a, dorsal view of shell, \u00d72.5; b, ventral view of shell, \u00d73; c, posterior view of shell, \u00d78; d, lateral view of shell, \u00d71.5 (Wang & Rong, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 492. areostrophiidae (p. 681).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-712.jpg?height=1251&width=1298&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthopleura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Adectorhynchinae","Genus":"Orthopleura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthopleura IMBRIE, 1959, p. 391","Type_species":"O. rhipis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, gently biconvex to planoconvex, costate to coarsely costellate with fine concentric fila, pseudodeltidium large, chilidium short, convex, perideltidium well developed, cardinal process lobes low, myophores directed posteriorly, socket ridges short, divergent, ventral muscle scar unknown, dorsal adductor scar lightly impressed about short myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 492, 4af. * O. rhipis, Traverse Group, Middle Devonian, Michigan, a-d, holotype, ventral valve exterior, lateral, interior, posterior views, X3, e, f, dorsal exterior, interior, x3 (Imbrie, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Imbrie, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 492. areostrophiidae (p. 681).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-712.jpg?height=1251&width=1298&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terazkia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Adectorhynchinae","Genus":"Terazkia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terazkia Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160TORCH, 1990, p. 94","Type_species":"Orthis expandens BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 68, case VIII","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, convexiconcave, coarsely costellate by branching and intercalation, with concentric fila, ventral interarea low, catacline, with open delthyrium, dorsal interarea linear, chilidium not established because of poor preservation, cardinal process lobes discrete, low, socket ridges short, divergent, extending laterally","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 492, 3a, b. *T. expandens (Barrande), Wenlock, Bohemia, dorsal valve, ventral valve exteriors, X2.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 492. areostrophiidae (p. 681).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-712.jpg?height=1251&width=1298&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triplesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Triplesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triplesia HALL, 1859b, p. 44","Type_species":"Atrypa extans Emmons, 1842, p. 395, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 270","Synonyms_with_authors":"Triplecia Hall & Clarke, 1892, obj., Dicraniscus Meek, 1872b, p. 279 (type, D. ortoni)","Synonyms":"Triplecia, Dicraniscus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly trilobate with pronounced dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, surface smooth, with only faint growth lines, cardinal process keeled, cowl present","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Geography":"widespread in North America, Eurasia, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 494, 1 a-e .* T. extans (Emmons), Caradoc, Trenton, New York, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views of complete shell, x1.5 (Wright, 1965b), Fig. 494, 1f, g. T. sp., Ashgill, Norway, anterolateral, posterodorsal views of silicified hinge regions, times_8 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nWright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 494. triplesiidae (p. 685-688).\nfig. 494. triplesiidae (p. 685-688).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-716.jpg?height=1866&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-716.jpg?height=1866&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphiplecia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Amphiplecia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphiplecia Wright & JANUSSON, 1993, p. 99","Type_species":"A. tardicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse shells twisted about midline, commissure sinusoidal, umbonally smooth, developing coarse ribs with fine growth lamellae, monticulus commonly developed, cardinal process grooved, lacking cowl. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill): Sweden, Norway, Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Sweden, Norway, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 494, 2a-e. *A. tardicostata, Ashgill, Sweden, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, X2 (Wright & Jaanusson, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright & Jaanusson, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 494. triplesiidae (p. 685-688).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-716.jpg?height=1866&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bicuspina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bicuspina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bicuspina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 18","Type_species":"Orthis cava BARRANDE, 1848, p. 209, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse shells with wide hinge, multicostellate, uniplicate, monticulate with long pedicle tube, low keeled cardinal process commonly cowled, brachiophores ponderous","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, Kazakhstan, China, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 495, 2a-c. *B. cava (Barrande), Caradoc, Harnagian, Bohemia, a, ventral valve internal mold, b, c, dorsal, posterior views of dorsal valve internal mold, x1.5 (Turek & Horn\u00fd, new)., \"\u2014\u2014Fig. 495, 2d. B. spiriferoides (M'Cor), Caradoc, Soudleyan, Wales, ventral valve internal mold, x1.3 (Wright, 1963a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 495. triplesiidae (p. 685).\nfig. 495. triplesiidae (p. 685).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-718.jpg?height=1625&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-718.jpg?height=1625&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachymimulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brachymimulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachymimulus COCKERELL, 1929, p. 105","Type_species":"*Mimulus perversus BARRANDE, 1879, p. 109, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth with strong ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, hinge moderately wide, outline transverse, monticulus absent","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 494, 4a-d. *B. perversus (Barrande), holotype, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, X3 (Turek & Horn\u00fd, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 494. triplesiidae (p. 685-688).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-716.jpg?height=1866&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caeroplecia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Caeroplecia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caeroplecia WILLIAMS, 1974, p. 121","Type_species":"C. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Oxoplecia but with concentric ornament of fila, not lamellae, delayed rib development and short pedicle tube, cardinalia small, delicate, cardinal process keeled","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"England, Wales, Northern Ireland, USA (Tennessee, Virginia, Alabama)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 495, 3a-c. *C. plicata, Caradoc, Soudleyan, England, a, cast of ventral exterior, X3, b, detail of ornament, x15, c, cast of dorsal interior, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 495. triplesiidae (p. 685).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-718.jpg?height=1625&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cliftonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cliftonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cliftonia FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 81","Type_species":"C. striata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly lamellose and costellate, subcircular, uniplicate shells, monticulate, but cowl lacking on keeled cardinal process, pedicle tube present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)-Silurian (Llandovery, ?Wenlock)","Geography":"Morocco, France, upper Caradoc, widespread North America, Eurasia, Argentina, Ashgill (Hirnantian), North America, Llandovery?Wenlock","Figure_captions":"Fig. 495, 1a. *C. striata, Telychian, Tennessee, posteroventral view of asymmetrical ventral internal mold, x2.5 (new), Fig. 495, 1b. C. tubulistriata (Savage), Ashgill, Missouri, dorsal valve exterior, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1936a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1936","figure_index":"fig. 495. triplesiidae (p. 685).\nfig. 495. triplesiidae (p. 685).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-718.jpg?height=1625&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-718.jpg?height=1625&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Craigella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Craigella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Craigella Reed, 1935, p. 354","Type_species":"Triplesia grayiae DAVIDSON, 1869, p. 198, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Epacroplecia Williams, 1962, obj., Nucleorhynchia Liang in Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983, p. 272 (type, N. hengtangensis)","Synonyms":"Epacroplecia, Nucleorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Trigonal form with narrow hinge, dorsal valve highly convex, trilobate, ventral valve shallow with geniculate median tongue, ornament capillate or smooth, cardinal process low keeled, brachiophores bladelike, bases subparallel. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill): Scotland, Mongolia, eastern China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Scotland, Mongolia, eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 496, 1a-e. * C. grayiae (Davidson), upper Caradoc, Scotland, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x2.5, d, dorsal valve exterior, x2.5, e, interior of dorsal valve, x2.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 496. triplesiidae (p. 685-689).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-719.jpg?height=1666&width=1275&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grammoplecia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Grammoplecia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grammoplecia Wright & JAANUSSON, 1993, p. 104","Type_species":"G. triplesioides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Trilobate to transverse shells, strongly uniplicate to sulciplicate, with capillate radial ornament, monticulus present or absent, keeled cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llandeilo), Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Sweden, Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, China, ?Scotland, ?USA (Alabama)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 495, 4a-f. *G. triplesioides, Ashgill, Sweden, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x2, f, detail of shell surface, x15 (Wright & Jaanusson, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright & Jaanusson, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 495. triplesiidae (p. 685).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-718.jpg?height=1625&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ogmoplecia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ogmoplecia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ogmoplecia Wright & JANUSSON, 1993, p. 94","Type_species":"Triplecia plicata WIMAN, 1907, p. 12, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Coarsely ribbed uniplicate triplesiid with pseudodeltidium typically smooth, without monticulus, cardinal process grooved, lacking cowl.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (?Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (?Caradoc, Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltic, British Isles, Belgium, Quebec, Siberia, ?British Columbia (Trenton), ?Caradoc","Figure_captions":"Fig. 496, 4a\u2013e. *O. plicata (Wiman), Ashgill, \u00d6land, a-c, lectotype, ventral, posterodorsal, anterior views, X 1 . 3, d, latex cast of cardinalia, X4, e, interarea of fragmentary ventral valve, X 8 (Wright & Jaanusson, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright & Jaanusson, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 496. triplesiidae (p. 685-689).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-719.jpg?height=1666&width=1275&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Onychoplecia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Onychoplecia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Onychoplecia COOPER, 1956, p. 529","Type_species":"O. brevirostris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells with tear-shaped outline, elongate beak, and narrow hinge, profile narrowly lenticular, uniplicate, smooth or rarely with costellae, monticulate, cowl on keeled cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?upper Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn, ?upper Ashgill)","Geography":"eastern North America, lower Llanvirn-lower Caradoc; ?England, ?China, ?upper Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 494, 5. *O. brevirostris, Tennessee, dorsal view of complete shell, x2.5 (Wright, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 494. triplesiidae (p. 685-688).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-716.jpg?height=1866&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Onychotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Onychotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Onychotreta Ulrich & COOPER, 1936a, p. 339","Type_species":"O. mesleri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Eilotreta Amsden, 1968, p. 36 (type, Rhynchotreta lenta Thomas, 1926), Lissotreta Amsden, 1968, p. 37 (type, Onychotreta plicata Ulrich & Cooper, 1936a)","Synonyms":"Eilotreta, Lissotreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline clawlike, with five fine, elevated, concentric growth lines, uniplicate. Monticulus may be lost anteriorly, pedicle tube not developed, cardinal process keeled, cowl lacking.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"USA (Arkansas, Oklahoma), Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 497, 4a,b. *O. calhouni, Caradoc, Ontario; holotype, dorsal, anterior views, \u00d71.5 (Wright, 1965b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 497, 4c. O. gouldi ULRICH & COOPER, Caradoc, Oklahoma; detail of ornament on dorsal valve, \u00d715 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 497. triplesiidae (p. 686-689).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-720.jpg?height=1438&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oxoplecia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oxoplecia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oxoplecia WILSON, 1913, p. 81","Type_species":"O. calhouni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"California Bassler, 1915, p. 1294","Synonyms":"California","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Roundedly elliptical to transverse shells, costellate with distinctive fine, elevated, concentric growth lines, uniplicate. Monticulus may be lost anteriorly, pedicle tube not developed, cardinal process keeled, cowl lacking.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirn-Caradoc, ?Ashgill), Silurian (?Wenlock)","Geography":"widespread North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 497, 4a,b. *O. calhouni, Caradoc, Ontario; holotype, dorsal, anterior views, \u00d71.5 (Wright, 1965b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 497, 4c. O. gouldi ULRICH & COOPER, Caradoc, Oklahoma; detail of ornament on dorsal valve, \u00d715 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 497. triplesiidae (p. 686-689).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-720.jpg?height=1438&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraonychoplecia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paraonychoplecia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraonychoplecia PERCIVAL, 1991, p. 133","Type_species":"P. inversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth triplesiid with ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, hinge narrow, outline roundedly subtriangular to elongate, developing long, pointed ventral beak, monticulus present, cardinal process keeled. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Wenlock): Australia, Quebec, British Isles, USA (Arkansas, Oklahoma).","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Australia, Quebec, British Isles, USA (Arkansas, Oklahoma)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 494, 3a-e.*P. inversa, Caradoc, New South Wales, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views of complete shell, X3, e, ventral valve interior and hinge region, X_12 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 494. triplesiidae (p. 685-688).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-716.jpg?height=1866&width=1280&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Placocliftonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Placocliftonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Placocliftonia Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160TORCH, 1990, p. 60","Type_species":"Spirifer colibri BARRANDE, 1848, p. 173, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, variably asymmetrical shells, commissure uniplicate or sinusoidal, ribbing accentuated by strong concentric lamellae. Short pedicle tube, but monticulus obsolete, cardinal process grooved, lacking cowl.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia, USA (Wisconsin), Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 497, 1a-d. *P. colibri (Barrande), Wenlock, Bohemia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, posterior, anterior views, x2.1, d, ventral valve exterior, X3.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990)., Fig. 497, 1e. P. contorta (Zhang), Wenlock, Arctic Canada, dorsal valve interior, x3.3 (Zhang, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990, \nZhang, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 497. triplesiidae (p. 686-689).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-720.jpg?height=1438&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Placotriplesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Placotriplesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Placotriplesia AMSDEN, 1968, p. 40","Type_species":"Triplesia praecipta Ulrich & COOPER, 1936a, p. 346, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth uniplicate shells resembling Triplesia but lacking monticulus and cowl on grooved cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"USA (Arkansas, Oklahoma, Tennessee), Bohemia, England, Estonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 496, 3a-d. * P. praecipta (Ulrich & Cooper), Wenlock, Arkansas, Oklahoma, a-c, ventral, anterior, lateral views of complete shell, x4 (Amsden, 1968), d, posterior view of shell showing ventral interarea, X (Amsden, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1968, \nAmsden, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 496. triplesiidae (p. 685-689).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-719.jpg?height=1666&width=1275&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plectotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectotreta Ulrich & COOPER, 1936a, p. 339","Type_species":"P. lindstroemi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subcircular, becoming transversely elliptical, lamellose with strong radial plications, monticulate, cardinal process grooved with small cowl.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (llower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Wenlock-lower Ludlow)","Geography":"northwestern Europe (Gotland, En)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 497,2a\u2013f. *P. lindstroemi, Wenlock; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views of complete shell, England, \u00d73.5 (Bassett, 1972); e, ventral valve, Gotland, \u00d7 4; f, damaged dorsal valve, Gotland, \u00d75 (Wright, 1993b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 497. triplesiidae (p. 686-689).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-720.jpg?height=1438&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Streptis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Streptis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Streptis DAVIDSON, 1881, p. 150","Type_species":"Terebratula grayii DAVIDSON, 1848, p. 331, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, commonly twisted shells, commissure uniplicate or sinusoidal, strong concentric lamellae, developing into frills, radial ribbing variable, monticulus present, cardinal process with cowl, keeled, becoming grooved by Wenlock.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Cautleyan)","First_Occurrence":"Cautleyan","Ending_age":"Silurian (Homerian)","Last_Occurrence":"Homerian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Cautleyan)-Silurian (Homerian)","Geography":"Europe, Kazakhstan, North America, Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 497, 3a-c. *S. grayii (Davidson), Wenlock, England, a-c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of complete shell, X3 (Wright, 1965b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 497, 3d. S. undifera (Schmidt), Ashgill, Estonia, dorsal valve with incomplete fourth frill, X3.3 (Hints, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nHints, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 497. triplesiidae (p. 686-689).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-720.jpg?height=1438&width=1273&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":81.4,"beginning_date":446.61,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Billingsella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Billingsellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Billingselloidea","Family":"Billingsellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Billingsella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Billingsella Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 230","Type_species":"Orthis pepina HALL, 1863c, p. 134, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex to planoconvex, multicostellate with variably developed cardinal extremities, apical pedicle foramen, convex chilidium, and orthocline to apsacline ventral interarea, dental plates divergent, ventral muscle field with long, divergent diductor scars usually deeply impressed on tonguelike callus extending anteriorly, subperipheral rim occasionally developed","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 498, 1a-f. B. perfecta Ulrich & Cooper, Upper Cambrian, a, ventral interior, Idaho-Wyoming border, X3, b, details of ventral interarea, Idaho-Wyoming border, X4, c, dorsal interior, Idaho-Wyoming border, X3, d, e, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, Idaho-Wyoming border, X2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), f, ventral interior, Wyoming, x2.5 (Cocks, new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 498, 1g. B. corrugata Ulrich & Cooper, Upper Cambrian, Oklahoma, dorsal interior, x2.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 498. billingsellidae (p. 692).\nfig. 498. billingsellidae (p. 692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-722.jpg?height=1381&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-722.jpg?height=1381&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymbithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Billingsellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Billingselloidea","Family":"Billingsellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cymbithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymbithyris COOPER, 1952b, p. 5","Type_species":"C. hami, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Billingsella but concavoconvex with a mucronate hinge line and lacking dental plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"central USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 499, 1a-c. *C. hami, Tremadoc, Oklahoma, ventral exterior, ventral interior, dorsal interior, x2 (Cooper, 1952b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 499. billingsellidae (p. 692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-723.jpg?height=1405&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eosotrematorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Billingsellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Billingselloidea","Family":"Billingsellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eosotrematorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eosotrematorthis WANG, 1955a, p. 93","Type_species":"E. sinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Billingsella but ramicostellate with an apsacline ventral interarea, recessive dental plates, rodlike socket ridges, a small subcordate ventral muscle field with a lanceolate adductor track not enclosed by larger subtriangular diductor scars, and a low median ridge in the ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 498, 2a-d. * E. sinensis, Arenig, southern China, a, ventral interior, X2, b, posterior view of ventral valve showing details of interarea, X4, c, dorsal interior, X3, d, dorsal exterior, x2 (Wang, 1955a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 498. billingsellidae (p. 692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-722.jpg?height=1381&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kozhuchinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Billingsellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Billingselloidea","Family":"Billingsellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kozhuchinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kozhuchinella SEVERINGA, 1967, p. 132","Type_species":"K. mariinica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Billingsella but more concavoconvex and unequally parvicostellate, the ventral muscle field is suboval with a broad undifferentiated adductor scar, the cardinal process is relatively strong, subperipheral rims are well developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Siberia (Kusnetz-Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 499, 2a-e. * K. mariinica, Tremadoc, Siberia, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, boldsymbolX 9, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X_10, e, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 499. billingsellidae (p. 692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-723.jpg?height=1405&width=1278&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saccogonum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Billingsellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Billingselloidea","Family":"Billingsellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Saccogonum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saccogonum HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 27","Type_species":"S. saccatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Billingsella but strongly dorsibiconvex with obtuse cardinal extremities, vestigial pedicle foramen and apsacline ventral interarea, lacking chilidium and dental plates, undifferentiated ventral muscle scar suboval with short posteromedian ridge, ventral gonocoels distended to occupy vascula media and vascula myaria.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 498, 4a-d. * S. saccatum, Upper Cambrian, Morocco, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X2, b, internal mold of ventral valve, times, c, posterior part of internal mold of ventral valve, x2, d, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 498. billingsellidae (p. 692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-722.jpg?height=1381&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Billingsellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Billingselloidea","Family":"Billingsellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xenorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 620","Type_species":"Strophomena stosei BASSLER, 1919, p. 250, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with acute cardinal extremities, subequally biconvex, uniplicate, ramicostellate, foramen vestigial, ventral interarea apsacline, dental plates vestigial, ventral muscle scar subcordate with wide adductor track gently elevated anteriorly, cardinal process simple, ridgelike, dorsal mantle canal digitate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"eastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 498, 3a-e. * X. stosei (Bassler), Upper Cambrian, Maryland, a, ventral interior, X3, b, dorsal interior, X4, c, d, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, boldsymbolX, e, ventral exterior, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938)","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 498. billingsellidae (p. 692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-722.jpg?height=1381&width=1284&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clitambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Clitambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clitambonites Pander, 1830, p. 70, Pronites adscendens PANDER, 1830, p. 71","Type_species":"Pronites adscendens Pander, 1830, p. 71, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 234","Synonyms_with_authors":"Klitambonites Pander, 1830, p. 70, nom. neg., Pronites Pander, 1830, p. 71, obj., Prionites Fischer de Waldheim, 1834, p. 288, invalid intentional spelling of previously published name, Orthisina d'Orbigny, 1847, p. 267, obj.","Synonyms":"Klitambonites, Pronites, Prionites, Orthisina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to ventribiconvex shells with apsacline to procline ventral interareas, coarse costellae, and strong, concentric imbrications.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Estonia, Russia, Norway, Sweden, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 502a-c. * C. adscendens (Pander), Llanvirn, Ingria, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, X2 (Williams, 1965c)., Fig. 502d, e. C. squamatus (Pahlen), Llandeilo, Estonia, d, ventral valve interior, X2\u00b2, e, interarea, X4 (Wright & Rubel, 1996)., Fig. 502f, g. C. schmidti (Pahlen) epigonus \u00d6pik, lower Caradoc, Estonia, f, dorsal valve interior, X1.5, g, ornament, X6 (\u00d6pik, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965, \nWright & Rubel, 1996, \n\u00d6pik, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 502. clitambonitidae (p. 696).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-728.jpg?height=1350&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apomatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apomatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apomatella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 245","Type_species":"Orthisina ingrica PAHLEN, 1877, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, subconical ventral valve with procline interarea and small deltidial plates, aditicules lacking, spondylium shorter than in Neumania. Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig, ?lower Llanvirn): Norway, Estonia, western Russia (Ingria).","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (?lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig, ?lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Norway, Estonia, western Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 503, 1a-e. *A. ingrica (Pahlen), Arenig, Ingria, a-c, exterior, interior, lateral views of ventral valve, X_mathbf4 (Wright, 1994b), d, e, exterior, interior views of dorsal valve, X4 (Rubel & Popov, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1994, \nRubel & Popov, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 503. clitambonitidae (p. 696-701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-729.jpg?height=1598&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atelelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Atelelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atelelasma COOPER, 1956, p. 517","Type_species":"A. perfectum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to ventribiconvex subquadrate to subcircular shells, ventral interarea apsacline to procline, laterally disposed deltidial plates only, costellae with aditicules","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilolower Caradoc)","Geography":"USA (Virginia, Tennessee, Oklahoma, Alabama, Wisconsin, ?New York, ?Vermont), Wales, Siberia, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 503, 3a-f. *A. perfectum, Llandeilo, Tennessee, a, b, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1, c, ventral valve exterior, X 1, d, e, ventral valve interior, ventral interarea, X2, f, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 503. clitambonitidae (p. 696-701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-729.jpg?height=1598&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clinambon":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Clinambon","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clinambon Schuchert & COOPER, 1932, p. 115","Type_species":"Anomites anomala SCHLOTHEIM, 1822, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Hemipyramidal ventral valve with strongly procline ventral interarea, dorsal valve with long interarea and very strong chilidium, finely costellate without strong imbrication, ventral adductors on markedly constricted anteromedian portion of spondylium","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Estonia, western Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 504, 1a-f. *C. anomalus anomalus (Schlotheim), Caradoc, Estonia, a-d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1.3, e, detail of deltidium with sealed foramen, X_6 (new), f, ventral valve interior, x1 (\u00d6pik, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"\u00d6pik, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 504. clitambonitidae (p. 697-702).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-730.jpg?height=1605&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fistulogonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fistulogonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fistulogonites NEUMAN, 1971, p. 116","Type_species":"F. novaterrensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, with pitted, even costellae, notothyrium open, sessile spondylium without median septum, cardinal process absent, pseudopunctate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Newfoundland, China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 505,3a\u2013d. *F. novaterrensis, Llanvirn, Newfoundland; a,b, holotype, external, internal molds of dorsal valve, \u00d7 4; c,d, internal mold, latex cast of ventral valve, \u00d7 4 (Neuman, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 505. clitambonitidae (p. 698-704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-731.jpg?height=1761&width=1290&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemipronites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hemipronites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemipronites PANDER, 1830, p. 74","Type_species":"H. tumida, SD DALL, 1877, p. 31","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ladogiella \u00d6pik, 1934, p. 93 (type, L. imbricata \u00d6pik, 1934, p. 93)","Synonyms":"Ladogiella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to anterior views of conjoined valves, known from the Ordovician (Llanvirn) period, found in Ingria, includes species such as H. imbricata","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Estonia, western Russia (Ingria), Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 503, 2d-f. H. imbricata (\u00d6pik), Llanvirn, Ingria, d, dorsal valve interior, X3 (\u00d6pik, 1934), e, f, ventral valve exterior, interior, x3 (Wright, 1994b).","Museum_or_author_information":"\u00d6pik, 1934, \nWright, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 503. clitambonitidae (p. 696-701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-729.jpg?height=1598&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ilmarinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ilmarinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ilmarinia \u00d6PIK, 1934, p. 125","Type_species":"Orthisina sinuata PAHLEN, 1877, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Clinambon but with ventral sulcus and dorsal fold, larger foramen, reduced dorsal interarea and chilidium, and spondylial constriction only weakly developed","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc-upper Ashgill)","Geography":"Estonia, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 505, 2a-d. * I. sinuata (PAHLEN), Ashgill, Estonia; ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 1.5 (Williams, 1965c).\u2014\u2014Fig. 505, 2e,f. I. dimorpha \u00d6PIK, upper Caradoc, Estonia; e, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1.5 (Wright & Rubel, 1996); f, ventral valve interior, \u00d71.5 (Wright, 1994b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 505. clitambonitidae (p. 698-704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-731.jpg?height=1761&width=1290&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iru":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Iru","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iru \u00d6PIK, 1934, p. 89","Type_species":"Orthisina concava PAHLEN, 1877, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Convexoconcave, strongly imbricate and filose, weakly developed deltidial cover, and chilidial plates only, spondylium sessile","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Estonia, western Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 506, 1a-c. * I. concava (Pahlen), lower Llanvirn, Estonia, a, b, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve exterior, x1 . 5,  c, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Williams, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 506. clitambonitidae (p. 701-704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-732.jpg?height=1912&width=1284&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lacunarites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lacunarites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lacunarites \u00d6PIK, 1934, p. 175","Type_species":"L. ilmatar, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex, combined concentric ridges and coarse, spaced costellae producing pits in intercostal spaces, spondylium sessile","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Estonia, western Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 504, 2a-d. * L. ilmatar, lower Llanvirn, Estonia, a, ventral valve exterior, X3, b-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, oblique lateral views, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 504. clitambonitidae (p. 697-702).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-730.jpg?height=1605&width=1280&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neumania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neumania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neumania Harper in Bruton & HARPER, 1981, p. 162","Type_species":"Atelelasma atlanticus NEUMAN, 1976, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Apomatella but with imbricated, transverse shells","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Newfoundland, Wales, Norway, Estonia, western Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 506, 2a-e. * N. atlanticus (Neuman), upper Arenig, Newfoundland, a, ventral valve internal mold, X3, b, c, ventral, posterior views of latex cast of ventral exterior, X3, d, latex cast of dorsal exterior, e, latex cast of dorsal interior, X3 (Neuman, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Neuman, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 506. clitambonitidae (p. 701-704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-732.jpg?height=1912&width=1284&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pahlenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pahlenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pahlenella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 245","Type_species":"Orthis trigonula von EICHWALD, 1840, p. 148, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly concavoconvex shells with close, branching coarse costellae, dorsal adductor muscles on elevated platform","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"western Russia (Ingria), Estonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 505, 1a-d. *P. trigonula (von Eichwald), lower Llanvirn, Ingria, a, b, ventral valve exterior, interior, X3, c, d, lectotype, dorsal valve exterior, interior, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 505. clitambonitidae (p. 698-704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-731.jpg?height=1761&width=1290&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vellamo":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Clitambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vellamo","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vellamo \u00d6PIK, 1930, p. 212","Type_species":"Orthis verneuili von EICHWALD, 1842, p. 51","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"High subpyramidal ventral and flat to gently convex dorsal valves without strong imbrications, commonly asymmetrical","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-upper Ashgill)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America, North Africa, Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 506, 3a-d. * V. verneuili (von Eichwald), Ashgill, Estonia, a, b, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined valves, x1.5, c, d, interiors of ventral, dorsal valves, x2 (Williams, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 506. clitambonitidae (p. 701-704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-732.jpg?height=1912&width=1284&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gonambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gonambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gonambonites PANDER, 1830, p. 77","Type_species":"G. latus, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929, p. 63","Synonyms_with_authors":"Progonambonites \u00d6pik, 1934, p. 138 (type, P. estonus)","Synonyms":"Progonambonites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Unequally biconvex to convexoconcave with medium-sized foramen, commonly sealed, differentiated costellae, dorsal adductor scars strongly impressed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Estonia, western Russia (Ingria), China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 507, 1a, b. *G. latus, Llanvirn, Ingria, a, b, dorsal valve exterior, interior, X3 (Rubel, 1963)., Fig. 507, 1 c-e. G. parallelus Pander, Llanvirn, Ingria, c, ventral valve exterior, X2, d, dorsal valve interior, X2.5 (Rubel, 1963), e, ventral valve interior, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rubel, 1963, \nRubel, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 507. gonambonitidae (p. 704).\nfig. 507. gonambonitidae (p. 704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-733.jpg?height=1480&width=1278&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=174)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-733.jpg?height=1480&width=1278&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anchigonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anchigonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anchigonites \u00d6PIK, 1939, p. 136","Type_species":"A. conulus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex to planoconvex, chilidial plates present","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig, ?lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Norway, Estonia, western Russia (Ingria), China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 507, 2a-c. *A. conulus, upper Arenig, Norway, a, ventral valve internal mold, x4 (\u00d6pik, 1939), b, anteriorly tilted view of latex cast of dorsal valve exterior, X4, c, latex cast of dorsal valve interior, x4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"\u00d6pik, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 507. gonambonitidae (p. 704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-733.jpg?height=1480&width=1278&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antigonambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Antigonambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antigonambonites \u00d6PIK, 1934, p. 147","Type_species":"Gonambonites plana PANDER, 1830, p. 78, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Convexoplane to resupinate, deltidium with minute, sealed foramen, costellae undifferentiated, spondylium triplex sessile","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Norway, Estonia, western Russia (Ingria), Poland, Newfoundland, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 508, 2a-e. *A. planus (Pander), Arenig, Ingria, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, x1.5 (new), c, posterior view of conjoined valves, X3, d, dorsal view of ventral interior, X1.5 (Wright & Rubel, 1996), e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright & Rubel, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 508. gonambonitidae (p. 704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-734.jpg?height=1484&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atelelasmoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Atelelasmoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atelelasmoidea ZENG, 1987, p. 225","Type_species":"A. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Micromorphic ventribiconvex shells, ventral interarea apsacline to procline with open delthyrium and notothyrium, cardinal process absent, similar to Oslogonites","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"central and southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 507, 3a, b. * A. typica, Arenig, Hubei, ventral valve, dorsal valve internal molds, X9 (Zeng, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 507. gonambonitidae (p. 704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-733.jpg?height=1480&width=1278&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Estlandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Estlandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Estlandia Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 245","Type_species":"Orthisina marginata PAHLEN, 1877, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex to convexoplane shells similar to Gonambonites but with distinctive tubulose costellae and stronger subperipheral rims","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (middle Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?lower Llanvirn, upper Llanvirn-middle Caradoc)","Geography":"Estonia, western Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 509, 1a-e. * E. marginata (Pahlen), Llandeilo, Estonia, a, ventral valve exterior, x2 (Williams, 1965c), b, ventral valve interior, x2 (\u00d6pik, 1934), c, dorsal valve interior, X3, d, dorsal valve exterior, X2, e, detail of ornament, x10 (Wright & Rubel, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965, \n\u00d6pik, 1934, \nWright & Rubel, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 509. gonambonitidae (p. 704-706).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-735.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":450.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jaanussonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Jaanussonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jaanussonites NEUMAN, 1976, p. 26","Type_species":"J. hornei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex to ventribiconvex, intercostal spaces with fine spines, costellae with aditicules, dorsal subperipheral rim bilobed with long median ridge","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"eastern North America (Newfoundland, Maine)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 508, 1a-e. *J. hornei, upper Arenig, Newfoundland, a, ventral valve internal mold, X2, b, posterior view of latex cast of ventral valve, x2, ~ c, d, dorsal valve internal mold, latex cast, x1.5, e, incomplete dorsal valve external mold, X4 (Neuman, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Neuman, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 508. gonambonitidae (p. 704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-734.jpg?height=1484&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kullervo":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kullervo","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kullervo \u00d6PI\u041a, 1932, p. 70","Type_species":"Gonambonites panderi \u00d6PIK, 1930, p. 234, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex with subpyramidal ventral valve, strong radial and concentric ornament producing reticulation, aditicules well developed, foramen commonly large, with high, irregular lip, hemisyrinx present, dorsal adductor scars strongly impressed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirnl)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirn-middle Ashgill)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 508, 3a, b. *K. panderi (\u00d6pi\u043a), Llandeilo-lower Caradoc, Estonia, a, dorsal valve interior, X3 (\u00d6pik, 1934), b, ventral valve exterior, X3 (Wright & Rubel, 1996);   Fig. 508, 3c. K. lacunata \u00d6PIK, lower Caradoc, Estonia, ventral valve interior, X3 (Wright & Rubel, 1996);   Fig. 508, 3d. K. complectens (Wiman), middle Ashgill, Sweden, ventral valve exterior showing exaggerated lip to foramen, x6 (Harper, new)","Museum_or_author_information":"\u00d6pik, 1934, \nWright & Rubel, 1996, \nWright & Rubel, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 508. gonambonitidae (p. 704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-734.jpg?height=1484&width=1290&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oslogonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oslogonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oslogonites \u00d6PIK, 1939, p. 133","Type_species":"O. costellatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to ventribiconvex, ventral interarea apsacline to catacline, delthyrium and notothyrium open, cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Norway, Estonia, ?England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 507, 4 a-c. *O. costellatus, upper Arenig, Norway, a, latex cast of ventral valve interior, X4 (new), b, c, casts of interior, exterior of dorsal valve, X4 (\u00d6pik, 1939).","Museum_or_author_information":"\u00d6pik, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 507. gonambonitidae (p. 704).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-733.jpg?height=1480&width=1278&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Raunites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clitambonitoidea","Family":"Gonambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Raunites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Raunites \u00d6PIK, 1939, p. 135, nom. nov. pro Rauna \u00d6pik, 1932, p. 70, non M\u00dcNSTER, 1839","Type_species":"Orthisina janischewskyi LESNIKOVA, 1924, p. 153, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resupinate shells with unequal costellae and well-developed ornamentation","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Estonia, western Russia (Ingria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 509, 2c. R. wolchowiana (\u00d6PIK), ventral valve exterior, x2 (\u00d6pik, 1934)., Fig. 509, 2d. R. venusta (\u00d6pik), Arenig, Ingria, detail of ornament, X5 (\u00d6pik, 1934). \u2014\u2014Fig. 509,2c. R. wolchowiana (\u00d6 PIK ); ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 2 (\u00d6pik, 1934).\u2014\u2014 Fig. 509, 2d. R. venusta (\u00d6PIK), Arenig, Ingria; detail of ornament, \u00d75 (\u00d6pik, 1934).\u2014\u2014 Fig. . 509, 2e,f. R. strophomenoides (\u00d6 PIK ), lower Llanvirn, Estonia; ventral, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"\u00d6pik, 1934, \n\u00d6pik, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 509. gonambonitidae (p. 704-706).\nfig. 509. gonambonitidae (p. 704-706).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-735.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-735.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Polytoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Polytoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Polytoechia Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 239","Type_species":"Hemipronites apicalis WHITFIELD, 1886, p. 300, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Deltatreta Ulrich in Butts, 1926, p. 100 (type, D. fillistriata Butts, 1926, SD Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, p. 108), Deltorthis Ulrich in Poulsen, 1927, p. 297, nom. nov. pro Waagenia Hall, 1889, p. 390, non von Kriechbaumer, 1874, obj.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Unequally biconvex, pseudospondylium with differentiated adductor scars, and with forwardly extending dental plates and median septum. Lower Ordovician (Arenig): USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Vermont), Greenland, China (Manchuria).","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Vermont), Greenland, China (Manchuria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 510, 2a, b. * P. apicalis (Whitfield), Arenig, Vermont, a, ventral valve exterior, X3, b, ventral valve interarea, X4 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 510. polytoechiidae (p. 707-708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-737.jpg?height=1679&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acanthotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthotoechia Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 244","Type_species":"A. hibernica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex, costellae bearing rows of fine spines peripherally, dorsal interior with subperipheral rim","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 510, 5a-d. *A. hibernica, Arenig, Ireland, a, b, holotype, exterior, interior of ventral valve, X4, c, interior of damaged dorsal valve, X_8, d, detail of ornament on fragment, x17 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams & Curry, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 510. polytoechiidae (p. 707-708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-737.jpg?height=1679&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Admixtella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Admixtella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Admixtella ROZMAN, 1978, p. 84","Type_species":"A. orientalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex, with narrow dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, delthyrium cover unknown, notothyrium open","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Tien Shan Mountains, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 510, 1a-c. * A. orientalis, lower Caradoc, Tien Shan Mountains, a, ornament on dorsal valve, partly exfoliated umbonally, revealing mold of cardinalia, X3, b, ventral valve internal mold, X3_3 c, dorsal valve internal mold, X3 (Rozman, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rozman, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 510. polytoechiidae (p. 707-708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-737.jpg?height=1679&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asymphylotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Asymphylotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asymphylotoechia ROSS, 1970, p. 60","Type_species":"A. nolani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, with dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, chilidium present, cardinal process swollen","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 510,3a\u2013g. *A. nolani, upper Llanvirn, Nevada; a\u2013c, exterior, anterior, interior views of ventral valve, \u00d73; d, ventral interarea, \u00d73; e, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d73; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73; g, detail of hinge viewed posteroventrally, \u00d75 (Ross, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 510. polytoechiidae (p. 707-708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-737.jpg?height=1679&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eremotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eremotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eremotoechia COOPER, 1956, p. 513","Type_species":"E. cloudi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, chilidial plates, prominent trilobed cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Llandeilo)","Geography":"USA (Tennessee, Alabama), Scotland, Kazakhstan, Argentina, southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 510, 4a\u2013d. *E. cloudi, Llandeilo, Tennessee; a,b, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d71; c, ventral valve interior, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 510. polytoechiidae (p. 707-708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-737.jpg?height=1679&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peritritoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Peritritoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peritritoechia Xu, Rong, & LIU, 1974, p. 151","Type_species":"P. imbricatia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Ventribiconvex shell with imbrications and very fine costellae of equal size, dorsal valve with chilidium and strong, trilobed cardinal process.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Llanvirn-lower Caradoc)","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 511, 2a-f. * P. imbricatia, lower Caradoc, Guizhou, southwestern China, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1.5, e, ventral valve interior, x1.5, f, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Xu, Rong, & Liu, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, Rong, & Liu, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 511. polytoechiidae (p. 708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-738.jpg?height=1720&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platytoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Platytoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platytoechia NEUMAN, 1964, p. E19","Type_species":"* P. boucoti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Convexoplane to convexoconcave, dorsal interior with strong cardinal process and subperipheral rim","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","Geography":"USA (Maine)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 512, 2a-c. * P. boucoti, upper Arenig, Maine, a, holotype, latex cast of ventral valve exterior, X2, b, c, latex casts of ventral, dorsal interiors, x2 (Neuman, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Neuman, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 512. polytoechiidae (p. 708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-739.jpg?height=1618&width=539&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=869)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pomatotrema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pomatotrema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pomatotrema Ulrich & Cooper in Schuchert & COOPER, 1932, p. 109","Type_species":"P. muralis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex, chilidial plates and prominent cardinal process, subperipheral rim in each valve","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA (Oklahoma, Vermont), Canada (Alberta, Quebec), Greenland, Ireland, China, Korea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 511, 4a-c. * P. murale, Arenig, Oklahoma, a, dorsal valve exterior, X, b, dorsal valve interior, x2, ventral valve interior, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 511. polytoechiidae (p. 708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-738.jpg?height=1720&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protambonites Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & JOSOPAIT, 1972, p. 348","Type_species":"Tritoechia kolihai HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1949a, p. 113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex to resupinate, notothyrium open, cardinal process weak","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia, Spain, China, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 511, 3a, b. *P. kolihai (HAVl\u00ed\u010cEK), Tremadoc, Bohemia, dorsal, posterior views of dorsal valve internal mold, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a), Fig. 511, 3c, d. P. soror (Barrande), Tremadoc, Bohemia, external, internal molds of ventral valves, X2.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 511. polytoechiidae (p. 708).\nfig. 511. polytoechiidae (p. 708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-738.jpg?height=1720&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-738.jpg?height=1720&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tritoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tritoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tritoechia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 624","Type_species":"Deltatreta typica Schuchert & COOPER, 1932, p. 206, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, with pronounced aditicules, prominent median ridge extending in front of ventral muscle field, chilidial plates present, cardinal process swollen.   [The so-called tubular spines that are diagnostic of Pinatotoechia (Benedetto, 2001, fig. 3B) are identical with the aditicules characterizing the type species of Tritoechia.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"widespread","Figure_captions":"Fig. 512, 1a-e. * T. typica (Schuchert & Cooper), Arenig, Oklahoma, a, ventral valve exterior, X1, b, dorsal valve exterior, X2, c, d, dorsal, anterodorsal views of ventral interior, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 512. polytoechiidae (p. 708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-739.jpg?height=1618&width=539&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=869)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protorthoidea","Family":"Protorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protorthis Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 231","Type_species":"Orthis billingsi Hartt in DAWSON, 1868, p. 644, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cardinal extremities variable, shells biconvex, rectimarginate, multicostellate, brachiophores subparallel with hinge line, dorsal median ridge absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 513, 1 a-e .* P. billingsi (Hartt), Middle Cambrian, New Brunswick, a, ventral exterior, x2, b, ventral interior, x2.7 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), c, dorsal interior, x2, d, ventral exterior, x2, e, tilted ventral exterior, X3 (Hall & Clarke, 1892).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nHall & Clarke, 1892","figure_index":"fig. 513. protorthidae (p. 710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-743.jpg?height=1348&width=1280&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protorthoidea","Family":"Protorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glyptoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptoria COOPER, 1976, p. 281","Type_species":"G. glypta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Protorthis but dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, with acute cardinal extremities, coarsely costate and imbricate, small teeth fitting lateral to brachiophore nubs","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Dead Sea region","Figure_captions":"Fig. 513, 2a-e. *G. glypta, Lower Cambrian, Dead Sea region, a, dorsal interior, X2, b, ventral interior, X2, c, ventral exterior, X2, d, e, lateral, anterior view of dorsal exterior, x1 (Cooper, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 513. protorthidae (p. 710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-743.jpg?height=1348&width=1280&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Israelaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protorthoidea","Family":"Protorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Israelaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Israelaria COOPER, 1976, p. 281","Type_species":"I. parnesi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glyptoria but ventribiconvex and with impersistent, irregularly developed costae","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Dead Sea region, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 513, 4a-d. * I. parnesi, Lower Cambrian, Dead Sea region, a, ventral interior, X 2, b, view of hinge area of dorsal valve, X2, c, dorsal interior, X3, d, ventral exterior, x2 (Cooper, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 513. protorthidae (p. 710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-743.jpg?height=1348&width=1280&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jamesella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protorthoidea","Family":"Protorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Jamesella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jamesella WALCOTT, 1905, p. 252","Type_species":"*Orthis perpasta \u0420\u041e\u041c\u0420\u0415\u0421\u041aJ, 1896, p. 515, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Israelaria but subquadrate with slightly mucronate cardinal extremities, uniplicate, coarsely costellate, with concentric lamellae","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Bohemia, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 513, 5a-e. * J. perpasta (\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043aJ), Middle Cambrian, Bohemia, a, b, normal, tilted views of rubber replica of ventral interior, \u00d71.7; c,d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d72.5; e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, \u00d71.6 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 513. protorthidae (p. 710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-743.jpg?height=1348&width=1280&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psiloria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protorthoidea","Family":"Protorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Psiloria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psiloria COOPER, 1976, p. 282","Type_species":"P. pauperata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glyptoria but with slightly mucronate cardinal extremities and smooth or faintly costellate exterior","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Dead Sea region","Figure_captions":"Fig. 513, 3a-c. * P. pauperata, Lower Cambrian, Dead Sea region, ventral interior, dorsal interior, ventral exterior, x2 (Cooper, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 513. protorthidae (p. 710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-743.jpg?height=1348&width=1280&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arctohedra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Arctohedridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Arctohedra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arctohedra COOPER, 1936, p. 210","Type_species":"A. minima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with acute cardinal extremities, ventribiconvex to planoconvex, coarsely costellate to ramicostellate, well-developed notothyrial platform, simple cardinal process, and straight, divergent brachiophores.    [The type species is illustrated in Williams and Harper, 2000, p. 712, fig. 514,1a\u2013d. Description and illustration of silicified material from northeastern New South Wales (Brock, 1998) has confirmed the presence of a cardinal process in this important genus; the diagnosis is emended accordingly and new illustrations provided. The new and more informative material from Australia provides more details of the cardinalia. Arctohedra is now regarded as more closely related to the clitambonitidines than the protorthides where it was provisionally placed, in the newly created Arctohedridae, by Williams and Harper (2000, p. 710). That provisional assignment was based on the assumption that the free spondylium of Arctohedra, a basic protorthide character, is systematically more important than the cardinalia, both of which were considered to be orthide (Williams & Harper , 2000, p. 710). A free spondylium, however, is now known to be characteristic of clitambonitidine juvenile shells Popov, Vinn, & Nikitina, 2001, p. 155). This discovery facilitates the transfer of the Arctohedridae (with Arctohedra but not Loperia Walcott; see p. 2682 herein) to the Clitambonitidina. The transfer greatly extends the stratigraphic range of the suborder.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"North America (Alaska), Australia (New South Wales), Central Asia (Turkestan, Tian Shan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 514, 1a\u2013d. *A. minima, Middle Cambrian, Alaska; a, dorsal exterior, \u00d710; b, ventral exterior, \u00d76; c, ventral interior, \u00d76; d, dorsal interior, \u00d710 (Cooper, 1936).;   --  Fig. 1784 a-e. A. austrina Brock, Murrawong Creek Formation, northeastern New South Wales, Australia, a-b, external and internal views of dorsal valve, AMF97369, \u00d7 40, c-e, external, internal, and internal oblique views of ventral valve, AMF97373, \u00d7 21 (Brock, 1998)","Museum_or_author_information":"Brock, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1784. arctohedridae (p. 2680-2681).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-410.jpg?height=770&width=1262&top_left_y=1390&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loperia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protorthoidea","Family":"Protorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Loperia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loperia WALCOTT, 1905, p. 287","Type_species":"Protorthis (Loperia) dougaldensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"The genus Loperia WALCOTT is poorly known and is provisionally transferred from the Arctohedridae to the Protorthidae, where it was originally assigned in the first edition of the Treatise (Moore, 1965).  It does, however, possess distinctive cardinalia and resupination that may form the basis for an alternative taxonomic placement when the genus is revised in modern terms.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"eastern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 514, 2a\u2013c. *L. dougaldensis (WALCOTT), Middle Cambrian, Cape Breton; a, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d72; b, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d72; c, fragment of valve exterior, \u00d7 2 (Walcott, 1912).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 514. arctohedridae and leioriidae (p. 710-712).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-744.jpg?height=1531&width=640&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leioria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protorthoidea","Family":"Leioriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leioria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leioria COOPER, 1976, p. 284","Type_species":"L. bentori, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, ornamented only by concentric banding and lines of growth","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Israel, Jordan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 514, 3a-c. * L. bentori, Lower Cambrian, Dead Sea region, a, b, interior, exterior of ventral valve, X2, c, dorsal interior, X 2 (Cooper, 1976), Fig. 514, 3d, e. L. elongata Cooper, Lower Cambrian, Dead Sea region, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2 (Cooper, 1976)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1976, \nCooper, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 514. arctohedridae and leioriidae (p. 710-712).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-744.jpg?height=1531&width=640&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Skenidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Skenidioidea","Family":"Skenidiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Skenidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Skenidium HALL, 1860a, p. 70","Type_species":"Orthis insignis Hall, 1859a, p. 173, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 241","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Coarsely costate to dichotomously costellate, ventral interarea usually procline, dorsal interarea vestigial, fulcral plates very wide, flat to concave, defining elongate sockets restricted to concave zones adjacent to hinge line, cardinal process ridgelike, apparently formed of upturned posteromedial edges of brachiophore plates, not continuous with dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian),","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian), Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 515, 1a-d. *S. insignis (Hall), Lochkovian, Albany, a, dorsal interior, x6, b, ventral interior, x6, c, posterior view of conjoined valves, boldsymbolX 6, d, dorsal exterior, x6 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 515. skenidiidae (p. 712-714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-745.jpg?height=1565&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crossiskenidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Skenidioidea","Family":"Skenidiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Crossiskenidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crossiskenidium Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 237","Type_species":"C. spinosum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, multicostellate, lamellose, lamellae fringed with flat spines especially on sides of shell, cardinal process vestigial, dorsal median partition more ridgelike, flanked by elongately oval adductor tracks with raised lateral boundaries","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 515, 6a-c. *C. spinosum, Arenig, western Ireland, a, dorsal interior, x14, b, ventral interior, X12, c, dorsal view of conjoined valves, X_13 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams & Curry, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 515. skenidiidae (p. 712-714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-745.jpg?height=1565&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protoskenidioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Skenidioidea","Family":"Skenidiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protoskenidioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protoskenidioides WILLIAMS, 1974, p. 83","Type_species":"P. revelata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Usually planoconvex, mucronate, sharply unisulcate, costate, dorsal interarea short, planar, cardinal process ridgelike, formed by coalescence of posteromedial edges of brachiophore plates during early stages of growth, dorsal adductor field bounded laterally by curved ridges, divided by median septum into 2 elongated oval impressions.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Great Britain, eastern China, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 515, 3a-d. *P. revelata, Arenig, Shelve, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X12.4, b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X9, c, internal mold of ventral interior, X_15, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x12.5 (Williams, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 515. skenidiidae (p. 712-714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-745.jpg?height=1565&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Replicoskenidioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Skenidioidea","Family":"Skenidiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Replicoskenidioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Replicoskenidioides POTTER, 1990b, p. 11","Type_species":"R. rodneygreggi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Skenidioides but ventribiconvex, ramicostellate, brachiophore plates parallel or divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 515, 4a-e. * R. rodneygreggi, Ashgill, western North America, a, dorsal interior, X_mathbf7, b, ventral interior, X_mathbf7, c, d, normal, anterior views of dorsal exterior, X_8, e, posterior view of ventral valve, X(Potter, 1990b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Potter, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 515. skenidiidae (p. 712-714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-745.jpg?height=1565&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Skenidioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Skenidioidea","Family":"Skenidiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Skenidioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Skenidioides Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 243","Type_species":"S. billingsi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Usually planoconvex, coarsely costellate, ventral interarea apsacline to catacline, cardinal process commonly differentiated into shaft and compressed myophore and continuous with median septum that bisects sporadically impressed, subequal quadripartite dorsal adductor scars","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 515, 2a-f. *S. billingsi, Caradoc, Quebec, a, b, normal, oblique views of dorsal interior, X4, c, d, lateral, ventral views of conjoined valves, X4, e, f, posterior, dorsal views of conjoined valves, x4 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 515. skenidiidae (p. 712-714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-745.jpg?height=1565&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tropidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Skenidioidea","Family":"Skenidiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tropidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tropidothyris COOPER, 1956, p. 507","Type_species":"T. pentagona, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal, ventribiconvex with a tonguelike anterior commissure of deeply sulcate dorsal valve, smooth to variably plicate, dorsal interarea vestigial, cardinal process long, platelike, strongly elevated and continuous with median septum, brachiophore plates subparallel, attaching to floor of valve on either side of median septum that divides elongately oval adductor field, with anterior pair of scars larger than posterior","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"eastern United States","Figure_captions":"Fig. 515, 5ae. * T. pentagona, Caradoc, Alabama, a, b, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, X5, c, d, normal, tilted views of ventral interior, X8, e, dorsal interior, X8 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 515. skenidiidae (p. 712-714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-745.jpg?height=1565&width=1275&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthis DALMAN, 1828, p. 93","Type_species":"O. callactis Dalman, 1828, p. 112, SD DAVIDSON, 1853, p. 101","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, planoconvex to weakly concavoconvex, rectimarginate, costate, and capillate, ventral muscle scar suboval, brachiophores widely divergent rods, ventral vascula media parallel proximally","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltoscandia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 523, 3a-g. *O. callactis Dalman, Arenig-Llanvirn, Sweden, a, dorsal exterior, x2.5, b, dorsal interior, x2, c-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, X2, f, ventral interior, X1, g, details of capillate ornament, times_10 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 523. orthidae (p. 724-725).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-757.jpg?height=1737&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diochthofera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diochthofera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diochthofera POTTER, 1990a, p. 58","Type_species":"D. conspicua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, strangulate with sulci in both valves, fascicostellate, ventral muscle field suboval, adductor track wide, elevated on medial region of callus extending forward as low ridge, cardinal process commonly bulbous, divergent brachiophores platelike, dorsal adductor field bounded laterally by strong ridges breached by channels for vascula media and myaria, posterior pair of scars larger, deeply impressed, dorsal median ridge sporadically culminating in low crest, dorsal mantle canal system pinnate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 523, 2a-f. * D. conspicua, Ashgill, western USA, a, b, ventral exterior, interior, X4, c, d, dorsal exterior, interior, X_5, e, f, dorsal exterior, interior, X4 (Potter, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Potter, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 523. orthidae (p. 724-725).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-757.jpg?height=1737&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthambonites PANDER, 1830, p. 80","Type_species":"Orthis calligramma Dalman, 1828, p. 114, SD Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993, p. 24-26, =Orthambonites rotunda Pander, 1830, p. 82","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthis but subcircular, ventribiconvex, strongly filate, less divergent brachiophores, and lacking ventral median ridge, pedicle callist preserved","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltoscandia, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 524, 1a-f. *O. calligramma (Dalman), ArenigLlanvirn, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, Russia, X, d, details of capillate ornament, Sweden, X_8, e, ventral interior, Sweden, X2, f, dorsal interior, Russia, x2 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 524. orthidae (p. 724-727).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-758.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthokopis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthokopis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthokopis BAARLI, 1995, p. 9","Type_species":"O. idunnae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, unisulcate, elongately semioval valves with costellate ornament, ventral muscle scar short, oval to subpentagonal and impressed on callus, dorsal interior with widely divergent bladelike brachiophores","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Norway (Oslo Region)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 523, 1a-f. *O. idunnae, Llandovery, Oslo Region, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d73; c,d, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, \u00d74; e,f, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined valves, \u00d73 (Baarli, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 523. orthidae (p. 724-725).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-757.jpg?height=1737&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthostrophella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthostrophella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthostrophella AMSDEN, 1968, p. 23","Type_species":"Orthostrophia dartae Schuchert & COOPER, 1932, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthostrophia but uniplicate with anteriorly sulcate adult ventral valve","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America (USA, eastern Canada), Bohemia, Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 524, 3a-e. *O. dartae (Schuchert & Cooper), Wenlock, Quebec, a, rubber replica of ventral interior, X3, b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X3, c-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, x1 (Amsden, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 524. orthidae (p. 724-727).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-758.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paralenorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paralenorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paralenorthis Havl\u00ed\u010dek & BRANISA, 1980, p. 15","Type_species":"P. immitatrix, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costate, capillate without fila, suboval ventral muscle scar lacking median ridge, brachiophores short, blunt, divergent. Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 525, 3a-e. * P. immitatrix, Arenig-Llanvirn, Bolivia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.3, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x4.5, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2.3, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X2.3, e, rubber replica of ventral exterior, x2.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Branisa, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Branisa, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 525. orthidae (p. 727).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-760.jpg?height=1295&width=1287&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sinorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinorthis WANG, 1955b, p. 327","Type_species":"S. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Yichangorthis Zeng, 1987, p. 214 (type, Y. elegans)","Synonyms":"Yichangorthis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ramicostellate, dental plates narrowly divergent, flanking elongate bilobed ventral muscle scar, brachiophores widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"southern China, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 524, 4a-g. *S. typica, Arenig, southern China, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, mathbfmathbf  X  _  3 , f, ventral interior, X3, ~ g, dorsal interior, X3 (Wang, 1955b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 524. orthidae (p. 724-727).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-758.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sivorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sivorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sivorthis Jaanusson & BASSETT, 1993, p. 45","Type_species":"S. filistera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costellate and capillate with strong fila, long ventral interarea, ventral muscle scar subcordate with shallow median groove, brachiophores short, quadripartite adductor scar with larger posterior pair, ventral vascula media parallel proximally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn), Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 525, 1a-g. *S. filistera, Caradoc, Sweden, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, X3, d, details of ornament, x8_mathbf8, e, ventral interior, X3, f, g, dorsal interior, exterior, X3 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 525. orthidae (p. 727).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-760.jpg?height=1295&width=1287&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcatorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sulcatorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcatorthis ZENG, 1987, p. 216","Type_species":"S. sulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, sharply unisulcate, coarsely costellate, dental plates not developed, muscle scars in both valves obscure. This genus is based on young individuals from the Arenig. On balance the specimens have the strongest affinities with immature orthid shells rather than those of others within the orthidines.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 525, 2a, b. *S. sulcata, Arenig, southern China, internal mold of ventral valve, internal mold of dorsal valve, x10 (Zeng, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 525. orthidae (p. 727).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-760.jpg?height=1295&width=1287&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulevorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sulevorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulevorthis Jaanusson & BASSETT, 1993, p. 37","Type_species":"Orthis lyckholmiensis WYSOG\u00d3RSKI, 1900, p. 231, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely semioval with variable cardinal extremities, costate with strong fila, short, flat interareas, cardinal process differentiated into shaft and crenulated crest, divergent brachiophores bladelike, sockets deep and rounded, delineated anterolaterally by raised ridges simulating fulcral plates, ventral vascula media divergent, dorsal mantle canal system apocapate, radially arranged exopunctae along sides of costae.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 526, 1a-e. * S. lyckholmiensis (Wysog\u00f3rski), Ashgill, Estonia, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, X3, d, details of ornament, X_12, e, ventral interior, X3 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 526, 1f. S. sp. cf. S. lyckholmiensis, Ashgill, Sweden, dorsal interior, X5 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993, \nJaanusson & Bassett, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 526. orthidae (p. 727-728).\nfig. 526. orthidae (p. 727-728).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-761.jpg?height=1302&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-761.jpg?height=1302&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taphrorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Taphrorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taphrorthis COOPER, 1956, p. 326","Type_species":"T. emarginata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ramicostellate with strong fila, ventral muscle scar subcordate with low median ridge, brachiophores short, rodlike, widely divergent, quadripartite adductor muscle scars with larger anterior pair, ventral vascula media apparently subparallel proximally","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Ireland, Estonia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 526, 2a-h. *T. emarginata, Caradoc, a, b, dorsal interior, ventral interior, Tennessee, x2, c-g, posterior, anterior, lateral, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, Alabama, X1, h, enlarged dorsal view of conjoined valves, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 526. orthidae (p. 727-728).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-761.jpg?height=1302&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trondorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trondorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trondorthis Neuman in Neuman & BRUTON, 1974, p. 77","Type_species":"Orthambonites bifurcatus COOPER, 1956, p. 297, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ocorthis M\u00e9lou, 1982, p. 25 (type, O. occitanensis)","Synonyms":"Ocorthis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Taphrorthis but elongately oval and without fila, ventral muscle scar suboval, without ventral median ridge","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, Baltoscandia, France, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 526, 3a-f. * T. bifurcatus (Cooper), Arenig-Llanvirn, Toquima Range, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views of conjoined valves, x1.5, e, dorsal interior, x1.5, f, ventral interior, x1.5 (Neuman & Bruton, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nNeuman & Bruton, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 526. orthidae (p. 727-728).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-761.jpg?height=1302&width=1290&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anomalorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Anomalorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anomalorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anomalorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 622","Type_species":"A. utahensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Unequally biconvex to convexoconcave, weakly uniplicate, multicostellate valves with long ventral interarea, delthyrium open with small apical plate, ventral interior with muscle scars impressed on raised callus, dorsal interior with simple ridgelike cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA (Utah, Nevada, Oklahoma, Vermont)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 527, 1a-e. *A. utahensis, ArenigLlanvirn, Utah, a-c, exterior together with normal and tilted views of ventral interior, \u00d7 2; d, dorsal interior, \u00d7 2; e, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 527. anomalorthidae (p. 729-731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-762.jpg?height=1807&width=1288&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alimbella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Anomalorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alimbella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alimbella ANDREEVA, 1960, p. 292","Type_species":"A. armata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth with some impersistent radial markings, teeth large, small rhomboidal depression anteromedianly of ventral muscle field with narrow adductor scars, brachiophores massive, encased in secondary shell defining rounded sockets, posterior pair of dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior pair.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 527, 2a-c. *A. armata, Tremadoc, Urals, a, ventral exterior,X1, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X1, c, dorsal interior, X3 (Andreeva, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreeva, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 527. anomalorthidae (p. 729-731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-762.jpg?height=1807&width=1288&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Astraborthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Anomalorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Astraborthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Astraborthis WILLIAMS, 1974, p. 68","Type_species":"A. uniplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular with coarse, angular costellae, ventral muscle field with relatively broad, medially divided adductor scars, bilobed anterior pair of dorsal adductor scars larger than posterior pair","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 527, 3a-c. *A. uniplicata, Arenig, Shelve, a, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X4, b, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, \u00d74.7; c, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d72.8 (Williams, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 527. anomalorthidae (p. 729-731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-762.jpg?height=1807&width=1288&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Medessia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Anomalorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Medessia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Medessia ANDREEVA, 1960, p. 295","Type_species":"*M. uralica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Alimbella but medium size, capillate, and with subequal dorsal adductor scars. Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc): Russia (Urals).","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 527, 5a-d. *M. uralica, Tremadoc, Urals, a, dorsal exterior, x1, b, ventral exterior, X 1, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x1 . 5, ~ d, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3 (Andreeva, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreeva, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 527. anomalorthidae (p. 729-731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-762.jpg?height=1807&width=1288&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mogoktella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Mesonomiinae","Genus":"Mogoktella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mogoktella ANDREEVA, 1968, p. 82","Type_species":"M. islendica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Parvicostellate, biconvexity strong, teeth weak, cardinal process a well-developed ridge on raised notothyrial platform, socket plates very rudimentary","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","First_Occurrence":"Franconian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","Last_Occurrence":"Franconian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","Geography":"northwestern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 626, 2a-d. *M. islendica, Chopko River, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Andreeva, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreeva, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 626. huenellidae (p. 934-935).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-053.jpg?height=1425&width=636&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Paibian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":73.3,"beginning_date":494.95,"ending_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":87.5,"ending_date":491.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bohemiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Bohemiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bohemiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bohemiella Schuchert & Cooper, 1931, p. 242, =Shiragia KOBAYASHI, 1935b, p. 70 (type, S. bilobia)","Type_species":"Orthis romingeri BARRANDE, 1879, p. 203, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Shiragia Kobayashi, 1935b, p. 70 (type, S. bilobia)","Synonyms":"Shiragia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex with variable cardinal extremities and multicostellate ornamentation, ventral adductor scar separated from flanking diductor scars by low, slightly divergent ridges, transverse teeth ridges with fine denticles, rounded sockets subtended by short, ridgelike brachiophores and passing laterally into denticulate ridges immediately below hinge line, larger anterior dorsal adductor scars separated from posterior pair by fine oblique ridges","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Bohemia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 528, 3a\u2013c. *B. romingeri (BAR RANDE ), Middle Cambrian, Bohemia; a, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 3.9; b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d75; c, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, \u00d72.8 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 528. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-764.jpg?height=1495&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chilidorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Bohemiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chilidorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chilidorthis Havl\u00ed\u010dek & JOSOPAIT, 1972, p. 342","Type_species":"C. tecta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, planoconvex with weakly developed multicostellae, teeth unknown, lacking dental plates, ventral muscle scar obscure but associated with divergent vascula media, ridgelike cardinal process and wide, low, dorsal muscle field, mantle canal system unknown. Doubtfully assigned to the Bohemiellidae, based on poorly preserved molds, but identified as a bohemiellid by its authors.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 529, 2ac. * C. tecta, Middle Cambrian, northern Spain, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.4, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2.7, c, external mold of dorsal valve, X3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Josopait, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Josopait, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 529. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-765.jpg?height=1240&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymbricia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Bohemiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cymbricia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymbricia Roberts & JELL, 1990, p. 272","Type_species":"C. spinicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, rectimarginate with variable cardinal extremities, multicostellate, cancellate, ventral interarea planar, dorsal one curved, ventral muscle field subcordate with adductor track inserted anteromedianly in heart-shaped pit and not enclosed by elongate diductor scars, cardinal process ridgelike, not always developed. Found in the Middle Cambrian of Australia (New South Wales).","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 528, 2a-f. *C. spinicostata, Middle Cambrian, New South Wales, a, ventral exterior, x1.5, b, c, interior, posterior views of ventral valve, X3, d, ventral interior, X3, e, dorsal interior, X_6, f, details of ornament, X3 (Roberts & Jell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts & Jell, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 528. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-764.jpg?height=1495&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diraphora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Bohemiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diraphora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diraphora BELL, 1941, p. 243","Type_species":"Eoorthis bellicostata WALCOTT, 1924, p. 505, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Wimanella but unisulcate with subdued multicostellae and filae","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"North America, Iran, Siberia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 528, 1a. *D. bellicostata (Walcott), Middle Cambrian, British Columbia, dorsal interior, X3 (Walcott, 1924)., Fig. 528, 1b-d. D. striata (Walcott), Middle Cambrian, Montana, b, dorsal exterior, X3, c, ventral exterior, X3, d, mold of ventral interior, X2 (Bell, 1941).","Museum_or_author_information":"Walcott, 1924, \nBell, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 528. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).\nfig. 528. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-764.jpg?height=1495&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-764.jpg?height=1495&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Murrinyinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Bohemiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Murrinyinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Murrinyinella KRUSE, 1990, p. 39","Type_species":"M. garradin, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Wimanella but transversely to elongately semioval, unisulcate in young growth stages, teeth apices placed more or less medially in transverse teeth ridges, ventral muscle scar unknown, cardinal process simple.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"northern Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 529, 1a-e. *M. garradin, Middle Cambrian, Northern Territory, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, X5, d, dorsal interior, X5, e, broken ventral interior, X5 (Kruse, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kruse, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 529. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-765.jpg?height=1240&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligomys":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Bohemiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oligomys","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligomys Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 243","Type_species":"Orthis exporrecta LINNARSSON, 1876, p. 12, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, variably planoconvex, costellate, capillate, small wide teeth with rudimentary dental plates, ventral adductor track linear, expanding anteriorly and extending beyond flanking diductor scars, simple cardinal process, short, widely divergent brachiophores","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 529, 3a, b. *O. exporrectus (Linnarsson), Middle Cambrian, Sweden, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.5, b, dorsal interior, x2.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 529. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-765.jpg?height=1240&width=1290&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wimanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Bohemiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wimanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wimanella WALCOTT, 1908, p. 98","Type_species":"W. simplex, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of brachiopods with a subquadrate shape and variable cardinal extremities, biconvex, unisulcate to rectimarginate, and smooth except for concentric growth lines and sporadic, low radial ridges. The internal margins are finely striate. Teeth apices are near the delthyrial boundary of transverse teeth ridges. The ventral diductor scars are elongate, separated posteriorly by a low median ridge that bifurcates anteriorly to contain a medial adductor scar. The cardinal process is absent or rudimentary. Found in the Lower Cambrian to Middle Cambrian of North America, Australia, Siberian Platform, and eastern China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian, Middle Cambrian","Geography":"North America, Australia, Siberian Platform, eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 528, 4a-d. *W. simplex, Middle Cambrian, Montana, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, b, ventral exterior, X3, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, X2 (Bell, 1941).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bell, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 528. bohemiellidae (p. 731-732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-764.jpg?height=1495&width=1286&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glyptorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptorthis FOERSTE, 1914, p. 257","Type_species":"Orthis insculpta HALL, 1847, p. 125, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Variable in size and in cardinal extremities, subequally biconvex, ramicostellate, strongly lamellose, ventral interarea of varying length, dorsal interarea short, curved, ventral muscle scars subcordate with adductors commonly raised on median callist extending forward as tongue of secondary shell, brachiophores divergent, rodlike","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn), middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Northern Hemisphere","Figure_captions":"Fig. 530, 1a-e. *G. insculpta (Hall), Ashgill, Ohio, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, x1.5, d, ventral interior, x1.5, e, dorsal interior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 530, 1f, g. G. pulchra, Ashgill, Iowa, ventral interior, dorsal interior, x2 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 530. glyptorthidae (p. 733-736).\nfig. 530. glyptorthidae (p. 733-736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-766.jpg?height=1462&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-766.jpg?height=1462&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cinerorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cinerorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cinerorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 167","Type_species":"C. cineraria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex to resupinate, uniplicate, coarsely costellate, delthyrium with convex deltidium commonly perforate apically, interareas short and flat, ventral muscle scar subpentagonal, impressed on callus, adductor track divided by median ridge, undifferentiated cardinal process thick, occupying much of notothyrial platform, divergent brachiophores bladelike","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 530, 3a-c. *C. cineraria, Wenlock, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2.8, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.7, c, rubber replica of ventral exterior, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 530. glyptorthidae (p. 733-736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-766.jpg?height=1462&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eridorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eridorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eridorthis FOERSTE, 1909b, p. 223","Type_species":"Plectorthis (Eridorthis) nicklesi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glyptorthis but uniplicate with dorsal median sulcus replaced by fold in adult shells, obtuse cardinal extremities, long curved ventral interarea and apsacline dorsal interarea, ventral muscle scar supported by callus, adductor track relatively narrow, expanding anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia, central Asia, North Africa, Australia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 530, 2a. *E. nicklesi (Foerste), Caradoc, Kentucky, ventral exterior, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), Fig. 530, 2b. E. rogerensis Foerste, Caradoc, Kentucky, dorsal exterior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 530. glyptorthidae (p. 733-736).\nfig. 530. glyptorthidae (p. 733-736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-766.jpg?height=1462&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-766.jpg?height=1462&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepidorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lepidorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepidorthis WANG, 1955b, p. 330","Type_species":"L. typicalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex with relatively narrow delthyrium and notothyrium, curved ventral interarea moderately long, ventral muscle scar suboval with median ridge, cardinal process absent, sockets defined later- ally by fulcral plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 531, 2a-f. *L. typicalis, Arenig, southern China, a-d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, x3.5, e, ventral interior, x3.5, f, dorsal interior, x3.5 (Wang, 1955b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 531. glyptorthidae (p. 735-736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-767.jpg?height=1328&width=1278&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lomatorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lomatorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lomatorthis Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 230","Type_species":"L. mimula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex with flattened or gently resupinate margins, rectimarginate, ramicostellate, interareas short, curved, teeth simple, deltidiodont, ventral muscle field elongate with broad adductor components impressed on elevated tonguelike platform, no apical callist seen, cardinal process absent, divergent brachiophores short, bladelike, quadripartite dorsal adductor scar with subequal parts, subperipheral rim developed in adult ventral valves.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 531, 3a\u2013c. *L. mimula, Arenig, western Ireland; a, ventral interior, \u00d72; b, dorsal interior, \u00d73; c, dorsal exterior, \u00d73 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 531. glyptorthidae (p. 735-736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-767.jpg?height=1328&width=1278&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schalidomorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schalidomorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schalidomorthis BASSETT, 1981, p. 650","Type_species":"S. stubblefieldi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Lepidorthis but costate and lacking concentric lamellae, interareas plane with wide delthyrium and notothyrium","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"southwestern England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 531, 1a-d. *S. stubblefieldi, Llanvirn, southwestern England, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X 2.5, d, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X 2.5 (Bassett, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 531. glyptorthidae (p. 735-736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-767.jpg?height=1328&width=1278&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spinorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinorthis WRIGHT, 1964, p. 184","Type_species":"S. geniculata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glyptorthis but with adult shell geniculate dorsally and lamellae prolonged into suberect spines along coarser costellae, cardinal extremities obtuse, dorsal interarea vestigial, ventral muscle scar without elevations of secondary shell, brachiophores widely divergent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland, Belgium, Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 530, 4ad. * S. geniculata, Ashgill, eastern Ireland, a, b, exterior, interior of ventral valve, x2.1, c, d, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x2.1 (Wright, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 530. glyptorthidae (p. 733-736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-766.jpg?height=1462&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperonomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperonomiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hesperonomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperonomia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 621","Type_species":"H. planidorsalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"An elongately semioval brachiopod genus with acute cardinal extremities and a concavoconvex shell. It has a short, flat apsacline ventral interarea and deltidiodont teeth with recessive dental plates. The ventral muscle field is subcordate with an undifferentiated adductor muscle track not enclosed by diductor scars. The notothyrial platform bears notothyrial ridges fused with a simple cardinal process and extends anteriorly as a median ridge, with rodlike divergent brachiophores. The dorsal adductor muscle scar is vaguely impressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"North America, Siberia, Great Britain, South America (Argentina), France, central Asia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 532, 1a-d. *H. planidorsalis, Tremadoc, Alberta; a, ventral interior, \u00d72; b, dorsal interior, \u00d72; c, details of cardinalia, \u00d74; d, dorsal exterior, \u00d72 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 532. hesperonomiidae (p. 736-737).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-769.jpg?height=1113&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperonomiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperonomiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hesperonomiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperonomiella Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 622","Type_species":"Protorthis porcias WALCOTT, 1924, p. 504, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Engenella Andreeva, 1987, p. 36 (type, E. sibirica)","Synonyms":"Engenella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, narrowly biconvex, teeth with crural fossettes supported by recessive dental plates, ventral muscle field suboval with a broad adductor track as long as diductor scars, notothyrial platform with simple cardinal process, divergent brachiophores rodlike, quadripartite dorsal adductor scar impressed on either side of low median ridge with posterior pair larger than anterior pair, mantle canal systems impressed, ventral saccate with divergent vascula media, dorsal digitate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"North America, Wales, Ireland, Bohemia, Afghanistan, central Asia, Australia (Tasmania), China, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 532, 2a-d. *H. porcias (Walcott), Tremadoc, Alberta, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, c, internal mold, replica of dorsal valve, X2, replica of ventral exterior, X2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 532. hesperonomiidae (p. 736-737).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-769.jpg?height=1113&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperonomiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Monorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monorthis BATES, 1968, p. 144","Type_species":"M. typis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with acute cardinal extremities, narrowly biconvex, catacline ventral interarea, short, curved, teeth unknown, dental plates recessive, ventral muscle scar unknown, notothyrial platform with simple cardinal process and extending anteriorly as low median ridge, divergent brachiophores bladelike, defining elongate sockets, dorsal adductor muscle scar unknown. Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn): Wales, Argentina.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Wales, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 532, 3a-d. *M. typis, Llanvirn, northern Wales, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x3.4, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x3 . 2, ~ d, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X3.2 (Bates, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bates, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 532. hesperonomiidae (p. 736-737).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-769.jpg?height=1113&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Murjukiana":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperonomiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Murjukiana","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Murjukiana SEVERGINA, 1967, p. 134","Type_species":"M. ilovata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hesperonomia but with suboval ventral muscle field having broadly triangular adductor track together with simple, bulbous cardinal process and well-developed dorsal subperipheral rim","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Siberia (Kuznetz Altai, Altai-Sayan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 533, 2a-d. *M. ilovata, Llanvirn, Kuznetz Altai, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x2.25, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x2.25 (Cocks & Rong, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks & Rong, 1989","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protohesperonomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperonomiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protohesperonomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protohesperonomia Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 218","Type_species":"P. resupinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with acute cardinal extremities, concavoconvex to weakly resupinate, rectimarginate, ventral interarea catacline, simple deltidiodont teeth with divergent dental plates, ventral muscle field strongly bilobed presumably with short adductor field limited to median, tapering ridge, notothyrial platform poorly developed but extending anteriorly as low median ridge, cardinal process absent, divergent brachiophores bladelike, defining elongate sockets","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Ireland, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 532, 4a-d. *P. resupinata, Arenig, western Ireland, a, ventral interior, x6, b, dorsal interior, X5, c, ventral exterior, X5, d, ventral interior, x6 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams & Curry, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 532. hesperonomiidae (p. 736-737).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-769.jpg?height=1113&width=1288&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Treioria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperonomiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Treioria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Treioria Neuman & BATES, 1978, p. 584","Type_species":"T. chaulioda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with acute cardinal extremities, narrowly concavoconvex becoming gently resupinate rectimarginate, ventral interarea catacline, large teeth with short, divergent dental plates, ventral muscle field widely subtriangular with slightly elevated, broad, triangular adductor track, notothyrial platform wide with simple cardinal process, not extending anteromedianly, widely divergent, short brachiophores bladelike. Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn): Wales, Ireland.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Wales, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 533, 1a-d. *T. chaulioda, Llanvirn, northern Wales, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X2, c, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X2, d, external mold of ventral valve, x2 (Neuman & Bates, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nNeuman & Bates, 1978","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hesperorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperorthis Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 244","Type_species":"Orthis tricenaria CONRAD, 1843, p. 333, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongately semioval with variable cardinal extremities, planoconvex, rectimarginate, costate, capillate, delthyrium with apical plate, notothyrium with antigydium, interareas relatively long and flat, posterior pair of dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn), middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn), middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 534, 1 a-f .*H. tricenaria (Conrad), Caradoc, eastern USA, a, ventral interior, X2, b, dorsal interior, X2, c-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, x1 . 5, ~ f, detail of ventral interarea, x1 . 5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 534. hesperorthidae (p. 738-740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-770.jpg?height=1166&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barbarorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Barbarorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barbarorthis \u00d6PIK, 1934, p. 183","Type_species":"B. foraminifera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hesperorthis but coarsely costellate, without surface capillae, delthyrium partly closed by delthyrial plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltoscandia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 534, 2a-d. * B. foraminifera, Ashgill, Estonia, a, dorsal interior, x4 . 5, ~ b-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior views of conjoined valves, x5 (\u00d6pik, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"\u00d6pik, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 534. hesperorthidae (p. 738-740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-770.jpg?height=1166&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boreadorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Boreadorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boreadorthis \u00d6PIK, 1934, p. 184","Type_species":"B. crassa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hesperorthis but with a strongly and uniformly convex brachial valve","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltoscandia, central Asia, Siberia, Ukraine, Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 534, 3a-d. *B. crassa, Ashgill, Estonia, a, dorsal interior, x2, b, ventral interior, \u00d7 2; c,d, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d75 (\u00d6pik, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 534. hesperorthidae (p. 738-740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-770.jpg?height=1166&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dolerorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dolerorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dolerorthis Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 244","Type_species":"Orthis interplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Altaeorthis Severgina, 1967, p. 124 (type, A. uskutchevi), Munhella Neuman, 1971, p. 117 (type, M. cummingi)","Synonyms":"Altaeorthis, Munhella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, cardinal extremities variable, biconvex to convexoconcave, uniplicate, coarsely costellate without capillae, delthyrium and notothyrium wide, interareas relatively long, curved, ventral muscle scar with median ridge, pedicle callist not developed, posterior pair of dorsal adductor scars lying posterolaterally of anterior pair and separated by strong, divergent vascula myaria, dorsal mantle canal system apocapate. Upper Ordovician (Arenig)-Lower Devonian (Emsian): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Arenig)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 535, 1a. *D. interplicata (Schuchert & Cooper), Wenlock, Indiana, dorsal interior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 535, 1b, c. D. flabellites (Foerste), Wenlock, Indiana, b, ventral interior, x1.5, c, dorsal interior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 535, 1d-g. D. rustica (J. de C. Sowerby), d-f, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, Wenlock, Sweden, X 1.5, g, dorsal interior, Wenlock, England, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 535, 1 h-k. D. rigida (Davidson), Wenlock, Shropshire, h, dorsal interior, x1.5, i-k, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, x1 (Bassett, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nBassett, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 535. hesperorthidae (p. 740).\nfig. 535. hesperorthidae (p. 740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-773.jpg?height=1847&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-773.jpg?height=1847&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Flabellitesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Flabellitesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Flabellitesia ZHANG, 1989a, p. 56","Type_species":"Hesperorthis kessei Boucot, Johnson, & ZHANG, 1988, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hesperorthis but dorsibiconvex to resupinate, shallowly unisulcate, sporadically developed capillae, delthyrium open, dorsal interarea narrow","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 535, 4a-d. *F. kessei (Boucot, Johnson, & Zhang), Wenlock, Baillie Hamilton Island, a, b, interior, exterior of ventral valve, x2, c, d, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x2 (Zhang, 1989a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 535. hesperorthidae (p. 740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-773.jpg?height=1847&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lordorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lordorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lordorthis ROSS, 1959, p. 446","Type_species":"L. variabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hesperorthis but resupinate and coarsely costellate (capillae not reported)","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 535, 2af. * L. variabilis, Ashgill, Lemhi Range, a-d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1, e, ventral interior, X1, f, dorsal interior, X1 (Ross, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ross, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 535. hesperorthidae (p. 740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-773.jpg?height=1847&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paradolerorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paradolerorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paradolerorthis ZENG, 1987, p. 218","Type_species":"D. (P.) calla, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Dolerorthis but more subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, biconvex, ramicostellate, delthyrial opening relatively narrow in shorter ventral interarea, notothyrial platform better developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 535, 3a-c. *P. calla, Llanvirn, southern China, ventral interior, ventral exterior, internal mold of dorsal valve, x3 (Zeng, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 535. hesperorthidae (p. 740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-773.jpg?height=1847&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptychopleurella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ptychopleurella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptychopleurella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 244","Type_species":"Orthis bouchardi DAVIDSON, 1847, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely semioval with obtuse cardinal extremities, biconvex with subpyramidal ventral valve, strangulate, rectimarginate to gently unisulcate, coarsely costellate without capillae, lamellose, delthyrium and notothyrium narrowly divergent, open, dorsal interarea short, curved, orthocline, ventral muscle scar suboval to subpentagonal with adductor component usually impressed on flat ridge, pedicle callist unknown, rudimentary notothyrial platform with cardinal process, rarely absent, usually thick in maturity, anterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than posterior","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 534, 4a-f. * P. bouchardi (Davidson), Wenlock, Welsh Borderlands, a, ventral interior, X3, b, dorsal interior, X3, c, d, dorsal interior, exterior, X3, e, f, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, x3 (Bassett, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 534. hesperorthidae (p. 738-740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-770.jpg?height=1166&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizonema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizonema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizonema FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 76","Type_species":"Hebertella (Schizonema) fissistriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Schizoramma Foerste, 1912, p. 139 (type H. (Schizonema) fissistriata)","Synonyms":"Schizoramma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Dolerorthis but with obtuse cardinal extremities, subequally biconvex to slightly dorsibiconvex with shallow, impersistent dorsal sulcus, fascicostellate, well-developed pedicle callist, low notothyrial ridges flanking simple cardinal process","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 534, 5a-d. * S. fissistriata (Foerste), Wenlock, Indiana, a, ventral interior,X1, b, dorsal interior,X1, c, details of cardinalia, X3, d, dorsal exterior, X1 (Bassett, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 534. hesperorthidae (p. 738-740).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-770.jpg?height=1166&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lycophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Lycophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lycophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lycophoria LAHUSEN, 1886, p. 221","Type_species":"Atrypa nucella DALMAN, 1828, p. 130, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large in size, variably uniplicate at anterior margin.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltoscandia, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 536a-g. * L. nucella (Dalman), Arenig, Estonia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, b, dorsal interior, X_2.5,  c-g, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral, posterior views of conjoined valves, X2.5 (Rubel, 1961a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rubel, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 536. lycophoriidae (p. 742).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-774.jpg?height=1598&width=627&top_left_y=159&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nanorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nanorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nanorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 621","Type_species":"Orthis hamburgensis WALCOTT, 1884, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Evenkinorthis Yadrenkina, 1977, p. 27 (type, E. dualis, OD)","Synonyms":"Evenkinorthis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular with obtuse cardinal extremities, ramicostellae with sharp crests, apparently indented by aditicules; short, bladelike brachiophores with convergent supporting plates and fulcral plates, notothyrial platform rudimentary, lacking cardinal process.    [Evenkinorthis has been erected for inadequately described and illustrated specimens from the Lower Ordovician of Siberia. With regard to such features as are unambiguously determinable, the genus is indistinguishable from Nanorthis. The reasons for amending the diagnosis of Nanorthis and transferring the genus from the Orthoidea (see Williams & Harper, 2000, p. 742) to the Plectorthoidea are given herein, p. 2684\u20132687.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1791, 2a-h, N. hamburgensis (Walcott), western USA, a, dorsal exterior, \u00d74.5, b, ventral exterior, \u00d74.5, c, dorsal interior, \u00d76, d, ventral interior, \u00d76 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), e-f, topotypes, ventral exterior with detail showing siliceous nodules on costellae, interpreted as aditicules, \u00d712, \u00d735, g-h, topotypes, ventral and tilted views of dorsal cardinalia, \u00d727, \u00d724 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 1791. plectorthidae (p. 2690-2691).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-421.jpg?height=770&width=1289&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Archaeorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Archaeorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Archaeorthis Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 243","Type_species":"Orthis electra BILLINGS, 1865 in 1861-1865, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular with obtuse cardinal extremities, multicostellate, elongately oval ventral muscle scar impressed on callosity prolonged forward of scar as wide, median ridge, cardinal process absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"North America, Europe, South America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 537, 2a. *A. electra (Billings), Tremadoc, Quebec, dorsal interior, x4 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 537, 2b-d. A. biconvexa, Tremadoc, Oklahoma, b, dorsal interior, X3, c, ventral interior, X3, d, ventral interior, X3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).\nfig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtonotella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyrtonotella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtonotella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 243","Type_species":"Orthis semicircularis von EICHWALD, 1829, p. 276, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transversely semioval with acute cardinal extremities, plano- to concavoconvex, rectimarginate, coarsely costellate and filate, ventral interarea anacline, divergent dental plates, short, divergent, bladelike brachiophores.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Northern Hemisphere","Figure_captions":"Fig. 537, 4a-c. * C. semicircularis (von Eichwald), middle Ordovician, Russia, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, X5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 537, 4d, e. C. kukersiana (Wysog\u00f3rski), middle Ordovician, Russia, d, dorsal interior, x2.25, e, internal mold of ventral valve, x1 (Sarytcheva, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nSarytcheva, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).\nfig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diplonorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diplonorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diplonorthis MITCHELL, 1977, p. 30","Type_species":"D. portlocki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, coarsely costellate, ventral muscle field short, subtriangular with broad adductor tract, well-developed pedicle callist, widely divergent brachiophores, cardinal process consisting of shaft and bilobed crest.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland, Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 537, 5a-d. *D. portlocki, Ashgill, northern Ireland, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, x3 . 6,  c, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X_6, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X_9 (Mitchell, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mitchell, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nicoloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nicoloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nicoloidea ZENG, 1987, p. 215","Type_species":"N. mina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cyrtonotella but small with recessive dental plates and lacking cardinal process and dorsal median ridge","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 538, 2a, b. * N. mina, Tremadoc, southern China, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X9, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X9 (Zeng, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 538. nanorthidae (p. 744-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-776.jpg?height=1033&width=1277&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nothorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Ranorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nothorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nothorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1938, p. 106","Type_species":"N. delicatula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Altorthis Andreeva, 1960, p. 288 (type, A. kinderlensis)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with obtuse cardinal extremities, ramicostellate, suboval ventral muscle scar impressed on callosity, short, rodlike, divergent brachiophores, notothyrial platform rudimentary, cardinal process absent or rudimentary","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llanvirn)","Geography":"eastern North America, Baltic, Siberia, Scotland, Bohemia, eastern China, central Asia (Altai Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 563, 3a-e. *N. delicatula, Tremadoc, Quebec, a, b, interior, exterior of ventral valve, X3, c, dorsal interior, x4 . 5, ~ d , e , ~ i n t e r i o r , ~ e x t e r i o r ~ o f ~ d o r - ~ sal valve, X3 (Cooper, 1956). Note added in proof: with fulcral plates, see Fig. 563, 3c.","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 563. ranorthidae (p. 777-778).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-810.jpg?height=1115&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleurorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pleurorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleurorthis COOPER, 1956, p. 329","Type_species":"P. fascicostellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ambardella Andreeva, 1987, p. 37 (type, A. anabarensis)\"","Synonyms":"Ambardella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subquadrate with variable cardinal extremities, dorsibiconvex with dorsal posteromedian sulcus passing into fold in adult shell, fascicostellate, weakly developed, platelike, notothyrial platform and cardinal process with short median ridge, divergent, short, bladelike brachiophores","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"eastern North America, Siberia, South America (Argentina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 538, 1a-d. *P. fascicostellata, Tremadoc, Quebec, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2, , internal mold of ventral valve, X2, c, replica of ventral exterior, X1, d, dorsal exterior, X1 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 538. nanorthidae (p. 744-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-776.jpg?height=1033&width=1277&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Riograndella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Riograndella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Riograndella KOBAYASHI, 1937, p. 422","Type_species":"R. subcircus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A typical nanorthin but multicostellate and with shallow, weakly developed notothyrial platform","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 537, 3a-c. *R. subcircus, Tremadoc, Bolivia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.5, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, c, ventral exterior, x1.5 (Kobayashi, 1937).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kobayashi, 1937","figure_index":"fig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shoshonorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Shoshonorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shoshonorthis Jaanusson & BASSETT, 1993, p. 51","Type_species":"Orthis michaelis CLARK, 1935, p. 242, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, rectimarginate, costate and capillate, relatively long, subparallel dental plates flanking elongate, bilobed ventral muscle scar, brachiophores divergent, rodlike, dorsal adductor scars with posterior pair larger than anterior pair","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, China, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 537, 6a-d. *S. michaelis (Clark), Llanvirn, Utah, a, dorsal interior, X1, b, dorsal interior, x1 (Clark, 1935), c, rubber replica of ventral interior, X2, d, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X2 (Ross, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Clark, 1935, \nRoss, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 537. nanorthidae (p. 742-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-775.jpg?height=1623&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinanorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Nanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xinanorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinanorthis Xu, Rong, & LIU, 1974, p. 145","Type_species":"X. striata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Archaeorthis but lacking wide median ridge extending anteriorly of ventral muscle scar and with low, ridgelike cardinal process on relatively well-developed notothyrial platform, bilobed anterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scar larger than posterior pair, fila not reported.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 538, 3a-c. *X. striata, Arenig, China, a, internal molds of ventral valve (center) together with internal molds of dorsal valves (top), X1, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, X1 (Rong, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 538. nanorthidae (p. 744-745).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-776.jpg?height=1033&width=1277&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthidiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthidiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthidiella Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 621","Type_species":"O. longwelli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, sharply unisulcate, ramicostellate with delthyrial apical plate, ventral muscle scar bilobed with elongate diductor and wide adductor impressions, brachiophore rods divergent. Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn): North America, Estonia, Siberia, South America (Argentina).","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, Estonia, Siberia, South America (Argentina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 539, 1a-e. *O. longwelli, Llanvirn, Nevada, a, ventral interior, X2, b, dorsal interior, X4, c, details of cardinalia, x12, d, e, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, X4 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 539. orthidiellidae (p. 745-746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-778.jpg?height=1339&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eostrophomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eostrophomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eostrophomena WALCOTT, 1905, p. 256","Type_species":"Strophomena (Eostrophomena) elegantula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with acute cardinal extremities, concavoconvex, parvicostellate and imbricate, delthyrium open, notothyrium partly closed by chilidium, ventral muscle scar subcordate, brachiophore rods widely divergent, subperipheral rims present in both valves. The assignment of this genus to the Orthidiellidae rests mainly on cardinal process ankylosed to high notothyrial ridges, open delthyrium, and allegedly impunctate shell. Other features are plectambonitoid and even the cardinal process could be interpreted as being trilobed by association with chilidial plates dependent on whether they arise lateral to the posteromedian ends of the brachiophores.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Sweden, eastern Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 539, 2a-c. * E. elegantula (Walcott), Tremadoc, V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, a, dorsal interior, x2, bentral interior, x2, c, partly exfoliated ventral exterior, x2 (Williams, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 539. orthidiellidae (p. 745-746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-778.jpg?height=1339&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthidium Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 244","Type_species":"Orthis gemmicula BILLINGS, 1862 in 1861-1865, p. 75, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Orthidiella but more strongly ventribiconvex, with variable cardinal extremities and a long, curved ventral interarea, strongly imbricate","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, western Ireland, Scotland, northwestern China, South America (Argentina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 539, 5a-d. *O. gemmicula (Billings), Tremadoc, Quebec, a, ventral interior, x6, b, dorsal interior, X_6, c, dorsal exterior, X4, d, ventral exterior, X4 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938)., Fig. 539, 5e-g. O. bellullum, Llanvirn, Nevada, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, x4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 539. orthidiellidae (p. 745-746).\nfig. 539. orthidiellidae (p. 745-746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-778.jpg?height=1339&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-778.jpg?height=1339&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trematorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trematorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trematorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1938, p. 112","Type_species":"T. masoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with variable cardinal extremities, ramicostellate, delthyrium partly covered by deltidium with apical foramen, notothyrium open, ventral interarea relatively long, curved, ventral muscle scar suboval.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, South America (Argentina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 539, 4a-f. *T. masoni, Llanvirn, Nevada, a, ventral interior, X3, b, dorsal interior, X3, c, d, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined valves, X3, e, posterior views of ventral valve, X3, f, posterior view of dorsal valve, x4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 539. orthidiellidae (p. 745-746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-778.jpg?height=1339&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuvinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tuvinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuvinia ANDREEVA, 1982, p. 53","Type_species":"T. radiata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with variably angled cardinal extremities, unisulcate, ramicostellate, well-developed deltidium with apical foramen, ventral muscle scar subtriangular, cardinal process consisting of median plate flanked by pair of notothyrial ridges, quadripartite adductor scars subequal, ventral mantle canal system saccate with widely parallel vascula media dividing toward anterior margin, dorsal system saccate with gonadal pouches developed between widely spaced vascula media.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 539, 3a-e. T. radiata, Upper Ordovician, central Asia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X4, b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X4, c-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, X4 (Andreeva, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nAndreeva, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 539. orthidiellidae (p. 745-746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-778.jpg?height=1339&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plaesiomys":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Plaesiomys","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plaesiomys Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 196","Type_species":"Orthis subquadrata HALL, 1847, p. 126, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cardinal extremities obtuse, convexoconcave, broadly unisulcate, multicostellate, sporadically lamellose, ventral interarea short, curved, anacline dorsal interarea vestigial, ventral muscle scar without median ridge, posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Northern Hemisphere","Figure_captions":"Fig. 540, 1 a-d. * P. subquadrata (Hall), Ashgill, Indiana, a, b, ventral, dorsal exteriors of conjoined pair, X1, c, ventral interior, x1 . 5,  d, dorsal interior, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 540. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-749).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-780.jpg?height=1671&width=1288&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Austinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austinella FOERSTE, 1909b, p. 224","Type_species":"Orthis kankakensis McChesney, 1861, p. 77, SD BASSLER, 1915, p. 1002","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, unisulcate, ramicostellate with sporadic aditicules, strongly filate, ventral interarea long, curved, anacline, dorsal interarea short, plane, ventral muscle scar with thickened margin, dorsal adductor scar subequally quadripartite.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, northeastern and northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 540, 3a-d. A. whitfieldi (Winchell), Ashgill, Minnesota, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, dorsal interior, x1.5, c, d, ventral, dorsal exteriors, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 540. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-749).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-780.jpg?height=1671&width=1288&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Campylorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Campylorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Campylorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1942, p. 621","Type_species":"Strophomena deflecta CONRAD, 1843, p. 332, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex to convexoconcave, rectimarginate to uniplicate, multicostellate, apically perforated deltidium and well-developed chilidium, ventral interarea long, plane, dorsal interarea orthocline to anacline","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"United States, Scotland, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 540, 2a-d. * C. deflecta (Conrad), Caradoc, Wisconsin, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior views of conjoined valves, X1 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 540. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-749).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-780.jpg?height=1671&width=1288&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chaulistomella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Chaulistomella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chaulistomella COOPER, 1956, p. 432","Type_species":"C. inequistriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A subquadrate brachiopod with acute cardinal extremities, convexoconcave to convexoplane features, generally rectimarginate but varying from slightly uniplicate to unisulcate, multicostellate, and strongly filate, the ventral interarea is long and curved, while the dorsal interarea is relatively long and orthocline to apsacline, the pedicle callist is well developed, the posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars is larger than the anterior, the dorsal mantle canal system is lemniscate","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"eastern North America, Scotland, Siberia, Kirghizia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 541, 4a-e. * C. inequistriata, Caradoc, Virginia, a-c, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, X1, d, ventral interior, X1, e, dorsal interior, X2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 541. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-781.jpg?height=1569&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dinorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Dinorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dinorthis Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 195","Type_species":"Orthis pectinella EMMONS, 1842, p. 394, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Diorthis Kobayashi, 1937, p. 12, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Diorthis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cardinal extremities obtuse, convexoconcave, costate, ventral interarea short, curved, apsacline, dorsal interarea short, curved, dental plates projecting anteriorly, subparallel","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Northern Hemisphere","Figure_captions":"Fig. 541, 1a, b. *D. pectinella (Emmons), Caradoc, eastern United States, a, ventral exterior, X_0.75, ~ b, ventral interior, \u00d7 1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).\u2014\u2014 Fig. 541, 1c\u2013f. D. holdeni (WILLARD), Caradoc, eastern United States; c, dorsal interior, \u00d72; d, details of cardinalia, \u00d73; e, ventral interior, \u00d72; f, ventral exterior, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 541. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-781.jpg?height=1569&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Multicostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Multicostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Multicostella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 244","Type_species":"Orthis saffordi Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 217, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with acute or obtuse cardinal extremities, subequally biconvex, rectimarginate to unisulcate, multicostellate, strongly filate, ventral interarea long, curved, orthocline dorsal interarea relatively short, curved, ventral muscle scar without median ridge, pedicle callist well developed, posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Northern Hemisphere","Figure_captions":"Fig. 540, 5a,b. *M. saffordi (H ALL & C LARKE), Caradoc, Tennessee; a, ventral interior, \u00d7 1.5; b, dorsal interior, \u00d7 1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).\u2014\u2014Fig. 540, 5c,d. M. gerontica (COOPER), Caradoc, Tennessee; c, dorsal exterior, \u00d71; d, ventral exterior, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 540. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-749).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-780.jpg?height=1671&width=1288&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pionorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Pionorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pionorthis Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 244","Type_species":"Orthis sola BILLINGS, 1866, p. 12, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Plaesiomys but subequally biconvex and coarsely costellate, apsacline dorsal interarea short curved, ventral muscle scar with low median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, northwestern","Figure_captions":"Fig. 540,4a\u2013d. *P. sola (B ILLINGS ), Ashgill, Anticosti; ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d71.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 540. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-749).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-780.jpg?height=1671&width=1288&top_left_y=138&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Retrorsirostra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Retrorsirostra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Retrorsirostra Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 244","Type_species":"Orthis carleyi HALL, 1847, p. 120, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Plaesiomys but rectimarginate, coarsely costellate, and filate, procline ventral interarea long, planar, orthocline dorsal interarea short, curved, dental plates projecting subparallel, ventral muscle scar impressed on low callus with median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Northern Hemisphere","Figure_captions":"Fig. 541, 2a, b. *R. carleyi (Hall), Ashgill, Indiana, ventral, dorsal exteriors, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 541. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-781.jpg?height=1569&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Valcourea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Valcourea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Valcourea RAYMOND, 1911, p. 239","Type_species":"Plaesiomys strophomenoides RAYMOND, 1905, p. 370, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cardinal extremities acute, convexoconcave, sharply unisulcate umbonally with sulcus becoming fainter toward margin of adult valves, multicostellate to unequally parvicostellate, strongly filate with aditicules, imperforate deltidium and strong chilidium, ventral interarea relatively long planar, dorsal interarea shorter, orthocline to apsacline, dental plates projecting subparallel, ventral muscle scar quadrate, tending to become bilobed anteriorly with diductor enclosing adductor impressions, pedicle callist well developed, subperipheral rim in ventral valve, dorsal mantle canal system pinnate. Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): North America, Scotland, Norway, northeastern China, central Asia, South America (Argentina).","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Norway, northeastern China, central Asia, South America (Argentina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 541, 3a-c. *V. strophomenoides (Raymond), Caradoc, New York, a, ventral interior, X3, b, ventral exterior, X2, c, posterior view of dorsal valve, x2 (Cooper, 1956), \u2014\u2014Fig. 541, 3d, e. V. deckeri (Cooper), Caradoc, Oklahoma, d, dorsal interior, x2, details of cardinalia, x3 (Cooper, 1956)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 541. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-750).\nfig. 541. plaesiomyidae (p. 747-750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-781.jpg?height=1569&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-781.jpg?height=1569&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Evenkina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Evenkininae","Genus":"Evenkina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Evenkina Andreeva in Nikiforova & ANDREEVA, 1961, p. 96","Type_species":"E. anarbensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subquadrate with variable cardinal extremities, ramicostellate, quadripartite dorsal adductor scars subequal","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 542, 1a-d. * E. anarbensis, Caradoc, Siberia, a, dorsal exterior, X3, b, ventral interior, X4, c, dorsal interior, X2, d, posterior view of dorsal interior, X4 (Nikiforova & Andreeva, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova & Andreeva, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 542. plaesiomyidae and poramborthidae (p. 750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-783.jpg?height=1353&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Metorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Metorthiinae","Genus":"Metorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Metorthis WANG, 1955b, p. 333","Type_species":"M. alata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with variable cardinal extremities, ramicostellate, quadripartite dorsal adductor scars subequal.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 542,2a\u2013d. *M. alata, Arenig, southern China; a,b, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d72.5; c, ventral interior, \u00d7 2.5; d, dorsal interior, \u00d72.5 (Wang, 1955b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 542. plaesiomyidae and poramborthidae (p. 750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-783.jpg?height=1353&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Poramborthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Poramborthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Poramborthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Poramborthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1949a, p. 107","Type_species":"P. klouceki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, cardinal extremities obtuse, ventral muscle scar commonly elongate in adult shells","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Bohemia, Bavaria, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 542, 3a-d. * P. klouceki, Tremadoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x4.3, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x4.4, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, X4.7, d, external mold, X6.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 542. plaesiomyidae and poramborthidae (p. 750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-783.jpg?height=1353&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Productorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Productorthinae","Genus":"Productorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Productorthis KOZ\u0141OWSKI, 1927, p. 9","Type_species":"Productus obtusus PANDER, 1830, p. 87, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rectimarginate to broadly unisulcate, lamellose, ventral beak curved, usually resorbed presumably as pedicle passage, dorsal beak vestigial, interareas vestigial with ventral posterior margin grooved (ginglymoid joint) to accommodate linear, dorsal posterior margin, apical pedicle foramen, ventral muscle scar elongately suboval impressed on thick callist, cardinal process differentiated into thick shaft and carinate myophore, commonly bearing small circular supposed chilidium, saccate ventral mental canal system with subparallel vascula media greatly divided anteriorly, dorsal mantle canal system poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 543, 1a-e. P. parallela (Pander), Arenig, Russia, a, dorsal interior, X3, b, ventral interior, X3, c, d, ventral, dorsal exteriors of conjoined valves, X3, e, dorsal exterior, X3 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 543. productorthidae (p. 752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-785.jpg?height=1754&width=1284&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ferrax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Productorthinae","Genus":"Ferrax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ferrax Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1975, p. 231, Prantlina oolitica HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1949b, p. 251","Type_species":"Prantlina oolitica HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1949b, p. 251, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex with nearly flat dorsal valve, cardinal extremities variable, rectimarginate, sporadically lamellose, apsacline ventral and shorter anacline dorsal interareas flat, ventral muscle scar subtriangular, impressed on low callist bounded by anterior, transverse ridge, cardinal process thick, trilobed, ventral mantle canal system saccate with divergent vascula media, dorsal system digitate. Lower Ordovician (Arenig): Bohemia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 543, 2a-c. * F. oolitica, Arenig, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X3.8, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X4_mathbf4, c, external mold of dorsal valve, x3.3 (Havli\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 543. productorthidae (p. 752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-785.jpg?height=1754&width=1284&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nicolella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Productorthinae","Genus":"Nicolella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nicolella REED, 1917, p. 860","Type_species":"Orthis actoniae J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 639, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rectimarginate, lamellose, notothyrium closed by chilidial plates flanking simple, erect cardinal process, orthocline ventral interarea short, curved, anacline dorsal interarea very short, dental plates widely divergent, ventral muscle field subcordate, impressed on weak callist, diductor scars not enclosing adductor track, anterior dorsal adductor scars probably quadripartite, obscured by impressions of digitate to lemniscate mantle canal system, ventral mantle canal system saccate, slightly divergent vascula media divided anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, North America, northern Africa, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 544, 1 a-d .^* N. actoniae (Sowerby), Caradoc, Shropshire, England, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x1 . 5, ~ d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x1.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 544. productorthidae (p. 752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-786.jpg?height=1638&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Panderina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Productorthinae","Genus":"Panderina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Panderina Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 243","Type_species":"Productus abscissus PANDER, 1830, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"ramicostellate, filate, vestigial interareas, ventral beak usually resorbed, ventral muscle scar suboval, impressed on pseudospondylium extending anteriorly as low median ridge, cardinal process simple, thick","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Baltic Region, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 544, 3a, b. *P. abscissus (Pander), Arenig, Russia, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined valves, X2.25 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 544. productorthidae (p. 752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-786.jpg?height=1638&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saucrorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Productorthinae","Genus":"Saucrorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saucrorthis Xu, Rong, & LIU, 1974, p. 150","Type_species":"S. minor, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Nicolella but small, costate, finely pustulose, and lacking chilidial plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 544, 2a-c. *S. minor, Llanvirn, southwestern China, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x8, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x8, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, x8 (Rong, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 544. productorthidae (p. 752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-786.jpg?height=1638&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Styxorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Productorthinae","Genus":"Styxorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Styxorthis MERGL, 1991, p. 7","Type_species":"S. tuffogena, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ramicostellate, apsacline ventral interarea short, curved, dorsal interarea vestigial, ventral muscle scar suboval, impressed on valve floor, trilobed cardinal process with high median ridge, ventral mantle canal system saccate, dorsal mantle canal system digitate","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 543, 3a-e. *S. tuffogena, Arenig, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X3, d, e, normal, anterior view of ventral exterior, X3_3 (Mergl, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mergl, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 543. productorthidae (p. 752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-785.jpg?height=1754&width=1284&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Glossorthinae","Genus":"Glossorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossorthis \u00d6PIK, 1930, p. 82","Type_species":"G. tacens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, coarsely costellate, orthocline ventral interarea short, curved, anacline dorsal interarea, very short, flat, dental plates subparallel, pseudospondylium well developed and prolonged anteromedianly as tonguelike projection, pedicle callist not recorded, brachiophores moderately divergent, bladelike","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 545, 1a-d. *G. tacens, Caradoc, Estonia, a, b, ventral interior, exterior, x1 . 5, ~ c, d, dorsal interior, exterior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 545. productorthidae (p. 752-755).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-787.jpg?height=1570&width=1300&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Krattorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Glossorthinae","Genus":"Krattorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Krattorthis Jaanusson & BASSETT, 1993, p. 56","Type_species":"Glossorthis verneuili RUBEL, 1961a, p. 184","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glossorthis but ramicostellate with more convex dorsal valve, very short curved dorsal interarea, and vestigial dorsal median ridge. Lower Ordovician.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltic Region","Figure_captions":"Fig. 545, 3a\u2013e. *K. verneuili (RUBEL), Llanvirn, eastern Baltic; a,b, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d72; c, details of ornament, \u00d7 5; d,e, internal molds of ventral, dorsal valves of conjoined pair, \u00d7 2 (Jaanusson & Bassett, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 545. productorthidae (p. 752-755).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-787.jpg?height=1570&width=1300&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nicolorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Glossorthinae","Genus":"Nicolorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nicolorthis HAVL\u00cdCEK, 1981, p. 7","Type_species":"N. instanta; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, planoconvex to gently ventribiconvex, unisulcate, ramicostellate and lacking \ufb01la, orthocline ventral interarea short, curved, anacline dorsal interarea vestigial; ventral interior unknown; brachiophores narrowly divergent, bladelike, cardinal process thick with trilobed posterior face.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"France (Montagne Noire)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 546, a\u2013d. *N. instanta, Caradoc, Montagne Noire; a,b, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined valves, \u00d71.3; c, dorsal interior, \u00d71.5; d, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d71.6 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prantlina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Productorthidae","Subfamily":"Glossorthinae","Genus":"Prantlina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prantlina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1949b, p. 250","Type_species":"Orthis desiderata BARRANDE, 1848, pl. 18, fig. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently ventribiconvex, unisulcate, ramicostellate, filate, apsacline ventral interarea short, flat, anacline dorsal interarea vestigial","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Bohemia, Estonia, France (Montagne Noire)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 545, 2a\u2013c. *P. desiderata (BARRANDE), Arenig, Bohemia; a, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d72; b, external mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2; c, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 1.7 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 545. productorthidae (p. 752-755).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-787.jpg?height=1570&width=1300&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Whittardia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Whittardiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Whittardia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Whittardia WILLIAMS, 1974, p. 62","Type_species":"W. paradoxica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with multicostellate and filate ornamentation on both valves but with the dorsal umbonal region bearing only 6, strong, symmetrically disposed costae becoming subdued anteriorly, ventral interarea curved catacline to procline with mesothyridid foramen, dorsal interarea anacline, very short, ventral interior with 3 or 4 pairs of low ridges radiating from muscle field and fading away peripherally","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 547, 1a-e. * W. paradoxica, Caradoc, England, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3.6, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X, c, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X 5, detail of ornament, X12.5, e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X4.8 (Williams, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 547. whittardiidae (p. 756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-789.jpg?height=1177&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marginorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Whittardiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Marginorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marginorthis Liu, Zhu, & XUE, 1985, p. 40","Type_species":"M. crassocostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, multicostellate to fascicostellate, ventral interarea apsacline. The disharmony of the ribbing and the subperipheral rims with a dorsal deflection of the dorsal margin suggest at least a morphological comparison with Whittardia, Marginorthis is included provisionally in this family.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 547, 2a-e. *M. crassocostata, Llanvirn, northeastern China, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X3 (Liu, Zhu, & Xue, 1985), c, internal mold of dorsal valve, X8, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, X4, e, external mold of dorsal valve, X4 (Rong, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liu, Zhu, & Xue, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 547. whittardiidae (p. 756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-789.jpg?height=1177&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plectorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectorthis Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 194","Type_species":"Orthis plicatella HALL, 1847, p. 122, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, subequally gently biconvex with faintly sulcate to uniplicate anterior commissure, costate to coarsely costellate, filate, ventral interarea short, shorter dorsal interarea orthocline to faintly distributed aditicules in some species","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 548, 2a, b. *P. plicatella (Hall), Ashgill, Ohio, a, dorsal interior, x1.5, b, ventral interior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).-Fig. 548, 2c, d. P. compacta, Caradoc, Tennessee, c, dorsal interior, x2 d, ventral interior, \u00d7 2 (Cooper, 1956).\u2014\u2014Fig . 548,2e\u2013g. P. ponderosa, Caradoc, Virginia; ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 1 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 548. plectorthidae (p. 757-759).\nfig. 548. plectorthidae (p. 757-759).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-790.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-790.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apollonorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apollonorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apollonorthis MITCHELL, 1974, p. 392","Type_species":"A. lusitanica, OD, =Orthis bussacensis Sharpe in RIBEIRO, 1853, p. 152","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, ventribiconvex, gently unisulcate, ramicostellate with aditicules, filate, interareas planar, dental plates divergent, ventral muscle field subcordate, bounded by thickened ridges, with broad adductor track not enclosed anteriorly by diductor scars, undifferentiated cardinal process platelike, posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior pair.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"western Europe (Portugal, France)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 548, 1a-f. *A. bussacensis (Sharpe), Llanvirn, northwestern France, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X2, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X2, e, details of cardinalia, X6, f, rubber replica of dorsal exteriors, X2 (M\u00e9lou, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"M\u00e9lou, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 548. plectorthidae (p. 757-759).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-790.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atlantida":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Atlantida","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atlantida HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 37","Type_species":"A. atlantis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely subquadrate, strongly biconvex to resupinate, ramicostellate (aditicules not reported), subcordate tending to flabellate ventral muscle field with diductor scars enclosing suboval adductor tracks, simple cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 549, 3a-c. * A. atlantis, Llanvirn, northern Africa, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.5, c, external mold of dorsal valve, X1.7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 549. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-792.jpg?height=1843&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Corineorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Corineorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Corineorthis STUBBLEFIELD, 1939, p. 67","Type_species":"C. decipiens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, convexoconcave to resupinate, rectimarginate but with impersistent dorsal sulcus, multicostellate, with aditicules and strong fila simulating exopunctae in intercostellate grooves, open delthyrium and notothyrium relatively narrow, ventral interarea short, shorter dorsal interarea planar, anacline, dental plates short, parallel or narrowly divergent, ventral muscle field cordate with diductor scars not enclosing median adductor tracks that are divided by shallow groove, cardinal process with thick shaft and bulbous myophore, low median ridge bisecting subequally quadripartite adductor muscle scars.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Great Britain, France, southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 549, 2a-f. C. cornubensis, Llanvirn, southwestern England, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x2, ~ c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X2, e, f, external mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, x2 (Bassett, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 549. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-792.jpg?height=1843&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Desmorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Desmorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Desmorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 624","Type_species":"D. nevadensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Plectorthis but more subcircular with rectangular to obtuse cardinal extremities, ventribiconvex, delthyrium with apical plate, dorsal interarea anacline, dental plates narrowly divergent, ventral muscle field quadrate with adductor ridge extending forward, cardinal process simple, platelike.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, England, Bolivia, southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 549, 1a-d. *D. nevadensis, Llanvirn, Nevada, a, ventral exterior, x2, b, details of ornament, X4, c, ventral interior, X3, d, dorsal interior, X3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 549. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-792.jpg?height=1843&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Doleroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Doleroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Doleroides COOPER, 1930, p. 375","Type_species":"Orthis gibbosa BILLINGS, 1857, p. 296, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subelliptical to subquadrate, subequally biconvex, sharply uniplicate, multicostellate with aditicules, both interareas relatively long and curved, dorsal anacline, ventral muscle field quadrate with elliptical adductor track divided by median ridge and not enclosed by diductor scars, cardinal process varying from thin plate to shaft with expanded myophore, ventral mantle canal system lemniscate","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, northern Ireland, Kazakhstan, Australia, western China (including Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 549, 5a-d. *D. gibbosa (Billings), Caradoc, Minnesota, a-c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, X1, d, ventral interior, X2 (Cooper, 1956)., \"\u2014\u2014Fig. 549, 5e, f. D. tennesseensis (Cooper), Caradoc, Tennessee, dorsal interior, normal and tilted views, x1 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 549. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).\nfig. 549. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-792.jpg?height=1843&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-792.jpg?height=1843&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hebertella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hebertella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hebertella Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 198","Type_species":"*Orthis sinuata HALL, 1847, p. 128, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Mainly large, subquadrate with variable angled cardinal extremities, convexoconcave, uniplicate, multicostellate with aditicules, filate, both interareas relatively long, dorsal apsacline, dental plates divergent, ventral muscle scar subcordate, bounded by ridge, with elongately oval adductor scars impressed on double ridge, not enclosed by diductor tracks, adult cardinal process thick ridge with compressed myophore, brachiophore plates convergent, recessive, posterior pair of quadripartite adductor muscle scars larger than anterior pair.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 550, 1a-f. *H. sinuata (Hall), Ashgill, Ohio, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d71.5, e, ventral interior, \u00d72, f, dorsal interior, \u00d72 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 550. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-793.jpg?height=1574&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Irhirea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Irhirea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Irhirea HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 44","Type_species":"Corineorthis gigantea Termier & TERMIER, 1950, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, variably convexoplane, rectimarginate, multicostellate (aditicules not reported), ventral interarea relatively short, not much longer than apsacline dorsal interarea, elongately bilobed ventral muscle field bounded by ridge with ovoid adductor tracks divided by median ridge, not completely enclosed by diductor scars, cardinal process simple plate, convergent brachiophore plates forming small septalium. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): north Africa.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"north Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 551, 1a-d. * I. gigantea (Termier & Termier), Caradoc, northern Africa, a, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 1.5, b, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 1.4, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 1.5, d, anterior view of conjoined valves, \u00d7 1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 551. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-795.jpg?height=1748&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mimella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mimella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mimella COOPER, 1930, p. 375","Type_species":"Pionodema globosa WILLARD, 1928, p. 274, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sonculina Misius, 1986, p. 111 (type, S. prima)","Synonyms":"Sonculina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hebertella but dorsibiconvex with obtuse cardinal extremities and without fila, dental plates recessive, bilobed ventral muscle scar consisting of long, subparallel impressed diductor scars not enclosing long, anteri-, fibrous shell, saccate mantle canal system","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Northern Hemisphere","Figure_captions":"Fig. 550, 2a-f. *M. globosa (Willard), Caradoc, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views of conjoined valves, Tennessee, X1, e, ventral interior, Tennessee, X1, f, dorsal interior, Virginia, X1 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 550. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-793.jpg?height=1574&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oligorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 624","Type_species":"O. arbucklensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Desmorthis but more transversely semioval with variably angled cardinal extremities, unisulcate, more finely costellate and without apical plate in delthyrium, cardinal process also lacking.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"North America, southwestern China, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 549, 4a-d. *O. arbucklensis, Tremadoc, Oklahoma, a, ventral interior, X3, b, c, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X4, d, dorsal exterior, X3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 549. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-792.jpg?height=1843&width=1293&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paterorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paterorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paterorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 45","Type_species":"P. paterina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, convexoconcave with hemispherical dorsal valve, gently uniplicate, multicostellate (aditicules not reported), ventral interarea catacline, dorsal interarea vestigial, ventral muscle field large, bilobed to flabellate with lanceolate adductor track, pedicle callist well developed, cardinal process simple, bladelike, brachiophore plates converging to form small posteromedian septalium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 550, 3a-c. * P. paterina, Llanvirn, northern Africa, a, posterior view of internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.6, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, c, rubber replica of exterior, x1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 550. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-793.jpg?height=1574&width=1290&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudomimella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudomimella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudomimella Xu & LIU, 1984, p. 179","Type_species":"Mimella formosa WANG, 1955c, p. 125, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subquadrate, dorsibiconvex, rectimarginate, multicostellate, interareas relatively short, dental plates recessive, ventral muscle field suboval with wide undifferentiated adductor track as long as lateral diductor scars, cardinal process platelike, posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior pair, ventral mantle canal system saccate with long, subparallel vascula media, dorsal system probably saccate. Lower Ordovician (Arenig): southwestern China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 551, 2a-f. * P. formosa (Wang), Arenig, southwestern China, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1, b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X1, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X1, d-f, ventral, lateral, anterior views of conjoined valves, X1.5 (Xu & Lui, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Lui, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 551. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-795.jpg?height=1748&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizophorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizophorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizophorella REED, 1917, p. 858","Type_species":"Orthis fallax SALTER, 1846, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval to subquadrate, dorsibiconvex with strong median fold in dorsal valve, uniplicate, multicostellate (no aditicules reported), interareas short, dorsal anacline, dental plates subparallel continuous with ridges flanking elongately bilobed ventral muscle field with diductor scars enclosing lanceolate adductor track divided by low median ridge extending anteriorly beyond muscle field, cardinal process ridgelike with crenulated myophore, posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior. Upper Ordovician (Ashgill): Great Britain, Ireland, Kazakhstan, northwestern China, Spain, central Asia, Norway.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Great Britain, Ireland, Kazakhstan, northwestern China, Spain, central Asia, Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 552a-f. S. fallax alta Harper, Ashgill, southwestern Scotland, a, ventral view of conjoined internal molds, X4, b, dorsal view of conjoined internal molds, X3, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X 5, external mold of ventral exterior, X3, f, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X4 (Harper, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 552. plectorthidae (p. 762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-796.jpg?height=967&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Severginella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Severginella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Severginella ROZMAN, 1981, p. 122","Type_species":"Pionodema (?) altaica SEVERGINA, 1960, p. 405, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Pseudomimella but uniplicate, ventral adductor track variable in width, cardinal process wide, differentiated into myophore and shaft, anterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than posterior pair","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"central Asia (Altai Mountains, Mongolia, Tuva)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 551, 3a, b. *S. altaica (Severgina), Caradoc, Altai Mountains, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x2 (Rozman, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rozman, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 551. plectorthidae (p. 759-762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-795.jpg?height=1748&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cremnorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Cremnorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cremnorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cremnorthis WILLIAMS, 1963, p. 378","Type_species":"C. parva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sharply unisulcate with acute cardinal extremities, massive cardinal process having trilobate myophore with high median crest.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Wales, Estonia, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 553, 1a-f. * C. parva, Caradoc, Wales, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, x6 . 5, ~ c, internal mold of dorsal valve, x8.5, d, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x9.5, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, X, f, rubber replica of dorsal exterior of conjoined valves, x6 (Williams, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 553. cremnorthidae (p. 762-764).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-797.jpg?height=1486&width=1287&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brandysia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Cremnorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brandysia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brandysia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 231","Type_species":"B. benigna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, delthyrium and notothyrium wide, dorsal interarea vestigial, teeth supported by short, recessive dental plates, cardinal process with bilobate myophore","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Bohemia, northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 553, 2a-d. *B. benigna, Llanvirn, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x11.2; b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 10; c, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 10.5; d, rubber replica of ventral exterior, \u00d710 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 553. cremnorthidae (p. 762-764).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-797.jpg?height=1486&width=1287&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Cremnorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septorthis HINTS, 1973, p. 251","Type_species":"S. engurensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"ramicostellate, with obtuse cardinal extremities, cardinal process undifferentiated or with bilobate myophore, quadripartite dorsal adductor field bisected by median septum, consisting of broad, posterior scars with inner lobes impressed on raised platforms, separated from anterior scars by curved, transverse ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Latvia, Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 553, 3a-f. * S. engurensis, Caradoc, Latvia, a-c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, X 7.6, d, e, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x7 . 6, ~ f, ventral interior, x7 . 7 (Hints, 1973)","Museum_or_author_information":"Hints, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 553. cremnorthidae (p. 762-764).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-797.jpg?height=1486&width=1287&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyclocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Cyclocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyclocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyclocoelia FOERSTE, 1909b, p. 227","Type_species":"Atrypa sordida HALL, 1847, p. 148, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Encuclodema Foerste, 1912, p. 139, obj.","Synonyms":"Encuclodema","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rhynchonelliform to subcircular, rectimarginate to gently uniplicate, apsacline ventral interarea short curved, apsacline dorsal interarea very short, strong teeth supported by divergent dental plates, brachiophores supported by convergent plates, cardinal process faint, median ridge long, muscle and mantle canal impressions unknown. Upper Ordovician (Ashgill): USA (Ohio), central Asia, eastern Canada, northwestern China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"USA (Ohio), central Asia, eastern Canada, northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 554, 1 a-d. *C. sordida (Hall), Ashgill, Ohio, a, b, ventral, dorsal exteriors, x2, c, internal mold of ventral valve, times, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 554. cyclocoeliidae (p. 764-765).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-798.jpg?height=640&width=1280&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Cyclocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchorthis BATES, 1968, p. 160","Type_species":"R. rotundus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, filate, strongly apsacline interareas relatively short, curved, strong teeth supported by recessive dental plates, ventral muscle scar, impressed on callus, elongately oval with wide adductor track, pedicle callist well defined, bladelike brachiophores with fulcral plates and recessive convergent supporting plates, bladelike cardinal process flanked by low, notothyrial ridges, bilobed anterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than posterior pair, ventral mantle canal system saccate, dorsal lemniscate","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Wales, southeastern Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 554, 2a-f. * R. rotundus, Arenig, northern Wales, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal interior, \u00d72; e,f, external mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2 (Neuman & Bates, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 554. cyclocoeliidae (p. 764-765).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-798.jpg?height=640&width=1280&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoorthis WALCOTT, 1908, p. 102","Type_species":"Orthis remnicha WINCHELL, 1885, p. 317, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Radial ornamentation of coarse costellae with superimposed capillae, dental plates receding, ventral muscle scar enclosed by a low ridge, cardinal process simple, dorsal median ridge wide","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 555, 1a-e. *E. remnicha (Winchell), Upper Cambrian, Montana, a, b, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, X2, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X3 (Bell, 1941), e, dorsal interior, x2 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bell, 1941, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 555. eoorthidae (p. 766-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-799.jpg?height=1795&width=1284&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apheoorthina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apheoorthina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apheoorthina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1949a, p. 99","Type_species":"A. ferrigena, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Apheoorthis but filate with elongately cordate ventral muscle field with diductor scars enclosing lanceolate adductor track and stronger notothyrial platform with ridgelike cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Bohemia, Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 555, 5a-c. *A. ferrigena, Tremadoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x3.3, b, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 2.9; c, dorsal exterior, \u00d7 3.6 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 555. eoorthidae (p. 766-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-799.jpg?height=1795&width=1284&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apheoorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apheoorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apheoorthis Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 620","Type_species":"Eoorthis lineocosta WALCOTT, 1924, p. 508; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fascicostellate, dorsal valve strongly sulcate, dental plates well developed on either side of pseudospondylium, notothyrial platform and ridgelike cardinal process rudimentary","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"North America, Kazakhastan, Siberian Platform, Colombia, Sweden, Baltic, Ireland, eastern, northern, and northeastern China, Australia (Tasmania), Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 555, 3a-e. * A. lineocosta (Walcott), Upper Cambrian, Colorado, a, b, interior, exterior of ventral valve, x2, c, details of posteromedian part of ventral interior, X4, d, e, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 555. eoorthidae (p. 766-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-799.jpg?height=1795&width=1284&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austrohedra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Austrohedra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austrohedra Roberts & JELL, 1990, p. 276","Type_species":"A. mimica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, with long, flat, catacline to slightly apsacline ventral interarea, ramicostellate, dental plates well developed, cardinal process rudimentary","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 555, 2a-d. *A. mimica, Middle Cambrian, New South Wales, a, b, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x6,  c, d, interior, posterior views of ventral valve, x4 (Roberts & Jell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts & Jell, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 555. eoorthidae (p. 766-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-799.jpg?height=1795&width=1284&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brahimorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brahimorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brahimorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 29","Type_species":"B. antiqua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"ramicostellate and filate, lacking dental plates and cardinal process, small bilobed adductor muscle scars impressed on transverse ridge enclosing delthyrial cavity of ventral valve, with anterior tips of diductor scars possibly enclosing oval adductor track","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 555, 4a-c. *B. antiqua, Middle Cambrian, northern Africa, a, dorsal interior, x1.7, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, cersal exterior, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 555. eoorthidae (p. 766-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-799.jpg?height=1795&width=1284&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glaphyrorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glaphyrorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glaphyrorthis Roberts & JELL, 1990, p. 278","Type_species":"G. fastigiata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, mucronate, transversely semioval, sharply unisulcate, smooth shells","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 555, 6a-d. *G. fastigiata, Middle Cambrian, New South Wales, a, b, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, X_8, c, dorsal interior, X_8, d, ventral interior, X8 (Roberts & Jell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts & Jell, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 555. eoorthidae (p. 766-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-799.jpg?height=1795&width=1284&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jivinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Jivinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jivinella Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1949a, p. 94, Orthis incola BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 126, fig. IV","Type_species":"Orthis incola BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 126, fig. IV, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Jevinellina Liu in Liu, Xu, & Liang, 1983, p. 262 (type, J. involuta)","Synonyms":"Jevinellina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, interareas strongly developed, fascicostellate and finely capillate in interspaces, imbricate, dental plates recessive, pedicle collar obtusely triangular, transverse","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Tremadoc","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Tremadoc","Geography":"Bohemia, Spain, southern China, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 556, 4a-c. J. involuta, Tremadoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x3.5, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X 5.2, c, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X3.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 556. eoorthidae (p. 768-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-800.jpg?height=1482&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ocnerorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ocnerorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ocnerorthis BELL, 1941, p. 251","Type_species":"O. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Unequally biconvex to planoconvex, fascicostellate, strongly apsacline to nearly orthocline ventral interarea, dental plates variably present, ventral muscle scar suboval with anteromedian callosity, brachiophores widely divergent, sockets associated with laterally curving ridges, ventral mantle canal system possibly digitate with narrowly divergent vascula media.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"North America, Bohemia, Novaya Zemlya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 556, la-d. *O. cooperi, Upper Cambrian, Wyoming, a, dorsal interior, X3, b, ventral interior, X3, c, dorsal exterior, X3, d, ventral exterior, X3 (Bell, 1941).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bell, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 556. eoorthidae (p. 768-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-800.jpg?height=1482&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Otusia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Otusia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Otusia WALCOTT, 1905, p. 246","Type_species":"Orthis sandbergi WINCHELL, 1885, p. 318, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, mucronate, transversely semioval, ventribiconvex, strongly unisulcate, multicostellate, dental plates divergent with suboval ventral muscle scar impressed on valve floor, cardinal process rudimentary, brachiophores short, divergent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"North America, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 555, 7a-c. *O. sandbergi (Winchell), Upper Cambrian, Montana, a, ventral exterior, X4, b, dorsal exterior, X3 (Bell, 1941), c, dorsal interior, X2.5 (Grant, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bell, 1941, \nGrant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 555. eoorthidae (p. 766-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-799.jpg?height=1795&width=1284&top_left_y=155&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pompeckium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pompeckium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pompeckium HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1970b, p. 290","Type_species":"Orthis kuthani \u0420\u041e\u041c\u0420\u0415\u0421\u041a, 1896, p. 514","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Gently unisulcate, coarsely costellate, filate, ventral interarea long and curved, dental plates absent, suboval ventral muscle field with broad, triangular adductor track impressed directly on valve floor, simple cardinal process, short, divergent rodlike brachiophores, ventral mantle canal system digitate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Guzhangian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Bohemia, central USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 556, 2a-d. *P. kuthani (\u0420\u043e\u043c\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043a), Middle Cambrian, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral interior, x3, b, internal mold of dorsal interior, X3, c, d, rubber replicas of dorsal exteriors, X3.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 556. eoorthidae (p. 768-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-800.jpg?height=1482&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":497,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Robertorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Robertorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Robertorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1977a, p. 51","Type_species":"R. holoubkovensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Eoorthis but coarsely costellate without fila and with a transverse, well-developed notothyrial platform. Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc): Bohemia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 556, 3a, b. * R. holoubkovensis, Tremadoc, Bohemia, a, dorsal interior, X 4.9, b, broken ventral interior, X 3.1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 556. eoorthidae (p. 768-769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-800.jpg?height=1482&width=1286&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Euorthisina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Euorthisinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Euorthisina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Euorthisina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 16","Type_species":"Orthisina moesta BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 57, case I","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dental plates subparallel, septalium resting on thin dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Bolivia, southwestern China, northwestern China, eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 557, 1a-c. * E. moesta (Barrande), Llanvirn, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 2.4, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2.5, c, dorsal view of internal mold of conjoined valves, \u00d7 1.8 (Williams, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 557. euorthisinidae and finkelnburgiidae (p. 769-771).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-802.jpg?height=1408&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notorthisina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Euorthisinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Notorthisina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notorthisina Havl\u00ed\u010dek & BRANISA, 1980, p. 28","Type_species":"N. notoconcha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dental plates divergent, septalium resting on floor of dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 557, 2a-c. * N. notoconcha, Tremadoc, Bolivia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x8.4, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X9.3, c, rubber replicas of exteriors, x7.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Branisa, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Branisa, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 557. euorthisinidae and finkelnburgiidae (p. 769-771).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-802.jpg?height=1408&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Finkelnburgia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Finkelnburgiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Finkelnburgia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Finkelnburgia Walcott, 1905, p. 277","Type_species":"F. finkelnburgi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Marcharella Andreeva, 1968, p. 75 (type, M. marchensis)","Synonyms":"Marcharella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with variably shaped cardinal extremities, multicostellate, dental plates recessive, pseudospondylium prolonged forward as median ridge, brachiophores blunt, divergent, rudimentary cardinal process rarely developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Northern Hemisphere","Figure_captions":"Fig. 557, 7a-d. F. buttsi, Upper Cambrian, Virginia, a, b, exterior, interior of ventral valve, x2, c, d, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 557. euorthisinidae and finkelnburgiidae (p. 769-771).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-802.jpg?height=1408&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diparelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Finkelnburgiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diparelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diparelasma Ulrich & COOPER, 1936b, p. 623","Type_species":"D. typicum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular with obtuse cardinal extremities, finely multicostellate, pedicle callist present, dental plates parallel, cardinal process not developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"North America, Great Britain, eastern and northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 557, 6a-d. * D. typicum, Arenig, Oklahoma, a, b, ventral, dorsal exteriors of conjoined valves, X2, c, dorsal interior, X2, d, ventral interior, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 557. euorthisinidae and finkelnburgiidae (p. 769-771).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-802.jpg?height=1408&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fasciculina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Finkelnburgiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fasciculina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fasciculina COOPER, 1952b, p. 7","Type_species":"Orthis desmopleura \u041c\u0415EK, 1871b, p. 295, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with mucronate cardinal extremities, unisulcate, fascicostellate, ventral median ridge accentuating pseudospondylium, dorsal median ridge formed by internal crest of sulcus","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"North America, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 557, 3a-d. F. fasciculata, Tremadoc, Oklahoma, a, b, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, X2, c, ventral interior, x2, d, ventral exterior, X2 (Cooper,  1952b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 557. euorthisinidae and finkelnburgiidae (p. 769-771).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-802.jpg?height=1408&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notoscaphidia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Finkelnburgiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Notoscaphidia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notoscaphidia Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 233","Type_species":"N. revelata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely semioval, variable cardinal extremities, ventribiconvex, unisulcate, coarsely costellate, ventral interarea long, curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 557, 4 a-c . *N*. revelata, Arenig, western Ireland, a, dorsal interior, X_8, b, ventral interior, X_8, c, dorsal view of conjoined valves, X4 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams & Curry, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 557. euorthisinidae and finkelnburgiidae (p. 769-771).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-802.jpg?height=1408&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orusia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Finkelnburgiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orusia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orusia WALCOTT, 1905, p. 273","Type_species":"Anomites lenticularis WAHLENBERG, 1821, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular with obtuse cardinal extremities, subequally biconvex, gently unisulcate to rectimarginate, coarsely costellate and filate, pseudospondylium weakly developed, dental plates divergent, brachiophores long, sharp, dorsal median ridge rudimentary","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"North eastern North America, Baltoscandia, Wales, Argentina, northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 557, 5a, b. *O. lenticularis (Wahlenberg), Middle Cambrian, Sweden, a, partly exfoliated ventral valve, x5, b, partly exfoliated dorsal valve, X5 (Williams, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 557. euorthisinidae and finkelnburgiidae (p. 769-771).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-802.jpg?height=1408&width=1290&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Giraldiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Giraldiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Giraldiella BANCROFT, 1949, p. 5","Type_species":"Orthis protensa J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 638, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with variable cardinal extremities, dorsibiconvex, multicostellate, filate, short, planar interareas, dental plates parallel to narrowly divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Wales, Sweden, central Asia (Altai Mountains, Altai Syan, Tyan Shan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 558, 3a-c. *G. protensa (Sowerby), Llandovery, Wales, a, internal mold of ventral valve, times, b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x2, c, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X2 (Williams, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 558. giraldiellidae (p. 771-774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-804.jpg?height=1849&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Comatopoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Comatopoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Comatopoma HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 54","Type_species":"C. barrandei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, ventribiconvex, multicostellate, ventral interarea short, curved, dorsal vestigial, ventral muscle scar umbonal with broadly triangular adductor track, brachiophore plates subparallel, dorsal median septum not developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 558, 2a-e. *C. barrandei, Ashgill, Bohemia, a-c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, times, d, internal mold of ventral valve, X3.4, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 558. giraldiellidae (p. 771-774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-804.jpg?height=1849&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Famatinorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Famatinorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Famatinorthis Levy & NULLO, 1973, p. 146","Type_species":"F. turneri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, dorsibiconvex to convexoplane, multicostellate, ventral interarea relatively long and curved, dental plates divergent, ventral muscle scar suboval, impressed on callist with widely triangular adductor track, simple, bladelike cardinal process. Lower Ordovician (Arenig): Argentina, northeastern China, eastern North America.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Argentina, northeastern China, eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 558, 1a-d. * F. turneri, Arenig, Argentina, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X2, c, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x3.5, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X1.5 (Benedetto, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benedetto, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 558. giraldiellidae (p. 771-774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-804.jpg?height=1849&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gelidorthina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gelidorthina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gelidorthina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 168","Type_species":"O. sanctoivanensis BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 66, case I, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular, strongly biconvex, rectimarginate, multicostellate, interareas relatively short, planar, ventral muscle field small, limited to delthyrial cavity with broadly triangular adductor track impressed on low callosity, simple, bladelike cardinal process, ventral mantle canal system probably saccate with subparallel vascula media","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery), upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 558, 4a-c. * G. sanctoivanensis (Barrande), Wenlock, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, c, ventral exterior, X3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 558. giraldiellidae (p. 771-774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-804.jpg?height=1849&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gelidorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gelidorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gelidorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1968, p. 125","Type_species":"Orthis partita BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 63, case II, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subquadrate with acute cardinal extremities, unisulcate, ventribiconvex, ramicostellate, ventral interarea short, planar, dorsal interarea vestigial, ventral muscle scar subpentagonal with broadly triangular adductor track and pair of low median ridges, pedicle callist well developed, adult cardinal process ridgelike with raised bilobate myophore, ventral mantle canal system probably saccate with divergent vascula media.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 559, 1a-d. *G. partita (Barrande), Caradoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.9, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x3 . 1, rubber replica of ventral exterior, x4.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a), d, internal mold of ventral valve, X3.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1968","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Giraldibella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Giraldibella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Giraldibella HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1977a, p. 87","Type_species":"Giraldiella bella BERGSTR\u00d6M, 1968, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Gelidorthis but fascicostellate with obtuse cardinal extremities, short planar dorsal interarea, proportionately smaller ventral muscle scar, and simple, bladelike cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe, Kazakhstan, Siberia, northeastern China, central Asia (Altai Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 559, 5a-c. *G. bella (Bergstr\u00f6m), Ashgill, Sweden, a, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X3, b, c, rubber replicas of two ventral interiors and exteriors, X3 (Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phaceloorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phaceloorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phaceloorthis PERCIVAL, 1991, p. 129","Type_species":"P. decoris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Boonderella Percival, 1991, p. 130 (type, B. fasciculata)","Synonyms":"Boonderella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subquadrate, ventribiconvex, unisulcate, fascicostellate, filate, ventral interarea short, curved dorsal interarea very short, planar, orthocline, ventral muscle scar quadrate suboval with broad adductor track slightly elevated anteriorly, cardinal process differentiated into thickened shaft and crenulated myophore, sockets rounded, mantle canal systems in both valves probably saccate with subparallel vascula media","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 558, 5a-e. *P. decoris, Caradoc, New South Wales, a, b, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x2, c, dorsal interior, X2, d, ventral interior, X2, e, ventral exterior, x2 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 558. giraldiellidae (p. 771-774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-804.jpg?height=1849&width=1291&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proteorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Proteorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proteorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 168","Type_species":"Orthis tardissima BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 108, case VI, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely subquadrate, dorsibiconvex, strongly uniplicate, coarsely costellate, filate, apsacline ventral and orthocline dorsal interareas short, curved, ventral muscle field impressed on callus, cardinal process simple, bladelike, anterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than posterior pair, ventral mantle canal system pinnate.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 559, 2a-d. *P. tardissima (Barrande), Wenlock, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x3 . 4,  b, posterodorsal view of internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.7, c, d, ventral, anterior views of conjoined pair, x1.7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scaphorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Scaphorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scaphorthis COOPER, 1956, p. 502","Type_species":"S. virginiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex, rectimarginate to unisulcate, multicostellate, interareas relatively short, curved, ventral muscle scar subcordate with wide, triangular adductor track impressed on low callosity anteriorly, cardinal process with narrow shaft and thin, bladelike myophore, anterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than posterior pair, ventral and dorsal muscle canal systems saccate with parallel vascula media and lemniscate respectively.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Ireland, Australia (New South Wales), central Asia, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 559, 4a-c. *S. virginiensis, Caradoc, Virginia, a, dorsal interior, X2, b, ventral interior, X2, c, ventral exterior, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tazzarinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tazzarinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tazzarinia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 39","Type_species":"T. drotae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, ventribiconvex, unisulcate, multicostellate, filate, ventral interarea short, planar, dorsal vestigial, ventral muscle scar short, bilobed with wide adductor track, pedicle callist well developed, cardinal process differentiated into thick shaft and bilobed myophore, quadripartite adductor muscle scars subequal, ventral and dorsal mantle canal systems saccate (with divergent vascula media) and lemniscate respectively.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"northern Africa, England, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 559, 3a-c. *T. drotae, Caradoc, Morocco, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X2, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.9, c, rubber replicas of two ventral exteriors, X1.9 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phragmorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Phragmorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phragmorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phragmorthis COOPER, 1956, p. 508","Type_species":"P. buttsi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, unisulcate, costellae sporadically swollen","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Scotland, Kazakhstan, Ireland, Argentina, southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 560a-f. * P. buttsi, Caradoc, Virginia, a-c, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, X2, d, e, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X4, f, ventral interior, X4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 560. phragmorthidae (p. 775).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-807.jpg?height=543&width=616&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=828)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platystrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Playstrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Platystrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platystrophia KING, 1850, p. 106","Type_species":"Terebratulites biforatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 265, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Normally large, spiriferoid in outline with acute to mucronate cardinal extremities, strongly biconvex, costate and finely granulose, variably lamellose, ventral beak commonly resorbed with apical foramen, posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior pair, ventral mantle canal system digitate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 561, 1a. * P. biforata, Caradoc, Cincinnati, dorsal exterior, x2 (Cocks, new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 561, 1b-e. P. ponderosa Foerste, Ashgill, eastern North America, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior views of conjoined valves, X1 (Shimer & Shrock, 1944)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 561, 1f, g. P. laticosta (Meek), Ashgill, Ohio, f, ventral interior, X1.5, g, dorsal interior, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shimer & Shrock, 1944, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 561. platystrophiidae (p. 775-776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-808.jpg?height=1511&width=1290&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Playstrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acanthorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthorthis NEUMAN, 1976, p. 22","Type_species":"A. terreneuvensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, multicostellate with spinose lamellae, simple teeth supported by divergent dental plates, brachiophores rodlike, widely divergent, anterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than posterior pair","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"eastern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 561, 3a-c. * A. terreneuvensis, Arenig, central Newfoundland, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d7 1.5, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X 1.5, c, external mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 1.5 (Neuman, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Neuman, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 561. platystrophiidae (p. 775-776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-808.jpg?height=1511&width=1290&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ffynnonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Playstrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ffynnonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ffynnonia Neuman & BATES, 1978, p. 592","Type_species":"Ffynnonia Neuman & Bates, 1978, p. 592 *Pleurorthis costatus BATES, 1968, p. 149, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with acute cardinal extremities, coarsely costellate, curved interareas relatively short, dental plates recessive, anterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than posterior pair","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Wales, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 562, 1a-e. * F. costatus (Bates), Llanvirn, Anglesey, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X2, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X2, e, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X2 (Neuman & Bates, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Neuman & Bates, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 562. platystrophiidae (p. 775-776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-809.jpg?height=1225&width=1289&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mcewanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Playstrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mcewanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mcewanella FOERSTE, 1920, p. 197","Type_species":"Platystrophia fernvalensis McEwan, 1919, p. 428, OD, =Hebertella lineolata SAVAGE, 1917, p. 267","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hebertella lineolata Savage, 1917, p. 267","Synonyms":"Hebertella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Platystrophia but with a fine costellate ornamentation commonly superimposed on coarsely costate arrangement of Platystrophia","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"USA, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, central Asia (Altai, Kunlou, and Altai Mountains), Spain, France, northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 561, 2a, b. *M. lineolata (Savage), Ashgill, Missouri, a, ventral interior, X1, b, ventral exterior, X1 ( McEwan, 1919). Fig. 561, 2c-f. M. raymondi Foerste, Ashgill, Missouri, c, ventral exterior, X1, d, dorsal view of conjoined valves, \u00d7 2; e, ventral interior, \u00d71; f, dorsal interior, \u00d72 (Shimer & Shrock, 1944).","Museum_or_author_information":"McEwan, 1919","figure_index":"fig. 561. platystrophiidae (p. 775-776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-808.jpg?height=1511&width=1290&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Salacorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Playstrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Salacorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Salacorthis WILLIAMS, 1974, p. 79","Type_species":"S. costellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, costate to sporadically costellate with densely distributed, coarse exopunctae quincuncially arranged, ventral muscle scar impressed directly on valve floor, pedicle callist well developed, dorsal adductor scars subequal","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"England, Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 562, 2a-e. * S. costellata, Caradoc, Shelve, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x7.6, b, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x4.9, c, external mold of dorsal valve, boldsymbolX. 6, d, internal mold of ventral valve, x7.6, e, rubber replica of ventral valve, x4.9 (Williams, 1974)","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 562. platystrophiidae (p. 775-776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-809.jpg?height=1225&width=1289&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ranorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Ranorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ranorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ranorthis \u00d6PIK, 1939, p. 119","Type_species":"R. norvegica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcarinate, elongately semioval with rectangular to obtuse cardinal extremities, dorsal interarea curved, cardinal process rudimentary to ridgelike","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 563, 1 a-d .*R. norvegica, Arenig, Oslo Region, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X_3.8, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X_8.2, c, ventral exterior, x3 . 8, d, external mold of dorsal valve, x3.8 (Opik, 1939).","Museum_or_author_information":"Opik, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 563. ranorthidae (p. 777-778).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-810.jpg?height=1115&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodalmanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Ranorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eodalmanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodalmanella HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 24","Type_species":"Orthis socialis BARRANDE, 1879, p. 63, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, elongately subquadrate with variable cardinal extremities, dorsal interarea planar, cardinal process differentiated into shaft and bilobed myophore","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Bohemia, eastern North America, Kazakhstan, central Asia (Altai Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 563, 2a-e. *E. socialis (Barrande), Llanvirn, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X 4.9, b, c, internal molds of dorsal valves, X3, d, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X5.2, e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X4 .1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 563. ranorthidae (p. 777-778).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-810.jpg?height=1115&width=1282&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhactorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Rhactorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhactorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhactorthis WILLIAMS, 1963, p. 371","Type_species":"R. crassa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sharply unisulcate, multicostellate, interareas proportionately long, dental plates recessive, ventral adductor track not much elevated, pedicle callist well developed, brachiophores rodlike, cardinal process thickened with crenulated myophore, continuous with median ridge, ventral mantle canal system possibly saccate with subparallel vascula media, dorsal system also possibly saccate but with divergent vascula media.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Great Britain, Ireland, Estonia, Norway, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 564, 2a-d. *R. crassa, Caradoc, Wales, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x6.6, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x3 . 5, c, rubber replica of ventral exterior, \u00d73.1; d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, \u00d73.2 (Williams, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 564. rhactorthidae (p. 778-779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-812.jpg?height=1818&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aberia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Rhactorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aberia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aberia M\u00c9LOU, 1990, p. 549","Type_species":"A. havl\u00edceki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, rectimarginate, ramicostellate, interareas planar, relatively long, ventral muscle scar weakly bilobed, cardinal process thickened with bilobed myophore, dorsal median ridge vestigial","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 564, 1a-d. *A. havliceki, Ashgill, Brittany, a, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x2, rubber replica of ventral interior, X2, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X2, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x2 (M\u00e9lou, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"M\u00e9lou, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 564. rhactorthidae (p. 778-779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-812.jpg?height=1818&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eripnifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Rhactorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eripnifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eripnifera POTTER, 1990a, p. 108","Type_species":"E. praecipitis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly unisulcate, fascicostellate (aditicules not observed), interareas proportionately long, curved, ventral muscle scar subtriangular with anteromedian elevated callus, brachiophores bladelike, supported by fulcral plates and subparallel ancillary struts that are not typical brachiophore plates, cardinal process rodlike, continuous with the median ridge and with bulbous myophore, flanked by low notothyrial thickenings in some valves, quadripartite dorsal adductor field petaloid, bounded by ridge and divided into posterior and anterior components by narrowly divergent vascula myaria, mantle canal systems in both valves digitate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"USA (California, Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 564, 3a-e. *E. praecipitis, Ashgill, California, a, b, interior, exterior of ventral valve, x2, c, d, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x3.5, e, dorsal interior, x4 (Potter, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Potter, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 564. rhactorthidae (p. 778-779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-812.jpg?height=1818&width=1288&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tasmanorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Tasmanorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tasmanorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tasmanorthis LAURIE, 1991, p. 41","Type_species":"T. costata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia (Tasmania)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 565, 1 a-f .* T. costata, Caradoc, Tasmania, a-c, interior, exterior, posterior view of ventral valve, x2, d, e, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, times, f, details of ornament, x8 (Laurie, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nLaurie, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 565. tasmanorthidae and wangyuiidae (p. 779-782).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-813.jpg?height=1805&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wangyuia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Wangyuiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wangyuia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wangyuia ZHANG, 1989a, p. 58","Type_species":"W. thorsteinssoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with variable cardinal extremities, coarsely costellate, weakly lamellose, subpyramidal ventral interarea steeply apsacline to procline, ventral muscle field bilobed, cardinal process rodlike, occasionally capped with bilobed myophore, dorsal adductor field elongately quadripartite with anterior pair of scars larger than posterior pair, dorsal median ridge low","Beginning_age":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 565, 4a-e. *W. thorsteinssoni, Wenlock, Arctic Canada, a, b, interior, exterior of ventral valve, x8, c, d, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x8_8, e, interior of dorsal valve, X_8 (Zhang, 1989a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 565. tasmanorthidae and wangyuiidae (p. 779-782).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-813.jpg?height=1805&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bowanorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Wangyuiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bowanorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bowanorthis PERCIVAL, 1991, p. 123","Type_species":"B. fragilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, delthyrium with apical plate, catacline ventral interarea long, curved, anacline to catacline dorsal interarea shorter, planar, vestigial notothyrial platform continuous with long dorsal median ridge, dorsal adductor field sills equally quadripartite, ventral mantle canal system probably saccate with subparallel vascula media","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 565, 5a-f. *B. fragilis, Caradoc, New South Wales, a-c, dorsal, posterior, anterior views of conjoined valves, x5, d, e, interior, exterior of dorsal valve, x5, f, ventral interior, X5 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 565. tasmanorthidae and wangyuiidae (p. 779-782).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-813.jpg?height=1805&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sigmelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Wangyuiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sigmelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sigmelasma POTTER, 1990b, p. 23","Type_species":"S. pantherae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, strongly apsacline ventral interarea planar, of variable length, anacline dorsal interarea shorter, notothyrial platform and dorsal median septum absent. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): western United States.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"western United States","Figure_captions":"Fig. 565, 3a-h. *S. pantherae, Caradoc, California, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, x6,  f, broken ventral interior, x6, ~ g, broken dorsal interior, x6, h, dorsal interior, x6 (Potter, 1990b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Potter, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 565. tasmanorthidae and wangyuiidae (p. 779-782).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-813.jpg?height=1805&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Toxorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Wangyuiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Toxorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Toxorthis TEMPLE, 1968, p. 20","Type_species":"T. proteus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval with acute cardinal extremities, strongly unisulcate, coarsely costellate, interareas relatively short, teeth usually as elongate ridges, ventral muscle field subtriangular, undifferentiated, cardinal process absent, simple or as a low, bilobed myophore, platelike brachiophores supported at ends of elongate fulcral plates.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Great Britain, central China (western Hubei)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 565, 2a\u2013c. *T. proteus, Ashgill, northwestern England, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x10, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x10, c, external mold of dorsal valve, X_10 (Temple, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nTemple, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 565. tasmanorthidae and wangyuiidae (p. 779-782).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-813.jpg?height=1805&width=1291&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dalmanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Dalmanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dalmanella Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 205","Type_species":"Orthis testudinaria DALMAN, 1828, p. 115, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Wattsella Bancroft, 1928a, p. 55 (type, W. wattsi)","Synonyms":"Wattsella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, variably biconvex to ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with dental fossettes, cordate muscle scar, and divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with brachiophore plates convergent onto median ridge, fulcral plates normally present","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 566, 2a-f. * D. testudinaria (Dalman), Ashgill, Sweden, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, X2.3, f, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X4 (Williams & Wright, 1963).\u2014\u2014Fig. 566, 2g, h. D. testudinaria ripae Mitchell, Ashgill, Girvan, Scotland, g, internal mold of dorsal valve, X 4, h, internal mold of ventral valve, X4 (Harper, 1989). Fig. 566, 2i. D. multiplicata, Caradoc, Shropshire, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams & Wright, 1963, \nHarper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 566. dalmanellidae (p. 783-786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-816.jpg?height=1851&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bancroftina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Bancroftina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bancroftina Sinclair, 1946, p. 295, nom. nov. pro Raymondella Whittington, 1938, p. 249, non REED, 1935","Type_species":"*Raymondella typa Whittington, 1938, p. 249, OD, =R. typa BANCROFT, 1933, p. 3, nom. nud.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, unequally biconvex to ventribiconvex, nearly rectimarginate valves, ventral interior with bilobed to linear muscle scar and recessive dental plates, dorsal interior with undifferentiated trilobed cardinal process, brachiophores and plates subparallel to hinge line, supported by ancillary struts extending anteriorly from notothyrial platform, fulcral plates rare. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): Britain, Ireland.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Britain, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 566, 1 a-d .* B. typa (Whittington), Caradoc, Shropshire, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5 (Wright, 1965a), d, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x4 (Williams & Wright, 1963)., Fig. 566, 1e. B. robusta (Bancroft), Caradoc, Shropshire, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nWilliams & Wright, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 566. dalmanellidae (p. 783-786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-816.jpg?height=1851&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Cryptothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptothyris BANCROFT, 1945, p. 223","Type_species":"Resserella paracyclica BANCROFT, 1928a, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, markedly ventribiconvex, mainly rectimarginate valves, ventral muscle scar subtriangular to cordate with short diductor scars, dorsal interior with massive brachiophores, plates slightly divergent ventrally, bilobed cardinal process undifferentiated, fulcral plates rare. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): Britain.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 567, 1a-e. * C. paracyclica (BanCroFT), Caradoc, Shropshire, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5 (Hurst, 1979), b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2.5, c, ventral exterior, x2.5 (Cocks, new), d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X3, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, x3 (Williams & Wright, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hurst, 1979, \nWilliams & Wright, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 567. dalmanellidae (p. 785).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-818.jpg?height=1475&width=1288&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eremotrema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Eremotrema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eremotrema COOPER, 1956, p. 959","Type_species":"E. biconvexum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongately semioval, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with bilobed muscle scar and divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with fissured, trilobed cardinal process and brachiophore plates variably divergent ventrally, fulcral plates rare. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): eastern North America, Scotland.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"eastern North America, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 566, 3a-f. * E. biconvexum, Caradoc, Virginia, a-d, ventral, posterior, anterior, dorsal views of conjoined valves, X2, e, ventral interior, X2, f, dorsal interior, X3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 566. dalmanellidae (p. 783-786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-816.jpg?height=1851&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Howellites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Howellites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Howellites BANCROFT, 1945, p. 203","Type_species":"Resserella (Howellites) striata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mesodalmanella Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1950, p. 26 (type, M. flava)","Synonyms":"Mesodalmanella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with bilobed muscle scar and divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with brachiophore plates variably divergent ventrally and rare fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 568, 2a-e. *H. striatus (Bancroft), Caradoc, Wales, a, rubber replica of ventral exterior, x2.5, b, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x2.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3.5, e, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X 4 (Williams, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 568. dalmanellidae (p. 785-788).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-819.jpg?height=1648&width=1291&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mirorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Mirorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mirorthis Zeng in Wang & OTHERS, 1983, p. 116","Type_species":"M. mira, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, small, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates and suboval muscle scar, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, widely divergent brachiophore plates associated with ancillary struts and crural pits, fulcral plates well developed","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 567, 2a-g. *M. mira, Ashgill, a, internal mold of ventral valve of conjoined internal molds, southern China, X3, b, enlargement of posterior part of conjoined internal molds, southern China, x1 0^mathbf1 0, c, internal mold of dorsal valve of conjoined internal molds, southern China, X3, d, enlargement of posterior part of conjoined internal molds, southern China, X_10, e, external mold of ventral valve of same specimen, southern China, X3 (Rong, 1984), f, internal mold of dorsal valve, Poland, x6 . 6, ~ g, internal mold of ventral valve, Poland, x6.6 (Temple, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, 1984, \nTemple, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 567. dalmanellidae (p. 785).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-818.jpg?height=1475&width=1288&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Onniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Onniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Onniella Bancroft, 1928a, p. 55","Type_species":"O. broeggeri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Soudleyella Bancroft, 1945, p. 209 (type, S. soudleyella), Bagnorthis Levy & Nullo, 1974, p. 183 (type, B. garrigoui)","Synonyms":"Soudleyella, Bagnorthis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with widely cordate ventral muscle scar and recessive dental plates, dorsal interior with undifferentiated, swollen, bilobed cardinal process, brachiophore plates widely divergent ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 569, 1a-d. * O. broeggeri, Caradoc, Shropshire, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, x1.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5 (Cocks, new), d, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2.5 (Hurst, 1979)., Fig. 569, 1e-g. O. reuschi, Caradoc, Shropshire, e, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, f, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3 (Cocks, new), g, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x1.5 (Wright, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hurst, 1979, \nWright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 569. dalmanellidae (p. 785-787).\nfig. 569. dalmanellidae (p. 785-787).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-820.jpg?height=1276&width=1286&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-820.jpg?height=1276&width=1286&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Onnizetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Onnizetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Onnizetina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 168","Type_species":"Onnizetina mellita, OD, = Orthis trubinensis BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 112, case II, fig. 1-3","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subquadrate, small, biconvex valves with variably inclined dorsal interarea, ventral muscle scar subtriangular, dorsal interior with undifferentiated bilobed cardinal process, high, short bladelike brachiophores, and brachiophore plates slightly divergent ventrally, fulcral plates absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 568, 3a-e. *O. trubinensis (Barrande), Caradoc, Bohemia, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x5 . 2,  c, internal mold of ventral valve, X 7.4, d, e, external mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X5.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 568. dalmanellidae (p. 785-788).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-819.jpg?height=1648&width=1291&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paucicrura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Paucicrura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paucicrura COOPER, 1956, p. 956","Type_species":"Orthis rogata SARDESON, 1892, p. 331, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cristiferina Cooper, 1956, p. 961 (type, C. cristata), Sigopallus LiU & Liu, 1985, p. 232 (type, S. vicarius)","Synonyms":"Cristiferina, Sigopallus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subquadrate, ventribiconvex, fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates and bilobed muscle scar, dorsal interior with differentially trilobed cardinal process with median lobe expanded as crest.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Britain, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 566, 4a-e. * P. rogata (Sardeson), Caradoc, Minnesota, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views of conjoined valves, X2, e, dorsal interior, X3 (Cooper, 1956)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 566, 4f. P. virginica Cooper, Caradoc, Virginia, ventral interior, X3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 566. dalmanellidae (p. 783-786).\nfig. 566. dalmanellidae (p. 783-786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-816.jpg?height=1851&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-816.jpg?height=1851&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ravozetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Ravozetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ravozetina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 169","Type_species":"Orthis honorata BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 68, case III, fig. 1, 2","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, small, ventribiconvex, coarsely costellate valves with angular ribs, ventral interior with subtriangular muscle scar on callus, dental plates subparallel, pedicle callist well developed, dorsal interior with cardinal process normally as blade or ridge, fulcral plates absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 569, 2a-c. *R. honorata (Barrande), Ashgill, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x8, b, dorsal exterior, X_10.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X8.4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 569. dalmanellidae (p. 785-787).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-820.jpg?height=1276&width=1286&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trucizetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Trucizetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trucizetina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 169","Type_species":"T. subrotundata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular, ventribiconvex to nearly planoconvex, fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with subtriangular muscle scar and divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with ridgelike or bilobed cardinal process, muscle scar bisected by median ridge and confined posterolaterally by pair of divergent ridges extending forward from brachiophore plates, fulcral plates absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 569, 3a-d. * T. subrotundata, Ashgill, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X2.7, b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x3 . 5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, d, dorsal exterior, X4.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 569. dalmanellidae (p. 785-787).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-820.jpg?height=1276&width=1286&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wysogorskiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Wysogorskiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wysogorskiella HINTS , 1975, p. 61","Type_species":"W. litviensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex valves; ventral interior with massive teeth, dental fossettes, and divergent dental plates; muscle scar short and cordate; dorsal interior with trilobed cardinal process, massive, erect brachiophores, and fulcral plates; dorsal adductor scars elongate, bisected by well-developed median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"eastern Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 568,1a\u2013g. W. litviensis, Caradoc, eastern Baltic; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d77.5; f, ventral interior, \u00d7 7.7; g, dorsal interior, \u00d7 7.5 (Hints, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 568. dalmanellidae (p. 785-788).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-819.jpg?height=1648&width=1291&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cortezorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Cortezorthinae","Genus":"Cortezorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cortezorthis Johnson & TALENT, 1967a, p. 143","Type_species":"C. maclareni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, ventribiconvex, sharply unisulcate valves, ventral interior with dental fossettes and recessive dental plates, muscle scar cordate, dorsal interior with petaloid muscle scar situated on platform, bisected by long, low median septum, triangular in lateral view, extended forward to near anterior margin, radial ridges well developed on anteromedian areas of both interiors","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 570, 1a-e. *C. maclareni, Emsian or Eifelian, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada, a, dorsal interior, X3, b, incomplete dorsal interior, X3, c, ventral interior, X2, d, e, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined pair, x2 (Johnson & Talent, 1967a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson & Talent, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 570. dalmanellidae (p. 788-789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-822.jpg?height=1879&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cariniferella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Cortezorthinae","Genus":"Cariniferella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cariniferella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 246","Type_species":"Orthis carinata HALL, 1843b, p. 267, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, dorsibiconvex, sharply unisulcate valves, ventral and dorsal interareas catacline and orthocline respectively, ventral interior with bilobed muscle scar, dorsal interior with small, trilobed cardinal process, muscle scar petaloid","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 570, 3a-f. *C. carinata (Hall), Frasnian, New York, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X3, c-f, anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined pair, X1.25 (Johnson & Talent, 1967a)., Fig. 570, 3g, h. C. tioga (Hall), Frasnian, New York, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X1 (Johnson & Talent, 1967a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson & Talent, 1967, \nJohnson & Talent, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 570. dalmanellidae (p. 788-789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-822.jpg?height=1879&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reeftonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Cortezorthinae","Genus":"Reeftonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reeftonia ALLAN, 1947, p. 436","Type_species":"R. marwicki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, biconvex, unisulcate valves, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and cordate muscle scar, dorsal interior with small myophore and short shaft","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 570, 2a-d. *R. marwicki, Emsian, New Zealand, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, d, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5 (Johnson & Talent, 1967a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson & Talent, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 570. dalmanellidae (p. 788-789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-822.jpg?height=1879&width=1288&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"Isorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isorthis KOZ\u0141OWSKI, 1929, p. 29","Type_species":"Dalmanella (Isorthis) szajnochai, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, subequally biconvex, rectimarginate to weakly unisulcate valves, ventral interior with dental fossettes, dorsal interior with variably lobate cardinal process and brachiophore plates divergent ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 571, 2a\u2013h. *I. (A.) arcuaria (HALL & CLARKE), Ludlow, Tennessee; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral, anterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d71; f, ventral interior, \u00d73; g, dorsal interior, \u00d71; h, anterior detail of dorsal interior, \u00d7 5 (Walmsley & Boucot, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 571. dalmanellidae (p. 789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-823.jpg?height=1829&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"I. (Isorthis)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"I. (Isorthis)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"I. (Isorthis) KOZ\u0141OWSKI, 1929, p. 29","Type_species":"Dalmanella (Isorthis) szajnochai, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex to near equally biconvex valves; dorsal interior with small, lobate cardinal process; fulcral plates commonly developed.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 571, 2a\u2013h. *I. (A.) arcuaria (HALL & CLARKE), Ludlow, Tennessee; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral, anterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d71; f, ventral interior, \u00d73; g, dorsal interior, \u00d71; h, anterior detail of dorsal interior, \u00d7 5 (Walmsley & Boucot, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 571. dalmanellidae (p. 789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-823.jpg?height=1829&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"I. (Arcualla)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"I. (Arcualla)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"I. (Arcualla) Walmsley & BOUCOT, 1975, p. 79","Type_species":"Orthis arcuaria Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 224, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from I. (Isorthis) in having more elongate and indistinct quadripartite dorsal muscle scar, ventral interior with wide median ridge dividing muscle field.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Sweden, Podolia, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 571, 2a-h. *I. (A.) arcuaria (Hall & Clarke), Ludlow, Tennessee, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral, anterior views of conjoined valves, X1, f, ventral interior, X3, g, dorsal interior, X1, h, anterior detail of dorsal interior, X_5 (Walmsley & Boucot, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Walmsley & Boucot, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 571. dalmanellidae (p. 789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-823.jpg?height=1829&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"I. (Ovalella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"I. (Ovalella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"I. (Ovalella) Walmsley & BOUCOT, 1975, p. 75","Type_species":"*Platystrophia ovalis PASKEVICIUS, 1962, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from I. (Isorthis) in having elongate, suboval, and indistinct quadripartite muscle scar, ventral interior with short, narrow median ridge.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"eastern North America, eastern Baltic, Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 571, 3a, b. I. (O.) mackenziei Walmsley, Llandovery, Welsh Borderlands, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x3.2, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x3.2 (Walmsley & Boucot, 1975), Fig. 571, 3c-g. I. (O.) scuteformis Walmsley, Ludlow, England, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views of conjoined valves, X1 (Walmsley & Boucot, 1975)","Museum_or_author_information":"Walmsley & Boucot, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 571. dalmanellidae (p. 789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-823.jpg?height=1829&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costisorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"Costisorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costisorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 170","Type_species":"Orthis occlusa BARRANDE, 1848, pl. 19, fig. 2, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Isorthis but multiplicate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 572, 1a-c. *C. occlusa (Barrande), Pragian, Bohemia, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined pairs, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levenea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"Levenea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levenea Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 246","Type_species":"Orthis subcarinata HALL, 1857, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with short subpentagonal muscle field bisected by wide median ridge, dorsal interior with swollen, lobate myophore lacking well-developed shaft and brachiophores expanded medianly, deep sockets excavated into valve floor, fulcral plates rare. lower Silurian (Llandovery)Middle Devonian (Eifelian): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 571, 4a-c. *L. subcarinata (HALL), Lochkovian, Tennessee, a, ventral interior, x1.5, b, dorsal interior, x1 . 5, ~ c, enlargement of posterior region, x3 . 5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), Fig. 571, 4d-f. L. sp. cf. L. subcarinata, Lochkovian, Tennessee, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 571. dalmanellidae (p. 789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-823.jpg?height=1829&width=1282&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peleicostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"Peleicostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peleicostella HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971b, p. 230","Type_species":"Spirifer peleus BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 74, case IV, fig. 1-3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, fascicostellate, multiplicate valves with capillae, ventral interior with divergent dental plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 572, 2a-d. *P. peleus (Barrande), Pragian, Bohemia, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined pair, x2.7, c, dorsal exterior, x2.1, d, dorsal interior, x4.4 (Havli\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protocortezorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"Protocortezorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protocortezorthis Johnson & TALENT, 1967a, p. 154","Type_species":"Orthis fornicatimcurvata FUCHS, 1919, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with linear muscle scar, bisected by median ridge, and recessive dental plates. Dorsal muscle scar petaloid, fulcral plates variably developed.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 572, 4a\u2013d. *P. fornicatimcurvata (FUCHS), Lochkovian, Germany; a,b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, \u00d72; c,d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2 (Johnson & Talent, 1967a).\u2014\u2014Fig . 572, 4e,f. P. windmillensis JOHNSON & TALENT, Pragian, central Nevada; exterior, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 1.5 (Johnson & Talent, 1967a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tyersella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"Tyersella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tyersella PHILIP, 1962, p. 197","Type_species":"T. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates and median ridge, dorsal interior with petaloid muscle scar having elevated margins, deep sockets excavated into valve floor, fulcral plates absent","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock), Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 572, 3a-e. T. snajdri (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Emsian, Bohemia, a, ventral view of conjoined valves, x2.1, b, dorsal view of conjoined valves, x1 . 8, c, anterior view of conjoined valves, x2.1, d, ventral interior, x2, e, dorsal interior, X2.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prokopia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Prokopiinae","Genus":"Prokopia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prokopia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1953, p. 6","Type_species":"P. bouskai, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular valves with delthyrium containing flat apical plate, ventral interarea long, straight, ventral interior with recessive dental plates, dorsal interior lacking fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Germany, Morocco, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 573, 2a-h. * P. bouskai, Pragian, Bohemia, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 10.6, e-g, normal, posterior, oblique views of dorsal interior, X11.2, h, ventral interior, X11.1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 573. dalmanellidae (p. 793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-826.jpg?height=1561&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eosophragmophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Prokopiinae","Genus":"Eosophragmophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eosophragmophora Wang in Wang, Yu, & WU, 1974, p. 36","Type_species":"E. sinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, medium-sized valves with open delthyrium, dorsal interior lacking fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China, Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 573, 1a-f. * E. sinensis, Emsian, southern China, a-c, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, x2 . 5 ), ventral interior, X3, e, f, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X3 (Wang & Rong, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang & Rong, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 573. dalmanellidae (p. 793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-826.jpg?height=1561&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Miniprokopia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Prokopiinae","Genus":"Miniprokopia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Miniprokopia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971b, p. 229","Type_species":"M. miniconcha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, coarsely paucicostellate valves with long, curved ventral interarea, ventral interior with rudimentary dental plates and muscle field on well-developed callus, dorsal interior with subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 573,3a\u2013f. *M. miniconcha, Pragian, Bohemia; a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d712.4; d,e, normal, oblique views of dorsal interior, \u00d79.5; f, ventral interior, \u00d713.5 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 573. dalmanellidae (p. 793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-826.jpg?height=1561&width=1286&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protophragmapora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Prokopiinae","Genus":"Protophragmapora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protophragmapora ALEKSEEVA, 1967, p. 7","Type_species":"P. chotchalensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Phragmophora but with open delthyrium and simple cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"northeastern Russia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 574, 2a-e. *P. chotchalensis, Lower Devonian, northeastern Russia, a-c, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined valves, X 1, d, internal mold of ventral valve, X, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, X 1 . 5 (Alekseeva, 1967)","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 574. dalmanellidae (p. 793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-827.jpg?height=1326&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Resserella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Resserella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Resserella BANCROFT, 1928a, p. 54","Type_species":"Orthis canalis J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 630, pl. 13, fig. 12a, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parmorthis Schuchert & Cooper, 1931, p. 246 (type, Orthis elegantula Dalman, 1828, p. 117)","Synonyms":"Parmorthis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular valves with recessive dental plates and suboval ventral muscle scar","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 575, 1a-g. *R. canalis (J. de C. Sowerby), Wenlock-Ludlow, Gotland, Sweden, a, ventral interior, X3, b, dorsal interior, X3, c-g, anterior, posterior, lateral, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined pair, X3 (Walmsley & Boucot, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Walmsley & Boucot, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 575. dalmanellidae (p. 793-798).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-828.jpg?height=1803&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dedzetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Dedzetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dedzetina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 33","Type_species":"Parmorthis (Dedzetina) macrostomoides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex, coarsely costellate valves with apical deltidium and hypercline dorsal interarea, ventral interior with recessive dental plates, cordate muscle scar, and well-developed pedicle callist. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 576, 1a-c. *D. macrostomoides (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Ashgill, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X3.2, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3.4, c, external mold of dorsal valve, X3.8 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fascicostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Fascicostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fascicostella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 246","Type_species":"Strophomenes gervilii DEFRANCE, 1828, p. 152, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, coarsely fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and suboval muscle scar","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig . 576,3a,b. *F. gervilii (D EFRANCE ), Pragian, Bohemia; ventral, dorsal exteriors of conjoined pair, \u00d7 1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).\u2014\u2014Fig . 576,3c\u2013f. F. undulata WALMSLEY & BOUCOT, Lower Devonian, France; c,d, internal, external views of dorsal valve, \u00d73; e,f, internal molds of dorsal, ventral valves of conjoined pair, \u00d7 2 (Walmsley & Boucot, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fascizetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Fascizetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fascizetina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 232","Type_species":"Orthis gervilli konieprusensis OEHLERT, 1886, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, fascicostellate, multiplicate valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 576, 2a-d. * F. konieprusensis (Oehlert), Pragian, Bohemia, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior views of conjoined pair, x2.1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karlicium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Karlicium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karlicium HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1974, p. 169","Type_species":"K. karlicum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, small, coarsely costellate valves, dorsal interarea catacline, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and cordate muscle scar, cardinalia lacking fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 576, 4a-c. *K. karlicum, Ashgill, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X7.8, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x9.2, c, external mold of dorsal valve, x10.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parmorthina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Parmorthina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parmorthina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 232","Type_species":"Parmorthis pragensis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 539, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, fascicostellate, unisulcate to weakly strangulate valves, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and cordate muscle scar, cardinalia lacking fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 575, 2a-e. *P. pragenesis (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Emsian, Bohemia, a, dorsal interior, X2, b, ventral interior, X2, c, dorsal exterior, X4.6, d, e, ventral, lateral views of ventral exterior, X1.8 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 575. dalmanellidae (p. 793-798).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-828.jpg?height=1803&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Visbyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Visbyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Visbyella Walmsley & OTHERS, 1968, p. 306","Type_species":"Orthis visbyensis LINDSTR\u00d6M, 1861, p. 366, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, small valves with apical deltidium and hypercline dorsal interarea, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and cordate muscle scar, dorsal interior with trilobed, dorsally facing cardinal process and median septum. lower Silurian (Llandovery)-middle Silurian (Wenlock): widespread.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"widespread","Figure_captions":"Fig. 575, 3a\u2013h. *V. visbyensis (L INDSTR\u00d6M ), Llandovery, Gotland; a\u2013d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 3; e,f, normal, tilted views of ventral interior, \u00d7 3; g,h, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, \u00d73 (Walmsley & others, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 575. dalmanellidae (p. 793-798).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-828.jpg?height=1803&width=1284&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zlichopyramis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Zlichopyramis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zlichopyramis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 233","Type_species":"Z. tibicen, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, ventribiconvex valves, unisulcate and imbricate, ventral interarea subpyramidal with apical deltidium, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and cordate muscle scar, dorsal interior with anterior adductor scars larger than posterior pair","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 577, 2a-e. * Z. tibicen, Emsian, Bohemia, a, dorsal interior, x4.1, b, ventral interior, x5.7, c, posterior view of ventral valve showing interarea, X4.2, d, ventral exterior, X4, e, dorsal exterior, X_4.1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 577. dalmanellidae (p. 795-798).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-829.jpg?height=1638&width=1289&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Templeella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Templeellinae","Genus":"Templeella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Britain, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 578,3a,b. *T. gobiensis, Llandovery, southwestern Mongolia; a, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d710; b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d712 (Rozman & Rong, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Angusticardinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Angusticardiniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Angusticardinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Angusticardinia Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 244","Type_species":"Porambonites recta PANDER, 1830, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, weakly uniplicate valves occasionally with small alae, dorsal interior with simple, ridgelike cardinal process, short brachiophores, and well-developed median septum bisecting small, quadripartite adductor scar","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 578, 2a-c. *A. recta (Pander), Arenig, Russia, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined pair, X3, c, dorsal interior, X3 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apatorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Angusticardiniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apatorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apatorthis \u00d6PIK, 1933b, p. 5","Type_species":"A. punctata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to rostrate, uniplicate valves with small, well-developed alae, shell surface granular, dorsal interior lacking cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Ashgill)","Geography":"eastern Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 578, 1ae. *A. punctata, Caradoc, eastern Baltic, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined pair, X1.3 (\u00d6pik, 1933b).","Museum_or_author_information":"\u00d6pik, 1933","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dicoelosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dicoelosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dicoelosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dicoelosia KING, 1850, p. 106","Type_species":"Anomia biloba LINN\u00c9, 1767, p. 1154, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dicaelosia King, 1850, p. 106, Bilobites Quenstedt, 1869, p. 550, obj., non Rafinesque, 1831, nec d'Orbigny, 1839, nec Bronn, 1848","Synonyms":"Dicaelosia,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Bilobed, multicostellate valves with long, curved ventral interarea, ventral muscle scar cordate, cardinalia with lobate process and shaft, fulcral plates absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc), Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 579, 1a-h. *D. biloba (Linn\u00e9), Wenlock, Gotland, Sweden, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, boldsymbolX 5, f, g, interior, exterior of ventral valve, x7 . 5,  h, dorsal interior, x6 (Wright, 1968a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 579. dicoelosiidae (p. 800).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-833.jpg?height=1631&width=1285&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Epitomyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dicoelosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Epitomyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Epitomyonia WRIGHT, 1968b, p. 128","Type_species":"E. glypha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Bilobed, multicostellate valves with long, curved ventral interarea, ventral muscle scar cordate, cardinalia with lobate myophore and shaft continuous with high dorsal median septum extending almost to anterior margin, bisecting dorsal platform, fulcral plates absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill) - upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Baltic, Bohemia, Britain, Italy, North America, Spain, Scandinavia, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 579, 2a-g. * E. glypha, a-e, posterior, anterior, dorsal, lateral, ventral views of conjoined pair, X_6, f, g, normal, oblique views of dorsal interior, x6 (Wright, 1968b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 579. dicoelosiidae (p. 800).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-833.jpg?height=1631&width=1285&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Teichertina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dicoelosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Teichertina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Teichertina VEEVERS, 1959, p. 37","Type_species":"T. fitzroyensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Cordate, fascicostellate, imbricate valves with subpyramidal ventral interarea and narrowly divergent notothyrium, wide hinge line with acute cardinal extremities, ventral muscle scar oval, cardinalia with bilobed cardinal process and shaft continuous with dorsal median ridge, fulcral plates present.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian), Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Moravia, USA (Nevada), Western Australia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 579, 3a-h. * T. fitzroyensis, Frasnian, Fitzroy basin, Western Australia, a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views of conjoined valves, x5, f, g, anterior, posterior views of ventral interior, X5, h, dorsal interior, X5 (Johnson, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nJohnson, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 579. dicoelosiidae (p. 800).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-833.jpg?height=1631&width=1285&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harknessella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Harknessella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harknessella REED, 1917, p. 862","Type_species":"Orthis vespertilio J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 640, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, medium-sized, unisulcate valves with acute cardinal extremities and fascicostellate ornament, dorsal interior with parallel to divergent bladelike brachiophores and divergent plates, brachiophore plates variably attached to fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 580, 1a-e. *H. vespertilio (Sowerby), Caradoc, England, a, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X1, b, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, rubber replica, x1 (Wright, 1965a), d, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2 (Bancroft, 1945).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nBancroft, 1945","figure_index":"fig. 580. harknessellidae (p. 800-801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-834.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Horderleyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Horderleyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Horderleyella BANCROFT, 1928b, p. 178","Type_species":"H. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Dorsibiconvex, small, sharply unisulcate valves with obtuse cardinal extremities and coarsely fascicostellate ornament, ventral interior with small suboval to rhomboidal muscle field, dorsal interior with parallel to divergent brachiophore blades, cardinal process small and lobate, crural pits and fulcral plates well developed.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, China, Morocco, Sweden, eastern Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 580, 3a-e. *H. plicata, Caradoc, England, a, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X1, b, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, Xl, c, internal mold of ventral interior, X1, d, e, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1 (Wright, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 580. harknessellidae (p. 800-801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-834.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kampella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kampella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kampella BAARLI, 1988, p. 1116","Type_species":"K. guttula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, small, multicostellate, weakly unisulcate to rectimarginate valves with obtuse cardinal extremities and short hinge line, ventral interior with projecting dental plates and short cordate to bilobed muscle scar, dorsal interior with widely divergent brachiophore blades, swollen semioval cardinal process, and fulcral plates.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 581, 1a-d. *K. guttula, Llandovery, Oslo Region, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.5, b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X3, d, external mold of ventral valve, X3 (Baarli, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baarli, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 581. harknessellidae (p. 800-802).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-835.jpg?height=1603&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reuschella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Reuschella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reuschella BANCROFT, 1928b, p. 180","Type_species":"R. semiglobata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, large, sharply unisulcate valves with acute cardinal extremities and coarsely costellate ornament, dorsal interior with widely divergent brachiophore blades. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill): Europe, eastern Baltic, Argentina, eastern USA, central Asia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, eastern Baltic, Argentina, eastern USA, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 580, 2a-e. *R. semiglobata, Caradoc, England, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5 (Cocks, new), b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X1, d, detail of posterior region of replica of dorsal interior, x2.5, e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x1 (Wright, 1965a)., Fig. 580, 2f. R. horderlyensis BANCROFT, Caradoc, England, internal mold of dorsal valve, X1.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 580. harknessellidae (p. 800-801).\nfig. 580. harknessellidae (p. 800-801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-834.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-834.jpg?height=1471&width=1286&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Smeathenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Smeathenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Smeathenella BANCROFT, 1928b, p. 177","Type_species":"S. harnagensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Dorsibiconvex, medium sized, sharply unisulcate valves with flattened profiles and multicostellate ornament, dorsal interior with parallel to divergent brachiophore blades, lacking fulcral plates.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Welsh Borderlands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 581, 2a, b. *S. harnagensis, Caradoc, England, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X1, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X1 (Wright, 1965a)., Fig. 581, 2c. S. strophomenoides Bancroft, Caradoc, England, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X2 (Bancroft, 1945).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nBancroft, 1945","figure_index":"fig. 581. harknessellidae (p. 800-802).\nfig. 581. harknessellidae (p. 800-802).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-835.jpg?height=1603&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-835.jpg?height=1603&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wulongella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wulongella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wulongella ZHU, 1985, p. 36","Type_species":"W. convexiplanus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Convexoconcave, medium sized, rectimarginate valves with obtuse cardinal extremities and parvicostellate ornament, ventral interior with short divergent dental plates and subtriangular muscle field, dorsal interior with widely divergent brachiophores and bases together with cleft cardinal process, muscle field bisected by median ridge, subperipheral rims developed in both ventral and dorsal interiors.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 581, 3a-d. *W. convexiplanus, upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill, Hinggang Ling, northeastern China, a, c, ventral and dorsal internal molds together with rubber replicas of b, d, dorsal and ventral valves, \u00d7 2.5 (Rong, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 581. harknessellidae (p. 800-802).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-835.jpg?height=1603&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heterorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heterorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heterorthis Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 202","Type_species":"Orthis clytie HALL, 1861b, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, large, rectimarginate, concavoconvex to planoconvex, multicostellate valves, notothyrium partly covered by well-developed chilidium, ventral interior with muscle scars, dorsal interior with lobate cardinal process, tripartite on posteroventral surface, subperipheral rim developed in adults. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): Europe, North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 582, 1a-d. *H. clytie (Hall), Caradoc, Kentucky, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, X1.5, c, ventral interior, X1.5, dorsal interior, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., Fig. 582, le-g. H. alternata (J. de C. Sowerby), Caradoc, Shropshire, e, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, f, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1 . 5, ~ g, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x1.5 (Williams, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nWilliams, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 582. heterorthidae (p. 803-804).\nfig. 582. heterorthidae (p. 803-804).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-837.jpg?height=1803&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-837.jpg?height=1803&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arenorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Arenorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arenorthis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1970a, p. 29","Type_species":"A. arenaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventribiconvex valves, unisulcate, fascicostellate, ventral interior with projecting dental plates, dorsal interior with lobate cardinal process, posteroventral face tripartite","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 582, 2a-d. *A. arenaria, Ashgill, Morocco, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x1 . 5, ~ d, rubber replicas of ventral and dorsal exteriors, x1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1970a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 582. heterorthidae (p. 803-804).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-837.jpg?height=1803&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cacemia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cacemia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cacemia MITCHELL, 1974, p. 394","Type_species":"Orthis ribeiroi Sharpe in RIBEIRO, 1853, p. 152, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely semioval, mucronate valves with acute to extended cardinal extremities, ventral interior with divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with widely divergent brachiophores, lobate cardinal process, medially cleft.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Portugal, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 583, 1a-c. *C*. ribeiroi (Sharpe), Llanvirn, Portugal, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, rubber replica of ventral exterior, \u00d7 2 (Mitchell, 1974), Fig. 583, 1d, e. C. sp. aff. C. ribeiroi, Llanvirn, Portugal, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d7 4 (Mitchell, 1974)","Museum_or_author_information":"Mitchell, 1974, \nMitchell, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 583. heterorthidae (p. 804).\nfig. 583. heterorthidae (p. 804).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-838.jpg?height=758&width=418&top_left_y=1051&top_left_x=683)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cilinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cilinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cilinella HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1970a, p. 16","Type_species":"Svobodaina svobodai HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, transversely semioval, rectimarginate, fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates and bilobed muscle scar, semiflabellate, dorsal interior with high, bladelike brachiophores.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 584, 1a-c. *C. svobodai (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Caradoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1970a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 584. heterorthidae (p. 804-807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-839.jpg?height=1805&width=1298&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heterorthella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heterorthella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heterorthella Harper, Boucot, & WALMSLEY, 1969, p. 79","Type_species":"* H. maehli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to concavoconvex valves, dorsal interior with high, simple, bladelike cardinal process","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery), middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"\"Canada (Nova Scotia)\", \"Bolivia\", \"Brazil\"","Figure_captions":"Fig. 583, 2a-e. *H. maehli, Wenlock, Nova Scotia, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, d, rubber replica of ventral interior, x1.5, e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X1.5 (Harper, Boucot, & Walmsley, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper, Boucot, & Walmsley, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 583. heterorthidae (p. 804).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-838.jpg?height=758&width=418&top_left_y=1051&top_left_x=683)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heterorthina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heterorthina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heterorthina BANCROFT, 1928a, p. 59, nom. nov. pro Bekkerella Rosenstein, 1943, p. 471, non Reed, 1935 (type, Bekkerella bekkeri ROSENSTEIN, 1943)","Type_species":"H. praeculta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, planoconvex, unisulcate, fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with cordate to bilobed muscle scar, dorsal interior with lobate, medially cleft, cardinal process and widely divergent brachiophores","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 584, 3a, b. *H. praeculta, Caradoc, Shropshire, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x1.5 (Wright, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 584. heterorthidae (p. 804-807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-839.jpg?height=1805&width=1298&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Incorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Incorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Incorthis Havl\u00ed\u010dek & BRANISA, 1980, p. 18","Type_species":"I. boliviana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, subequally biconvex, unisulcate valves, ventral interior with subtriangular to bilobed muscle scar, dorsal interior with simple ridgelike cardinal process on low notothyrial platform and divergent bladelike brachiophores, fulcral plates incipient.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 583, 3a-d. *I. boliviana, Arenig, Bolivia, a, internal molds of dorsal (above) and ventral (below) valves, x2, b, rubber replicas of two valve exteriors, X1.4, c, internal mold of dorsal interior, x3.4, d, rubber replicas of dorsal interior (above) and valve exterior (below), X2.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Branisa, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Branisa, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 583. heterorthidae (p. 804).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-838.jpg?height=758&width=418&top_left_y=1051&top_left_x=683)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marionites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Marionites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marionites Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195","Type_species":"Marionella typa BANCROFT, 1928b, p. 181, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, convexiplane to convexoconcave, resupinate, unisulcate valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates and quadrate to linear muscle scar, dorsal interior with simple, slightly swollen cardinal process. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): Britain, Bohemia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Britain, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 585, 1a-d. *M. typa (Bancroft), Caradoc, Shropshire, a, rubber replica of ventral interior, x1, b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X1, d, rubber replica of ventral exterior, X 1 (Williams, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 585. heterorthidae (p. 804-806).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-840.jpg?height=770&width=1269&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Svobodaina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Svobodaina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Svobodaina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 38","Type_species":"Orthis ellipsoides Barrande, 1848, p. 204, SD Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a, p. 122, =Orthis inclyta BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 67, case I","Synonyms_with_authors":"Svobodiana Alichova, 1960, p. 192, Planoharknessella Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1950, p. 42 (type, P. planidorsa)","Synonyms":"Svobodiana, Planoharknessella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, large, dorsibiconvex, unisulcate, fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with complex multifid cardinal process in adults","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 584, 2a-d. *S. ellipsoides, Caradoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.5, b, c, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, d, external mold of dorsal valve, x1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 584. heterorthidae (p. 804-807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-839.jpg?height=1805&width=1298&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tafilaltia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tafilaltia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tafilaltia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1970a, p. 17","Type_species":"T. occidentalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Heterorthis but with subcircular, ventribiconvex valves lacking chilidium","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Bohemia, France, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 584, 4a-d. * T. occidentalis, Caradoc, Morocco, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x2.3, c, external mold of dorsal valve, x2.4, d, internal molds of ventral (upper) and dorsal valve (lower), X2.4 (Havli\u010dek, 1970a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavli\u010dek, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 584. heterorthidae (p. 804-807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-839.jpg?height=1805&width=1298&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tarfaya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tarfaya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tarfaya HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 32","Type_species":"T. marocana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex valves, ventral interior medially cleft, cardinal process and brachiophores convergent onto valve floor and extended forward as ridges, dorsal muscle scar bisected by median ridge","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 585, 2a\u2013d. *T. marocana, Arenig, Morocco; a, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d72.5; b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5; c, rubber replica of ventral exterior, \u00d7 2; d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, \u00d71.9 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 585. heterorthidae (p. 804-806).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-840.jpg?height=770&width=1269&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tissintia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tissintia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tissintia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1970a, p. 14","Type_species":"T. convergens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, commonly small, ventribiconvex, fascicostellate valves, dorsal interior with bilobed, medially cleft, cardinal process and brachiophores convergent onto valve floor and extended forward as ridges, dorsal muscle scar bisected by median ridge","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Morocco, Bolivia, Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 584, 5a\u2013c. *T. convergens, Llanvirn, Morocco; a, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d72; b, rubber replica of dorsal interior, \u00d73.3; c, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, \u00d7 4.1 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1970a).\u2014\u2014FIG . 584, 5d,e. T. plana (W ILLIAMS), Llanvirn, Wales; d, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 1.5; e, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5 (Lockley & Williams, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 584. heterorthidae (p. 804-807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-839.jpg?height=1805&width=1298&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypsomyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Hypsomyoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hypsomyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypsomyonia COOPER, 1955, p. 52","Type_species":"H. stainbrooki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, small, unisulcate valves with long curved ventral interarea","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 586, 1a-g. *H. stainbrooki, Frasnian, Iowa, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, boldsymbolX 5, f, g, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x7.5 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 586. hypsomyoniidae, kayserellidae, and mystrophoridae (p. 808-810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-841.jpg?height=1600&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kayserella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Kayserellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kayserella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kayserella Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 259","Type_species":"Orthis lepida SCHNUR, 1854, p. 218, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, fascicostellate valves, ventral interior with recessive dental plates and well-developed pedicle callist, dorsal interior with fulcral plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany, Moravia, USA (New York)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 586, 2a-e. *K. lepida (Schnur), Eifelian, Germany, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, x2 (Cooper, 1955).Fig. 586, 2f-i. K. americana Cooper, Eifelian, New York, f, internal mold of ventral valve, x3, g, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X3, h, i, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X3 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955, \nCooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 586. hypsomyoniidae, kayserellidae, and mystrophoridae (p. 808-810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-841.jpg?height=1600&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mystrophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Mystrophoridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mystrophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mystrophora KAYSER, 1871, p. 612","Type_species":"Orthis areola Quenstedt, 1871, p. 589, SD Williams & BREGER, 1916, p. 61","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, unisulcate valves with ventral median ridge, dorsal interior with complex cruralium comprising 4 fused plates, fulcral plates present","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany, Burma","Figure_captions":"Fig. 586, 3a-h. *M. areola (QUENSTEDT), Eifelian, Germany; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d71; f, partly exfoliated internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 2; g,h, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 586. hypsomyoniidae, kayserellidae, and mystrophoridae (p. 808-810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-841.jpg?height=1600&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biernatium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Mystrophoridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Biernatium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biernatium HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 234","Type_species":"Skenidium fallax G\u00dcRICH, 1896, p. 235, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, coarsely costellate valves with narrowly divergent delthyrium variably open or closed by apical plate, ventral interarea subpyramidal, apsacline to catacline, ventral interior with recessive dental plates, dorsal interior with ridgelike cardinal process and long rodlike brachiophores, cruralium long, narrowing anteriorly, fulcral plates absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Burma, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 586, 5a-c. * B. fallax (G\u00dcrich), Givetian, Moravia, a, dorsal view of conjoined valves, X 4.4, b, c, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X_4.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 586. hypsomyoniidae, kayserellidae, and mystrophoridae (p. 808-810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-841.jpg?height=1600&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planicardinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Mystrophoridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Planicardinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planicardinia SAVAGE, 1968, p. 628","Type_species":"P. carroli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval valves with long, curved, anacline ventral interarea, dorsal interarea hypercline, dorsal interior with cruralium perpendicular to valve floor","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"southeastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 586, 4a-i. * P. carroli, Pragian, New South Wales, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views of conjoined valves, x6.5, e, f, ventral exterior, interior, x6 . 5, ~ g, dorsal interior, x6.5, h, i, dorsal exterior, interior, X6.5 (Savage, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 586. hypsomyoniidae, kayserellidae, and mystrophoridae (p. 808-810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-841.jpg?height=1600&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paurorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Paurorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paurorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paurorthis Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 243","Type_species":"Orthambonites parva PANDER, 1830, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paurorthina Rubel, 1961a, p. 187 (type, P. resima)","Synonyms":"Paurorthina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, weakly unisulcate with fascicostellate radial ornament, quadripartite dorsal muscle scars with bilobed anterior scars larger than posterior pair","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 586,4a\u2013i. *P. carroli, Pragian, New South Wales; a\u2013d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d76.5; e,f, ventral exterior, interior, \u00d76.5; g, dorsal interior, \u00d76.5; h,i, dorsal exterior, interior, \u00d76.5 (Savage, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 586. hypsomyoniidae, kayserellidae, and mystrophoridae (p. 808-810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-841.jpg?height=1600&width=1273&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyclomyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Paurorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyclomyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyclomyonia COOPER, 1956, p. 974","Type_species":"C. peculiaris; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Paurorthis in having \ufb01ne multicostellate ornament, and petaloid dorsal muscle scars.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"eastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 587, 2a\u2013e. *C. peculiaris, Caradoc, Alabama; a, ventral exterior, \u00d72; b, ventral interior, \u00d73; c,d, exterior, interior views of dorsal valve, \u00d74; e, broken dorsal interior showing cardinalia, \u00d7 4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 587. paurorthidae (p. 810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-843.jpg?height=1513&width=1287&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nereidella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Paurorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nereidella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nereidella WANG, 1955b, p. 338","Type_species":"N. typa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Paurorthis in having transversely semioval outline and brachiophores, extended, widely divergent, and parallel to hinge line","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"southern China, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 587, 3a-f. * N. typa, Arenig, southern China, a- d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views of conjoined valves, X3, e, ventral interior, X2.5, f, dorsal interior, X3.5 (Wang, 1955a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 587. paurorthidae (p. 810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-843.jpg?height=1513&width=1287&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platyorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Platyorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Platyorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platyorthis Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 246","Type_species":"Orthis planoconvexa HALL, 1859a, p. 168, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular, biconvex valves with aditicules, ventral interarea long, curved, and orthocline, dorsal interarea vestigial, ventral interior with quadrate muscle scar and median ridge, dorsal interior with brachiophores as spikelike rods with divergent plates, muscle scar with anterior scars larger than posterior pair.\"","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 588, 1a-e. *P. planoconvexa (HALL), Emsian, eastern North America, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, x1, d, ventral interior, x1.5, e, dorsal interior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 588. platyorthidae (p. 810-812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-844.jpg?height=1675&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crozonorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Platyorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Crozonorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crozonorthis M\u00c9LOU, 1976, p. 700","Type_species":"C. musculosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, dorsibiconvex valves with wide hinge line and obtuse cardinal extremities, ventral interior with quadrate muscle scar with scalloped margins on thickened callus bisected by median ridge, dorsal interior with brachiophores as parallel to divergent rods, posterior scars larger than anterior pair.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"France, Iberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 588, 2a-e. *C. musculosa, Llanvirn, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, Brittany, X4, c, rubber replica of ventral exterior, Brittany, X4, d, e, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, La Alameda, x4 (M\u00e9lou, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"M\u00e9lou, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 588. platyorthidae (p. 810-812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-844.jpg?height=1675&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diceromyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Platyorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diceromyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diceromyonia WANG, 1949, p. 35","Type_species":"Orthis tersa SARDESON, 1892, p. 331, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, unisulcate valves with short, straight, anacline ventral interarea and vestigial dorsal interarea, dorsal interior with brachiophores as widely divergent rods, lacking plates, anterior muscle scars larger than posterior pair","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 588, 3a-c. *D. tersa (Sardeson), Ashgill, Iowa, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1.5 (Harper, Boucot, & Walmsley, 1969). \u2014\u2014Fig. 588, 3d. D. sp. cf. D. ignota (Sardeson), Ashgill, Wyoming, ventral interior, x1.5 (Harper, Boucot, & Walmsley, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper, Boucot, & Walmsley, 1969, \nHarper, Boucot, & Walmsley, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 588. platyorthidae (p. 810-812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-844.jpg?height=1675&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elsaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Platyorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Elsaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elsaella ALICHOVA, 1960, p. 192","Type_species":"Bekkerella bekkeri ROSENSTEIN, 1943, p. 474, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular, biconvex, coarsely costellate, imbricate valves with pair and bisected by low, short median ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"eastern Baltic, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 589, 1a-e. *E. bekkeri (Rosenstein), Ashgill, northern Estonia, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views of conjoined valves, X4 .7, e, ventral interior, X4. 6 (Hints, 1975).\u2014\u2014Fig. 589, 1f, g. E. sp. cf. E. bekkeri, Ashgill, eastern Baltic, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X3.2 (Hints, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hints, 1975, \nHints, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 589. platyorthidae (p. 812-814).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-845.jpg?height=1869&width=1293&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eorhipidomella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Platyorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eorhipidomella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eorhipidomella HINTS, 1971, p. 267","Type_species":"E. ovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, dorsibiconvex, imbricate valves, short, curved, orthocline ventral interarea, vestigial dorsal interarea, ventral interior with linear muscle scar on thickened callus bisected by median ridge, dorsal interior with brachiophores as parallel to divergent rods with divergent plates, anterior muscle scars larger than posterior pair bisected by median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 589, 2a-e. * E. ovalis, Caradoc, Russia, a, b, external, internal views of ventral valve, X_3.3, c, ventral interior, x3 . 3, d, dorsal interior, x3 . 3, e, dorsal exterior, x3.3 (Hints, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hints, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 589. platyorthidae (p. 812-814).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-845.jpg?height=1869&width=1293&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marklandella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Platyorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Marklandella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marklandella Harper, Boucot, & WALMSLEY, 1969, p. 82","Type_species":"M. giraldi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval valves with aditicules, ventral interarea short and curved, dorsal interarea short, curved, and anacline, ventral interior with parallel dental plates and cordate muscle scar, dorsal interior with brachiophores as widely divergent rods lacking plates, anterior and posterior muscle scars subequal.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Canada (Nova Scotia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 589, 3a\u2013f. *M. giraldi, Wenlock\u2013Ludlow, southern Wales; a,b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, \u00d71.5; c,d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5; e,f, external mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5 (Harper, Boucot, & Walmsley, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 589. platyorthidae (p. 812-814).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-845.jpg?height=1869&width=1293&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Portranella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Portranellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Portranella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Portranella WRIGHT, 1964, p. 167","Type_species":"P. angulocostellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interior with suboval muscle scar impressed on callus","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland, Wales, Belgium, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 590a-g. P. angulocostellata, Ashgill, eastern Ireland, a-c, exterior, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x2 . 7,  d, e, exterior, interior of ventral valve, x2.5, f, tilted view of ventral interior, x5 . 3,  g, dorsal exterior, x1 . 9 (Wright, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 590. portranellidae (p. 814).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-846.jpg?height=917&width=610&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=174)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proschizophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Proschizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Proschizophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proschizophoria MAILLIEUX, 1912, p. 177","Type_species":"Orthis personata ZEILER, 1857, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, large, convexoconcave, unisulcate valves, ventral muscle scar suboval to subtriangular, dorsal interior with massive lobate cardinal process, lacking fulcral plates, posterior adductor scars larger than anterior pair","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"Europe, Altai Mountains, Canada (Nova Scotia), Kazakhstan, Morocco, New Zealand, China, Turkey","Figure_captions":"Fig. 591, 1a-f. * P. personata (Zeiler), Pragian, Siegerland, Germany, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X1, c-e, normal, posterior views of internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1,  f, external mold of ventral valve, x1 (Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 591. proschizophoriidae (p. 814-817).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-847.jpg?height=1517&width=1289&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Baturria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Proschizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Baturria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Baturria CARLS, 1974, p. 167","Type_species":"Orthis edgelliana DAVIDSON, 1869, p. 228, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, medium-sized, dorsibiconvex, rectimarginate valves, ventral interior with pseudospondylium and cordate muscle scar, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, posterior adductor scars larger than anterior pair.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Britain, Mexico, Morocco, Spain, Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 592, 2a-g. *B. edgelliana (Davidson), Wenlock, Wales, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, x1.5, f, ventral interior, x1.5, g, dorsal interior, X1.5 (Bassett, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 592. proschizophoriidae (p. 814-816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-848.jpg?height=1300&width=1293&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cordatomyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Proschizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cordatomyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cordatomyonia Boucot, Gauri, & JOHNSON, 1966, p. 164","Type_species":"C. shupei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, medium-sized, ventribiconvex, weakly unisulcate valves, ventral interior with pseudospondylium, well-developed pedicle callist and cordate muscle scar, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, anterior adductor scars larger than posterior pair. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): USA (Maryland).","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"USA (Maryland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 592, 1a-g. * C. shupei, Lochkovian, Maryland, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d71.5; e, rubber replica of dorsal interior, \u00d71.5; f, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5; g, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 1.5 (Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 592. proschizophoriidae (p. 814-816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-848.jpg?height=1300&width=1293&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elegesta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Proschizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Elegesta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elegesta Vladimirskaya in Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & RYBKINA, 1985, p. 66","Type_species":"E. nikiforovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized, rectimarginate, dorsibiconvex valves, dorsal interior with simple cardinal process, swollen posteriorly, brachiophore plates widely divergent, ventral interior with rounded subtriangular to subcordate muscle scar","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Tuva","Figure_captions":"Fig. 593, 2a-f. * E. nikiforovae, Wenlock, Tuva, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views of conjoined internal molds, X2, e, ventral exterior, X2, f, dorsal exterior, x2 (Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & Rybkina, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kulkov, Vladimirskaya, & Rybkina, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 593. proschizophoriidae (p. 816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-849.jpg?height=1416&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fulcriphoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Proschizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fulcriphoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fulcriphoria CARLS, 1974, p. 176","Type_species":"F. navarrae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, large, dorsibiconvex, rectimarginate valves, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, posterior adductor scars larger than anterior pair, ventral interior with pseudospondylium, well-developed pedicle callist, and cordate muscle scar","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Belgium, France, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 593, 1a-e. *F. navarrae, Emsian, a-c, lateral, dorsal, posterior views of internal mold of dorsal valve, Iberian Chains, x1 . 3,  d, internal mold of dorsal valve, Pyrenees, x1.3, e, internal mold of ventral valve, Pyrenees, x1.3 (Carls, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carls, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 593. proschizophoriidae (p. 816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-849.jpg?height=1416&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=162)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Idiorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Proschizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Idiorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Idiorthis MCLEARN, 1924, p. 56","Type_species":"I. matura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, medium-sized, planoconvex, unisulcate valves, ventral muscle scar cordate, dorsal interior with trilobed cardinal process on welldeveloped notothyrial platform, anterior adductor scars larger than posterior pair","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Canada (Nova Scotia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 591,2a\u2013d. *I. matura, WenlockLudlow, Arisaig, Nova Scotia; a, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d71.5; b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5; c,d, dorsal, ventral views of conjoined pair, \u00d71.5 (Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 591. proschizophoriidae (p. 814-817).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-847.jpg?height=1517&width=1289&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhipidomella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Rhipidomella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhipidomella Oehlert, 1890, p. 366, nom. nov. pro Rhipidomys Oehlert, 1887b, p. 1288, non Wagner, 1844","Type_species":"Terebratula michelini L\u00c9VEILL\u00c9, 1835, p. 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Blairella Miller & Gurley, 1897, p. 6, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Blairella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, rectimarginate to weakly unisulcate valves, notothyrium covered by chilidial plates in later species, ventral interior with extended, flabellate muscle scars, bisected in front of adductor scar by short median ridge, dorsal interior with brachiophores supported by adventitious shell","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 594, 2a-f. * R. michelini (L\u00e9veill\u00e9), Vis\u00e9an, Belgium, a-d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1, e, ventral interior, X1_1, f, dorsal interior, X1 (Wright, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 594. rhipidomellidae (p. 818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-851.jpg?height=1596&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ambonorthella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Ambonorthella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ambonorthella BASSETT, 1972, p. 66","Type_species":"A. hancocki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongately semioval, biconvex, rectimarginate valves with short, curved ventral interarea, ventral interior with divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with widely divergent brachiophores and subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 594, 1a-e. *A. hancocki, Wenlock, southern Wales, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, x1.5, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x1.5 (Bassett, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 594. rhipidomellidae (p. 818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-851.jpg?height=1596&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Aulacella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 246","Type_species":"Orthis eifelensis SCHNUR, 1854, p. 213, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, unisulcate valves, ventral interior with bilobed muscle scar and median ridge, bifurcate anteriorly in front of muscle field, dorsal interior with trilobed cardinal process on low notothyrial platform","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 594, 3a-d. *A. eifelensis (Schnur), Eifelian, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, Germany, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), c, dorsal interior, Poland, X1, d, ventral interior, Poland, x2.5 (Biernat, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nBiernat, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 594. rhipidomellidae (p. 818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-851.jpg?height=1596&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clavodalejina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Clavodalejina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clavodalejina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1977a, p. 227","Type_species":"C. clavigera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, rectimarginate valves, ventral interarea long and narrow, apsacline, ventral interior with divergent dental plates, suboval to subtriangular muscle scar, lacking median ridge, dorsal interior with large muscle scar, elevated peripherally and bisected by wide median ridge expanded in front of muscle field to form peglike swelling.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 594, 4a-e. * C. clavigera, Emsian, Bohemia; a, ventral exterior, \u00d74.4; b, detail of ventral interarea, \u00d74.3; c,d, normal, oblique views of dorsal interior, \u00d74.4; e, dorsal interior, \u00d75.8 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 594. rhipidomellidae (p. 818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-851.jpg?height=1596&width=1286&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dalejina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Dalejina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dalejina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1953, p. 5","Type_species":"D. hanusi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhipidomelloides Boucot & Amsden, 1958, p. 165 (type, Rhipidomella henryhousensis Amsden, 1951, p. 74)","Synonyms":"Rhipidomelloides","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, unisulcate valves with short, curved ventral interarea, ventral interior with rudimentary dental plates and extended, often flabellate, muscle scars, median ridge absent.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 595, 1a-e. *D. hanusi, Pragian, Bohemia, a-c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, X. 1, d, ventral interior, X 6.8, e, dorsal interior, X5.9 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 595. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-852.jpg?height=1811&width=1298&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Discomyorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Discomyorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Discomyorthis JOHNSON, 1970a, p. 84","Type_species":"Orthis musculosa HALL, 1857, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Convexiplane, resupinate, large valves internally similar to Dalejina but ventral interior with very large, pentagonal diductor scars with scalloped margins.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 595, 5a-d. *D. musculosa (Hall), Pragian, Nevada, posterior, lateral, external, internal views of ventral valve, X 1 (Johnson, 1970a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 595. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-852.jpg?height=1811&width=1298&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mendacella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Mendacella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mendacella COOPER, 1930, p. 380","Type_species":"Orthis uberis BILLINGS, 1866, p. 42, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, rectimarginate valves, ventral interior with short, widely divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with brachiophores widely divergent relative to brachiophore plates, fulcral plates present","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 596, 4a-e. *M. uberis (Billings), Ashgill, Anticosti Island, a-c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, x2 (Wright, 1965a), d, ventral interior, X2, e, dorsal interior, X2 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 596. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-822).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-853.jpg?height=1724&width=1296&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peridalejina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Peridalejina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peridalejina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1973, p. 337","Type_species":"Dalejina periens HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 542","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex valves with variable transverse profile, ventral interarea short, straight, ventral interior with rudimentary dental plates and cordate muscle scar.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 595, 3a-f. * P. periens (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Eifelian, Bohemia, a-d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior views of conjoined valves, X .2, e, ventral interior, x8 . 4, ~ f, dorsal interior, x9 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 595. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-852.jpg?height=1811&width=1298&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudodicoelosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Pseudodicoelosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudodicoelosia Boucot & AMSDEN, 1958, p. 162","Type_species":"Rhipidomella oklahomensis AMSDEN, 1951, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Bilobed, small, ventribiconvex, unisulcate valves with extended, flabellate ventral muscle scar","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"USA (Oklahoma, Tennessee)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 595, 2a-g. *P. oklahomensis (Amsden), Wenlock, south central Oklahoma, a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views of conjoined valves, X3, f, ventral interior, X_5, g, dorsal interior, x5 (Amsden, 1951).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1951","figure_index":"fig. 595. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-852.jpg?height=1811&width=1298&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudomendacella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Pseudomendacella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudomendacella ZHANG, 1989a, p. 69","Type_species":"P. boucoti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, circular, uniplicate valves with bilobed to linear ventral muscle scar and small, nonlobate cardinal process","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic, United States (California), Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 596, 3a-f. *P. boucoti, Wenlock, Arctic Canada, a, b, ventral exterior, interior, x2, c, d, dorsal exterior, interior, X2, e, detail of cardinalia, muscle field, X5, f, ventral interior, X1 (Zhang, 1989a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 596. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-822).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-853.jpg?height=1724&width=1296&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stainbrookia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Stainbrookia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stainbrookia Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 39","Type_species":"Orthis infera CALVIN, 1878, p. 728, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, biconvex, small valves modified from unisulcate to uniplicate during ontogeny, ventral interior with cate valves with divergent ventral adductor scars and lacking dorsal median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"USA (Iowa, New Mexico)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 595, 4a-e. *S. acutisulcata (Amsden), Wenlock, south central Oklahoma, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 2; f, dorsal interior, \u00d7 2; g, ventral interior, \u00d72 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 595. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-852.jpg?height=1811&width=1298&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strixella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Strixella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strixella Boucot & AMSDEN, 1958, p. 170","Type_species":"Rhipidomella acutisulcata AMSDEN, 1951, p. 75, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, biconvex, sharply unisulcate, imbricate valves with divergent ventral adductor scars and lacking dorsal median ridge","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"eastern and central USA","Figure_captions":"Fig . 595,4a\u2013e. *S. acutisulcata (A MSDEN ), Wenlock, south central Oklahoma; a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d72; d, ventral interior, \u00d7 2; e, dorsal interior, \u00d7 3 (Boucot & Amsden, 1958).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 595. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-852.jpg?height=1811&width=1298&top_left_y=136&top_left_x=164)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thiemella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellinae","Genus":"Thiemella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thiemella WILLIAMS, 1908, p. 59","Type_species":"T. villenovia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, sharply unisulcate valves, ventral interior with convergent dental plates, subcordate muscle scar and long median ridge, dorsal interior with delicate cardinalia including small myophore and shaft and thin brachiophores, anterior scars larger than posterior pair.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)-Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"eastern USA, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 596, 2a-e. *T. villenovia, Frasnian, New York, a, rubber replica of ventral exterior, x1.5, b, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x1.5, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X 1.5, d, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, e, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 596. rhipidomellidae (p. 818-822).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-853.jpg?height=1724&width=1296&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=165)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perditocardinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellidiniinae","Genus":"Perditocardinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perditocardinia Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 246","Type_species":"Orthis dubia HALL, 1858b, p. 12, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, uniplicate valves with short hinge line, ventral interior with massive, elongate teeth and dental fossettes, extending anteriorly, muscle scar extended and flabellate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)-Lower Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 597, 1a-d. *P. dubia (Hall), Vis\u00e9an, Indiana, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1, d, ventral interior, x1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loganella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Rhipidomellidae","Subfamily":"Rhipidomellidiniinae","Genus":"Loganella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loganella Boucot & AMSDEN, 1958, p. 164","Type_species":"Rhipidomella lehuquetiana CLARKE, 1905, p. 144, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, unisulcate valves, ventral interior with massive teeth and dental fossettes, muscle scar flabellate, dorsal interior with deep sockets, lobate cardinal process fused to brachiophores","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 597, 3a-d. *L. lehuquetiana (Clarke), Pragian, Gasp\u00e9, a, b, ventral exterior, interior, \u00d7 2, c, d, dorsal exterior, interior, \u00d7 2 (Boucot & Amsden, 1958).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Amsden, 1958","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tyronella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Tyronellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tyronella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tyronella MITCHELL, 1977, p. 64","Type_species":"T. killeyensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, transversely semioval valves with acute cardinal extremities and coarsely costellate ornament","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Northern Ireland, eastern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 597, 4a-d. * T. killeyensis, Ashgill, Northern Ireland, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, x11.5, b, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X_10, c, internal mold of ventral valve, X_10, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X_10 (Mitchell, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMitchell, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Didymoparcium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Tyronellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Didymoparcium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Didymoparcium LENZ, 1977, p. 62","Type_species":"D. costata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, ventribiconvex, strangulate valves with obtuse cardinal extremities and coarsely costellate ornament. Tentatively assigned to the Dicoelosiidae on the basis of its bilobed and emarginate outline. It differs from contemporary dicoelosiids, kayserellids, and mystrophorids in having a free spondylium. Tentatively associated with Tyronella on the basis of internal similarities.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 597, 2a-f. *D. costata, Emsian, Canadian Arctic, a-c, dorsal, ventral, posterior views of conjoined valves, X_10, dorsal interior, x1 0, e, dorsal interior, x1 0, f, ventral interior, x10 (Lenz, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lenz, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enteletes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Enteletidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enteletes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enteletes Fischer de WALDHEIM, 1825, p. 6","Type_species":"Enteletes glabra Fischer de WALDHEIM, 1830, pl. 26, fig. 6, 7, SM","Synonyms_with_authors":"Anteletes d'Orbigny, 1847-1849, p. 348, Syntrilasma Meek & Worthen, 1866, p. 277 (type, Spirifer hemiplicatus Hall, 1852), Syntrielasma Meek & Worthen, 1866, p. 321","Synonyms":"Anteletes, Syntrilasma, Spirifer, Syntrielasma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Sharply uniplicate, capillate valves, ventral interior with high, flat, subparallel to slightly convergent dental plates, bisected by high, thin median septum, dorsal interior with well-developed tusklike brachiophores defining deep, tubular sockets, cardinal process variably expanded.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Namurian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"widespread","Figure_captions":"Fig. 598, 1a-c. E. lamarcki (Fischer de Waldheim), Namurian, Russia, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, x1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 598, 1d-m. E. wordensis (R. E. King), Kazanian, western Texas, d-g, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views of conjoined valves, X1, h-j, normal, tilted, lateral views of ventral interior, x1, k-m, normal, tilted, lateral views of dorsal interior, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 598. enteletidae (p. 823).\nfig. 598. enteletidae (p. 823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-856.jpg?height=1748&width=1289&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-856.jpg?height=1748&width=1289&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enteletella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Enteletidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enteletella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enteletella LICHAREV, 1926, p. 719","Type_species":"E. nikschitchi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sharply uniplicate valves, similar to Enteletes but with convergent dental plates onto median ridge forming spondylium simplex","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Russia (Caucasus)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 599, 4. *E. nikschitchi, Lower Permian, Caucasus, lateral view of conjoined valves, X1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 599. enteletidae (p. 823-825).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-857.jpg?height=1577&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enteletina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Enteletidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enteletina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enteletina Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 247","Type_species":"Enteletes latesinuatus WAAGEN, 1884, p. 559, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sharply unisulcate valves with convergent dental plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 599, 1a-c. *E. latesinuatus (Waagen), Permian, Salt Ranges, a, ventral interior, X 1, b, dorsal exterior, X1, c, dorsal interior, X1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 599. enteletidae (p. 823-825).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-857.jpg?height=1577&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mapingtichia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Enteletidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mapingtichia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mapingtichia Li in Li, Yang, & FENG, 1986, p. 217","Type_species":"M. longliensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sharply unisulcate valves with divergent anterior parts of dental plates and widely divergent brachiophore plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 599, 3a-c. *M. longliensis, Lower Permian, southern China, a, b, internal, anterior views of ventral valve, X 1, c, dorsal view of valve, x1 (Li, Yang, & Feng, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Li, Yang, & Feng, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 599. enteletidae (p. 823-825).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-857.jpg?height=1577&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parenteletes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Enteletidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parenteletes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parenteletes KING, 1931, p. 48","Type_species":"P. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sharply unisulcate valves, similar to Enteletina but with divergent dental plates and cella under anterior extension of ventral median septum, sockets elongate","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Namurian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"Europe, central Asia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 598, 2a-h. *P. cooperi, Asselian, western Texas, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1, f, g, normal, tilted views of ventral interior, X1, h, oblique view of dorsal interior, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 598. enteletidae (p. 823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-856.jpg?height=1748&width=1289&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peltichia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Enteletidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Peltichia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peltichia Jin & Liao in Jin & SUN, 1981, p. 129","Type_species":"Parenteletes sinensis zigzag HUANG, 1933, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Unisulcate, medium-sized valves with parallel dental plates and well-developed median septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"southern China, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 599,2a\u2013e. *P. zigzag (HUANG), Tatarian, southern China; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views of conjoined pair, \u00d7 1 (Shen, Tazawa, & Shi, 1999).\u2014\u2014Fig. 599,2f,g. P. transversus (Huang), Tatarian, southern China; f, internal mold of ventral valve; g, dorsal interior, \u00d71 (Shen, Tazawa, & Shi, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 599. enteletidae (p. 823-825).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-857.jpg?height=1577&width=1291&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=163)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drabovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Drabovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drabovia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 45","Type_species":"Orthis redux BARRANDE, 1848, pl. 18, fig. 7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Crassiorina Havl\u00ed\u0107ek, 1950, p. 36 (type, Orthis notata crassior Barrande, 1879)","Synonyms":"Crassiorina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subquadrate, biconvex, coarsely costellate valves with long straight ventral interarea, ventral interior with well-developed pedicle callist.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 600, 4a-e. *D. redux (Barrande), Caradoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X 1.8, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x2.1, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x1.8, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x2.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1977a), e, internal molds of two dorsal valves, x1.5 (Cocks, new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 600. draboviidae (p. 826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-859.jpg?height=456&width=1222&top_left_y=1431&top_left_x=221)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boticium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Boticium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boticium Havl\u00ed\u010dek & MERGL, 1982, p. 43","Type_species":"B. boticense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Pionodema but subcircular, small valves with short hinge line and short, deeply impressed subtriangular to bilobed muscle scar, confined laterally by long subparallel dental plates with adductor field impressed on callus, brachiophore plates subparallel and median ridge variably developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 600, 3a-d. *B. boticense, Ashgill, Bohemia, a, b, normal, tilted views of internal mold of ventral valve, x3 . 6, ~ c, internal mold of dorsal interior, x3 . 6, ~ d, external mold of ventral valve, X4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Mergl, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Mergl, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 600. draboviidae (p. 826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-859.jpg?height=456&width=1222&top_left_y=1431&top_left_x=221)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dalmanellopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Dalmanellopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dalmanellopsis KHALFIN, 1948, p. 208","Type_species":"D. septiger, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Salopina, transversely semioval valves with short curved ventral interarea, parallel to divergent rodlike brachiophores and ventral median ridge, but with dorsal median septum extending forward from muscle scar to near anterior commissure. Lower Devonian: Altai Mountains.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Altai Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 600, 1a, b. *D. septiger, Lower Devonian, Altai Mountains, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, X3 (Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 600. draboviidae (p. 826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-859.jpg?height=456&width=1222&top_left_y=1431&top_left_x=221)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Destombesium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Destombesium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Destombesium HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971a, p. 58","Type_species":"D. pectiniferum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, dorsibiconvex valves similar to Pionodema, large bilobed ventral diductor scar, lobate cardinal process, commonly with several pairs of small, parallel plates arising from floor of apical part of notothyrial cavity","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 601, 2a-d. *D. pectiniferum, Caradoc, Morocco, a, internal molds of two ventral valves (top left and top right), one external mold of dorsal valve (bottom left) and internal mold of dorsal valve (bottom right), x1.5, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3, c, posterior view of internal mold of dorsal valve, X 1.5, d, posterior views of internal mold of two dorsal valves, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 601. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-860.jpg?height=1880&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diorthelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Diorthelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diorthelasma COOPER, 1956, p. 997","Type_species":"D. parvum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, small, sharply unisulcate valves lacking aditicules, ventral interarea long, straight, ventral interarea with wide, cordate muscle scar and median ridge, dorsal interior with convergent brachiophore plates and petaloid muscle scar, cardinal process with uncrenulated myophore","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"USA, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 601, 3 a-e . * D . p a r v u m, C a r a d o c, A l a b a m a, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, X4, c, d, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X4, e, ventral interior, x4 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 601. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-860.jpg?height=1880&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drabovinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Drabovinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drabovinella HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 50","Type_species":"Orthis draboviensis BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 61, case V, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, large, biconvex, rectimarginate, coarsely costellate valves, ventral interarea long, straight, ventral interior with subtriangular to bilobed, narrow muscle scar, dorsal interior with petaloid muscle scar and cardinal process with uncrenulated myophore and parallel brachiophore plates. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): Bohemia, northern Africa.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Bohemia, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 602, 1a-f. * D. draboviensis (Barrande), Caradoc, Bohemia, a, b, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined internal molds, x2.2, c, ventral view of conjoined internal molds, x1 . 8, ~ d, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.7, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, X, f, partly exfoliated dorsal valve, X1.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 602. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-861.jpg?height=1763&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodiorthelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Eodiorthelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodiorthelasma Xu & LIU, 1984, p. 188","Type_species":"Diorthelasma striata Xu in Xu, Rong, & LIU, 1974, p. 148, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, ventribiconvex, unisulcate, fascicostellate or multicostellate valves, ventral interior with small subtriangular muscle field with long diductor and short adductor scars and short dental plates, dorsal interior with small cardinal process, narrow posteriorly, expanded anteriorly where continuous with median ridge, muscle field petaloid with elongate adductor scars. Lower Ordovician (Arenig): southwestern China.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 600, 2a-d. * E. striata (Xu), Arenig, southwestern China, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, X5, d, external mold of dorsal valve, x5 (Xu & Liu, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 600. draboviidae (p. 826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-859.jpg?height=456&width=1222&top_left_y=1431&top_left_x=221)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fascifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Fascifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fascifera Ulrich & COOPER, 1942, p. 620","Type_species":"F. subcarinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, biconvex, unisulcate, fascicostellate valves, ventral interarea short, curved, dorsal interarea orthocline, ventral interarea with well-developed dental fossettes, muscle scar extended and bisected by median ridge, dorsal interior with lobate cardinal process and brachiophore plates normally convergent onto median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 603, 2a-g. * F. subcarinata, Caradoc, Tennessee, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, x2, f, ventral interior, x2, g, dorsal interior, x2 (Cooper, 1956), Fig. 603, 2h, i. F. stonensis (Safford), Caradoc, Tennessee, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x2 (Cooper, 1956)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 603. draboviidae (p. 826-831).\nfig. 603. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-862.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-862.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hirnantia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Hirnantia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hirnantia LAMONT, 1935, p. 313","Type_species":"Orthis sagittifera M\u2019COY, 1851, p. 398, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Villicundella Levy & Nullo, 1974, p. 178]","Synonyms":"Villicundella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, dorsibiconvex, rectimarginate to weakly unisulcate valves with long straight ventral interarea; ventral interior with subtriangular to suboval muscle scar, dorsal interior with small myophore and long shaft","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 603,1a\u2013g. *H. sagittifera (M\u2019COY ), Ashgill; a,b, normal, posterior views of internal mold of dorsal valve, Scotland, \u00d72; c, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, Scotland, \u00d72 (Harper, 1989); d, internal mold of ventral valve, Bohemia, \u00d71.5; e, internal mold of dorsal valve, Bohemia,\u00d71.7 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1977a); f, internal mold of dorsal valve, Poland, \u00d7 3.3; g, internal mold of ventral valve, Poland, \u00d7 6.6 (Temple, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 603. draboviidae (p. 826-831).\nfig. 603. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-862.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-862.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kinnella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Kinnella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kinnella BERGSTR\u00d6M, 1968, p. 11","Type_species":"Hirnantia? kielanae TEMPLE, 1965, p. 401, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, small, dorsibiconvex, rectimarginate valves, ventral interarea subpyramidal, apsacline to procline, ventral interior with suboval muscle scar, dorsal interior with bilobed, crenulated cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 604, 1a-f. * K. kielanae (Temple), Ashgill, Poland, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x6.6, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X6.6, c-e, normal, lateral, posterior views of rubber replica of ventral exterior, x6.6 (Temple, 1965), f, rubber replica of dorsal interior with attached ventral exterior, Sweden, X1 (Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Temple, 1965, \nBergstr\u00f6m, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 604. draboviidae (p. 831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-864.jpg?height=1801&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megasalopina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Megasalopina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megasalopina Boucot, Gauri, & JOHNSON, 1966, p. 166","Type_species":"Dalmanella (Mystrophora) elevata Williams & BREGER, 1916, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, large valves with well-developed ventral median ridge and swollen cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 604, 2a-e. *M. elevata (Williams & Breger), Lochkovian, Maine, a, b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x1.5, c, d, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, X 1.5, e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, X 1.5 (Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, Gauri, & Johnson, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 604. draboviidae (p. 831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-864.jpg?height=1801&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nocturnellia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Nocturnellia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nocturnellia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1950, p. 53","Type_species":"Orthis nocturna BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 152, case IV","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, small, unisulcate, fascicostellate valves, lacking aditicules, ventral interarea short, straight, dorsal interior with petaloid muscle scar contained by subparallel ridges, cardinal process ridgelike, uncrenulated","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 603, 3a-c. *N. nocturna (Barrande), Arenig, Bohemia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X8.3, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X 7.7, c, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, x8.7 (Havli\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 603. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-862.jpg?height=1832&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oanduporella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Oanduporella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oanduporella HINTS, 1975, p. 19","Type_species":"O. reticulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subquadrate, rectimarginate valves with honeycomb-like array of pits, ventral interarea short, straight, ventral interior with cordate muscle scar, dorsal interior with small, crenulated myophore and long shaft, adductor scar petaloid and elongate.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"eastern Baltic, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 602, 2a-i. *O. reticulata, Caradoc, a- e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, eastern Baltic, X5, f, g, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, eastern Baltic, x5.5 (Hints, 1975), h, i, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral interior, eastern Ireland, X5 (Harper & others, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hints, 1975, \nHarper & others, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 602. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-861.jpg?height=1763&width=1290&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Orthiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthiella LJASCHENKO, 1985, p. 11","Type_species":"O. devoniana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely oval, biconvex, uniplicate, small, coarsely costellate valves","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Siberia (Timan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 604, 3a-c. * O. devoniana, Frasnian, Timan, a, b, exterior, interior of ventral valve, \u00d7 5; c, exterior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 5 (Ljaschenko, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 604. draboviidae (p. 831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-864.jpg?height=1801&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pionodema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Pionodema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pionodema Foerste, 1912, p. 139, *Orthis subaequata CONRAD, 1843, p. 333, OD","Type_species":"Orthis subaequata CONRAD, 1843, p. 333, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, dorsibiconvex valves with short, curved ventral interarea and orthocline dorsal interarea, ventral interior with extended muscle scar bisected by median ridge, dorsal interior with small, lobate cardinal process and thin shaft on low notothyrial platform, brachiophore plates converge anteriorly onto median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 601, 1a-e. *P. subaequata (Conrad), Caradoc, Missouri, a, b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, X2, c, ventral interior, X2, d, e, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x2 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 601. draboviidae (p. 826-831).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-860.jpg?height=1880&width=1286&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protomendacella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Protomendacella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protomendacella HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1970a, p. 31","Type_species":"P. eos, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex valves, ventral interior with extended muscle scar having narrow, linear adductor field and long, narrowly divergent dental plates, dorsal interior with bilobed myophore and strong shaft commonly extended forward as short septum, high brachiophores with short plates convergent onto valve floor extend anteriorly as ridges laterally confining posterior areas of adductor muscle scar","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 605, 1a, b. *P. eos, Caradoc, Morocco, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x2, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2.1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1970a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 605. draboviidae (p. 831-833).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-865.jpg?height=1399&width=1289&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Salopina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Salopina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Salopina BOUCOT, 1960a, p. 3","Type_species":"Orthis lunata J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 611, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Salopinella Yang & Rong, 1982, p. 433 (type, S. minuta)","Synonyms":"Salopinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval valves with short, curved ventral interarea, ventral interior with cordate muscle scar bisected by variably developed median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"F IG . 605,4a\u2013f. *S. lunata (S OWERBY ), Ludlow, England; a,b, internal mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, \u00d7 3; c,d, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d7 3; e,f, rubber replicas of dorsal, ventral exteriors of conjoined valves, \u00d7 2 (Walmsley, Boucot, & Harper, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Walmsley, Boucot, & Harper, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 605. draboviidae (p. 831-833).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-865.jpg?height=1399&width=1289&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphenophragmus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Sphenophragmus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphenophragmus IMBRIE, 1959, p. 365","Type_species":"S. nanus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, planoconvex valves with short, curved ventral and dorsal interareas, ventral interarea with cordate muscle scar and well-developed dental fossettes, dorsal interior with elongate sockets and lobate myophore","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 605, 3a-f. * S. nanus, Givetian, Michigan, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined pair, X2, d, ventral interior, X, e, f, normal, oblique views of dorsal interior, X4 (Imbrie, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Imbrie, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 605. draboviidae (p. 831-833).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-865.jpg?height=1399&width=1289&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Talentella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Talentella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Talentella JOHNSON, 1990, p. 489","Type_species":"Salopina submurifer Johnson, Boucot, & MURPHY, 1973, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small valves similar to Salopina but with short undivided ventral muscle scar and narrow elongate dorsal diductor scars bisected by long median ridge.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA (Maine, Nevada), Arctic and northwestern Canada, eastern Australia, Podolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 605, 2a-g. *T. submurifer (Johnson, Boucot, &\\nMonelasmina Cooper, 1955, p. 53 *Orthis deshayesi Rigaux, 1873, p. 50, OD. Subcircular, small, sharply unisulcate valves with long straight ventral interarea, ventral interior with well-developed dental fossettes and recessive dental plates, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, deep sockets and median partition. Upper Devonian (Frasnian): Canada, Europe.--Fig. 606, 2a-f. * M. deshayesi (Rigaux), Frasnian, France, a-d, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views of conjoined pair, X3, e, oblique view of dorsal interior, X4, f, internal mold of ventral valve, X3 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nJohnson, Boucot, &\\nMonelasmina Cooper, 1955, p. 53 *Orthis deshayesi Rigaux, 1873, \nCooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 605. draboviidae (p. 831-833).\nfig. 606. draboviidae (p. 834).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-865.jpg?height=1399&width=1289&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=166)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-866.jpg?height=1199&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monelasmina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Monelasminiinae","Genus":"Monelasmina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monelasmina COOPER, 1955, p. 53","Type_species":"Orthis deshayesi RIGAUX, 1873, p. 50, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, small, sharply unisulcate valves with long straight ventral interarea, ventral interior with well-developed dental fossettes and recessive dental plates, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process, deep sockets and median partition.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Canada, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 606, 2a-f. * M. deshayesi (Rigaux), Frasnian, France, a-d, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views of conjoined pair, X3, e, oblique view of dorsal interior, X4, f, internal mold of ventral valve, X3 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 606. draboviidae (p. 834).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-866.jpg?height=1199&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Muriferella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Monelasminiinae","Genus":"Muriferella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Muriferella Johnson & TALENT, 1967b, p. 44","Type_species":"M. masurskyi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, small valves, similar to Salopina, ventral interarea short, straight, dorsal interior with well-developed median septum and uncrenulated cardinal process. Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian): USA (Nevada), Australia (Victoria), Bohemia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada), Australia (Victoria), Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 606, 1a-h. *M. masurskyi, Emsian, Nevada, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined pair, X4, f, g, normal, oblique views of dorsal interior, X_6, h, ventral interior, X(Johnson & Talent, 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson & Talent, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 606. draboviidae (p. 834).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-866.jpg?height=1199&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vallomyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Monelasminiinae","Genus":"Vallomyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vallomyonia JOHNSON, 1966a, p. 158","Type_species":"Skenidium devonicum WALCOTT, 1884, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Muriferella but with smaller dental plates, dorsal partition, and strong ridges confining dorsal adductor muscle field.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 606, 3a-h. * V. devonicum (Walcott), Eifelian, Nevada, a, ventral interior, X_6, b, dorsal interior, X4, c, interior of dorsal valve, X_8, d-h, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, X5 (Johnson, 1966a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 606. draboviidae (p. 834).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-866.jpg?height=1199&width=1284&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chrustenopora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Chrustenoporidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chrustenopora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chrustenopora HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1968, p. 123","Type_species":"C. imbricata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, biconvex valves with multicostellate and imbricate radial and concentric ornaments, ventral interior with median groove, dorsal muscle scar linear.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Bohemia, southern Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 607, 1a-c. *C. imbricata, Caradoc, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d73, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d72.1, c, external mold of dorsal valve, X3.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 607. chrustenoporidae (p. 836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-867.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dysprosorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Chrustenoporidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dysprosorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dysprosorthis RONG, 1984, p. 133","Type_species":"D. sinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, fascicostellate valves, ventral interarea short, curved, ventral interior with subtriangular to suboval muscle scar and rudimentary teeth and dental plates, dorsal interior with short cardinalia including small cardinal process and very widely divergent brachiophores, muscle scar petaloid","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"England, Ireland, Morocco, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 607, 2a, b. *D. sinensis, Ashgill, southwestern China, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x8, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d76 (Rong, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 607. chrustenoporidae (p. 836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-867.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jezercia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Chrustenoporidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Jezercia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jezercia Havl\u00ed\u010dek & MERGL, 1982, p. 40","Type_species":"J. ostiaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, biconvex to dorsibiconvex valves with coarse, fascicostellate ornament, ventral interior with subtriangular muscle scar, dorsal interior with crenulated, ridgelike cardinal process continuous with median ridge, dorsal muscle scar petaloid","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Bohemia, southern Norway, Podolia, Sardinia, Spain, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 607, 4ad. * J. ostiaria, Ashgill, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, x6,  b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X5, c, d, internal, external molds of dorsal valve, X4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Mergl, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Mergl, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 607. chrustenoporidae (p. 836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-867.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wangyuella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Chrustenoporidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wangyuella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wangyuella Zhan & RONG, 1995, p. 551","Type_species":"W. ventribiconvexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, small valves with long, apsacline ventral interarea, ventral interior with short dental plates and small subtriangular muscle scar, dorsal interior with short cardinalia having bilobed, crenulated myophore and subparallel brachiophore plates. Upper Ordovician (Ashgill): eastern China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 607, 3a-c. *W. ventribiconvexa, Ashgill, eastern China, a, b, internal, external molds of dorsal valve, x8, c, internal mold of ventral valve, x5 (Zhan & Rong, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhan & Rong, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 607. chrustenoporidae (p. 836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-867.jpg?height=1882&width=1288&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linoporella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Linoporella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linoporella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 247","Type_species":"Orthis punctata de VERNEUIL, 1848a, p. 343, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, unisulcate valves with radial rows of intercostellate pits, ventral interior with projecting dental plates and median ridge bisecting elongate muscle scar, cardinalia with swollen myophore and shaft, adductor scar elongately oval.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe, eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 608, 1a-g. * L. punctata (de Verneuil), Wenlock, Gotland, a, b, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, x2 (Wright, 1965a), c, d, external, internal views of ventral valve, x1.5, e, posterior part of dorsal interior showing cardinalia, X2 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), f, normal view of dorsal valve of conjoined pair, times, g, enlarged view of dorsal valve of conjoined pair, X5 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nAmsden, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 608. linoporellidae (p. 836-838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-869.jpg?height=1597&width=1277&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cycladigera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cycladigera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cycladigera HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971b, p. 230","Type_species":"Orthis palliata BARRANDE, 1848, pl. 19, fig. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, rectimarginate valves lacking aditicules, ventral interior with long, divergent dental plates, confining large, oval diductor muscle scar bisected by median ridge, adductor scar long and narrow, dorsal interior with simple, ridgelike cardinal process, located in deep notothyrial cavity and continuous anteriorly with prominent median septum. Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 608, 3a-e. * C. palliata (BARRANDE), Pragian, Bohemia; a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 1.5; d, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d7 1.4; e, internal mold of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 608. linoporellidae (p. 836-838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-869.jpg?height=1597&width=1277&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elasmothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Elasmothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elasmothyris COOPER, 1956, p. 983","Type_species":"E. concinnula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely semioval valves, Ventribiconvex, rectimarginate valves with occasional aditicules, ventral interior with convergent dental plates, dorsal interior with simple, ridgelike cardinal process and large brachiophores, sigmoidal in section","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"eastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 609,2a\u2013f. *E. concinnula, Caradoc, Alabama; a\u2013d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 5; e, ventral interior, \u00d78; f, dorsal interior, \u00d78 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laticrura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Laticrura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laticrura COOPER, 1956, p. 979","Type_species":"L. pionodema, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"ventribiconvex, rectimarginate valves with occasional aditicules, ventral interior with convergent dental plates, dorsal interior with simple, ridgelike cardinal process and large brachiophores, sigmoidal in section","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"eastern North America, Scotland, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 608, 2a-f. * L. pionodema, Caradoc, Virginia, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, X2, d, ventral interior, X2, e, dorsal interior, X4, f, posterior part of dorsal interior showing cardinalia, \u00d76 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 608. linoporellidae (p. 836-838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-869.jpg?height=1597&width=1277&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=170)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptoskelidion":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptoskelidion","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptoskelidion AMSDEN, 1974, p. 47","Type_species":"L. septulosum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, rectimarginate valves with aditicules, valve exterior imbricate, lacking well-defined radial ornament, ventral interior with convergent dental plates confining oval muscle field, cardinalia with swollen myophore and shaft.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"eastern North America, Scandinavia, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 609, 1a-e. * L. septulosum, Ashgill, Missouri, a, ventral exterior, X3, b, dorsal exterior, X3, c, ventral interior, X, d, e, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x5 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1974","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthotropia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthotropia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthotropia Hall & CLARKE, 1894b, p. 943","Type_species":"O. dolomitica, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, unisulcate valves, ventral interior with projecting dental plates and median ridge, cardinal process simple, ridgelike","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"USA (Wisconsin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 609, 3a-e. *O. dolomitica, Wenlock, Wisconsin, a-c, ventral, dorsal, posterior views of conjoined internal molds, x2, d, e, rubber replicas of same ventral, dorsal interiors, x2 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1974","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Salopia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Salopia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Salopia Williams in Whittington & Williams, 1955, p. 409","Type_species":"Orthis salteri DAVIDSON, 1871, p. 255, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, rectimarginate valves with high, nearly catacline ventral interarea, ventral interior with convergent dental plates, cardinalia with simple, ridgelike cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 609, 4a-d. * S. salteri (Davidson), Caradoc, England, a-c, ventral, posterior, lateral views of internal mold of ventral valve, X, d, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x2 (Wright, 1965a)., Fig. 609, 4e-g. S. abbreviata Harper & Brenchley, Caradoc, northern Wales, e, f, external mold, rubber replica of ventral valve, times, g, internal mold of dorsal valve, x2 (Harper & Brenchley, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965, \nHarper & Brenchley, 1993","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saukrodictya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Saukrodictyidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Saukrodictya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saukrodictya WRIGHT, 1964, p. 218","Type_species":"S. hibernica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, unisulcate valves with short septalium","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Britain, Ireland, Belgium, Baltic states, Bohemia, Sardinia, Spain, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 610 a, b. *S. hibernica, Ashgill, Ireland, interior, exterior of broken ventral valve, X 5 (Wright, 1964)., Fig. 610c-e. S. phillipi (Davidson), Ashgill, Wales, internal mold, external mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, x8 (Wright, 1993a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1964, \nWright, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 610. saukrodictyidae (p. 839-840).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-870.jpg?height=1435&width=1283&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hulterstadia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Saukrodictyidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hulterstadia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hulterstadia WRIGHT, 1993a, p. 73","Type_species":"Orthis cor WIMAN, 1907, p. 9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cordate, strangulate valves with long septalium","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 611 a-g. * H. cor (Wiman), Ashgill, Sweden, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, X_8, d, dorsal interior, X_8, e-g, normal and tilted views of ventral interior, x8 (Wright, 1993a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 611. saukrodictyidae (p. 840).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-872.jpg?height=1111&width=1264&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=181)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizophoria KING, 1850, p. 106","Type_species":"Conchyliolithus (Anomites) resupinatus MARTIN, 1809, pl. 49, fig. 13-14, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Normally transversely semioval, weakly uniplicate valves, ventral interior with strong teeth and dental plates extending forward as ridges laterally confining ventral muscle field, dorsal interior with prominent, crenulated cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 612 a,b. *S. (S.) resupinata (MARTIN), Vis\u00e9an, Isle of Man; dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d71.5 (Pocock, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 612c\u2013f. S. (S.) resupinata lata D EMANET , Vis\u00e9an, western Ireland; c,d, exterior, interior of ventral valve, \u00d70.85; e,f, exterior, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d72 (Jeffrey, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Schizophoria)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Schizophoria)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Schizophoria) KING, 1850, p. 106","Type_species":"Conchyliolithus (Anomites) resupinatus MARTIN, 1809, pl. 49, fig. 13-14, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"dorsibiconvex Schizophoria with divergent dental plates confining bilobed to widely cordate ventral muscle field, dorsal","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 612 a,b. *S. (S.) resupinata (MARTIN), Vis\u00e9an, Isle of Man; dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, \u00d71.5 (Pocock, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 612c\u2013f. S. (S.) resupinata lata D EMANET , Vis\u00e9an, western Ireland; c,d, exterior, interior of ventral valve, \u00d70.85; e,f, exterior, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d72 (Jeffrey, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Paraschizophoria)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Paraschizophoria)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizophoria (Paraschizophoria) LAZAREV, 1976, p. 110","Type_species":"Schizophoria woodi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Schizophoria) but imbricate with narrow ventral and dorsal muscle fields","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 613, 1a,b. *S (P.) woodi, Vis\u00e9an, Isle of Man; dorsal, lateral views of conjoined pair, \u00d71.5 (Pocock, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 613,1c,d. S (P.) antiqua S OLLE, Emsian, Germany; ventral, dorsal views of conjoined internal molds, \u00d71.5 (Pocock, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 613. schizophoriidae (p. 841-842).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-874.jpg?height=1326&width=1108&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=246)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Pocockia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Pocockia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Pocockia) LAZAREV, 1976, p. 112","Type_species":"Atrypa (Porambonites) gibbera PORTLOCK, 1843, p. 460, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schizophoria but with a geniculate ventral valve and a narrow, linear ventral muscle field confined by parallel dental plates, dorsal diductor scar elongate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 613, 2a, b. *S. (Pocockia) gibbera (Portlock), Vis\u00e9an, northern Ireland, dorsal, anterior views of conjoined valves, x1.5 (Pocock, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pocock, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 613. schizophoriidae (p. 841-842).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-874.jpg?height=1326&width=1108&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=246)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acosarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acosarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acosarina Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 2","Type_species":"A. dorsisulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, medium-sized, biconvex valves, ventral interior with small teeth, large fossettes, and short dental plates, dorsal interior with widely divergent brachiophore plates and deep sockets","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous-Upper Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas, New Mexico), China, Thailand, Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 614, 1a-i. *A. dorsisulcata, middle Permian, Texas, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1, f, ventral interior, X2, g, h, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X2, i, dorsal interior, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 614. schizophoriidae (p. 842-843).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-875.jpg?height=1201&width=1296&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aulacophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacophoria Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 247","Type_species":"Orthis keyserlingia de KONINCK, 1843, p. 230, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schizophoria but planoconvex, sharply unisulcate with commonly flat, catacline ventral interarea","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous-Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"Europe, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 614, 3a-c. * A. keyserlingia (de Koninck), lower Carboniferous, England, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, X1 (Wright, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 614. schizophoriidae (p. 842-843).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-875.jpg?height=1201&width=1296&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enteletoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enteletoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enteletoides STUCKENBERG, 1905, p. 59","Type_species":"E. rossicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schizophoria but small with extravagantly developed dental plates and ventral median septum","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous","Geography":"Russia, central Asia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 614, 2a-c. E. shuichengensis, Upper Carboniferous, southern China, dorsal, ventral, lateral views of conjoined valves, \u00d7 1 (Ching & Liao, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ching & Liao, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 614. schizophoriidae (p. 842-843).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-875.jpg?height=1201&width=1296&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoschizophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoschizophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoschizophoria Rong & YANG, 1980, p. 286","Type_species":"Schizophoria hesta Rong & Yang in Rong, Xu, & YANG, 1974, p. 202, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex valves, ventral interior with long, thin median ridge bisecting muscle scar, dorsal interior with delicate cardinalia, brachiophores narrowly divergent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"China, Canada, central Asia, Podolia, USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 615, 1a-c. \\*E. hesta (Rong \\& Yang), Ludlow, southern China, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined pair, \\times 1 (Rong, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 615. schizophoriidae (p. 843-844).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-876.jpg?height=1394&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoschizophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neoschizophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neoschizophoria YANAGIDA, 1983, p. 103","Type_species":"N. otai, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schizophoria but unisulcate with flat, procline ventral interarea and modified cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)-Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)","Geography":"southwestern Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 614, 4a-f. *N. otai, Vis\u00e9an-Namurian, southwestern Japan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, ventral views of dorsal exterior, X1, d-f, ventral, lateral, posterior views of ventral exterior, \u00d7 2 (Yanagida, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yanagida, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 614. schizophoriidae (p. 842-843).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-875.jpg?height=1201&width=1296&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=167)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthotichia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthotichia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthotichia Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 213","Type_species":"Orthis? morganiana DERBY, 1874, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Orthotichina Chernyschev, 1914, pl. VII, fig. 1","Synonyms":"Orthotichina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Schizophoria but more finely costellate with strong dental plates extending forward, as high ridges, to in front of muscle field together with well-developed ventral median septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"widespread","Figure_captions":"Fig. 615, 3a-j. O. kozlowskii King, middle Permian, Texas, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, x1, f , g, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, X, h, ventral interior, X2, i, posterior view of conjoined valves, X2, j, lateral view of conjoined valves, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 615. schizophoriidae (p. 843-844).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-876.jpg?height=1394&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeoschizophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Palaeoschizophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeoschizophoria FU, 1982, p. 108","Type_species":"P. latisepta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, weakly uniplicate valves, ventral interior with short dental plates, dorsal interior with short, ridgelike cardinal process and short brachiophore plates","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"northwestern China, western USA (California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 615, 4a-c. *P. latisepta, Wenlock, northwestern China, a, internal mold of dorsal interior, x1,  b, latex replica of ventral exterior, x1,  c, partly exfoliated ventral valve, x1 (Rong, new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 615. schizophoriidae (p. 843-844).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-876.jpg?height=1394&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sunacosarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Schizophoriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sunacosarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sunacosarina LIANG, 1990, p. 355","Type_species":"S. campana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Circular, small, convexiplane valves, ventral interior with short, widely divergent dental plates and short high median ridge extending forward to front of muscle field, dorsal interior with delicate, ridgelike cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 615, 2a, b. * S. campana, Lower Permian, China, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X2, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x2 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 615. schizophoriidae (p. 843-844).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-876.jpg?height=1394&width=1293&top_left_y=140&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apatoskenidioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apatoskenidioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apatoskenidioides Liu, Zhu, & XUE, 1985, p. 22","Type_species":"A. rara, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subquadrate with subrectangular cardinal extremities, ventribiconvex, costellate, sharply unisulcate, thin dental plates, cardinal process ridgelike, brachiophore bases convergent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"northeastern China","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bajanorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bajanorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bajanorthis ANDREEVA, 1968, p. 73","Type_species":"B. tukolandica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, subcircular, fascicostellate, capillate, and filate shells, subtriangular ventral muscle scar, small teeth supported by recessive dental plates, dorsal interior unknown, orthoid, probably an orthid or eoorthid","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 616, 1a-c. B. tukolandica, Upper Cambrian, northwestern Siberia, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, x2 (Andreeva, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreeva, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 616. uncertain (p. 845-846).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-878.jpg?height=1372&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Humaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Humaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Humaella ZHU, 1982, p. 53","Type_species":"H. huangbanjiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"junior synonym of ?Akelina Severgina, 1967 ?","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular with acute cardinal extremities, biconvex, unisulcate, multicostellate, apsacline ventral and anacline dorsal interareas moderately long, teeth undescribed, dental plates recessive, ventral muscle scar short, subovoid with pedicle callist, cardinal process wide, undifferentiated, brachiophores divergent, dorsal median septum long, high, posterior pair of quadripartite dorsal adductor scars larger than anterior pair.  [The description of this genus is too generalized to permit a more precise identi\ufb01cation of the specimens than orthoid. The mold of an apparently high dorsal septum, however, suggests some af\ufb01nity with such stocks as the cremnorthids, although Humaella is older than other genera assigned to the family. The genus is also listed by L. R. M. COCKS and RONG Jia-yu, herein, as a junior synonym of ? Akelina SEVERGINA, 1967. This ambiguity should be resolved when the shell structure of one or preferably both genera is known.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Lower Ordovician","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician","Geography":"China (Da Hingan Ling)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 616, 2a, b. *H. huangbanjiensis, Tremadoc, Da Hingang Ling, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X4, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X4 (Zhu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 616. uncertain (p. 845-846).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-878.jpg?height=1372&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lebediorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lebediorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lebediorthis SEVERGINA, 1984, p. 46","Type_species":"L. rarus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Lebediorthis is a genus of small shells from the Lower Ordovician of Siberia (Gorno Altai). It was assigned to the Cremnorthidae family by its author, Severgina, despite lacking a differentiated cardinal process and having a high dorsal median septum, which are typical characteristics of that family. The shells could potentially be either ranorthids or nanorthids, depending on their cardinalia, which are not well described or illustrated.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Gorno Altai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 616, 4a, b. *L. rarus, Arenig, Gorno Altai, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X4, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, x4 (Severgina, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Severgina, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 616. uncertain (p. 845-846).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-878.jpg?height=1372&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Malinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Malinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Malinella ANDREEVA, 1982, p. 55","Type_species":"M. tavelensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, subquadrate, multicostellate shells with pseudodeltidium, ventral muscle scar narrowly triangular, teeth (undescribed) supported by dental plates, cardinal process simple, brachiophores massive, dorsal adductor scars quadripartite with anterior pair slightly elongate, mantle canal system in both valves saccate, with subparallel vascula media. The species on which this genus was founded, M. tavelensis, is too generally described and poorly illustrated to allow for a more precise identification than orthoid.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Siberia (Tuva)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 616, 5a-d. * M. tavelensis, Caradoc, Tuva, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X3, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, X3, c, ventral exterior, X3, d, view of ventral interarea, X4 (Andreeva, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreeva, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 616. uncertain (p. 845-846).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-878.jpg?height=1372&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nugnecella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nugnecella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nugnecella Levy & NULLO, 1975, p. 28","Type_species":"N. rafaelensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subequally biconvex, subquadrate ramicostellate, pseudodeltidium reported, teeth small, subtriangular, supported by divergent dental plates, ventral muscle field subtriangular, cardinal process ridgelike, brachiophores strongly divergent, sockets elongate with two (?) radiating ridges.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ottadalenites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ottadalenites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ottadalenites Harper in Bruton & HARPER, 1981, p. 165","Type_species":"O. incertus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely semioval with acute cardinal extremities, convexiplane, rectimarginate, anacline dorsal interarea short, planar, notothyrium with small chilidium, notothyrial platform shallow with ridgelike cardinal process and short, widely divergent brachiophores, dorsal musculature, mantle canal system, ventral interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 616, 6a-d. *O. incertus, Arenig-Llanvirn, south central Norway; a,b, internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal valve, \u00d71; c, partly exfoliated ventral valve, \u00d71; d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, \u00d71 (Bruton & Harper, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 616. uncertain (p. 845-846).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-878.jpg?height=1372&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Turarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Turarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Turarella ANDREEVA, 1987, p. 34","Type_species":"T. alleri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, dorsibiconvex, multicostellate, ventral muscle field small, suboval with wide, undifferentiated adductor track longer than flanking diductor scars and divergent vascula media, dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 616,3a,b. *T. alleri, Upper Cambrian, Siberia; a, partly exfoliated ventral exterior, \u00d7 4; b, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d74 (Andreeva, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 616. uncertain (p. 845-846).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-878.jpg?height=1372&width=1290&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhejiangorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zhejiangorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhejiangorthis Liang in Liu, Xu, & LIANG, 1983, p. 268","Type_species":"Z. zhejiangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular, planoconvex, coarsely costellate, ventral interarea nearly catacline, dorsal interarea orthocline, delthyrium and notothyrium open, teeth supported by dental plates, ventral adductor track not enclosed by longer, diductor scars, cardinal process differentiated into shaft and myophore, brachiophores subparallel","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician","Geography":"China (Zhejiang Province)","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cambrotrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Eostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cambrotrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cambrotrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1937, p. 78","Type_species":"Syntrophia cambria WALCOTT, 1908, p. 106, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium in size, hinge line nearly as wide as the widest part of the shell, poorly developed interareas","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","First_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Amgaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Amgaian)","Geography":"USA (Utah), Canada (Quebec), Siberia, Kazakhstan, ?Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 623, 1 a-e. * C. cambria (Walcott), a, ventral valve exterior, Ute Formation, Utah, b, hypotype, partly exfoliated ventral valve, Ute Formation, Utah, USNM 52477, x3 (new), c, dorsal valve exterior, Ute Formation, Utah, x3 (Walcott, 1908), d, ventral valve exterior, Kazakhstan, e, dorsal valve exterior, Kazakhstan, x1 (Nikiforova, 1960d).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nWalcott, 1908, \nNikiforova, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 623. eostrophiidae (p. 930-931).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-049.jpg?height=901&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":499.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syntrophioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Eostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Syntrophioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syntrophioides Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 247","Type_species":"Billingsella harlanensis WALCOTT, 1905, p. 236, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Hinge line as wide or wider than the widest part of the shell, interareas relatively wide, pseudospondylium poorly developed, inner socket ridges short, supported by short, convergent but discrete socket plates, dorsal adductor muscle field well developed with weak callosities","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","First_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Geography":"Russia (Urals), southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 623, 2a-g. * S. harlanensis (Walcott), Rogersville Shale, Tennessee, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, hypotype, ventral valve interior mold, USNM 52252, x2 (new), d, cast of ventral valve interior mold, e, cast of dorsal valve interior mold, x2 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), f, drawing of ventral valve interior mold, g, drawing of dorsal valve interior mold, \u00d72 (Walcott, 1912).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nWalcott, 1912","figure_index":"fig. 623. eostrophiidae (p. 930-931).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-049.jpg?height=901&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":499.63,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Huenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Huenellinae","Genus":"Huenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Huenella WALCOTT, 1908, p. 109","Type_species":"Syntrophia texana WALCOTT, 1905, p. 294, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Type species costate, pseudospondylium tending toward sessile spondylium in some, with the anterior edge supported by a broad, low ridge that widens anteriorly, cardinal process present in the type species, lacking in some others.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Dresbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Dresbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Dresbachian)-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 624, 1a-f. *H. texana (Walcott), Upper Cambrian, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, Packsaddle Mountain, Texas, b, ventral valve exterior, Packsaddle Mountain, Texas, c, ventral sulcus, anterior view, Packsaddle Mountain, Texas, d, dorsal valve exterior, Packsaddle Mountain, Texas, e, hypotype, dorsal valve, lateral view, Packsaddle Mountain, Texas, USNM 52494, \u00d74 (new, photographs courtesy of Michael Bassett), f, ventral valve interior, pseudospondylium, Gallatin Valley, Wyoming, \u00d73 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938)., Fig. 624, 1g. H. abnormis (Walcott), ?Upper Cambrian, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA, drawing of dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Walcott, 1912).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938, \nWalcott, 1912","figure_index":"fig. 624. huenellidae (p. 931-934).\nfig. 624. huenellidae (p. 931-934).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-051.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-051.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bondarevia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Huenellinae","Genus":"Bondarevia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bondarevia CARLSON, 1965, p. 34","Type_species":"Triseptata nelidovi Bondarev in Bondarev & OTHERS, 1965, p. 34, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large costellate shells, subelliptical in outline, commissure rectimarginate, pseudospondylium supported by two short accessory septa, cardinal process a relatively high ridge on narrow shelf at posterior of notothyrial cavity, short, narrow socket plates converge and unite with long median septum to form deep septalium, supported by 2 long accessory septa, dorsal adductor muscle field slightly elevated. Known from only 1 species, highly distinctive in its morphology, and may warrant subfamily status within the Huenellidae. Lower Ordovician (lower Arenig): Novaya Zemlya.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Geography":"Novaya Zemlya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 625, 3a-n. *B. nelidovi (Bondarev), Nelidovsk beds, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, ventral valve on right, x1 (Bondarev, 1968), c-e, serial sections of ventral valve showing pseudospondylium and accessory septa, x4, f-j, serial sections of dorsal valve showing cardinal process and notothyrial platform, x4 (Bondarev & others, 1965), k, ventral valve interior, in section, l, dorsal valve mold, posterior view, m, dorsal valve interior mold, n, cast of m, X1 (Bondarev, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bondarev, 1968, \nBondarev & others, 1965, \nBondarev, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 625. huenellidae (p. 931-934).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-052.jpg?height=1820&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eosyntrophopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Huenellinae","Genus":"Eosyntrophopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eosyntrophopsis YADRENKINA, 1989, p. 77","Type_species":"E. njuicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small smooth shells, rectimarginate, hinge line wide, but interareas reduced, low, wide median ridge extending anterior to pseudospondylium, cardinal process absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"southeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 624, 3a-d. * E. njuicus, Loparsk beds, Njuya River, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve interior mold, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior mold, x3 (Yadrenkina, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yadrenkina, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 624. huenellidae (p. 931-934).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-051.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Huenellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Huenellinae","Genus":"Huenellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Huenellina SCHUCHERT & COOPER, 1931, p. 247","Type_species":"Huenella triplicata WALCOTT, 1924, p. 526; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Huenella, but with 2 long lateral septa that emerge at low angle to hinge line and do not support the wide, short socket plates; cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","First_Occurrence":"Franconian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian (Trempealeauan)","Last_Occurrence":"Trempealeauan","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian\u2013Trempealeauan)","Geography":"Novaya Zemlya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 625, 1a\u2013f. *H. triplicata (WALCOTT ), hypotype; a, ventral valve exterior, PMO A3293; b, dorsal valve exterior, PMO A3350; c, ventral valve interior mold, PMO A3352; d, latex cast of c, \u00d73; e, dorsal valve interior mold, PMO A3348; f, latex cast of e, \u00d7 4 (new; photographs courtesy of Michael Bassett).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 625. huenellidae (p. 931-934).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-052.jpg?height=1820&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Paibian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":73.3,"beginning_date":494.95,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rectotrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Huenellinae","Genus":"Rectotrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rectotrophia BATES, 1968, p. 176","Type_species":"R. globularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small smooth shells, weakly uniplicate to bisulcate, hinge line narrow, less than half the widest part of the shell, interareas reduced, pseudospondylium long and wide, cardinal process on slightly thickened notothyrial platform","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Wales, northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 625, 2 a-d .*R. globularis, Treiorwerth Formation, Wales, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve interior mold, c, dorsal valve interior mold, d, cast of c, X3 (Neuman & Bates, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Neuman & Bates, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 625. huenellidae (p. 931-934).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-052.jpg?height=1820&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhabdostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Huenellinae","Genus":"Rhabdostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhabdostrophia NEUMAN, 1989, p. 68","Type_species":"R. striatisculpta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Finely ramicostellate, biconvexity moderate, relatively weakly uniplicate, strong dental plates discrete, subparallel, cardinal process may be present on low, rhomboidal notothyrial platform formed by convergent socket plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (ower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 624, 2a-g. *R. striatisculpta, H\u00f8londa Limestone, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, ventral valve interior mold, e, cast of ventral valve interior, f, dorsal valve interior mold, g, cast of dorsal valve interior, x2 (Neuman, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Neuman, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 624. huenellidae (p. 931-934).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-051.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesonomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Mesonomiinae","Genus":"Mesonomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesonomia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 627","Type_species":"Eoorthis iophon WALCOTT, 1924, p. 507, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fine but distinct costellae, biconvexity weak to moderate, weakly uniplicate, dorsal sulcus reverts to fold early in growth","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Drebachian)","First_Occurrence":"Dresbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Drebachian)-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"USA, Canada, ?Kazakhstan, ?eastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 626, 1a-b. *M. iophon (Walcott), Tremadoc, Mons Formation, Alberta, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), Fig. 626, 1c-f. M. magna Cooper, Fort Sill Formation, Oklahoma, USA, c, ventral valve interior, d, ventral valve, lateral view, e, dorsal valve interior, f, dorsal valve, anterior view, USNM 116694, X1.66 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 626. huenellidae (p. 934-935).\nfig. 626. huenellidae (p. 934-935).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-053.jpg?height=1425&width=636&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-053.jpg?height=1425&width=636&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptotrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Mesonomiinae","Genus":"Glyptotrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptotrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 627","Type_species":"G. imbricata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells with fine costellae and strong concentric lamellae, biconvexity moderate, shallow sessile spondylium supported anteriorly only by low, wide median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Trempealeauan)","First_Occurrence":"Trempealeauan","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Trempealeauan)-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"USA, Canada, eastern China, ?Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 626, 3a-d. *G. imbricata, Tremadoc, Mons Formation, Alberta, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, dorsal valve interior mold, d, cast of c, X3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), Fig. 626, 3e-f. G. jasperensis (Kindle), Tremadoc, Mons Formation, Alberta, Canada, e, ventral valve interior mold, f, ornament, dorsal valve, x3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938)","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 626. huenellidae (p. 934-935).\nfig. 626. huenellidae (p. 934-935).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-053.jpg?height=1425&width=636&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-053.jpg?height=1425&width=636&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":87.5,"beginning_date":491.4,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syntrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Syntrophiidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophiinae","Genus":"Syntrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syntrophia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 216","Type_species":"Triplesia lateralis WHITFIELD, 1886, p. 303, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Syntrophia Hall & Clarke, 1892, p. 270, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Syntrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Type species relatively large, biconvexity moderate, uniplication developed only near commissure, spondylium simplex supported only in the posteriormost portion by high median septum, spondylium nearly free in some species, long, deep socket plates converge and unite with long median septum to form long, broad, shallow septalium","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Europe, Greenland, Russia, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 627,1a\u2013b. *S. lateralis (WHITFIELD), Cassin Formation, Vermont, USA; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d71.5; b, posterior view of complete but exfoliated specimen showing spondylium and septalium (as molds), \u00d7 2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).\u2014\u2014Fig . 627,1c\u2013i. S. torynifera (U LRICH & C OOPER ), Smithville Formation, Arkansas, USA; c, ventral valve exterior; d, articulated valves, ventral valve on right; e, dorsal valve exterior, open delthyrium and well-developed interareas; f, ventral valve interior, spondylium nearly free; g, ventral valve interior, anterior view; h, ventral valve interior, oblique lateral view; i, dorsal valve interior, septalium, \u00d7 2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 627. syntrophiidae (p. 935-937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-055.jpg?height=1856&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Syntrophiidae","Subfamily":"Xenelasmatinae","Genus":"Xenelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenelasma Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 631","Type_species":"X. syntrophioides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small smooth shells, biconvexity moderate, relatively strong uniplication commencing anterior to umbo, narrow hinge line, less than half the widest part of the shell, dental plates long, nearly half valve length, and closely spaced, ventral adductor muscle field anterior to and commonly separated from diductors by a very low ridge, narrow, very short septalium simplex supported by a median septum commonly extending anterior to septalium, less commonly sessile septalium lacking a median septum, elongate oval dorsal adductor muscle field well developed","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 627, 2a-i. *X. syntrophioides, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, Gorman Formation, Texas, b, articulated valves, ventral on right, Gorman Formation, Texas, c, dorsal valve exterior, Gorman Formation, Texas, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, Gorman Formation, Texas, e, ventral valve interior, Gorman Formation, Texas, f, hypotype, dorsal valve interior, Gorman Formation, Texas, USNM 328688, \u00d73 (new), g, ventral valve interior, Rockdale Run Formation, Maryland, x4, h, dorsal valve interior, Rockdale Run Formation, Maryland, x6 (Sando, 1957), i, cast of ventral valve interior mold, Longview Formation, Virginia, x3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSando, 1957, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 627. syntrophiidae (p. 935-937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-055.jpg?height=1856&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhyselasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Syntrophiidae","Subfamily":"Xenelasmatinae","Genus":"Rhyselasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhyselasma YADRENKINA, 1972, p. 177","Type_species":"R. akitiense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small costate shells, hinge line narrow, less than half the widest part of the shell, socket plates discrete and subparallel, median septum and septalium absent. Interiors generally poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 627,3a\u2013d. *R. akitiense; a, ventral valve exterior, Ugorian beds, Kulumba River; b, dorsal valve exterior, Ugorian beds, Kulumba River, \u00d7 4 (Yadrenkina, 1982); c, ventral valve interior, drawing from etched exteriors, Chunski stage, Khantaika River; d, dorsal valve interior, drawing from etched exteriors, Chunski stage, Khantaika River, \u00d73 (Yadrenkina, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yadrenkina, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 627. syntrophiidae (p. 935-937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-055.jpg?height=1856&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rosella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Syntrophiidae","Subfamily":"Xenelasmatinae","Genus":"Rosella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rosella ANDREEVA, 1972, p. 52","Type_species":"R. karakulensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, strongly parvicostellate shells with weak but distinct growth lines, biconvexity strong, hinge line wide but narrower than the widest part of the shell, teeth weak, dental plates long, subparallel, widely spaced, socket plates discrete and subparallel, median septum and septalium absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 627, 4a-f. * R. karakulensis, Kuragan Suite, southern Urals, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, ventral on right, c, articulated valves, anterior view, d, dorsal valve exterior, x1, e, ventral valve, ground section near beak, f, dorsal valve, ground section near beak, x2 (Andreeva, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreeva, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 627. syntrophiidae (p. 935-937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-055.jpg?height=1856&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenelasmella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Syntrophiidae","Subfamily":"Xenelasmatinae","Genus":"Xenelasmella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenelasmella ROZMAN, 1964b, p. 137","Type_species":"X. graciosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costate shells, biconvexity strong, strong and angular uniplication, hinge line wide, but narrower than widest part of shell, teeth strong, septalium wider than in Xenelasma. Interiors generally poorly known. Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn-upper Llanvirn): Siberia, northwestern China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn-upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"Siberia, northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 627, 6a-d. *X. graciosa, Sienskii beds, Kalychan stream, Siberia, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, x2, c, ventral valve section, x4, d, dorsal valve section, x6 (Rozman, 1964b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rozman, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 627. syntrophiidae (p. 935-937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-055.jpg?height=1856&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenelasmopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Syntrophiidae","Subfamily":"Xenelasmatinae","Genus":"Xenelasmopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenelasmopsis ROZMAN, 1968, p. 56","Type_species":"X. selennjahia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costae on anterior half of valve only, biconvexity strong, hinge line astrophic or extremely narrow, teeth weak, socket plates discrete and subparallel, median septum and septalium absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 627, 5a-e. *X. selennjahia, Sakyndzhinskaya Suite, Selenniakhsk Range, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, articulated valves, ventral valve on left, d, articulated valves, anterior view, x2 (Rozman, 1968), e, articulated valves, section, ventral valve above, x4 (Rozman, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rozman, 1968, \nRozman, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 627. syntrophiidae (p. 935-937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-055.jpg?height=1856&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetralobula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Tetralobulinae","Genus":"Tetralobula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetralobula Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 628","Type_species":"T. delicatula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Finely costellate, with weak but distinct concentric growth lines, teeth strong, sessile spondylium supported anteriorly by low, wide ridge that widens further as it extends slightly anterior to spondylium, 2 long accessory septa may be prolonged in front of spondylium, dorsal adductor muscle field elevated on callosities, petaloid in shape, posterior scars commonly larger than anterior.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Siberia, ?Kazakhstan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 628, 1a-f. *T. delicatula, Chepultepec Formation, Virginia, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), e, ventral valve, posterior view, teeth, sulcus, f, ventral valve, lateral view, USNM Biologic Collection, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 628. tetralobulidae (p. 937-938).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-057.jpg?height=1249&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Disepta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Tetralobulinae","Genus":"Disepta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Disepta ZENG, 1987, p. 237","Type_species":"Tetralobula? yichangensis ZENG, 1977, p. 50, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Disepta Zeng, 1983, p. 48, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Disepta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costellate without concentric lamellae, biconvexity strong, strongly uniplicate, teeth small, sessile spondylium supported anteriorly by relatively high duplex septum and 2 short accessory septa, not prolonged in front of spondylium, socket plates converge to form short, weak sessile septalium supported by 2 short accessory septa","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 628, 2a-f. *D. yichangensis (Zeng), lower Nantsinkuan Formation, Hubei, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, dorsal valve, anterior view, d, ventral valve interior, x2, e, ventral valve interior, anterior view, x3, f, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Zeng, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 628. tetralobulidae (p. 937-938).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-057.jpg?height=1249&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Doloresella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Tetralobulinae","Genus":"Doloresella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Doloresella SANDO, 1957, p. 122","Type_species":"D. concentrica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament similar to Tetralobula, uniplication near anterior margin only, teeth small, pseudospondylium present but poorly developed, median ridge absent, accessory septa absent, dorsal adductor muscle field poorly developed, not elevated on callosities","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA (Maryland), Russia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 628, 4a-h. *D. concentrica, Rockdale Run Formation, Maryland, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve lateral view, c, ventral valve anterior view, d, dorsal valve exterior, e, ventral valve interior, f, ventral valve interior, oblique, g, dorsal valve interior, h, dorsal valve interior, oblique, x2 (Sando, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sando, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 628. tetralobulidae (p. 937-938).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-057.jpg?height=1249&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Imbricatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Tetralobulinae","Genus":"Imbricatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Imbricatia COOPER, 1952, p. 21","Type_species":"I. lamellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thaumatrophia Wang, 1955, p. 342 (type, T. sinensis), Thaumotrophia Biernat, 1965, p. 531, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Thaumatrophia, Thaumotrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Finely costellate with strong, sharp, concentric lamellae, teeth small, spondylial structure quite variable, type species with sessile spondylium supported anteriorly by low, wide ridge, others with spondylium simplex supported by high, wide median septum, accessory septa absent, dorsal adductor muscle field not elevated, but weak callosities are present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Kazakhstan, Novaya Zemlya, China, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 628, 3a-g. *I. lamellata, Cool Creek Formation, Oklahoma, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, dorsal valve lateral view, d, ventral valve interior, e, ventral valve interior, gerontic individual, f, dorsal valve interior, g, dorsal valve interior, gerontic individual, x2 (Cooper, 1952).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 628. tetralobulidae (p. 937-938).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-057.jpg?height=1249&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syntrophopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Syntrophopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syntrophopsis Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 630","Type_species":"S. magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"large type species, others commonly small to moderate in size, smooth, uniplication present only on the anterior half, teeth relatively small, long, sessile spondylium supported at the anterior only by a low, wide ridge that widens to a broad, slightly elevated triangular area anterior to the spondylium between digitate mantle canals, median ridge absent in some species, long socket plates discrete and closely spaced, fulcral plates present under sockets, very weak callosities mark the dorsal adductor muscle field","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Scotland, southern China, north-central Russia, Siberia, Tasmania, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 629, 1a-g. *S. magna, Odenville Formation, Alabama, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, ventral valve on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, posterior view, e, articulated valves, anterior view, f, ventral valve interior, g, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 629. tetralobulidae (p. 939-941).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-059.jpg?height=1714&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Altunella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Altunella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Altunella Liu, Zhang, & DI, 1984, p. 160","Type_species":"A. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costate shells, length and width nearly equal, very strongly biconvex, uniplication present on the entire valve, interareas narrow, sessile spondylium supported by 2 accessory septa, weak, narrow sessile septalium supported by a short median septum. Interiors poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Geography":"northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 629, 2a-d. *A. typica, Maleziji Group, Xinjiang, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on left, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, x1.5 (Liu, Zhang, & Di, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liu, Zhang, & Di, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 629. tetralobulidae (p. 939-941).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-059.jpg?height=1714&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bobinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Bobinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bobinella ANDREEVA, 1968, p. 80","Type_species":"B. kulumbensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Syntrophopsis, but parvicostellate, weakly uniplicate, interareas narrow to obsolete","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","First_Occurrence":"Franconian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","Last_Occurrence":"Franconian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","Geography":"northwestern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 629, 4a-d. *B. kulumbensis, Kulumba River, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, ventral valve interior mold, d, dorsal valve interior mold, x3 (Andreeva, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreeva, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 629. tetralobulidae (p. 939-941).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-059.jpg?height=1714&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Paibian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":73.3,"beginning_date":494.95,"ending_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":87.5,"ending_date":491.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperotrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Hesperotrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperotrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 630","Type_species":"H. obscura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Syntrophopsis, but finely costellate, weak, narrow uniplication. Interiors poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Canada (Alberta)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 629, 3a-d. *H. obscura, Sarbach Formation, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, x2, , fine costellae, x4,  d, dorsal valve interior mold, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 629. tetralobulidae (p. 939-941).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-059.jpg?height=1714&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Palaeostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeostrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 627","Type_species":"Syntrophia orthia WALCOTT, 1906, p. 11, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, moderately biconvex shells, uniplication very deep and rounded, reverts from gentle unisulcation early in ontogeny in some individuals, type species with medium hinge line, others narrow to medium in width, teeth strong, sessile spondylium narrow, supported at anterior only by short, low, wide median ridge not prolonged anterior to spondylium, shallow notothyrial cavity, socket plates narrow, very short, delicate, may have thickened callus of shell in between, dorsal adductor muscle field elongate oval in outline","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","First_Occurrence":"Franconian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)-Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Norway, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, South Korea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 629, 5a-b. *P. orthia (Walcott), upper Franconian-lower Trempealeauan, Chaumitien Limestone, Tsinan, China, a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 2, b, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).\u2014\u2014Fig. 629, 5c-j. P. sp., upper Franconian-lower Trempealeauan, Wilburns Formation, Texas, USA, c, ventral valve exterior, d, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, e, ventral valve, posterior view, f, dorsal valve exterior, g, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view, h, dorsal valve exterior, posterior view, i, ventral valve interior, j, dorsal valve interior, USNM Biologic Collection, \u00d7 2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 629. tetralobulidae (p. 939-941).\nfig. 629. tetralobulidae (p. 939-941).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-059.jpg?height=1714&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-059.jpg?height=1714&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Paibian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":73.3,"beginning_date":494.95,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectotrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Plectotrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectotrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 627","Type_species":"P. bridgei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Palaeostrophia, but with fine, widely spaced costellae, some nearly smooth, uniplication strong and angular, hinge line wide, may be widest part of shell, socket plates narrow, short, convergent but discrete, rarely unite to form short sessile septalium duplex, dorsal adductor muscle field not well developed","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","First_Occurrence":"Franconian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","Last_Occurrence":"Franconian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (Franconian)","Geography":"USA, Canada (Alberta)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 630, 1a-b. *P. bridgei, Wilberns Formation, Texas, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view, e, ventral valve interior, f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 2, g, dorsal valve interior, socket plates discrete, h, dorsal valve interior, socket plates nearly united, \u00d7 3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 630. tetralobulidae (p. 939-940).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-060.jpg?height=1268&width=624&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=859)","beginning_stage":"Paibian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":73.3,"beginning_date":494.95,"ending_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":87.5,"ending_date":491.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhysostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Rhysostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhysostrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 630","Type_species":"R. nevadensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Syntrophopsis, but with strong costae, moderately biconvex, hinge line width varies considerably, narrow in type species, with narrow interareas, teeth strong, short spondylial structure commonly sessile and supported at anterior only by short, wide median septum, but may be simplex and supported for entire length, socket plates discrete but approach a sessile septalium in some individuals.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Europe, Siberia, ?New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 630, 2a-f. * R. nevadensis, \u00d7 1.5, f, dorsal valve interior, oblique mold, \u00d7 2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), Fig. 630, 2g. R. vagans (Reed), H\u00f8londa Limestone, Norway, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 2 (Neuman, 1989)","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938, \nNeuman, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 630. tetralobulidae (p. 939-940).\nfig. 630. tetralobulidae (p. 939-940).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-060.jpg?height=1268&width=624&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=859)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-060.jpg?height=1268&width=624&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=859)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tcharella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Syntrophopsinae","Genus":"Tcharella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tcharella ANDREEVA, 1987, p. 38","Type_species":"T. amgensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costellate, subquadrate in outline, moderately biconvex, uniplication narrow, present on entire valve, hinge line wide, as wide as widest part of shell, interareas very narrow, inner socket ridges short, socket plates appear to be absent. Ventral interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","First_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 629, 6a-b. *T. amgensis, Kooteniella zone, Amga River, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1.5 (Andreeva, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nAndreeva, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 629. tetralobulidae (p. 939-941).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-059.jpg?height=1714&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":513.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":510.38,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punctolira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Punctolirinae","Genus":"Punctolira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punctolira Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 628","Type_species":"P. punctolira, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Type species medium size, others may be quite large, strongly biconvex, uniplication strong and angular, reverts from gentle unisulcation early in ontogeny in some individuals, cardinal process very rarely present as low ridge, dorsal adductor muscle field well developed, petaloid, with strong callosities","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Argentina, China, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 631, 1a-e. *P. punctolira, Tremadoc, a, ventral valve exterior, Mons Formation, Alberta, Canada, b, ventral valve, anterior view, Mons Formation, Alberta, Canada (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), c, dorsal valve exterior, Goodwin Formation, Nevada, USA, d, dorsal valve, anterior view, Goodwin Formation, Nevada, USA, \u00d7 2, e, ornament, Goodwin Formation, Nevada, USA, \u00d7 10 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938)., Fig. 631, 1f-g. P. orientalis Wang & Xu, Arenig, Lunshan limestone, Tangshan, China, f, ventral valve interior, g, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 2 (Wang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938, \nWang & Xu, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 631. tetralobulidae (p. 941-942).\nfig. 631. tetralobulidae (p. 941-942).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-061.jpg?height=1432&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-061.jpg?height=1432&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cuparius":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Punctolirinae","Genus":"Cuparius","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cuparius ROSS, 1971, p. 125","Type_species":"C. cardilatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderate to large size, moderately biconvex, uniplication strong and broad, present only on anterior half, narrow median septum does not extend anterior to spondylium, notothyrial cavity shallow, socket plates long, deep, subparallel, and uniting with valve in short, slightly divergent, anterior extensions, not petaloid as in Tetralobula, fulcral plates present under sockets, dorsal adductor muscle field poorly developed","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Sibe-ria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 631, 2a-f. *C. cardilatus, Antelope Valley Limestone, Nevada, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, e, ventral valve interior, f, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Ross, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ross, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 631. tetralobulidae (p. 941-942).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-061.jpg?height=1432&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoporambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Punctolirinae","Genus":"Pseudoporambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoporambonites ZENG, 1977, p. 51","Type_species":"P. yichangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Porambonitoides Xu in Xu, Wan, & Chen, 1978, p. 315 (type, P. hupeihensis)","Synonyms":"Porambonitoides","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large in size, length and width nearly equal, dorsal and ventral valve convexity nearly equal, weak uniplication present only on anterior half, sessile spondylium supported by relatively high, narrow median septum, 2 long accessory septa present, prolonged in front of spondylium, dorsal adductor muscle field poorly developed","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 631, 3a-f. *P. yichangensis, Dawan Formation, Hubei, China, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, ventral on left, c, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, d, ventral valve interior, e, mold of articulated valves, posterior view, ventral below, x1, f, ornament, x10 (Zeng, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 631. tetralobulidae (p. 941-942).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-061.jpg?height=1432&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Punctolirinae","Genus":"Rugostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugostrophia Neuman, 1971, p. 118, emend., Neuman, 1976, p. 40, Neuman & BATES, 1978, p. 607","Type_species":"R. silvestris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large shells, strongly biconvex, concentric lamellae distinct and strong, strong uniplication present on entire valve, long pseudospondylium present, socket plates short and narrow, fulcral plates present under sockets, dorsal adductor muscle field well developed, petaloid, with weak callosities","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig . 632,1a\u2013d. *R. silvestris, New Brunswick, Canada; a, ventral valve interior mold; b, cast of a; c, dorsal valve interior mold, post-depositional elongation in anterior-posterior direction; d, cast of dorsal valve interior mold, \u00d7 1.5 (Neuman, 1971).\u2014\u2014Fig . 632,1e\u2013g. R. latireticulata NEUMAN, Newfoundland, Canada; e, ventral valve exterior mold; f, cast of e, \u00d71.5; g, dorsal valve exterior mold, \u00d71 (Neuman, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Talovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Tetralobulidae","Subfamily":"Punctolirinae","Genus":"Talovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Talovia SEVERGINA, 1975, p. 62","Type_species":"T. reticulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells, moderately biconvex, weak uniplication present near anterior margin only, sessile spondylium short, narrow, and shallow, 2 short accessory septa present, long inner socket ridges supported by wide, deep, slightly divergent socket plates, dorsal adductor muscle field poorly developed","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"Russia (Gorno-Altay)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 632, 2a-d. * T. reticulata, Rudnikovo Formation, a, ventral valve exterior, x3, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1.5, c, ventral valve interior mold, x2, dorsal valve interior mold, x3 (Severgina, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSevergina, 1975","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clarkella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Clarkella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clarkella WALCOTT, 1908, p. 110","Type_species":"Polytoechia? montanensis WALCOTT, 1905, p. 295, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium shells, smooth, strongly biconvex, uniplication strong and quite angular in some species, present on anterior half only, hinge line narrow, less than half widest part of shell, interareas narrow, teeth small, spondylium simplex supported along entire length by high median septum that extends anterior to spondylium, 2 or more short accessory septa present rarely in some species, socket plates fairly long, shallow, 4, less commonly 2, long accessory septa support socket plates. Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig): USA, Canada, southwestern China, Korea, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Canada, southwestern China, Korea, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 633, 1a-b. * C. montanensis (Walcott), Montana, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1.5 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), Fig. 633, 1 c-d. C. megerriglei Ulrich & Cooper, Hastings Creek Formation, Quebec, Canada, c, paratype, ventral valve exterior, d, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, USNM 91477, x2.5 (new), Fig. 633, 1e-g. C. sp., e, ventral valve interior, Hastings Creek Formation, Quebec, Canada, x3 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), f, dorsal valve interior, Upper Cool Creek Formation, Oklahoma, USA, g, anterior view of f, Upper Cool Creek Formation, Oklahoma, USA, USNM 116750, X2.5 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nUlrich & Cooper, 1938, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).\nfig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).\nfig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthoglypha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acanthoglypha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthoglypha Williams & CURRY, 1985, p. 257","Type_species":"Streptis affinis Reed in Gardiner & REYNOLDS, 1909, p. 151, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Parvicostellate with strong concentric lamellae bearing hollow, bifurcating spines, moderately ventribiconvex, subquadrate in outline, weakly uniplicate, hinge line wide, but narrower than widest part of shell, interareas reduced, teeth weak, sessile spondylium supported anteriorly only by low, wide median ridge that does not extend anterior to spondylium, accessory septa absent, socket plates widely divergent, lacking anterior extensions, dorsal adductor muscle field elongate oval, strongly elevated, and marked by strong callosities","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig . 633,2a\u2013g. *A. af\ufb01nis (R EED ), Tourmakeady Limestone; a, dorsal valve exterior mold, \u00d73; b, bifurcating spines, \u00d714; c, dorsal valve exterior, anterior view, \u00d7 3; d, ventral valve exterior, anterior view; e, ventral valve interior, \u00d75; f, dorsal valve interior; g, dorsal valve interior, \u00d74 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calliglypha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Calliglypha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calliglypha CLOUD, 1948, p. 468","Type_species":"C. miseri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells, fine costellae and strong concentric lamellae intersect to form nodular ornament, strongly biconvex, subquadrate outline, weakly uniplicate, hinge line wide, often widest part of shell, interareas relatively wide, teeth strong, narrow spondylium simplex, accessory septa absent, socket plates short, shallow, divergent, lacking anterior extensions","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Britain, Russia, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 633, 4a-g. *C. miseri, El Paso Formation, Texas, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, anterior view, x2, c, dorsal valve exterior, x3, d, ventral valve interior, x2, e, ventral valve interior, oblique view, f, dorsal valve interior, g, dorsal valve interior, oblique view, x3 (Cloud, 1948).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1948","figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diaphelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diaphelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diaphelasma Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 629","Type_species":"D. pennsylvanicum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth shells, very strongly biconvex, commonly broadly uniplicate, but width and depth varies, hinge line narrow, teeth strong, spondylium simplex supported along entire length by high median septum that extends anterior to spondylium for considerable distance, in some individuals most extreme posterior of spondylium may be sessile, accessory septa absent, minute cardinal process may be present as low ridge on callosity at valve posterior, rarely on short notothyrial platform, short, shallow, widely divergent socket plates, supported in some species by 2 short accessory septa, elongate oval dorsal adductor muscle field poorly developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Argentina, Britain, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 633, 3a-i. *D. pennsylvanicum, Longview Limestone, Pennsylvania, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, c, ventral valve exterior, anterior view, d, dorsal valve exterior, e, dorsal valve exterior, lateral view, f, dorsal valve exterior, anterior view, x1.5, g, ventral valve interior, x3, h, dorsal valve interior, i, dorsal valve interior, oblique view, x1.5 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fenxiangella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fenxiangella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fenxiangella WANG, 1978, p. 224","Type_species":"F. deltoides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small smooth shells, length and width subequal, moderately biconvex, subtriangular outline, weakly uniplicate near anterior margin only, hinge line narrow, dental plates subparallel, spondylium, median septum, and accessory septa absent, deep, divergent socket plates, lacking anterior extensions, accessory septa absent, dorsal adductor muscle field poorly known.  [Genus rather poorly known.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 634, 1a-d. *F. deltoides, Dawan Formation, Hubei, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, articulated valves, ventral on left, c, anterior view, ventral below, d, posterior view, ventral below, x4 (Wang, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 634. clarkellidae (p. 944-946).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-065.jpg?height=786&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stichotrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Stichotrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stichotrophia COOPER, 1948, p. 473","Type_species":"S. lamellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Finely costellate with strong concentric lamellae, subquadrate to subelliptical in outline, hinge line wide, but narrower than the widest part of the shell, interareas relatively wide, teeth strong, sessile spondylium, supported at the anterior only by a low, narrow median septum that does not extend anterior to the spondylium, accessory septa absent, cardinal process may be present as a low ridge on the callosity at the valve posterior, subparallel socket plates continue anteriorly into short, receding, divergent extensions, dorsal adductor muscle field not well developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"USA, southern China, ?Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 634, 3a-e. *S. lamellata, Longview Limestone, Virginia, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, x2, e, close up of d, X4 (Cooper, 1948).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1948","figure_index":"fig. 634. clarkellidae (p. 944-946).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-065.jpg?height=786&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syntrophina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Syntrophina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syntrophina Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 247","Type_species":"Syntrophia campbelli WALCOTT, 1908, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Syntrophina Ulrich in Weller & St. Clair, 1928, p. 74, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Syntrophina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth shells, with strong concentric lamellae in some species, uniplication variably developed, hinge line narrow, teeth strong, spondylium simplex relatively short and narrow, may be sessile at the extreme posterior of the valve, 2 short accessory septa present rarely in some species, deep petaloid socket plates continue anteriorly into short, divergent extensions, similar to Stichotrophia. Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc): USA, Canada, Argentina, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Novaya Zemlya, China, India.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Argentina, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Novaya Zemlya, China, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 634, 2a-d. *S. campbelli (Walcott), McKenzie Hill Formation, Oklahoma, USA, a, ventral valve exterior; b, dorsal valve exterior; c, ventral valve interior; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1952).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 634. clarkellidae (p. 944-946).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-065.jpg?height=786&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syntrophinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Syntrophinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syntrophinella Ulrich & Cooper in Kobayashi, 1934, p. 164","Type_species":"S. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Syntrophinella Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, p. 224, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Syntrophinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Finely costellate, entire valve strongly uniplicate, may be quite angular, hinge line narrow, sessile spondylium, supported at the anterior only by a low, narrow median septum that extends anterior to the spondylium, 2 very short accessory septa may be present near the spondylium posterior, subparallel socket plates continue anteriorly into short, widely divergent extensions, similar to Stichotrophia. Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc): USA, Canada, China, North Korea, Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"USA, Canada, China, North Korea, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 634, 4a-e. * S. typica, Longview Limestone, a, ventral valve exterior, wax replica of mold, Virginia, USA, b, dorsal valve exterior, wax replica of mold, Virginia, USA, x2, c, dorsal valve interior mold, Virginia, USA, d, wax replica of mold in c, Virginia, USA, x3 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938), e, ventral valve interior mold, Alabama, USA, \u00d72 (Kobayashi, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938, \nKobayashi, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 634. clarkellidae (p. 944-946).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-065.jpg?height=786&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yangtzeella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yangtzeella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yangtzeella KOLAROVA, 1925, p. 219","Type_species":"Schizophoria poloi MARTELLI, 1901, p. 302, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large smooth shells, moderately biconvex, weakly uniplicate, hinge line wide, but narrower than the widest part of the shell, large, knoblike teeth and sockets may interlock in some individuals, wide spondylium appears to be supported along its entire length by a low, wide, long duplex median septum, from 2 to 6 short accessory septa commonly present, not prolonged in front of the spondylium, socket plates converge to form a short, deep septalium-like structure supported by 2 widely spaced, divergent septa that extend anteriorly of the so-called septalium for some distance, from 2 to 4 short accessory septa present posteriorly, it is unclear whether short crura may be present, dorsal adductor muscle field poorly developed","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"China, ?Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 633, 5a-f. *Y. poloi (Martelli), Arenig, Dawan Formation, a, ventral valve exterior, Hubei, b, dorsal valve exterior, Hubei, c, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral valve below, Hubei, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, Hubei, e, ventral valve interior, USNM 339345, Hubei, x1 (new), f, dorsal valve interior mold, Guizhou, x1 (Xian & Jiang, 1978)., Fig. 633, 5g. Y. yichangensis Zeng, section through articulated valves, ventral valve below, showing duplex spondylium and divergent dorsal septa, x2 (Zeng, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nXian & Jiang, 1978, \nZeng, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Porambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Porambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Porambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porambonites PANDER, 1830, p. 95","Type_species":"P. intermedia, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 225","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvexity very strong, uniplication commences on the anterior half, dental plates commonly remain parallel for most of their considerable length, converging only at their anteriormost ends to join with the median ridge, ventral adductor muscle field anterior to and commonly separated from diductors by a very low ridge, very long socket plates and extensions commonly remain subparallel for their entire length, may converge only at their anteriormost ends to join with the median ridge, internal features in both valves commonly thicken and coalesce in older individuals","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)-lower Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Canada, Argentina, Russia, Europe, Himalayas, India, China, Australia, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 635, 1a\u2013e. P. (P.) planus PANDER, Arenig, Glauconite limestone, Estonia; a, ventral valve exterior; b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on right; c, dorsal valve exterior; d, posterior view, ventral valve above; e, anterior view, ventral valve above, USNM 81599, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 635, 1f\u2013g. P. (P.) intercedens PANDER, Upper Ordovician, Hohenholm, Estonia; f, dorsal valve exterior; g, posterior view, ventral valve above, beaks ground off showing dental and socket plates, USNM 26897, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 635, 1h\u2013i. P. (P.) schmidti N OETLING , lower Llanvirn, Estonia; h, ventral valve interior; i, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Porambonites)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Porambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Porambonites)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porambonites PANDER, 1830, p. 95","Type_species":"P. intermedia, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 225","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subelliptical to circular in outline, valve proportions may be quite variable; hinge line distinct but narrow, less than half widest part of shell; cardinal process commonly absent, rarely present as low ridge.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)\u2013Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Russia, Estonia, Europe, Britain, Himalayas, China, Australia, ? South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 635, 1a\u2013e. P. (P.) planus PANDER, Arenig, Glauconite limestone, Estonia; a, ventral valve exterior; b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on right; c, dorsal valve exterior; d, posterior view, ventral valve above; e, anterior view, ventral valve above, USNM 81599, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 635, 1f\u2013g. P. (P.) intercedens PANDER, Upper Ordovician, Hohenholm, Estonia; f, dorsal valve exterior; g, posterior view, ventral valve above, beaks ground off showing dental and socket plates, USNM 26897, \u00d7 1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 635, 1h\u2013i. P. (P.) schmidti N OETLING , lower Llanvirn, Estonia; h, ventral valve interior; i, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Equirostra)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Porambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Equirostra)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Equirostra) Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Isorhynchus KING, 1850, p. 112, non S CHOENHERR , 1833","Type_species":"Terebratulites aequirostris von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820 in 18201823, p. 282, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular in outline, longer than wide, hinge line extremely narrow, astrophic in some individuals","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Russia, Estonia, Europe, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 635, 3a-e. * P. (E.) aequirostris (von Schlotheim), Vaginaten Limestone, Russia, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, posterior view, ventral valve above, e, anterior view, ventral valve above, USNM 26898, x1 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 635, 3f-g. P. (E.) baueri (Noetling), middle Ordovician, Estonia, f, ventral valve interior, g, dorsal valve interior, USNM 85369A, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 633. clarkellidae (p. 944-947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-064.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Noetlingia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Porambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Noetlingia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Noetlingia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 229","Type_species":"Spirifer tcheffkini de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 129, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderate to large size, subquadrate to subelliptical in outline, hinge line wide, but narrower than the widest part of the shell, cardinal process present as a low ridge on a narrow shelf in the notothyrial cavity, long socket plates converge and unite anteriorly only with a short median septum to form a long sessile septalium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 635, 2ae. *P. (N.) tcheffkini (de Verneuil), Pulkovka River, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, posterior view, ventral valve above, e, anterior view, ventral valve above, USNM 346824, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 635. porambonitidae (p. 947-948).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-067.jpg?height=1003&width=1279&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Camerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camerella BILLINGS, 1859b, p. 301","Type_species":"C. volborthi, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 219","Synonyms_with_authors":"Camarella Dall, 1877, p. 18, nom. null., Rhynchocamara Schuchert & Cooper, 1931, p. 248 (type, R. plicata)","Synonyms":"Camarella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Most species small, some moderate in size, type species and most others paucicostate, some species with strong costae on the entire valve, few species with tiny granules or bumps over the surface, uniplication commonly present on the anterior third of the valve only, teeth small, relatively long spondylium simplex, rarely duplex, short, deep outer hinge plates, nearly horizontal in some species, long, narrow inner hinge plates converge and unite with a long median septum to form a short, deep, narrow septalium duplex, short, rodlike crura visible in some species, not the type species, dorsal adductor muscle field weakly developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Canada, USA, Britain, northern Europe, Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, ?India, ?Bolivia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 636, 1a-d. *C. volborthi, upper Llanvirn, Rockland Formation, Ontario, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, x2 (Cooper, 1956a)., Fig. 636, 1e-f. C. bella Fenton, upper Llanvirn, Macy Formation, Missouri, USA, e, ventral valve interior, f, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).\nfig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bleshidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Bleshidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bleshidium HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982b, p. 371","Type_species":"Atrypa patellina BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 147, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bleshidimerus Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990, p. 101 (type, Rhynchonella irregularis Barrande, 1879b, pl. 4)","Synonyms":"Bleshidimerus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Nearly circular outline, moderately biconvex, costae present on the fold and sulcus only, concentric lamellae present as gentle rugae, uniplication highly variable, may be absent, hinge line narrow, less than half the widest part of the valve, spondylium simplex supported by a very high, narrow median septum, socket plates short, deep, convergent, anterior extensions comparable to inner hinge plates absent, crura unknown, median septum may be absent or present and short, septalium absent","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Pridoli)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 636, 2a-e. *B. patellinum (Barrande), lower Ludlow, upper Kopanina Formation, Prague basin, Bohemia, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral above, x6.2 (Havli\u010dek & Storch, 1990), d-e, transverse sections, ventral valve above, x15 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982b). Fig. 636, 2f. B. sp. cf. B. papalas Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, Motol Formation, ventral valve interior mold, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek & Storch, 1990, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).\nfig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Branconia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Branconia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Branconia GAGEL, 1890, p. 62","Type_species":"B. borussica, M","Synonyms_with_authors":"Only 1 poorly known specimen exists, it may not be a syntrophiidine.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large smooth shell, subelliptical outline, wider than long, very strongly ventribiconvex, strongly rostrate, strongly unisulcate, ventral and dorsal interiors unknown, except for long median septum present in both valves.  [Only 1 poorly known specimen exists, it may not be a syntrophiidine.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Poland (Prussia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 637, 1a-d. *B. borussica, a, drawings of ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, d, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral above, x1 (Gagel, 1890).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gagel, 1890","figure_index":"fig. 637. camerellidae (p. 949-953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-070.jpg?height=1804&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brevicamera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Brevicamera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brevicamera COOPER, 1956a, p. 560","Type_species":"B. camerata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, paucicostate shells, subelliptical outline, wider than long, biconvexity strong, uniplication broad and strong, present only on the anterior half of valves, very short spondylium simplex supported posteriorly by a narrow, commonly low, median septum, short, deep, convergent outer hinge plates, short, rodlike crura present, inner hinge plates converge slightly but join the floor of the valve in widely separated, subparallel lines to form a broad, long sessile septalium, long, low median septum extending anterior to, and does not support, septalium, dorsal adductor muscle field well developed with weak callosities.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"southern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 637, 3a-g. *B. camerata, Pratt Ferry Formation, Alabama, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve, lateral view, c, ventral valve, anterior view, d, dorsal valve exterior, e, dorsal valve, lateral view, f, ventral valve interior, x2, g, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 637. camerellidae (p. 949-953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-070.jpg?height=1804&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Idiostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Idiostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Idiostrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 631","Type_species":"I. perfecta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trigonotrophia Andreeva, 1972, p. 54 (type, Idiostrophia paucicostata Cooper, 1956a, p. 588)","Synonyms":"Trigonotrophia,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Type species small, others may be very small, distinctly triangular outline, sides of both valves do not taper gently to commissure, but flex sharply to meet in a plane perpendicular to the commissural plane, paucicostate, rectimarginate, but a single, narrow radial groove runs down the center of each valve, socket plates short, deep, convergent, anterior extensions comparable to inner hinge plates absent, crura unknown, septalium rather long. Trigonotrophia lacks the distinctive strangulate grooves and possesses only 3 to 4 costae on the anterior margin, is otherwise indistinguishable from Idiostrophia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"Canada, USA, Argentina, Britain, Europe, northern Russia, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 637,6a\u2013e.*I. perfecta, upper Llanvirn, Mystic conglomerate, Quebec, Canada; a, ventral valve exterior; b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right; c, dorsal valve exterior; d, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral below; e, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, \u00d71.5 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).\u2014Fig. 637,6f\u2013g. I. costata ULRICH & COOPER, upper Arenig, Tourmakeady Limestone, Ireland; f, ventral valve interior, \u00d75; g, dorsal valve interior, oblique anterior view, \u00d711 (Williams & Curry, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 637. camerellidae (p. 949-953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-070.jpg?height=1804&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karakulina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Karakulina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karakulina ANDREEVA, 1972, p. 55","Type_species":"K. nana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval in outline, paucicostate, rectimarginate, dorsal median septum and septalium absent. Lower Ordovician (Arenig): northern Russia (Urals).","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"northern Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 637, 2a-d. *K. nana, Kuragan Suite, Kinderlya River, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral above, x4 (Andreeva, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Andreeva, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 637. camerellidae (p. 949-953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-070.jpg?height=1804&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kokomerena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Kokomerena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kokomerena MISIUS, 1986, p. 182","Type_species":"K. prima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to subelliptical in outline, wider than long, entire valve costate, moderately biconvex, weak uniplication, present near anterior margin only, teeth strong, sessile spondylium may be supported at anterior only by low, wide median ridge, which may be absent, fairly long, wide, sessile septalium present, dorsal median septum absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Geography":"Kirgizia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 637, 5a-d. * K. prima, Tabylgat River, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral above, x1 (Misius, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Misius, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 637. camerellidae (p. 949-953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-070.jpg?height=1804&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liricamera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Liricamera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liricamera COOPER, 1956a, p. 592","Type_species":"*L. nevadensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Nearly circular in outline, entire valve finely costellate, moderately biconvex, commonly rectimarginate, may be very weakly uniplicate, hinge line narrow, less than half widest part of shell, interareas narrow, teeth strong, deep spondylium simplex of medium length, crura very short, rodlike, dorsal interior otherwise similar to Camerella","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn-upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"western USA, northwestern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 637, 4a-h. *L. nevadensis, lower Llanvirn, Pogonip Group, Nevada, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral above, e, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral above, f, ventral valve interior, USNM 117174, x1.6 (new), g, ventral valve interior, oblique view, h, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 637. camerellidae (p. 949-953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-070.jpg?height=1804&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Llanoella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Llanoella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Llanoella BOUCOT, 1975a, p. 351","Type_species":"L. stephensi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large shells, outline subelliptical, wider than long, commonly smooth, larger individuals with costae at anterior margin only, moderately biconvex, strong uniplication, present on entire valve, teeth relatively strong, spondylium simplex much like Camerella, outer hinge plates convergent, long inner hinge plates converge both dorsally and ventrally to form long cylindrical septalium with ventral edge of each plate terminating in an unusual tubular structure, cruralium housing dorsal adductor muscle field present anterior to septalium","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"southern and western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 636, 3a-f. *L. stephensi, Pillar Bluff Limestone, Texas, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral below, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral below, e, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, x1.5, f, drawing of transverse section, dorsal valve, x3 (Boucot, 1975a)., Fig. 636, 3g-h. L. sp., Rabbit Hill Limestone, Nevada, g, ventral valve interior, x3, h, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Johnson, 1970b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1975, \nJohnson, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).\nfig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Neostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neostrophia Ulrich & COOPER, 1936, p. 631","Type_species":"N. subcostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth with very short, weak costae near anterior margin only, present only on fold and sulcus, moderately biconvex, uniplication commonly broad and strong, may be weak, only on anterior third of valves, hinge line extremely narrow, but discernible, interiors similar to Camerella. Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn): Canada, USA.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"Canada, USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 638, 2a-e. *N. subcostata, Mystic conglomerate, Quebec, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, e, posterior section through articulated valves, ventral below, x2 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1938","figure_index":"fig. 638. camerellidae (p. 952-954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-072.jpg?height=1148&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perimecocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Perimecocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perimecocoelia COOPER, 1956a, p. 593","Type_species":"P. semicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Most species moderate in size, some small, subelliptical in outline, wider than long, paucicostate, with short broad costae present only on anterior third of valves, moderately biconvex, spondylium simplex of variable length that narrows anteriorly, in some individuals nearly divided into anterior-posterior chambers by pinching inward of dental plates near midlength, supported by relatively low, wide median septum, outer hinge plates convergent, receding, long inner hinge plates converge to form long septalium supported by short median septum, crura unknown, but crural bases commonly visible on hinge plates, dorsal adductor muscle field well developed, marked by weak callosities","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"USA, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 636, 4a-f. * P. semicostata, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, Effna Formation, Virginia, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral right, Effna Formation, Virginia, c, dorsal valve exterior, Effna Formation, Virginia, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, Effna Formation, Virginia, e, ventral valve interior, Pratt Ferry Formation, Alabama, f, dorsal valve interior, Pratt Ferry Formation, Alabama, x2 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 636. camerellidae (p. 949-952).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-069.jpg?height=1839&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectocamara":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Plectocamara","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectocamara COOPER, 1956a, p. 596","Type_species":"P. costata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small size, outline quite variable, strong, angular costae on entire valve, uniplication broad and strong, on entire valve, narrow sessile spondylium, commonly decreases in width on anterior half, supported at anterior only by short, low, narrow median septum, petaloid socket plates convergent, nearly horizontal, join floor of valve to form short, shallow, sessile septalium, dorsal median septum variable in length or absent, crura unknown, but crural bases visible","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician, ?Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"Silurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician, ?Silurian","Geography":"USA, Alaska, Siberia, western China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 638, 1a-g. *P. costata, upper Llanvirn, Lincolnshire Formation, Tennessee, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral below, e, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, f, ventral valve interior, g, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 638. camerellidae (p. 952-954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-072.jpg?height=1148&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectosyntrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Plectosyntrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectosyntrophia FU, 1982, p. 129","Type_species":"P. qilianshanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shells medium in size, subpentagonal in outline, wider than long, strong costae on entire valve, teeth strong, sessile spondylium supported at anterior only by short, low, wide median ridge, septalium duplex long, wide, supported by high median septum, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 637, 7a-d. *P. qilianshanensis, Yingou Formation, Gansu, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, x3 (Fu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Fu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 637. camerellidae (p. 949-953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-070.jpg?height=1804&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psilocamerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Psilocamerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psilocamerella FU, 1982, p. 128","Type_species":"P. planosulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Psilocamerella FU, 1980, p. 2, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Psilocamerella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shells small, subpentagonal in outline, wider than long, smooth, but gentle concentric rugae may be present, moderately biconvex, uniplication may be absent or broad and weak, near anterior margin only, spondylium simplex supported by low, narrow median septum, septalium supported by short median septum, dorsal adductor muscle field unknown. Dorsal interior poorly known. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): northwestern China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 638, 4a-d. *P. planosulcata, Jinghe Formation, Shaanxi, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, x3 (Fu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Fu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 638. camerellidae (p. 952-954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-072.jpg?height=1148&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuloja":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Tuloja","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuloja Severgina in Rozman & SEVERGINA, 1983, p. 24","Type_species":"T. karasuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Valve interiors poorly known, may be juvenile of another species.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small size, nearly circular outline, smooth, with weak concentric lamellae, moderately ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, spondylium simplex supported by long, narrow median septum.  [Valve interiors poorly known, may be juvenile of another species.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"south-central Russia, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 638, 3a-c. *T. karasuensis, Bugryshikhinsk beds, northeastern Gorno-Altay, a, ventral valve exterior, b, ventral valve interior mold, x5, c, dorsal valve interior mold, x4 (Rozman & Severgina, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nRozman & Severgina, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 638. camerellidae (p. 952-954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-072.jpg?height=1148&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xizangostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Camerellinae","Genus":"Xizangostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xizangostrophia RONG, 1976, p. 150","Type_species":"X. sinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline, wider than long, costae on entire valve, moderately biconvex, uniplication broad, strong, on entire valve, spondylium duplex supported by low, wide median septum, cruralium duplex may be present anterior to narrow septalium. Taxon very poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"southern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 638, 5a-d. *X. sinensis, lower Llanvirn, lower Chiatsun Formation, Nyalam, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve interior mold, x2, c, section through ventral valve showing spondylium duplex, d, section through dorsal valve showing septalium or cruralium, x8 (Rong, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 638. camerellidae (p. 952-954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-072.jpg?height=1148&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenocamara":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Stenocamarinae","Genus":"Stenocamara","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenocamara COOPER, 1956a, p. 602","Type_species":"*S. perplexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium in size, outline similar to Camerella, type species smooth, other species may be paucicostate, but only on fold and sulcus near anterior margin, uniplication broad, strong, angular, present only on anterior half of valves, teeth small, discrete dental plates long, very closely spaced, median septum absent, short, shallow socket plates converge and unite with very long, high median septum to form short, deep, wide septalium, crura unknown, dorsal adductor muscle field not well known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn), ?Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig-upper Llanvirn), ?Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"USA, Norway, Estonia, north-central Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 639, 1a-e. *S. perplexa, upper Llanvirn, Mosheim Formation, Tennessee, Alabama, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, x1, e, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral below, x2 (Cooper, 1956a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 639, 1 f -g. S.? sp., lower Llanvirn, Antelope Valley Limestone, Nevada, USA, f, ventral valve interior, g, dorsal valve interior, x5 (Ross, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nRoss, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 639. camerellidae (p. 954).\nfig. 639. camerellidae (p. 954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-073.jpg?height=956&width=628&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-073.jpg?height=956&width=628&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boreadocamara":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Camerellidae","Subfamily":"Stenocamarinae","Genus":"Boreadocamara","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boreadocamara Curry & WILLIAMS, 1984, p. 308","Type_species":"B. fragilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, nearly circular in outline, weak costae present on entire valve, stronger near anterior margin only, moderately biconvex, rectimarginate, hinge line narrow, less than half widest part of shell, discrete dental plates very short, short socket plates discrete, septalium absent, elongate dorsal adductor muscle field well developed","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 639, 2a-e. *B. fragilis, Ben Suardal Limestone, Isle of Skye, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, ventral valve interior, d, ventral valve interior, oblique view, e, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Curry & Williams, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Curry & Williams, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 639. camerellidae (p. 954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-073.jpg?height=956&width=628&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parastrophina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parastrophina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parastrophina Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929b, p. 121","Type_species":"Atrypa hemiplicata HALL, 1847, p. 144, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium in size, subelliptical in outline, wider than long, strong, angular costae present near anterior margin only, valves otherwise smooth, dorsibiconvexity strong, dorsal umbo commonly more pronounced than ventral, may make valves appear falsely unisulcate, uniplication broad and strong, commences anterior to umbo, teeth strong, narrow spondylium duplex supported for entire length by low, narrow median septum that extends anterior to spondylium, short, shallow outer hinge plates, nearly horizontal in some species, extend into long inner hinge plates that converge and unite with long median septum to form long, narrow septalium duplex, long, bladelike crura, dorsal adductor muscle field well developed, elongate oval in outline.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"USA, eastern Canada, Britain, northern Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 1a-e. *P. hemiplicata (HALL), upper Llanvirn, Martinsburg Formation, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, Virginia, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, Virginia, x2, c, dorsal valve exterior, Virginia, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, Virginia, x1, e, section through articulated valves 9.5 mm from posterior end, dorsal valve above, showing alate plates, New York, x4 (St. Joseph, 1941).\u2014\u2014Fig. 640, 1f-g. P. bilobata Cooper, upper Llanvirn, Pratt Ferry Formation, Alabama, USA, f, ventral valve interior, x3, g, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Cooper, 1956a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 640, 1 h. P. rotundiformis (Willard), Caradoc, Prosser Formation, Iowa, USA, articulated valves, interior view of valve posteriors, ventral below, x3 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"St. Joseph, 1941, \nCooper, 1956, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).\nfig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).\nfig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anastrophia Hall, 1867a, p. 162-163, nov. pro Brachymerus Shaler, 1865, p. 69, non De JEAN, 1834","Type_species":"Pentamerus verneuili HALL, 1857a, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Savageina Boucot, 1975a, p. 355 (type, Terebratula deflexa J. de C. Sowerby in Murchison, 1839, p. 625)","Synonyms":"Savageina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strong costae cover entire valve surface, minimal bifurcation anteriorly, exaggerated dorsibiconvexity, uniplication broad and strong, hinge line astrophic, less commonly strophic, of variable width, teeth strong, wide, long sessile spondylium duplex supported anteriorly only by low, narrow median septum that extends anterior to spondylium, less commonly supported along entire length by relatively high duplex median septum, short outer hinge plates, slightly splayed out, that extend into long, subparallel inner hinge plates anterior to long, bladelike crura, median septum and septalium absent, internal features often thickened in older individuals, anterior ends of hinge plates may converge, simulating sessile septalium, not unlike Porambonites, alate plates vary in length, adductor muscle field quadrilobate, may have weak callosities.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Britain, Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Indochina, Australia, Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 2a\u2013f. *A. (A.) verneuili (HALL), Lochkovian, lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA; a, ventral valve exterior; b, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 1 (Shimer & Shrock, 1944); c, ventral valve interior; d, dorsal valve interior; e, articulated valves, interior view of valve posteriors, ventral below, \u00d7 1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932); f, section through articulated valves, dorsal valve below, showing alate plates, \u00d72 (St. Joseph, 1941).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Anastrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"A. (Anastrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Anastrophia) Hall, 1867a, p. 162-163, nov. pro Brachymerus Shaler, 1865, p. 69, non De JEAN, 1834","Type_species":"Pentamerus verneuili HALL, 1857a, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, less commonly small; subelliptical to subtriangular in outline; costae relatively \ufb01ne; hinge line astrophic or less commonly narrow, strophic.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Britain, Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Indochina, Australia, Venezuela.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 2a\u2013f. *A. (A.) verneuili (HALL), Lochkovian, lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA; a, ventral valve exterior; b, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 1 (Shimer & Shrock, 1944); c, ventral valve interior; d, dorsal valve interior; e, articulated valves, interior view of valve posteriors, ventral below, \u00d7 1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932); f, section through articulated valves, dorsal valve below, showing alate plates, \u00d72 (St. Joseph, 1941).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Grayina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"A. (Grayina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Grayina) BOUCOT, 1975a, p. 354","Type_species":"*A. magnifica KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 140, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size variable, outline subquadrate, costae very coarse and angular, with pronounced bifurcation near margins of fold and sulcus, hinge line wide and strophic, may be as wide as widest part of valve, ventral interarea present, varies from reduced to extensive","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 3a-e. *A. (G.) magnifica Kozlowski, Lochkovian, Roberts Mountain Formation, Nevada, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, c, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, d, ventral valve interior, x2.5, e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoanastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoanastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoanastrophia Nikiforova & SAPELNIKOV, 1973, p. 65","Type_species":"E. antiquata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Anastrophia externally but uniplication broad and shallow, present on entire valve, teeth weak, deep, narrow spondylium duplex supported along entire length by low median septum that does not extend anterior to spondylium, socket plates converge to form deep, narrow septalium simplex supported on long, low median septum, alate plates may be weakly developed or rarely absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Russia, Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 641, 1a-f. *E. antiquata, Caradoc or Ashgill, Zeravshan Range, Tadzhikistan, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve above, x1, e-f, serial sections 0.6 and 0.9 mm from posterior end of specimen, ventral valve above, x3.5 (Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1973).\u2014Fig. 641, 1g. E. pentamera (Meneghini), Ashgill, Rosan Formation, Armorican Massif, France, dorsal valve interior mold, x2 (Melou, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1973, \nMelou, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 641. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).\nfig. 641. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-076.jpg?height=1094&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-076.jpg?height=1094&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jolkinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Jolkinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jolkinia Breivel & BREIVEL, 1988, p. 36","Type_species":"Camarella turjensis KHODALEVICH, 1939, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Parastrophina but strongly plicate on anterior half only, with up to 3 plicae on fold and sulcus, hinge line narrow, less than half width of valves, spondylium wide","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 641, 2a-e. * J. turjensis (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), Elkinsk beds, eastern Urals, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve above, e, dorsal valve interior, x2","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 641. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-076.jpg?height=1094&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Liostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liostrophia Cooper & KINDLE, 1936, p. 355","Type_species":"L. glabra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Parastrophina, but smooth, not costate, medium to large size, uniplication broad and shallow, spondylium wide, septalium relatively wide.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"eastern Canada, ?Ireland, Kazakhstan, ?northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 641, 3a-d. *L. glabra, Whitehead Formation, Quebec, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1, c, section through ventral valve beak, d, section through dorsal valve, 3 mm from beak, x3 (Cooper & Kindle, 1936).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Kindle, 1936","figure_index":"fig. 641. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-076.jpg?height=1094&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maydenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Maydenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maydenella LAURIE, 1991, p. 85","Type_species":"M. asymmetrica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium in size, strong costae present on entire valve, uniplication strong and deep, hinge line strophic, narrow, less than half width of valve, teeth strong, ventral interarea reduced, dorsal interarea obsolete, wide sessile spondylium supported anteriorly by short, low median septum that may or may not extend anterior to spondylium, short, subparallel to convergent outer hinge plates that extend into long, subparallel inner hinge plates, anterior to short, bladelike crura, forming long, shallow, flat-bottomed, sessile septalium, alate plates short","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 641, 4a-g. *M. asymmetrica, upper Cashions Creek Limestone, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral above, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral valve above, e, ventral valve interior, f, dorsal valve interior, g, articulated valves, interior view of valve posteriors, ventral below, x2 (Laurie, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Laurie, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 641. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-076.jpg?height=1094&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parastrophinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parastrophinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parastrophinella Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 248","Type_species":"Pentamerus reversus BILLINGS, 1857, p. 295, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, strong costae present on anterior half of valves, exaggerated dorsibiconvexity, dorsal umbo more pronounced than ventral, making valves appear falsely unisulcate, uniplication broad and relatively shallow, teeth small, narrow spondylium duplex, sessile only at extreme posterior, supported in anterior by low, narrow median septum that extends anterior to spondylium, short, subparallel to convergent outer hinge plates that extend into long, closely spaced inner hinge plates, anterior to long, bladelike crura, that converge only near valve floor and unite with short, low median septum at anteriormost edge to form long, very narrow sessile septalium or very low septalium simplex.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"USA, eastern Canada, Britain, northern Europe, Ukraine, Estonia, Russia, Siberia, China, Mongolia, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 640, 4a-g. * P. reversa (Billings), Ashgill, Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Canada, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, x2.5, e-g, serial sections 2.2 , 2.8 , and 3.2 mm from posterior end of specimen 20.5 mm long, ventral valve above (Jin & Copper, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & Copper, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 640. parastrophinidae (p. 955-958).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-075.jpg?height=1889&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Metacamarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parallelelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Metacamarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Metacamarella Reed, 1917, p. 934, emend., WILLIAMS, 1962, p. 231","Type_species":"Stricklandinia? balcletchiensis DAVIDSON, 1883, p. 166, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Metacamerella Schuchert & Cooper, 1931, p. 248, nom. null., Parallelelasma Cooper, 1956a, p. 611 (type, P. pentagonum)\"","Synonyms":"Metacamerella, Parallelelasma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subtriangular in outline, longer than wide, costae wide, present only on the anterior half, valves otherwise smooth, broad and shallow uniplication near the anterior margin only, may be absent, teeth long and slender, very wide, short spondylium duplex commonly decreases in width on the anterior half, supported for the entire length by a median septum of variable height that extends anterior to the spondylium, some spondylia nearly free anteriorly, outer hinge plates very short, convergent to nearly horizontal, and extend into long, subparallel inner hinge plates that extend anteriorly well beyond long, recurved bladelike crura, adductor muscle field elongate oval.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"southeastern USA, Britain, Norway, Estonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 642, 6a-b. *M. balcletchiensis (Davidson), Caradoc, Balclatchie Conglomerate, Scotland, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Williams, 1962)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 642, 6c-f. M. pentagonum Cooper, upper Llanvirn, Pratt Ferry Formation, Alabama, USA, c, ventral valve exterior, x2, d, articulated valve fragments, lateral view, ventral valve on right, x3, e, ventral valve interior, f, dorsal valve interior, x8 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1962, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 642. parallelelasmatidae (p. 958-960).\nfig. 642. parallelelasmatidae (p. 958-960).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-078.jpg?height=1574&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-078.jpg?height=1574&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Didymelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parallelelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Didymelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Didymelasma COOPER, 1956a, p. 615","Type_species":"D. longicrurum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to very small size, length and width approximately equal, appears elongate oval in outline, dorsal and ventral valves equal and moderate in convexity, valves smooth, but weak costae may be present anteriorly only in a broad, shallow, distinct fold and sulcus, short, narrow spondylium simplex or duplex, dorsal interior appears similar to Metacamarella with long, subparallel inner hinge plates, but valve interiors rather poorly known, crura long and straight, not curved.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Australia, China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 642, 2 a-e. *D. longicrurum, Ashgill, Lebanon Formation, Tennessee, USA, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on right, c, dorsal valve exterior, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral valve below, e, slab showing valve exteriors and dorsal and ventral valve interiors, x3 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 642. parallelelasmatidae (p. 958-960).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-078.jpg?height=1574&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Limstrophina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parallelelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Limstrophina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Limstrophina Fu, 1982, p. 132, Limstrophia FU, 1980, p. 2, nom. null.","Type_species":"L. ptychorete, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Limstrophia FU, 1980, p. 2, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Limstrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, wider than long, subelliptical to subpentagonal in outline, weak costae and concentric rugae present on the entire valve, valves equally and strongly biconvex, uniplication broad and very shallow, covers the entire valve, hinge line appears to be narrow, strophic, valve interiors poorly known but appear to contain a spondylium supported by a median septum, and narrow, discrete, parallel socket plates. Limstrophina known from only a single specimen.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 642,3a\u2013d. *L. ptychorete, Jinhe Formation, Shaanxi Province, Liquan; a, ventral valve exterior; b, dorsal valve exterior; c, articulated valves, ventral on left; d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, \u00d73 (Fu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 642. parallelelasmatidae (p. 958-960).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-078.jpg?height=1574&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Salonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parallelelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Salonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Salonia Cooper & WHITCOMB, 1933, p. 500","Type_species":"*S. magnaplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, valve proportions vary, subtriangular, trilobate, or subelliptical in outline, valve form dominated by 3 to 4 smooth, angular costae or plicae present on entire valve, ventribiconvexity moderate, umbo strongly rostrate, uniplication strong, angular, dorsal sulcus appears to revert to fold during growth, very short, sessile spondylium supported anteriorly by low, short median septum that does not extend anterior to spondylium, short, narrow outer hinge plates extend into relatively short inner hinge plates that converge but remain discrete anterior to very long, curved crura. Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc): northeastern USA.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Geography":"northeastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 642, 1a-f. *S. magnaplicata, Salona Formation, Pennsylvania, a, ventral valve exterior, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral valve on right, c, dorsal valve exterior, x2, d, close up of posterior of dorsal interior semicircular lower outline is artificial and does not reflect shape of dorsal valve outline, x6 (Cooper, 1956a), e-f, sections through articulated specimen, ventral valve below, 0.5 and 0.8 mm from beak, x5 (Cooper & Whitcomb, 1933).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nCooper & Whitcomb, 1933","figure_index":"fig. 642. parallelelasmatidae (p. 958-960).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-078.jpg?height=1574&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizostrophina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parallelelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schizostrophina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizostrophina FU, 1982, p. 132","Type_species":"S. margarita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Schizostrophia Fu, 1980, p. 2, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Schizostrophia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, valves smooth, rarely with few, coarse plicae, ventribiconvexity very strong, uniplication broad and strong, covers entire valve, valve interiors poorly known but appear to contain spondylium supported by median septum, and narrow, divergent socket plates. Upper Ordovician (Caradoc): northwestern China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 642, 4a-d. *S. margarita, Jinhe Formation, Shaanxi Province, Liquan, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, articulated valves, ventral on right, d, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, x3 (Fu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Fu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 642. parallelelasmatidae (p. 958-960).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-078.jpg?height=1574&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vaga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parallelelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vaga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vaga Sapelnikov & RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1973, p. 33","Type_species":"V. sinualis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, wider than long, subelliptical in outline, angular plicae present primarily on fold and sulcus, valves otherwise smooth, valves equally and strongly biconvex, uniplication broad, strong, angular, covers entire valve, short, narrow, shallow spondylium simplex supported by high, short median septum, very short, narrow outer hinge plates extend into very short inner hinge plates that converge but remain discrete anterior to robust, bladelike crura","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 642, 5a-d. * V. sinualis, Chu-Ili Mountains, a, ventral valve exterior, b, dorsal valve exterior, c, articulated valves, ventral on left, d, articulated valves, ventral valve below, x1 (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 642. parallelelasmatidae (p. 958-960).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-078.jpg?height=1574&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Virgiana":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"Virgiana","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Virgiana TWENHOFEL, 1914, p. 27","Type_species":"*Pentamerus barrandei BILLINGS, 1857, p. 296, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ventribiconvex, subcircular to elongate, weak to strong costae to costellate, spondylium short with median septum short.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery-middle Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 643, 1a\u2013g. *V. (V.) barrandei (B ILLINGS ), Anticosti, Quebec, Canada; a\u2013d, lateral, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views of articulated specimen, Becscie River Formation, \u00d71 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932); e, anterior view of articulated specimen, Becscie River Formation, \u00d71 (Amsden, 1965); f\u2013g, ventral and lateral of articulated specimen, Gun River Formation, \u00d7 1 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971).\u2014\u2014Fig. 643, 1h\u2013j. V. (V.) mayvillensis, Mayville Dolomite, Mayville, Wisconsin, USA; h\u2013i, dorsal and posterior views of articulated specimens, \u00d7 1; j, dorsal interior, \u00d7 2 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"V. (Virgiana)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"V. (Virgiana)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"V. (Virgiana) TWENHOFEL, 1914, p. 27","Type_species":"*Pentamerus barrandei BILLINGS, 1857, p. 296, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium; strongly ventribiconvex; prominent ventral beak; umbo may be smooth.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery-middle Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Asia.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 643, 1a\u2013g. *V. (V.) barrandei (B ILLINGS ), Anticosti, Quebec, Canada; a\u2013d, lateral, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views of articulated specimen, Becscie River Formation, \u00d71 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932); e, anterior view of articulated specimen, Becscie River Formation, \u00d71 (Amsden, 1965); f\u2013g, ventral and lateral of articulated specimen, Gun River Formation, \u00d7 1 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971).\u2014\u2014Fig. 643, 1h\u2013j. V. (V.) mayvillensis, Mayville Dolomite, Mayville, Wisconsin, USA; h\u2013i, dorsal and posterior views of articulated specimens, \u00d7 1; j, dorsal interior, \u00d7 2 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"V. (Platymerella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"V. (Platymerella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"V. (Platymerella) FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 70","Type_species":"P. manniensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ventral beak weak, gently biconvex with valves subequally sized","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 643,2a\u2013j. *V. (P.) manniensis, USA; a\u2013c, dorsal, posterior, ventral, Tennessee, no formation given, \u00d7 1 (Amsden, 1965); d\u2013g, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior of articulated specimen, Brass\ufb01eld Formation, Ohio, \u00d7 1.5; h, posterior view of ventral interior, Brass\ufb01eld Formation, Ohio, \u00d73; i, posterior view of interior, Brass\ufb01eld Formation, Ohio, \u00d7 2; j, posterior view of dorsal interior, Brass\ufb01eld Formation, Ohio, \u00d7 3 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Borealis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"Borealis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Borealis Boucot, Johnson, & RUBEL, 1971, p. 274","Type_species":"Gypidia borealis EICHWALD, 1843, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gypidia borealis Eichwald, 1843, p. 74, OD","Synonyms":"Gypidia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, ventribiconvex, elongate, short, broad spondylium supported by well-developed median septum","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Geography":"Baltic region, South China, Russia (Kolyma, Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 644, 1a-g. *B. borealis (Eichwald), Juuru Stage, Estonia, a-d, lateral, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views of articulated specimens, x1.3, e, dorsal view of interior mold, x1.4, f, interior of ventral valve, x1.5, g, dorsal view of dorsal interior mold, x2 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 644. virgianidae (p. 963-966).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-084.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":440.49,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"Holorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holorhynchus KIAER, 1902, p. 68","Type_species":"H. giganteus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, strongly ventribiconvex, spondylium unsupported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)-Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America (including Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 645 a\u2013g. *H. (H.) giganteus, Sandvik, Oslo region, Stage 5; a\u2013d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior views of articulated specimen, \u00d71; e\u2013f, dorsal and posterior views of dorsal mold, \u00d71; g, dorsal view of dorsal interior mold, \u00d71.5 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"H. (Holorhynchus)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"H. (Holorhynchus)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"H. (Holorhynchus) KIAER, 1902, p. 68","Type_species":"H. giganteus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large; subcircular to variable outline; short, low median ridge may be present in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill), Silurian (? lower Llandovery)","Geography":"Eurasia, USA (Alaska).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 645 a\u2013g. *H. (H.) giganteus, Sandvik, Oslo region, Stage 5; a\u2013d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior views of articulated specimen, \u00d71; e\u2013f, dorsal and posterior views of dorsal mold, \u00d71; g, dorsal view of dorsal interior mold, \u00d71.5 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":440.49,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"H. (Nondia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"H. (Nondia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"H. (Nondia) BOUCOT & CHIANG, 1974, p. 66","Type_species":"N. canadensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium; moderately biconvex; subrhomboidally shaped outline; median ridge in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery-middle Llandovery)","Geography":"western Canada.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 646 a-e . *H. (N.) canadensis, Nonda Formation, British Columbia, ventral, anterior, dorsal, posterior views of articulated specimen, lateral view, x1.5 (Boucot & Chiang, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 646. virgianidae (p. 963).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-086.jpg?height=781&width=1277&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proconchidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"Proconchidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proconchidium Sapelnikov in Nikolaev & SAPELNIKOV, 1969, p. 15","Type_species":"Conchidium munsteri St. JOSEPH, 1938, p. 301, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Norgium Breivel & Breivel in Antsigin & others, 1970, p. 7, obj.","Synonyms":"Norgium","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular to elongate, costellate, ventral median septum extending almost to anterior margin and longer than spondylium, long outer hinge plates, inner hinge plates shorter than outer, cardinal process may be present","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Geography":"Urals, Central Asia Sredni Azii, Kazakhstan, Norway, Arctic Canada, northern Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 644,3a\u2013g. *P. munsteri (ST. JOSEPH ), Norway, Stage 5b; a\u2013d, ventral of internal mold, ventral of internal mold, dorsal view of internal mold, dorsal view of internal mold, Skien region, Oslo, \u00d7 1.5; e, rubber replica of dorsal interior, Ringerike area, Oslo region, \u00d74 (Boucot, Johnson, & Rubel, 1971); f\u2013g, ventral plus side, and lateral, \u00d71 (St. Joseph, 1938).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 644. virgianidae (p. 963-966).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-084.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prostricklandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"Prostricklandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prostricklandia Rukavishnikova & SAPELNIKOV, 1973, p. 106","Type_species":"*P. prisca, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, moderately ventribiconvex, possibly with relatively straight hinge line and possibly well-developed interarea, long ventral median septum supporting short spondylium, short hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 644, 2a-d. *P. prisca, Ulkuntass Stage Gorizont, Chu'ilii Mountains, Pribalkhash, southeastern Kazakhstan, a-b, ventral and lateral views, x1, c, dorsal interarea, x3, d, lateral view showing median septum, x1 (Rukavishnikova & Sapelnikov, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rukavishnikova & Sapelnikov, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 644. virgianidae (p. 963-966).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-084.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoconchidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"Pseudoconchidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoconchidium Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1971, p. 52, Paraconchidium Rong & Yang in Rong, Xu, & YANG, 1974, p. 198","Type_species":"P. kozhimicum Nikiforova in Nikiforova & SAPELNIKOV, 1971, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paraconchidium Rong & Yang in Rong, Xu, & Yang, 1974, p. 198 (type, P. shiqianensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Paraconchidium","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, variably sized costae anteriorly, irregularly bifurcating to costellate, ventribiconvex, aseptate to variably developed ventral median septum, long spondylium, basally convergent inner hinge plates, outer hinge plates, and crura.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Aeronian, ?lower Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Aeronian, ?lower Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Aeronian, ?lower Telychian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska), South China, Arctic Urals, Russia (Kolyma, Vaygach)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 647, 2a-d. *P. kozhimicum (Nikiforova), upper Llandoverylower Wenlock, Pechora region, Russia, a, posterior view of internal impression, x1, b-d, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, x1 (Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 647. virgianidae (p. 967).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-087.jpg?height=1292&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":439.86,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":435.76,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tcherskidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"Tcherskidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tcherskidium Nikolaev & SAPELNIKOV, 1969, p. 12","Type_species":"Conchidium? unicum NIKOLAEV, 1968, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, costellate, strongly ventribiconvex, elongate, spondylium supported by moderately long median septum, relatively short inner hinge plates, laterally inclined, outer hinge plates about twice as long as inner, crura well developed","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Geography":"Russia (Kolyma, Taymyr), northern Greenland, USA (Alaska), South China, ?Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 648a-d. *T. unicum (Nikolaev), Iryudinsk Stage Gorizont, Ina River, Omulevsk Mountains, Russia, ventral, dorsal, lateral, dorsal views, x1 (Nikolaev & Sapelnikov, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nNikolaev & Sapelnikov, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 648. virgianidae (p. 967).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-088.jpg?height=1416&width=1064&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=314)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Virgianella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Virgianinae","Genus":"Virgianella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Virgianella Nikiforova & SAPELNIKOV, 1971, p. 49","Type_species":"V. vaigatschensis Nikiforova in Nikiforova & SAPELNIKOV, 1971, p. 49, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, ventribiconvex, very short ventral median septum supporting spondylium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery-lower Wenlock)","Geography":"Arctic Urals, Central Asia Sredni Azii, northern Greenland, South China, Russia (Kolyma, Vaygach)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 647, 1a-c. *V. vaigatschensis (Nikiforova), upper Llandoverylower Wenlock, Pechora River, Arctic Urals, Russia, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x1 (Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova & Sapelnikov, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 647. virgianidae (p. 967).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-087.jpg?height=1292&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mariannaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Mariannaellinae","Genus":"Mariannaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mariannaella Sapelnikov & RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1975b, p. 7","Type_species":"M. koksengirensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, costate, ventral fold and dorsal sulcus well developed, median septum absent or short, supporting short spondylium, short hinge plates, inner hinge plates very short or absent, outer hinge plates massive, short, free.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 649, 1a-c. * M. koksengirensis, Alpeisk Stage Gorizont, Chingiz Range, ventral, ventral, dorsal views, x1 (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975a), \u2014\u2014Fig. 649, 1d. M. levisulcata, Alpeisk Stage Gorizont, western Pribalkhash, southeastern Kazakhstan, lateral view, x1 (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975, \nSapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 649. virgianidae (p. 967-969).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-089.jpg?height=1557&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brevilamnulella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Mariannaellinae","Genus":"Brevilamnulella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brevilamnulella Amsden, 1974, p. 62","Type_species":"Clorinda? thebesensis SAVAGE, 1913a, p. 125, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Antigaleatella Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975a, p. 74 (type, A. laevis, OD), Brevilamula Boucot & Chiang, 1974, p. 72, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Antigaleatella, Brevilamula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth to weakly costate anteriorly, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold, uniplicate anterior commissure, small spondylium and short median septum, very short inner hinge plates, thicker outer hinge plates, with noncarinate crura","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)-Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 649, 4 a-i. * B. thebesensis (Savage), Leemon Formation, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA, a-e, ventral, lateral view of ventral valve, dorsal view of exterior, anterior view of ventral valve, lateral view of dorsal valve, x2, f-g, oblique view of dorsal cardinalia, dorsal interior, h, oblique posterior of ventral valve, x5, i, oblique view of ventral valve interior, x3 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 649. virgianidae (p. 967-969).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-089.jpg?height=1557&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Disulcatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Mariannaellinae","Genus":"Disulcatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Disulcatella FU, 1982, p. 134","Type_species":"D. didyma, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, subcircular to transverse, ventribiconvex, bisulcate, short median septum supporting short spondylium, short hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Rhuddanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Rhuddanian","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Rhuddanian-lower Aeronian)","Geography":"North China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 649, 5a-e. *D. didyma, Zhaohuajing Formation, Zhaohuajing, Tongxin County, Ningxia Province, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior of articulated specimen, x3 (Fu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Fu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 649. virgianidae (p. 967-969).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-089.jpg?height=1557&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":441.78,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":439.86,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoconchidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Mariannaellinae","Genus":"Eoconchidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoconchidium ROZMAN, 1967, p. 62","Type_species":"E. indigiricum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, transverse, costate, ventribiconvex, short median septum, no more than one-third shell length, supporting longer spondylium, short hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Geography":"Russia (Kolyma), Kazakhstan, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 649, 2a-d. *E. indigiricum, Selennyakh Ridge, northeastern Russia, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, x2 (Rozman, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rozman, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 649. virgianidae (p. 967-969).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-089.jpg?height=1557&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Galeatellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Mariannaellinae","Genus":"Galeatellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Galeatellina Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1976, p. 122, Galeatella Sapelnikov & RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1975a, p. 71","Type_species":"Galeatella kajnarensis Sapelnikov & RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1975a, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Galeatella Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975a, p. 71, non MuirWood & Cooper, 1960, p. 173\"","Synonyms":"Galeatella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, smooth, ventribiconvex, dorsal sulcus and ventral fold similar to Gypidula, short median septum supporting short spondylium, short hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 649, 3a-d. *G. kajnarensis (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova), Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill), Kazakhstan, 3a, ventral view, \u00d71, 3b, dorsal view, \u00d71, 3c, posterior view, \u00d71, 3d, lateral view, \u00d71 (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 649. virgianidae (p. 967-969).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-089.jpg?height=1557&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleurodium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Pleurodiinae","Genus":"Pleurodium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleurodium WANG, 1955, p. 111","Type_species":"Conchidium tenuiplicatus GRABAU, 1925, p. 80, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, evenly costate","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 650, 1 a-f .* P. tenuiplicatus (Grabau), upper part of Lopoping Formation, Dazhongba, Fenxiang, western Hubei, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x1 (Wang, 1955), f, impression of dorsal interior, x1 (Rong & Yang, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1955, \nRong & Yang, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 650. virgianidae (p. 970-971).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-090.jpg?height=1520&width=1277&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Virgianidae","Subfamily":"Pleurodiinae","Genus":"Plicidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicidium Rong & YANG, 1981, p. 203","Type_species":"Virgiana? sinanensis Rong & Yang in Rong, Xu, & YANG, 1974, p. 197, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, subcircular, coarsely costate, anteriorly bifurcating costae, similar internally to Pleurodium but differs in its coarse ornamentation.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Aeronian)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 650,2a\u2013e. *P. sinanensis (RONG & Y ANG ), Xiangshuyuan Formation, northeastern Guizhou; a\u2013d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views, \u00d71; e, lateral view, \u00d72 (Rong & Yang, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 650. virgianidae (p. 970-971).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-090.jpg?height=1520&width=1277&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":439.86,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":439.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentamerus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pentamerus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentamerus J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, p. 73","Type_species":"P. oblongus J. de C. Sowerby, 1839, p. 641, ICZN, 1954, Opinion 297, Opinion 297 placed Pentamerus J. Sowerby, 1813 in 1812-1815, on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology, Pentamerus oblongus J. de C. Sowerby, 1839, was designated the type species and added to the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. The following names were placed on the Official List of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology: Gypidia Dalman, 1828, Trimurus Caldwell, 1934, Miopentamerus Alexander (n\u00e9e Caldwell), 1936, Miopentamerus Woods, 1937. Pentamerus laevis J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, was placed in the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Names in Zoology","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, subequally biconvex, Ziegler's blisters present in small percentage, trilobate, with fold on each valve, ventral median septum about one-half valve length, hinge plates discrete, subparallel, and long.  [Ziegler\u2019s blisters (see B OUCOT in B OUCOT & MCCUTCHEON, 1986) are calcitic partitions present in the posterior portion of one or both umbonal chambers; they are anterior of a space that may be \ufb01lled either with clear calcite or sediment, and are interpreted as a teratological condition; their presence in samples of both Pentamerus and Pentameroides is considered to have phylogenetic value.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian\u2013Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 652 a\u2013f. *P. (P.) oblongus; sections showing hinge plate and crural development and spondylium, Wallington Limestone, central New York, USA, \u00d72 (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 651, 1f\u2013i. Pentamerus sp., USA; f, interior of ventral, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d72; g, interior of dorsal, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d71; h, interior of ventral, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d72, i, interior of dorsal, Louisville Limestone, Louisville, Kentucky, \u00d7 3 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Pentamerus)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Pentamerus)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately biconvex.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian\u2013Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 652 a\u2013f. *P. (P.) oblongus; sections showing hinge plate and crural development and spondylium, Wallington Limestone, central New York, USA, \u00d72 (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 651, 1f\u2013i. Pentamerus sp., USA; f, interior of ventral, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d72; g, interior of dorsal, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d71; h, interior of ventral, Wallington Limestone, central New York, \u00d72, i, interior of dorsal, Louisville Limestone, Louisville, Kentucky, \u00d7 3 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Supertrilobus)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Supertrilobus)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Supertrilobus) Boucot & JOHNSON, 1979, p. 100","Type_species":"S. hawthornensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventral fold very large and prominent, strongly biconvex.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 651, 2a-b. * P. (S.) hawthornensis, Racine Dolomite, Cook County, Illinois, USA, interior of ventral, side view, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 651. pentameridae (p. 973).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-091.jpg?height=1717&width=1270&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bisulcata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bisulcata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bisulcata Boucot & JOHNSON, 1979, p. 117","Type_species":"B. indianensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, moderately biconvex, costate, shallow sulcus on each valve, moderately long ventral median septum and longer spondylium, hinge plates as in Kirkidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"midcontinent North America, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 653, 2a-e. *B. indianensis, Kenneth Limestone, Logansport, Indiana, USA, a- c, anterior, ventral, dorsal views, x2, d-e, posterior, lateral views, x1.25 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 653. pentameridae (p. 975-976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-093.jpg?height=1893&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brooksina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brooksina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brooksina KIRK, 1922, p. 2","Type_species":"B. alaskensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, costate, dorsibiconvex with dorsal valve beak strongly curved, extending posteriorly beyond ventral beak, ventral median septum very long, discrete hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"western North America, Urals, Central Asia Sredni Azii, Kazakhstan, Altai Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 654, 2ab. *B. (B.) alaskensis, Heceta Limestone, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska, USA, a, posterior view, x1 (Amsden, 1965), b, lateral view of interior, x1 (Kirk, 1922).,  Fig. 654, 2 c- g. B. (B.) striata, Striatus Stage Gorizont, eastern slope of northern Urals, Russia, c-d, dorsal, ventral views, x2, e-g, anterior, posterior, lateral views, x1.5 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).,  Fig. 654, 1 a-c. *B. (K.) crassa (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), Striatus Stage Gorizont, Isovsk Region, eastern Urals, anterior, posterior, lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1939).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1965, \nKirk, 1922, \nBoucot & Johnson, 1979, \nKhodalevich, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 654. pentameridae (p. 975-976).\nfig. 654. pentameridae (p. 975-976).\nfig. 654. pentameridae (p. 975-976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-094.jpg?height=1578&width=1292&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=191)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-094.jpg?height=1578&width=1292&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=191)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-094.jpg?height=1578&width=1292&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Brooksina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"B. (Brooksina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Brooksina) KIRK, 1922, p. 2","Type_species":"B. alaskensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium; moderately biconvex.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"western North America, Urals, Central Asia [Sredni Azii], Kazakhstan, Altai Mountains.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 654, 2ab. *B. (B.) alaskensis, Heceta Limestone, Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska, USA, a, posterior view, x1 (Amsden, 1965), b, lateral view of interior, x1 (Kirk, 1922).,  Fig. 654, 2 c- g. B. (B.) striata, Striatus Stage Gorizont, eastern slope of northern Urals, Russia, c-d, dorsal, ventral views, x2, e-g, anterior, posterior, lateral views, x1.5 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1965, \nKirk, 1922, \nBoucot & Johnson, 1979,","figure_index":"fig. 654. pentameridae (p. 975-976).\nfig. 654. pentameridae (p. 975-976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-094.jpg?height=1578&width=1292&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=191)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-094.jpg?height=1578&width=1292&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Khodalevichia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"B. (Khodalevichia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Khodalevichia) Boucot & JOHNSON, 1979, p. 116","Type_species":"Brooksina (?) crassa KHODALEVICH, 1939, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very inflated, almost hemispherical valves, ventribiconvex","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 654, 1 a-c. *B. (K.) crassa (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), Striatus Stage Gorizont, Isovsk Region, eastern Urals, anterior, posterior, lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1939).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 654. pentameridae (p. 975-976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-094.jpg?height=1578&width=1292&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capelliniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Capelliniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capelliniella Strand, 1928, p. 38, nom. nov. pro Capellinia Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 249, non TRICHESE, 1874","Type_species":"Capellinia mira Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 249, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, dorsibiconvex, not markedly trilobate, very long ventral median septum, hinge plates as in Pentamerus","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Urals, Central Asia Sredni Azii, Malaysia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 655, 1a-d. * C. mira (Hall & Clarke), Racine Formation, Racine, Wisconsin, USA, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 655. pentameridae (p. 976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-096.jpg?height=1868&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eokirkidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eokirkidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eokirkidium Khodalevich & SAPELNIKOV, 1970, p. 196","Type_species":"E. jachteljaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly biconvex, finely costate, no ventral median septum, dorsal interior as in Kirkidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals, Altai Mountains, Central Asia Sredni Azii, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 655, 2a-e. * E. jachteljaensis, Striatus Stage Gorizont, Ivdel region, eastern slope of northern Urals, ventral, ventral, lateral, anterior, dorsal views, x1 (Khodalevich & Sapelnikov, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich & Sapelnikov, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 655. pentameridae (p. 976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-096.jpg?height=1868&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harpidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Harpidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harpidium KIRK, 1925, p. 1","Type_species":"H. insignis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, nontrilobate, strongly ventribiconvex, dorsal interior as in Pentamerus","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Aeronian-Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 656, 1a\u2013f. *H. (H.) insignis, Heceta Limestone, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, USA; side view of interior, ventral, lateral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d71 (Kirk, 1925).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 656. pentameridae (p. 976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-097.jpg?height=1606&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":439.86,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"H. (Harpidium)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"H. (Harpidium)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"H. (Harpidium) KIRK, 1925, p. 1","Type_species":"H. insignis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral median septum very short; long spondylium.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Aeronian-Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Urals, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 656, 1a\u2013f. *H. (H.) insignis, Heceta Limestone, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, USA; side view of interior, ventral, lateral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d71 (Kirk, 1925).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 656. pentameridae (p. 976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-097.jpg?height=1606&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":439.86,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"H. (Isovella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"H. (Isovella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"H. (Isovella) Breivel & Breivel in Antsigin & OTHERS, 1970, p. 52","Type_species":"I. regina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Carmanella Boucot in Berry & Boucot, 1970, p. 30, nom. nud., Apopentamerus Boucot & Johnson, 1979, p. 104 (type, A. racinensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Carmanella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, marked umbonal thickenings in ventral posterior region, ventral median septum moderately long","Beginning_age":"Silurian (jupper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian-Ludlow)","Geography":"midcontinent North America, Urals, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 657 a-d .* H. (I.) regina, Wenlock, Isovsk region, eastern slope of central Urals, ventral, posterior, lateral, ventral views, x1, (Antsigin & others, 1970).\u2014\u2014Fig. 657 e\u2013g. H. (I.) maquoketa, Hopkinton Dolomite, Jones County, Iowa, USA; ventral view of interior, lateral view of internal mold, posterior view of internal mold, \u00d71 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 657. pentameridae (p. 976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-098.jpg?height=1872&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"H. (Sulcipentamerus)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"H. (Sulcipentamerus)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"H. (Sulcipentamerus) ZENG, 1987, p. 240","Type_species":"S. sulcus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate, unevenly biconvex with dorsal valve gently convex to weakly concave, sulcate anteriorly in some specimens, ventral valve deep, ventral fold, unisulcate anterior margin, short ventral median septum.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (jupper Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Aeronian-upper Aeronian)","Geography":"Yangtze Gorge region","Figure_captions":"Fig. 656, 2a-d. *H. (S.) sulcus, central China, anterior, lateral, ventral, dorsal views, x1 (Zeng, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zeng, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 656. pentameridae (p. 976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-097.jpg?height=1606&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":439.86,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kirkidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kirkidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kirkidium Amsden, Boucot, & JOHNSON, 1967, p. 865","Type_species":"Pentamerus knighti J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Praekirkidium Breivel & Breivel, 1988, p. 54 (type, P. uncinus, OD)","Synonyms":"Praekirkidium","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Coarsely costate, unequally biconvex with ventral valve deeper, nontrilobate, long ventral median septum, hinge plates as in Pentamerus, crura very prominent","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Pridoli)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 658, 2a\u2013c. *K. (K.) knighti, Aymestry Limestone, England; a\u2013b, lateral, lateral view of interior, \u00d7.67; c, posterior view, \u00d71 (Murchison, 1839)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Kirkidium)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"K. (Kirkidium)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Kirkidium) Amsden, Boucot, & JOHNSON, 1967, p. 865","Type_species":"Pentamerus knighti J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly biconvex","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Pridoli)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 658, 2a\u2013c. *K. (K.) knighti, Aymestry Limestone, England; a\u2013b, lateral, lateral view of interior, \u00d7.67; c, posterior view, \u00d71 (Murchison, 1839)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Bateridium)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"K. (Bateridium)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Bateridium) Su, Rong, & LI, 1985, p. 84","Type_species":"B. bateroboensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, nonlobate Kirkidium with fine costae, thin, long median septum reaching almost to anterior margin and supporting somewhat short, narrow spondylium, inner hinge plates parallel, extending anteriorly about two-thirds length of dorsal valve, median flangelike ridges on lateral faces of hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"North China, central Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 659a-f. * K. (B.) bateroboensis, Bateaobao Formation, Bateaobao, Inner Mongolia, posterior view of internal mold, lateral view of interior, lateral view of interior, lateral, ventral view of internal mold, dorsal view of internal mold, x1 (Su, Rong, & Li, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Su, Rong, & Li, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 659. pentameridae (p. 976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-099.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Pinguaella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"K. (Pinguaella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Pinguaella) Boucot & JOHNSON, 1979, p. 114","Type_species":"Rhipidium pingue AMSDEN, 1949a, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, moderately biconvex","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Pridoli)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 658, 1a-i. * K. (P.) pingue (Amsden), Brownsport Formation, western Tennessee, USA, a-e, ventral, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, x2, f-g, posterior, lateral views, x1.5, h, ventral view, x1, impression of dorsal interior, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissocoelina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lissocoelina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissocoelina Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 248","Type_species":"Pentamerus pergibbosus Hall & WHITFIELD, 1875, p. 139, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, very deep ventral median septum, medially directed carinae support inner extensions of crura, otherwise similar to Kirkidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"lower P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-lower P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic, USA (southeastern Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 660 a\u2013h. *L. pergibbosa (HALL & WHITFIELD ), Racine Dolomite, Hawthorne, Illinois, USA; a\u2013e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1966b); f\u2013h, impression of ventral interior, impression of dorsal interior, impression of posterior interior, \u00d7 1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":420.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nanukidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nanukidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nanukidium JONES, 1979, p. 1261","Type_species":"Rossella arctica Jones, 1978, p. 547, OD, non Rossella CARTER, 1872","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medially directed carinae support inner extensions of crura, otherwise similar to Kirkidium, ventral median septum very long","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"lower P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-lower P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic, USA (southeastern Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 661, 2a-d. *N. arctica (Jones), Read Bay Formation, Somerset Island, Arctic Canada, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, d, serial section, x1 (Jones, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jones, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 661. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-103.jpg?height=1888&width=1277&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":420.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentamerifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pentamerifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentamerifera KHODALEVICH, 1939, p. 22","Type_species":"Pentamerus taltiensis CHERNYSHEV, 1893, p. 183, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, ventral median septum very long, almost extending to anterior margin, nontrilobate, ventribiconvex, dorsal interior as in Pentamerus","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Nevada), Urals, Central Asia Sredni Azii, northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 661, 1a-d. * P. taltiensis (Chernyshev), Striatus Stage Gorizont, Ivdel region, eastern slope Urals, ventral, dorsal, lateral, lateral of interior, x1 (Khodalevich, 1939).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 661. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-103.jpg?height=1888&width=1277&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentameroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pentameroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentameroides Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 248","Type_species":"Pentamerus subrectus Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 238, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth to chevronlike ornamentation, inner hinge plates fused to form a cruralium supported by a median septum","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-upper Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 662 a-f. P. (P.) sp., a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views of internal impression, Schoolcraft Dolomite?, Calumet County, Wisconsin, USA, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979), f, serial section, Meritton Limestone, Thorold, Ontario, Canada (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979, \nGauri & Boucot, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 662. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-104.jpg?height=1867&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Pentameroides)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Pentameroides)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Pentameroides) Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 248","Type_species":"Pentamerus subrectus Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 238, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth; lenticular; trilobate; external homeomorph of Pentamerus.  [Type material unsuitable for illustration.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-upper Wenlock)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 662 a-f. P. (P.) sp., a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views of internal impression, Schoolcraft Dolomite?, Calumet County, Wisconsin, USA, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979), f, serial section, Meritton Limestone, Thorold, Ontario, Canada (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979, \nGauri & Boucot, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 662. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-104.jpg?height=1867&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Callipentamerus)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Callipentamerus)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Callipentamerus) BOUCOT, 1964a, p. 887","Type_species":"Pentamerus corrugatus Weller & DAVIDSON, 1896, p. 173, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Variably ornamented with chevronlike corrugations, otherwise similar to Pentameroides","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Wenlock)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 663, 2a-f. * P. (C.) corrugatus (Weller & Davidson), Hopkinton Dolomite, Monticello, Iowa, USA, dorsal, posterior, ventral, lateral, dorsal, ventral views, x1 (Boucot, 1964a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 663. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-105.jpg?height=1571&width=1278&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Reveroides)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"P. (Reveroides)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Reveroides) SAPELNIKOV, 1976, p. 32","Type_species":"P. jolvensis SAPELNIKOV, 1961a, p. 103, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sapelnikovia Boucot & Johnson, 1979, p. 118, homonym","Synonyms":"Sapelnikovia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, bisulcate, anteriorly or posteriorly conjunct inner hinge plates, inner hinge plates separate posteriorly, becoming conjunct anteriorly, spondylium and median septum of equal length.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Ontario, northern Greenland, Urals, Altai Mountains, Canadian Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 663, 1a-c. * P. (R.) jolvensis Sapelnikov, basal Wenlock, Novo-Lialinsk region, eastern slope of central Urals; ventral internal mold, dorsal internal mold, lateral view, \u00d71 (Sapelnikov, 1961a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 663. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-105.jpg?height=1571&width=1278&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhipidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhipidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhipidium SCHUCHERT & COOPER , 1931, p. 249","Type_species":"Pentamerus knappi HALL & WHITFIELD, 1872, p. 184; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Finely to coarsely costate; faintly to very trilobate, discrete inner hinge plates, median septum about half valve length.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow):","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 664 a\u2013e. *R. (R.) knappi (HALL & W HITFIELD ), Louisville Formation, Kentucky, USA; ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d71 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"R. (Rhipidium)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"R. (Rhipidium)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"R. (Rhipidium) SCHUCHERT & COOPER , 1931, p. 249","Type_species":"Pentamerus knappi HALL & WHITFIELD, 1872, p. 184; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Coarsely costate; moderately biconvex; faintly trilobate to nontrilobate.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 664 a\u2013e. *R. (R.) knappi (HALL & W HITFIELD ), Louisville Formation, Kentucky, USA; ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d71 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"R. (Ectorhipidium)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"R. (Ectorhipidium)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"R. (Ectorhipidium) Boucot & JOHNSON, 1979, p. 102","Type_species":"Conchidium trilobatum Kindle & Breger in KINDLE, 1904, p. 436, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, costate, anteriorly bifurcating, elongate, lenticular, very strongly trilobate","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 665a-c. *R. (E.) trilobatum (Kindle & Breger), Wabash Formation, Huntington, Indiana, USA, ventral, anterior, and lateral views of internal impressions, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979). \u2014 Fig. 666 a-c .* R. (E.) trilobatum (Kindle & Breger), Wabash Formation, Huntington, Indiana, USA, posterior, posterior, and ventral views of internal impressions, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979, \nBoucot & Johnson, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 665. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-107.jpg?height=1867&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"R. (Pararhipidium)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"R. (Pararhipidium)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"R. (Pararhipidium) Boucot & JOHNSON, 1979, p. 101","Type_species":"Pentamerus tenuistriatus Lindstr\u00f6m in Angelin & LINDSTR\u00d6M, 1880, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Finely costate, elongate-pyriform, lenticular, faintly trilobate to nontrilobate","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Sweden, Urals, Kazakhstan, Malaysia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 667a-d. *R. (P.) tenuistriatum (LINDSTR\u00d6M), Gotland, Sweden, a-c, lateral, dorsal, ventral views, Slite beds, F\u00e4ro, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979), d, serial section, Slite Group, Eskelhem, x30 (Gauri & Boucot, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979, \nGauri & Boucot, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 667. pentameridae (p. 983).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-109.jpg?height=1633&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenopentamerus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Stenopentamerus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenopentamerus Boucot & JOHNSON, 1979, p. 111","Type_species":"Pentamerus oblongus var. compressa Kindle & Breger in KINDLE, 1904, p. 437, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, strongly biconvex and very laterally compressed, very long ventral median septum","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"midcontinent North America, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 668, 1a-e. * S. compressa (Kindle & Breger), Racine Dolomite, Cook County, Illinois, USA, lateral view of ventral, lateral, posterior, ventral posterior, dorsal interior view, \u00d7 1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 668. pentameridae (p. 983-986).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-110.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Twenhofelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Twenhofelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Twenhofelia Boucot & SMITH, 1978, p. 271","Type_species":"Stricklandia exploitensis Shrock & TWENHOFEL, 1939, p. 260, pars, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, costellate, with some costae anteriorly bifurcating, ventribiconvex, conjunct inner hinge plates form base of cruralium","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian","First_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Ending_age":"upper Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian","Geography":"Canada (Newfoundland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 668, 2a-e. *T. exploitensis (Shrock & Twenhofel), Upper Black Island Marble, Bay of Exploits region, northern Newfoundland, a, ventral view, \u00d7 1.5, b, ventral view, \u00d7 1, c, dorsal view, \u00d7 1, d, ventral","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 668. pentameridae (p. 983-986).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-110.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subriana":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Subrianinae","Genus":"Subriana","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subriana SAPELNIKOV, 1960a, p. 111","Type_species":"S. subrini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, transverse, few, angular, coarse plicae, biconvex with ventral valve deeper, free spondylium, strongly unisulcate, outer hinge plates projecting anteriorly beyond very short inner hinge plates submerged in secondary tissue, crura present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 669, 1a-d. *S. subrini, upper Wenlock, Istok River, eastern Urals, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Sapelnikov, 1960a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 669. subrianidae (p. 987).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-111.jpg?height=1811&width=1271&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vagranella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Subrianinae","Genus":"Vagranella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vagranella SAPELNIKOV, 1960a, p. 116","Type_species":"V. diversoplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, costate to costellate, short, free spondylium and no median septum, cardinalia and ventral interior similar to Subriana","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 669, 2am. * V. diversoplicata, Isovsk Stage Gorizont, Istok River, eastern slope of Urals, a-c, ventral, lateral, dorsal views, x1 (Sapelnikov, 1972), d-m, serial sections (Sapelnikov, 1985a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov, 1972, \nSapelnikov, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 669. subrianidae (p. 987).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-111.jpg?height=1811&width=1271&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Conchidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Conchidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Conchidium OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1311","Type_species":"Anomia bilocularis HISINGER, 1799, p. 285, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular to elongate, costellate, commonly anteriorly bifurcating, unequally biconvex with ventral valve deeper, well-developed median septum and spondylium, outer hinge plates laterally inclined basally, inner hinge plates laterally inclined distally, crural bases variably projecting medially","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 670, 1a-g. *C. bilocularis (Hisinger), Klinteberg Group, Klinteberget, Gotland, Sweden, a-b, dorsal, posterior views, x1, c, ventral interior, x1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), d-e, lateral, ventral views, x1 (Amsden, 1965), f, dorsal interior, x2, g, cross section of dorsal shell, x6 (Amsden, Boucot, & Johnson, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nAmsden, 1965, \nAmsden, Boucot, & Johnson, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 670. subrianidae (p. 990-993).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-113.jpg?height=1879&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aliconchidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Aliconchidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aliconchidium St. JOSEPH, 1942, p. 247","Type_species":"A. yassi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate to transverse, large, strongly developed ventral interarea, sulcate to nonsulcate ventral valve, costellate, very twisted beak common, hinge line long to short, internally as in Conchidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 671, 1a-f. *A. yassi, Bowsping Limestone, Yass area, New South Wales, a-b, ventral, ventrolateral views, c-d, ventral interiors, x1, e, dorsal interior, x2, f, dorsal interior, x1 (Boucot, Johnson, & Link, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, Johnson, & Link, 1969","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymbidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Cymbidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymbidium KIRK, 1926, p. 2","Type_species":"C. acutum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, plicate to costate ornament that may bifurcate, no median septum in ventral valve, unsupported spondylium, cardinalia shorter than in Conchidium, otherwise similar","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Alaska, Nevada), Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 672, 1a-f. C. imitor, Roberts Mountains Formation, Birch Creek area, Eureka County, Nevada, a, ventral interior, x3, b-d, ventral exterior, ventral posterior, ventral anterior, x1.5, e, ventral interior, x2, f, dorsal interior, x2 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 672, 1g. C. sp., Cape Phillips Formation, Baillie Hamilton Island, Arctic Canada, dorsal interior, x3.3 (Zhang Ning, 1989a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976, \nZhang Ning, 1989","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamelliconchidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Lamelliconchidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamelliconchidium KULKOV, 1968, p. 38","Type_species":"L. tchergense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular to elongate, concentric, lamellose ornamentation, fine costellae may bifurcate anteriorly, cardinalia as in Conchidium, medium septum almost reaching anterior margin, supporting spondylium.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Altai Mountains (Russia), USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 670, 2a-h. L. micropleura, Roberts Mountains Formation, Eureka County, Nevada, dorsal posterior, dorsal anterior, dorsal interior, ventral exterior, ventral interior, ventrolateral, anteroventral, dorsal interior, x1.5 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 670. subrianidae (p. 990-993).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-113.jpg?height=1879&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Lissidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissidium LENZ, 1989, p. 1223","Type_species":"L. erugatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, short spondylium free or supported by very short median septum, cardinalia as in Conchidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Nevada), Canada (Northwest Territories)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 671,2a\u2013d. *L. erugatus, Whittaker Formation, southern Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories; ventral interior, ventral exterior, oblique ventral inte rior, dorsal interior, \u00d7 2.3 (Lenz, 1989).\u2014\u2014FIG . 671,2e\u2013g. L. lissa, Roberts Mountains Formation, Eureka County, Nevada; e\u2013f, ventral interior, ventral exterior, \u00d73; g, ventral interior, \u00d74 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicocoelina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Plicocoelina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicocoelina Boucot & JOHNSON, 1966b, p. 1038","Type_species":"Pentamerus occidentalis HALL, 1852, p. 341, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, posteriorly smooth, costellae bifurcating anteriorly, cap-shaped dorsal valve and very deep ventral valve, cardinalia similar to Conchidium, ventral median septum of variable length","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 672, 3a-g. * P. occidentalis (HALL), Greenfield Dolomite, Wood County, Ohio, USA, a-b, dorsal internal mold, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x2, c-e, lateral, ventral, posterior views, x1, f-g, ventral interiors, x2 (Boucot & Johnson, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1966","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Raridium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Raridium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Raridium Sapelnikov & Mizens in Sapelnikov, Mizens, & SHATROV, 1987, p. 56","Type_species":"Eoconchidium? rarum Sapelnikov & RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1975a, p. 67, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold, ventribiconvex, costate, short median septum supporting short spondylium, short hinge plates, with medially directed carinae","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Pribalkhash, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 673, 1a-e. *R*. rarum (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova), Akkansk Stage Gorizont, southeastern Kazakhstan, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, \u00d7 1 (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Severella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Severella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Severella SAPELNIKOV, 1963b, p. 15","Type_species":"Brooksina (S.) magnificaformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, coarsely costate to costellate, costellae may bifurcate anteriorly, fold or sulcus present alternatively on either valve in separate species, short spondylium and median septum shorter than spondylium, cardinalia as in Conchidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 673, 2a-f. S. munda, Roberts Mountains Formation, Eureka County, Nevada, a-c, ventral interior, ventral posterior, ventral exterior, x2, d, dorsal exterior, x1.25, e, dorsal interior, x2, f, dorsal interior, x5 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spondylopyxis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Spondylopyxis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spondylopyxis Johnson, Boucot, & MURPHY, 1976, p. 47","Type_species":"S. ignotus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, undulating, irregular, rugose concentric markings, subcircular, spondylium supported by median septum, short in small specimens, long in large specimens, lenticular lateral profile, cardinalia as in Conchidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Nevada), Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 672, 2a-f. *S. ignotus, Roberts Mountains Formation, Eureka County, Nevada, a, ventral exterior, x3, b-d, posterior, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, x6, e, dorsal interior, x8, f, ventral interior, x4 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vosmiverstum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Subrianidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiinae","Genus":"Vosmiverstum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vosmiverstum Breivel & Breivel in Antsigin & OTHERS, 1970, p. 54","Type_species":"Conchidium triquetrum SAPELNIKOV, 1961b, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Conchidium except for its relatively short spondylium and supporting median septum, which is much shorter than spondylium, cardinalia as in Conchidium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals, USA (Nevada, California), Canadian Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig .673,3a\u2013f. *V. triquetrum (SAPELNIKOV), Wenlock, Novo-Lialinsk region, eastern Urals; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, dorsal, ventral interarea, \u00d71; f, serial section, \u00d73 (Antsigin & others, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stricklandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Stricklandiinae","Genus":"Stricklandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stricklandia Billings, 1859a, p. 132, Stricklandinia BILLINGS, 1863a, p. 370, obj.","Type_species":"Atrypa lens J. Sowerby in Murchison, 1839, p. 637, SD OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1310","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stricklandinia Billings, 1863a, p. 370, obj.","Synonyms":"Stricklandinia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth to anteriorly weakly plicate, subcircular to elongate, interareas relatively wide in older forms to narrower in younger forms, moderately ventribiconvex, rodlike crura, outer hinge plates enlarged in younger forms","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian","First_Occurrence":"lower Silurian","Ending_age":"lower Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Silurian","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 674,1a\u2013e. *S. lens (S OWERBY ), 70.8 meters, Sulustvere borehole, Llandovery, Adavere Stage [Gorizont], Estonia; ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, \u00d71.5 (Rubel, 1970).\u2014\u2014Fig. 674,1f\u2013g. S. lens progressa, C 1 beds, Se\ufb01n footbridge, Llandovery, Wales; mold of dorsal cardinalia, internal mold of posterior, \u00d71 (Williams, 1951).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rubel, 1970, \nWilliams, 1951","figure_index":"fig. 674. stricklandiidae (p. 998).\nfig. 674. stricklandiidae (p. 998).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-118.jpg?height=1884&width=1291&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-118.jpg?height=1884&width=1291&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aenigmastricklandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Stricklandiinae","Genus":"Aenigmastricklandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aenigmastricklandia ZIEGLER, 1966a, p. 347","Type_species":"A. contorta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, unequally ventribiconvex, coarse, irregularly branching costae, prominent growth lines, high dorsal fold and corresponding ventral sulcus, straight hinge line, small outer hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","Geography":"Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 674, 3a-d. *A. contorta, south of Presteigne, internal dorsal mold, posterior view of rubber replica of exterior of ventral valve, internal mold of ventral valve, anterior view of internal mold of ventral valve, x2 (Ziegler, 1966a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ziegler, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 674. stricklandiidae (p. 998).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-118.jpg?height=1884&width=1291&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costistricklandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Stricklandiinae","Genus":"Costistricklandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costistricklandia AMSDEN, 1953, p. 143","Type_species":"Stricklandia gaspeensis BILLINGS, 1859a, p. 134, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, subcircular to elongate, similar to youngest form of Stricklandia but with costae that bifurcate anteriorly, moderately ventribiconvex, relatively large outer hinge plates and crura","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Telychian-lower Wenlock)","Geography":"eastern North America, Europe, Novaya Zemlya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 674, 2a-c. *C. gaspeensis (Billings), La Vieille Formation, Qu\u00e9bec, a, dorsal interior showing brachial processes, La Vieille Cove, east of Gascons, x2, b, posterior of ventral valve exterior, Port Daniel, x1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932), c, dorsal valve exterior, x1 (Amsden, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nAmsden, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 674. stricklandiidae (p. 998).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-118.jpg?height=1884&width=1291&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":435.76,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ehlersella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Stricklandiinae","Genus":"Ehlersella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ehlersella Boucot & JOHNSON, 1966a, p. 569","Type_species":"Stricklandinia davidsoni BILLINGS, 1868, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular to elongate, crisscross concentric and chevronlike plications, unequally ventribiconvex, short hinge line, inner and outer hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian-lower Telychian)","Geography":"Canada (Quebec), USA (Alabama)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 675a-e. *E. davidsoni (Billings), Jupiter Formation, Pavillion River, Anticosti Island, Quebec, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral exteriors, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1966a)., Fig. 675 f-i. E. norwoodi, Red Mountain Formation, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, f, dorsal internal mold, x4, g, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x2, h, ventral internal mold, x1.5, i, dorsal internal mold, x1 (Boucot & Johnson, 1966a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1966, \nBoucot & Johnson, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 675. stricklandiidae (p. 998).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-119.jpg?height=1508&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":435.76,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kulumbella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Kulumbellinae","Genus":"Kulumbella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kulumbella NIKIFOROVA, 1960c, p. 61","Type_species":"K. kulumbensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to transverse, gently concavoconvex with ventral valve slightly deeper, long, narrow interarea, crisscross ornamentation, short outer hinge plates and crura","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Geography":"Siberia, eastern Canada (Anticosti Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 676, 1a-e. *K. kulumbensis, Kulumbe River, Siberia, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, external lateral, internal ventroposterior, ventral exterior impression, x1 (Nikiforova, 1960c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 676. stricklandiidae (p. 998-1002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-120.jpg?height=1839&width=1279&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chiastodoca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Kulumbellinae","Genus":"Chiastodoca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chiastodoca Jin & COPPER, 1998, p. 451","Type_species":"Stricklandia salteri BILLINGS, 1868, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular to subelliptical, weakly biconvex, with long, straight hinge line, narrow ventral and dorsal interarea, divaricate ribs, short, low ventral median septum supporting broad, U-shaped spondylium, no inner hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian-lower Telychian)","Geography":"eastern North America, South China, Kazakhstan, Estonia, Norway, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 676, 2a\u2013b. *C. salteri (BILLINGS), Ferrum Member, Jupiter Formation, Anticosti Island, Quebec; ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, \u00d72 (Jin & Copper, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 676. stricklandiidae (p. 998-1002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-120.jpg?height=1839&width=1279&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":435.76,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Microcardinalia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Kulumbellinae","Genus":"Microcardinalia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Microcardinalia Boucot & EHLERS, 1963, p. 51","Type_species":"Stricklandinia triplesiana FOERSTE, 1890, p. 323, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth to anteriorly weakly plicate, subcircular to very elongate, ventribiconvex, inner hinge plates in older forms, lost in younger forms, small outer hinge plates. Equivalently aged forms similar to Stricklandia except smaller and possessing smaller outer hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery-upper Llandovery)","Geography":"midcontinent North America, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 677, 2a-d. *M. triplesiana (Foerste), Brassfield Limestone, Dayton, Ohio, USA, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior exteriors, x1 (Amsden, 1966)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 677, 2e-f. M. raberensis, basal Cordell Dolomite, Chippewa County, Michigan, USA, e, dorsal interior, x2, f, enlargement of preceding, x4 (Boucot & Ehlers, 1963)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 677, 2g-j. M. protriplesiana, Blackgum Formation, Cherokee County, Oklahoma, USA, g-h, lateral and posterior views of spondylium, x2, i, dorsal interior from side, x8, j, dorsal interior from above, x2 (Amsden, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1966, \nBoucot & Ehlers, 1963, \nAmsden, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 677. stricklandiidae (p. 1000-1002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-122.jpg?height=1882&width=1283&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicostricklandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Kulumbellinae","Genus":"Plicostricklandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicostricklandia Boucot & EHLERS, 1963, p. 55","Type_species":"Stricklandinia multilirata WHITFIELD, 1878, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular to transverse, costae bifurcating anteriorly, moderately ventribiconvex, straight hinge line, small outer hinge plates. Similar to Costistricklandia except for smaller size and smaller outer hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Telychian-Wenlock)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 676, 3a-f. * P. multilirata (Whitfield), a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior exteriors, Hopkinton Dolomite, Delhi, Iowa, USA, x1, f, dorsal exterior, Engadine Dolomite, Drummond Island, Michigan, USA, x1 (Boucot & Ehlers, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Ehlers, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 676. stricklandiidae (p. 998-1002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-120.jpg?height=1839&width=1279&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":435.76,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stricklandiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandiidae","Subfamily":"Kulumbellinae","Genus":"Stricklandiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stricklandiella Sapelnikov & RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1973, p. 36","Type_species":"S. aseptata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, laterally elongate, long hinge line, moderately ventribiconvex, narrow interareas, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, uniplicate commissure, no median septum under short spondylium, short outer hinge plates, submerged in secondary material, laterally directed","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 677, 1ad. * S. aseptata, Salamatsk Suite, Koizharilgan Mountains, southern Kazakhstan, dorsal internal mold, ventral internal mold, ventral posterior internal mold, mold of ventral exterior, x1 (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 677. stricklandiidae (p. 1000-1002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-122.jpg?height=1882&width=1283&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aenigmastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Aenigmastrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aenigmastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aenigmastrophia BOUCOT, 1971, p. 156","Type_species":"A. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, gently concavoconvex, ventral interarea long and narrow, apsacline, much narrower, anacline dorsal interarea, smooth, transverse, short, sessile spondylium, rodlike crura laterally directed at a very high angle, very short outer hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Nevada, California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 678, 1a-e. *A. cooperi, Roberts Mountains Formation, Eureka County, Nevada, a-c, interior, posterior, lateral views of dorsal valve, x4, d-e, dorsal interior, exterior views, x5 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976), --Fig. 678, 1f. A. greggi, Ludlow age sandstone, Siskiyou County, California, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x1 (Boucot, 1971)","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976, \nBoucot, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 678. aenigmastrophiidae (p. 1002).\nfig. 678. aenigmastrophiidae (p. 1002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-123.jpg?height=1823&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-123.jpg?height=1823&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugolepyros":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Aenigmastrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rugolepyros","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugolepyros LENZ, 1989, p. 1224","Type_species":"R. latispondylus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, hemicircular outline, weakly biconvex, moderately strong, discontinuous, irregular, concentric rugae, apsacline, long ventral interarea and short, anacline dorsal interarea, large, wide, shallow, spatulate, posteriorly sessile spondylium, rodlike crura cemented to valve floor, short, laterally directed outer hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Canada (Northwest Territories)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 678, 2a-f. * R . latispondylus, Whittaker Formation, southern Mackenzie Mountains, a, ventral exterior, x2.4, b, ventral interior, c, ventral interior, d, ventral exterior, x4.4, e, ventral interior, x8, f, dorsal interior, x4.2 (Lenz, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lenz, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 678. aenigmastrophiidae (p. 1002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-123.jpg?height=1823&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vadimia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Aenigmastrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vadimia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vadimia Boucot & RONG, 1994, p. 407","Type_species":"V. nevadensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve gently sulcate, costae coarse, laterally elongate, spondylium short, wide, shallow, supported by short median septum, short rodlike crura cemented to valve floor, very short outer hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 679a-e. * V. nevadensis, Roberts Mountains Formation, Eureka County, a-b, ventral interior and exterior, c, anterior view of ventral interior, x3, d-e, interior and exterior of dorsal valve, x5 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 679. aenigmastrophiidae (p. 1002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-124.jpg?height=441&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stricklandistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandistrophiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Stricklandistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stricklandistrophia Sapelnikov & RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1975a, p. 96","Type_species":"S. lata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium-sized, alate, suboval, ventral sulcus, dorsal fold, long hinge line, costellae that bifurcate anteriorly, dorsal interarea linear, central interarea, low, wide, short ventral median septum supporting short spondylium, massive, very short outer, laterally inclined hinge plates and crura.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 680, la-f. *S. lata, Alpeisk Stage Gorizont, Dzhungar Alatau, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, lateral view, dorsal exterior, x1 (Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov & Rukavishnikova, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 680. stricklandistrophiidae (p. 1005).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-124.jpg?height=398&width=1282&top_left_y=1667&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spondylostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stricklandioidea","Family":"Stricklandistrophiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spondylostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spondylostrophia KULKOV, 1967, p. 33","Type_species":"S. lata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, alate, hinge line long, straight, interareas well developed, dorsal sulcus and ventral sulcus, costae that may bifurcate anteriorly, spondylium short, U-shaped, ventral median septum absent, outer hinge plates thin, relatively short, laterally directed.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Geography":"Altai Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 680, 2 a-e . *S. lata, Chagirsk? Suite, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, anterior external, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, \u00d7 2 (Kulkov, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kulkov, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 680. stricklandistrophiidae (p. 1005).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-124.jpg?height=398&width=1282&top_left_y=1667&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gypidula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Gypidula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gypidula ivdelensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 22","Type_species":"Gypidula ivdelensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Procerulina Andronov, 1961, p. 76 (type, Pentamerus acutolobatus procerulus Barrande, 1879b, p. 60)","Synonyms":"Procerulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large sized, galeatiform, costate to plicate, costae distinctly bifurcating anteriorly, crossed by fine concentric ridges, with or without ventral median septum, outer hinge plates discrete or rarely united into cruralium","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Central Asia, Siberia, USA (Alaska), Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 681, 2a\u2013d. *G. typicalis (AMSDEN), Cedar Valley Group, Iowa, USA; a\u2013c, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, \u00d71 (Amsden, 1965); d, serial section at 5.0 mm from tip of ventral umbo (Godefroid, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 681. gypidulidae (p. 1006).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-126.jpg?height=1848&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amsdenina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Amsdenina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amsdenina BOUCOT, 1975a, p. 357","Type_species":"Sieberella roemeri Hall & CLARKE, 1892, p. 247, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Sieberella, but differs in having rounded costae separated by rounded interspaces, umbo smooth, short median septum and spondylium, inner hinge plates wedged into shell dorsally, almost conjunct posteriorly, becoming discrete anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic Islands, midcontinent North America (Tennessee, Oklahoma), northern Appalachians (Maine, Quebec, New Brunswick)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 681, 1 a-d. *A. roemeri (Hall & Clarke), Brownsport Formation, Tennessee, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, x1, d, polished section, x2 (Amsden, 1949a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1949","figure_index":"fig. 681. gypidulidae (p. 1006).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-126.jpg?height=1848&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ascanigypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Ascanigypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ascanigypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160TORCH, 1990, p. 113","Type_species":"Pentamerus ascanius BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 80, fig. III, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth shells similar to Gashaomiaoia, but differs in having low ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, externally similar to Gypidula, but differs in lack of costae, fold low, well developed in anterior part of shell, sulcus shallow, anterior commissure rectimarginate in juveniles, becoming unisulcate in adults, microornament not observed, ventral median septum short, inner hinge plates converge medially, less commonly diverging anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 681, 3a-d. *A. ascania (Barrande), Motol Formation, Prague region, lateral, ventral, anterior, dorsal views, x1.7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 681. gypidulidae (p. 1006).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-126.jpg?height=1848&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Breviseptum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Breviseptum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Breviseptum SAPELNIKOV, 1960b, p. 109","Type_species":"Conchidium (Breviseptum) oriens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized shells, suboval outline, usually more transverse, similar to Sieberella, but lacking well-developed fold and sulcus, ventribiconvex, evenly convex in width or with weak fold, coarsely costate, costae irregular, simple or dividing near anterior margin into 2 to 3 branches, anterior commissure convex dorsally, inner hinge plates short, discrete, thin, very short ventral median septum.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 681, 4a-d. *B. oriens, Isovsk Stage Gorizont, Istok River, eastern Urals, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Sapelnikov, 1985a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 681. gypidulidae (p. 1006).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-126.jpg?height=1848&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cadudium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Cadudium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cadudium HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1985b, p. 296","Type_species":"Pentamerus caducus BARRANDE, 1847, p. 469, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Globose shells with unisulcate commissure, ventral fold low, commonly with pair of low, rounded plications anteriorly, sometimes obscure, dorsal sulcus shallow, flanked by rounded rib on either side, sulcus smooth or bearing median plication, lateral sides of both valves smooth or with short, weak plications, inner hinge plates short, discrete.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Urals, Ludlow-P\u0159idol\u00ed, Tian Shan, Lochkovian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 681, 5a-c. *C. caducum (Barrande), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed Formation, Prague region, anterior, posterior, dorsal views, x2.6 (Havli\u010dek & Storch, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek & Storch, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 681. gypidulidae (p. 1006).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-126.jpg?height=1848&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carinagypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Carinagypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carinagypa Johnson & LUDVIGSEN, 1972, p. 128","Type_species":"Gypidula loweryi MERRIAM, 1940, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth to faintly medioplicate, ventral fold and dorsal sulcus weakly developed, ventral median septum present or absent, hinge plates discrete, with single pair of ventrally directed carinae","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Canadian Arctic, upper Lochkovian; USA (Nevada, Alaska), Yukon Territory, Arctic Canada, Emsian\u2013Eifelian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 682, 3a\u2013h. *C. (C.) loweryi (MERRIAM); a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views, McColley Canyon Formation, Eureka County, Nevada, \u00d71 (Johnson, 1970b); f\u2013h, dorsal serial sections, Michelle Formation, Yukon Territory, Canada, \u00d76 (Johnson & Ludvigsen, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 682. gypidulidae (p. 1006-1009).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-128.jpg?height=1764&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":77,"beginning_date":413.92,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"C. (Carinagypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"C. (Carinagypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"C. (Carinagypa) Johnson & LUDVIGSEN, 1972, p. 128","Type_species":"Gypidula loweryi MERRIAM, 1940, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral medium septum present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada, Alaska), Yukon Territory, Arctic Canada, Emsian\u2013Eifelian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 682, 3a\u2013h. *C. (C.) loweryi (MERRIAM); a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, anterior views, McColley Canyon Formation, Eureka County, Nevada, \u00d71 (Johnson, 1970b); f\u2013h, dorsal serial sections, Michelle Formation, Yukon Territory, Canada, \u00d76 (Johnson & Ludvigsen, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 682. gypidulidae (p. 1006-1009).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-128.jpg?height=1764&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":77,"beginning_date":413.92,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"C. (Aseptagypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"C. (Aseptagypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"C. (Aseptagypa) BRICE , 1982, p. 26","Type_species":"C. (A.) maclareni; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to C. (Carinagypa), but differs in lacking ventral septum, resulting in completely free spondylium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)\u2013Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic Islands, USA (east-central Alaska, Nevada), Yukon Territory.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 682, 2a\u2013e. *C. (A.) maclareni, Blue Fiord Formation, Eifelian, Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Islands; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views of articulated specimen, \u00d71; e, serial section at 11.1 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d72.1 (Brice, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 682. gypidulidae (p. 1006-1009).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-128.jpg?height=1764&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caryogyps":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Caryogyps","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caryogyps Johnson, Boucot, & MURPHY, 1976, p. 53","Type_species":"C. plicata Johnson, Boucot, & MURPHY, 1976, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, angularly plicate with short ventral beak, wide ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, inner hinge plates discrete","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Nevada, Idaho)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 683, 4a-e. *C. plicata, Roberts Mountains Formation, Eureka County, Nevada, anterior, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, X5 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 683. gypidulidae (p. 1008-1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-129.jpg?height=1670&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Galeatagypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Galeatagypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Galeatagypa SAPELNIKOV, 1981, p. 11","Type_species":"Pentamerus pelagicus BARRANDE, 1847, p. 469, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Gypidula internally, relatively angular dorsal sulcus margins and correspondingly angular ventral fold margins, ranging from no costa in dorsal sulcus to a prominent dorsomedian costa, if present extending almost to beak region and having corresponding ventral groove.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian","First_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, western and Arctic North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 684, 2a-e. *G. pelagica (Barrande), Lochkov Formation, Prague region, Czech Republic, ventral, lateral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views, x1 (Barrande, 1879b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrande, 1879","figure_index":"fig. 684. gypidulidae (p. 1008).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-130.jpg?height=1837&width=1265&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gashaomiaoia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Gashaomiaoia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gashaomiaoia Rong, Su, & LI, 1985, p. 34","Type_species":"Gypidula (Gashaomiaoia) glabera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lysidium Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1985b (October), p. 299 (type, Pentamerus integer Barrande, 1847, p. 464), Rectigypidula Zhang Yan, 1987, p. 108 (type, Gypidula parva Biernat, 1966, p. 30)","Synonyms":"Lysidium, Rectigypidula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Gypidula internally but differs in being totally smooth and in lacking dorsal sulcus and ventral fold, anterior commissure rectimarginate or weakly curved ventrally","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian), Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)-Lower Devonian (Pragian), Middle Devonian","Geography":"Neimonggol, Czech Republic, Austria (Carnic Alps), Poland, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 683, 2a-d. *G. glabera (Rong, Su, & Li), Xibiehe Formation, Darhan Mumingan Joint Banner, Inner Mongolia, China, lateral, ventral, dorsal, anterior views, x2 (Rong, Su, & Li, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, Su, & Li, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 683. gypidulidae (p. 1008-1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-129.jpg?height=1670&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gypidulina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Gypidulina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gypidulina RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1956b, p. 49","Type_species":"Pentamerus optatus BARRANDE, 1847, p. 471, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sieberina Andronov, 1961, p. 88, obj.","Synonyms":"Sieberina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Essentially smooth shells with sharply defined ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, both of which may sometimes bear low, obscure costae, ventral median septum thin, short, inner hinge plates closely drawn together or united to form cruralium, internally similar to Gypidula.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Novaya Zemlya, Urals, Tian Shan, Salair, Altai Mountains, Czech Republic, ?North America (Gasp\u00e9)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 684, 4a-d. *G. optata (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x1 (Barrande, 1879b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrande, 1879","figure_index":"fig. 684. gypidulidae (p. 1008).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-130.jpg?height=1837&width=1265&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gypiduloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Gypiduloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gypiduloides Savage in Savage & BAXTER, 1995, p. 1035","Type_species":"G. craigensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely pentagonal, ventribiconvex, nongaleatiform, pauciplicate, plications well developed, rounded, with pronounced low profile in posterior and anterior view, fold and sulcus wide, anterior commissure intraplicate","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"USA (southeastern Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 684, 3a-e. * G. craigensis, Wadleigh Limestone, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, x4.5 (Savage & Baxter, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage & Baxter, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 684. gypidulidae (p. 1008).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-130.jpg?height=1837&width=1265&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levigypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Levigypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levigypa SAPELNIKOV, 1985b, p. 9","Type_species":"Gypidula substricta Malygina & SAPELNIKOV, 1973, p. 75, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, smooth, fold and sulcus very weak to absent, longitudinally elongate with thin, elongate ventral beak, ventral fold weakly developed or absent, massive, short ventral median septum, inner hinge plates widely separated, subparallel, fused with inner shell layer.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 684, 1a-c. * L. substricta (Malygina & Sapelnikov), Manaksk Stage Gorizont, Isfara River region, Kyrgyzstan, a-b, ventral, lateral views, x1, c, serial section of ventral valve, x10 (Malygina & Sapelnikov, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Malygina & Sapelnikov, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 684. gypidulidae (p. 1008).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-130.jpg?height=1837&width=1265&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lysigypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Lysigypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lysigypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & KUKAL, 1990, p. 139","Type_species":"L. morosoides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Gashaomiaoia, but inner hinge plates converge basally to form cruralium, Smooth, unisulcate, anterior commissure rectimarginate or weakly curved ventrally or dorsally, large spondylium, supported by very short ventral median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 683, 1a-c. * L. morosoides, Suchomasty Limestone, Prague region, ventral, dorsal, anterior views, x2.1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Kukal, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Kukal, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 683. gypidulidae (p. 1008-1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-129.jpg?height=1670&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Multicosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Multicosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Multicosta Khodalevich & Breivel in Breivel & BREIVEL, 1977, p. 71","Type_species":"Gypidula osturalica Khodalevich & BREIVEL, 1959, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gypidula osturalica Khodalevich & Breivel, 1959, p. 22, OD","Synonyms":"Gypidula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Coarsely costate shells, costae generally simple, sharp, covering most of the shell but not found near either beak, gently ventribiconvex, fold and sulcus absent or weakly developed anteriorly. Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian): Urals, ?Tian Shan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals, ?Tian Shan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 682, 1a-d. *M. osturalica (Khodalevich & Breuvek), Emsian\u2013earliest Eifel, Ivdel region, eastern slope of Urals; ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (Khodalevich & Breivel, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 682. gypidulidae (p. 1006-1009).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-128.jpg?height=1764&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Novozemelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Novozemelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Novozemelia CHERKESOVA , 1973, p. 28","Type_species":"N. olgae; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"May be a synonym of Carinagypa if carinae can be demonstrated","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium; elongate-oval; weak anterior costae; weak fold and sulcus; short ventral median septum with long spondylium; ventral mantle canals well developed.  [May be a synonym of Carinagypa if carinae can be demonstrated.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)\u2013Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian):","Geography":"Novaya Zemlya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 685,2 a\u2013e. *N. olgae, Kabanin Stage [Gorizont], South Island, Novaya Zemlya; a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views, \u00d7 1; d, ventral view showing vascular marks, \u00d73; e, side view showing vascular marks, \u00d71 (Cherkesova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 685. gypidulidae (p. 1010-1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-131.jpg?height=1823&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Physemella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Physemella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Physemella GODEFROID, 1974, p. 49","Type_species":"P. maillieuxi GODEFROID, 1974, p. 52, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Gypidula externally, but ventral valve median septum absent or very short, hinge plates basally conjunct to form cruralium supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 685, 1a-f. *P. maillieuxi, middle Frasnian, Couvin, a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x1, f, serial section at 6.0 mm from ventral umbo, x3 (Godefroid, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Godefroid, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 685. gypidulidae (p. 1010-1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-131.jpg?height=1823&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicogypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Plicogypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicogypa RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1975, p. 27","Type_species":"Pentamerus kayseri von PEETZ, 1901, p. 165, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Gypidula but more coarsely ribbed, plicae extending anteriorly from beak, simple to bifurcate, inner hinge plates relatively high, parallel to one another, intersecting dorsal valve floor at nearly right angle. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian): Russia (Kuznetsk basin, Taymyr), Altai Mountains, USA (southwestern Alaska), Canadian Arctic Islands, Germany (Harz Mountains).","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Russia (Kuznetsk basin, Taymyr), Altai Mountains, USA (southwestern Alaska), Canadian Arctic Islands, Germany (Harz Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 683, 3a-c. *P. kayseri (von Peetz), Krekov Stage Gorizont, Kuznetsk basin, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, x1 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 683. gypidulidae (p. 1008-1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-129.jpg?height=1670&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sieberella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Sieberella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sieberella OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1311","Type_species":"Pentamerus sieberi von Buch in BARRANDE, 1847, p. 465, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, costate shells, outline typically transverse, subellipsoidal, less commonly rounded, costae simple, strongly angular in cross section, covering entire shell or restricted to anterior half, V-shaped interspaces separating costae, inner hinge plates variably united to form cruralium or even low median septum, ventral median septum absent or low","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"widespread in Europe, North America, North Africa, Kazakhstan, Tian Shan, Salair, Urals, Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 685, 3a-d. * S. sieberi (von Buch), Koneprusy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, a-c, ventral, dorsal, anterior views, x1, d, serial section at 7.9 mm from ventral valve beak, x2 (Amsden, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 685. gypidulidae (p. 1010-1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-131.jpg?height=1823&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sieberelloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Gypidulinae","Genus":"Sieberelloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sieberelloides SAPELNIKOV, 1985a, p. 107","Type_species":"Sieberella weberi \u041a\u041d\u041eDALEVICH, 1951, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Finely costate, suboval shells, costae extending anteriorly from beak, increasing by bifurcation, ventral fold absent or weakly developed, dorsal sulcus indistinct, developed only anteriorly, hinge plates converge basally to form sessile cruralium, short ventral median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)- Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 686a-d. *S. weberi (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), Emsian-lower Eifelian horizon, Serov region, eastern Urals, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1951).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1951","figure_index":"fig. 686. gypidulidae (p. 1013).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-132.jpg?height=454&width=899&top_left_y=243&top_left_x=571)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ivdelinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Ivdeliniinae","Genus":"Ivdelinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ivdelinia Andronov, 1961, p. 45, Procerulina ANDRONOV, 1961, p. 76","Type_species":"Gypidula ivdelensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Procerulina Andronov, 1961, p. 76 (type, Pentamerus acutolobatus procerulus Barrande, 1879b, p. 60)","Synonyms":"Procerulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large sized, galeatiform, costate to plicate, costae distinctly bifurcating anteriorly, crossed by fine concentric ridges, with or without ventral median septum, outer hinge plates discrete or rarely united into cruralium, With strongly raised costae or plicae, with median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian  (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Central Asia [Sredni Azii], Siberia, USA (Alaska), Lochkovian\u2013Emsian; Europe, Urals, Russia (Kolyma, Salair), Canadian Arctic Islands, Eifelian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 687, 1a-d. * I. (I.) ivdelensis (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), upper Emsian-lower Eifelian, Ivdel region, eastern slope Urals, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1951).\u2014\u2014Fig. 687, 1e-f. I. procerulus, Koneprusy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, dorsal, ventral views, x1 (Andronov, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1951, \nAndronov, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 687. gypidulidae (p. 1013-1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-134.jpg?height=1809&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"I. (Ivdelinia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Ivdeliniinae","Genus":"I. (Ivdelinia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"I. (Ivdelinia) Andronov, 1961, p. 45, Procerulina ANDRONOV, 1961, p. 76","Type_species":"Gypidula ivdelensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With strongly raised costae or plicae, with median septum.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian  (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Central Asia [Sredni Azii], Siberia, USA (Alaska), Lochkovian\u2013Emsian; Europe, Urals, Russia (Kolyma, Salair), Canadian Arctic Islands, Eifelian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 687, 1a-d. * I. (I.) ivdelensis (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), upper Emsian-lower Eifelian, Ivdel region, eastern slope Urals, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1951).\u2014\u2014Fig. 687, 1e-f. I. procerulus, Koneprusy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, dorsal, ventral views, x1 (Andronov, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1951, \nAndronov, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 687. gypidulidae (p. 1013-1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-134.jpg?height=1809&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"I. (Ivdelinella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Ivdeliniinae","Genus":"I. (Ivdelinella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"I. (Ivdelinella) BRICE, 1982, p. 34","Type_species":"I. (I.) ellesmerensis BRICE, 1982, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"similar to I. (Ivdelinia), but differs in lacking a ventral median septum and having very low costae","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 687, 2a-e. *I. (I.) ellesmerensis, Blue Fiord Formation, Ellesmere Island, a-c, dorsal, ventral, posterior views of articulated specimen, x1, d, anterior view of another articulated specimen, x1, e, serial section at 5.25 mm from ventral beak, x2.6 (Brice, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 687. gypidulidae (p. 1013-1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-134.jpg?height=1809&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ivdeliniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Ivdeliniinae","Genus":"Ivdeliniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ivdeliniella KIM, 1981, p. 36","Type_species":"I. trilobata KIM, 1981, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, outline subrhombohedral, high median fold and deep sulcus, lateral plications poorly developed, present only on large specimens, inner hinge plates united into low septum. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian): USA (southwestern Alaska), Lochkovian, Tian Shan, Pragian.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"USA (southwestern Alaska), Lochkovian, Tian Shan, Pragian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 687, 3a-d. *I. trilobata, Manak Stage Gorizont, Nuratau Range, southern Tian Shan, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Kim, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kim, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 687. gypidulidae (p. 1013-1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-134.jpg?height=1809&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levigatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Levigatellinae","Genus":"Levigatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levigatella ANDRONOV, 1961, p. 38","Type_species":"Gypidula olga KHODALEVICH, 1939, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, transverse, ventribiconvex, unisulcation well developed and wide, short ventral median septum, inner hinge plates basolaterally directed, well-developed carinae","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)- Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Altai Mountains, upper Llandovery, northeastern Siberia, Wenlock, Urals, Tian Shan, Ludlow-Lochkovian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 687, 4 a-f .*L . ~ o l g a (Khodalevich), ~ a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, Severouralsk Stage Gorizont, eastern slope northern Urals, x1, e, external ornamentation, Severouralsk Stage Gorizont, eastern slope northern Urals, x6, f, serial section of dorsal valve, Isovsk Stage Gorizont, eastern slope central Urals, X6 (Sapelnikov, 1985a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 687. gypidulidae (p. 1013-1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-134.jpg?height=1809&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Devonogypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Devonogypinae","Genus":"Devonogypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Devonogypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1951, p. 5","Type_species":"Gypidula (Devonogypa) spinulosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Devonogypa (Glabrigalites) Struve, 1992, p. 547 (type, D. (G.) glabrigal Struve, 1992, p. 548)","Synonyms":"Devonogypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, smooth, strongly ventribiconvex with microsculpture of granules or fine spines arranged in oblique or horizontal rows, ventral fold absent or weakly developed, dorsal sulcus absent or shallow, inner hinge plates widely discrete.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 688, 2a-f. * D. spinulosa, a, dorsal view, Celechovice, Czech Republic, \u00d71 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1951), b-e, ventral, lateral, dorsal, anterior views, Skaly beds, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, \u00d71, f, external ornament, Skaly beds, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, \u00d78 (Biernat, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1951, \nBiernat, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 688. gypidulidae (p. 1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-135.jpg?height=1536&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gypidulella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Devonogypinae","Genus":"Gypidulella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gypidulella Khodalevich & BREIVEL, 1959, p. 26","Type_species":"G. pennatula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, wide, gently biconvex, finely costate, long, straight hinge line, dorsal sulcus and ventral fold wide and flat, developed anteriorly, exterior shell surface tuberculate, hinge plates adjoin each other basally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 688, 1 a-f .* G. pennatula, upper Emsian-lower Eifelian, Taltiisk Stage Gorizont, eastern slope northern Urals, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1, e, external ornamentation, x3, f, serial section, x4 (Khodalevich & Breivel, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich & Breivel, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 688. gypidulidae (p. 1014).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-135.jpg?height=1536&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudosieberella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Devonogypinae","Genus":"Pseudosieberella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudosieberella GODEFROID, 1972, p. 3","Type_species":"P. corrugata GODEFROID, 1972, p. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Sieberella but differs in having small tubercles, discrete inner hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)- Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Emsian, Belgium, Germany, Eifelian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 689, 1a-f. * P. corrugata, Couvinian Stage [Gorizont], Couvin, Belgium; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, \u00d71.5; f, serial section at 8.0 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 2.5 (Godefroid, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 689. gypidulidae (p. 1014-1016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-136.jpg?height=1120&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Devonogypinae","Genus":"Wyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wyella KHODALEVICH, 1939, p. 21","Type_species":"Eichwaldia uralica CHERNYSHEV, 1893, p. 179, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Eichwaldia uralica Chernyshev, 1893, p. 179, OD","Synonyms":"Eichwaldia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth to plicate with honeycomb-like pitted exterior, fold and sulcus variably developed, inner hinge plates discrete","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals, Central Asia Sredni Azii, Kazakhstan, Ludlow-P\u0159idoli, Urals, Pragian-upper Eifelian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 689, 2a-e. *W. uralica (ChernysHEV), Isovsk Stage Gorizont, Vagran River, eastern Urals, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1, e, external ornamentation, x8 (Sapelnikov, 1985a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 689. gypidulidae (p. 1014-1016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-136.jpg?height=1120&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zdimir":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiellinae","Genus":"Zdimir","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zdimir BARRANDE, 1881, p. 171","Type_species":"Z. solus, OD,  = Porambonites? robustus BARRANDE, 1879b, p. 97","Synonyms_with_authors":"Conchidiella Khodalevich, 1939, p. 32 (type, Pentamerus pseudobaschkiricus Chernyshev, 1885, p. 55)\"","Synonyms":"Conchidiella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell large, inner hinge plates discrete, hinge plates lyre shaped","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)- Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Germany, Belgium, Carnic Alps, Urals, Russia (Novaya Zemlya, Salair, northeastern Siberia), Tian Shan, Transcaucasus, South China, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 690, 1a-c. Z. pseudobaschkiricus sibiricus, Shandinsk Stage Gorizont, Gurevsk region, Siberia, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, x1 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 690. gypidulidae (p. 1017-1020).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-137.jpg?height=1834&width=1263&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biseptum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiellinae","Genus":"Biseptum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biseptum Khodalevich & BREIVEL, 1959, p. 39","Type_species":"B. rectecostatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costate, costae commonly nonbifurcating, consists of fused inner hinge plates so that a short median septum supports the cruralium","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 691, 1a-d. *B. rectecostatum, Taltiisk Stage Gorizont, Ivdel region, eastern Urals, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, x1, d, serial section, x2 (Khodalevich & Breivel, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich & Breivel, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 691. gypidulidae (p. 1017-1020).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-138.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptogypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiellinae","Genus":"Glyptogypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptogypa STRUVE, 1992, p. 549","Type_species":"Pentamerus galaeatus var. multiplicata C. F. ROEMER, 1854 in 1852-1854, p. 352, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Zdimirella, but differs in having costellae that commonly bifurcate and in having inner hinge plates that unite to form cruralium.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany, France, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 690, 2a-e. *G. sp. cf. G. multiplicata (Roemer), Skaly beds, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior views, \u00d71 (Biernat, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 690. gypidulidae (p. 1017-1020).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-137.jpg?height=1834&width=1263&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leviconchidiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiellinae","Genus":"Leviconchidiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leviconchidiella RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1960c, p. 301","Type_species":"Sieberella? vagranica KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transverse, anteriorly costate, entirely lacking or with weakly developed ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, costae simple, flatly rounded, anterior commissure rectimarginate or weakly deflected ventrally, inner hinge plates discrete.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals, Tian Shan, Kuznetsk basin","Figure_captions":"Fig. 691, 2a-d. * L. vagranica (\u041ahodalevich), Karpinsk Stage Gorizont, Serov region, eastern Urals, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1951).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1951","figure_index":"fig. 691. gypidulidae (p. 1017-1020).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-138.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zdimirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Conchidiellinae","Genus":"Zdimirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zdimirella CHERKESOVA, 1973, p. 32","Type_species":"Z. kuzmini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, strongly ventribiconvex, costellate, costellae extending from umbo, ventral fold and dorsal sulcus well expressed in the anterior half of the shell, inner hinge plates disjunct, ventral median septum high and long","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"Novaya Zemlya, western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 691, 3ac. * Z. kuzmini, basal Givetian, South Island, Novaya Zemlya, ventral, lateral, dorsal views, x1 (Cherkesova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cherkesova, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 691. gypidulidae (p. 1017-1020).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-138.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geniculigypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypidulidae","Subfamily":"Geniculigypinae","Genus":"Geniculigypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geniculigypa Blodgett & BOUCOT, 1998, p. 454","Type_species":"Sieberella newtonensis IMBRIE, 1959, p. 369, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, ventribiconvex shells, anterior commissure nearly rectimarginate, smooth with microornament of fine radial grooves, inner hinge plates united to form cruralium supported by median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"USA (Michigan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 692a-f. *G. newtonensis (Imbrie), Newton Creek Limestone, a-e, posterior, anterior, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, x3, f, oblique ventral, x6 (Blodgett & Boucot, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Blodgett & Boucot, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 692. gypidulidae (p. 1020).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-140.jpg?height=1301&width=1259&top_left_y=802&top_left_x=212)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schegultania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Gypiduloidea - Nomen nudum","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schegultania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schegultania ANDRONOV, 1961, p. 108","Type_species":"[No type species designated].","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"In same work ANDRONOV assigned to the genus three species: S. karpinskii ANDRONOV, 1961, S. archangelskii ANDRONOV, 1961, and S. sp. ANDRONOV, 1961. SAPELNIKOV (1985a, p. 134\u2013135) redescribed the genus, and restricted to it only S. karpinskii [from the Zdimir Zone of northern Urals (upper Emsian\u2013lower Eifelian)]. The other two species of ANDRONOV he indicated belong to unrelated, nonpentamerid brachiopods. SAPELNIKOV did not formally designate S. karpinskii as the type species of Schegultania.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"upper Emsian\u2013lower Eifelian","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enantiosphen":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Enantiosphenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enantiosphen","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enantiosphen WHIDBORNE, 1893, p. 97","Type_species":"Meganteris? vicaryi Davidson, 1882, p. 20, SD HOLZAPFEL, 1908, p. 123","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, biconvex, transversely elliptical to subtriangular shells, lateral and anterior margins of both valves strongly geniculate, spondylium supported on high median septum, crura extending forward and expanding to form broad plates connected to one another by a transverse plate supported in the center by the median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"England, Germany, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 693a-d. * E. vicaryi (Davidson), Massenkalk, Bilveringsen, Germany, a-b, dorsal, lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Holzapfel, 1908), c-d, dorsal median septum and large part of loop, reconstruction of brachial loop and apparatus, \u00d7 1 (Leidhold, 1928)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 694a-d. * E. vicaryi (Davidson), a, cross section, Massenkalk, Bilveringsen, Germany, \u00d7 1 (Torley, 1934), b-d, dorsal, lateral views of brachial apparatus, ventral interior, no horizon or locality provided, \u00d7 1 (Williams & Wright, 1961)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 693e. E. torleyi, posterior view, \u00d7 1 (Holzapfel, 1908).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holzapfel, 1908, \nLeidhold, 1928, \nTorley, 1934, \nWilliams & Wright, 1961, \nHolzapfel, 1908","figure_index":"fig. 693. enantiosphenidae (p. 1020).\nfig. 694. enantiosphenidae (p. 1020).\nfig. 693. enantiosphenidae (p. 1020).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-141.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-142.jpg?height=1866&width=614&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=854)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-141.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enantiosphenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gypiduloidea","Family":"Enantiosphenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enantiosphenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enantiosphenella JOHNSON, 1974, p. 67","Type_species":"E. cybele JOHNSON, 1974, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Enantiosphen but differs in its lack of median septa in both valves, resulting in discrete, long dental plates in ventral valve that enclose sessile spondylium, and in closely spaced, discrete, long, subparallel inner hinge plates in dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 695a-f. * E. cybele, Denay Limestone, western Roberts Mountains, a-c, tilted view of ventral interior, ventral interior, posterior view of ventral exterior, d, ventral exterior, e-f, tilted view of dorsal interior, dorsal interior, x2 (Johnson, 1974).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 695. enantiosphenidae (p. 1020).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-143.jpg?height=1021&width=1268&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clorinda":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Clorindinae","Genus":"Clorinda","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clorinda BARRANDE, 1879b, p. 109","Type_species":"C. armata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, ventribiconvex, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus well developed anteriorly, inner hinge plates discrete, widely spaced apart, hinge plates not lyre shaped in cross section, carinae present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhuddanian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, North America, Greenland, Australia, North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 696, 1a-c. *C. armata, Hlubocepy Limestone, Prague region, Czech Republic, lateral, dorsal, posterior views, x1 (Barrande, 1879b)., \"Fig. 696, 1d-f. C. tumidula, Gun River Formation, Anticosti, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada, ventral, anterior, dorsal views, x1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrande, 1879, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).\nfig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antirhynchonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Clorindinae","Genus":"Antirhynchonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antirhynchonella OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1311","Type_species":"Atrypa linguifera J. de C. Sowerby in MURCHISON, 1839, p. 629, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Barrandella Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 241, obj., in 1955, ICZN (Opinion 374) placed Antirhynchonella (type, Atrypa linguifera J. de C. Sowerby in Murchison, 1839, p. 629) on The Official List of Generic Names, Antirhynchonella Quenstedt, 1871 in 1868-1871, nom. nud., and Barrandella Hall & Clarke, 1893, were added to The Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology","Synonyms":"Barrandella,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, strongly ventribiconvex shell, dorsal fold rounded, inner hinge plates united to form cruralium that may or may not be supported by median septum, lyre-shaped cross section, carinae present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Siberia, Turkestan, South China, North America, Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 696, 3a-g. *A. linguifera (J. de C. SOWERBY), Wenlock Limestone, Dudley, England; a\u2013c, lateral, dorsal, anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013g, serial sections, \u00d72 (Amsden, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barrandina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Clorindinae","Genus":"Barrandina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barrandina BOOKER, 1926, p. 131","Type_species":"Pentamerus linguifera var. wilkinsoni ETHERIDGE, 1892, p. 52, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, outline suboval, generally transverse, ventral umbo large, highly arched and strongly thickened, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus well developed, inner hinge plates discrete, hinge plates with lyre-shaped cross section, carinae small or absent.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian","First_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Ending_age":"upper Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Silurian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales), Czech Republic, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 696, 2a-d. *B. wilkinsoni (Etheridge), Barrandella Shales, Yass, New South Wales, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Booker, 1926).","Museum_or_author_information":"Booker, 1926","figure_index":"fig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boucotides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Clorindinae","Genus":"Boucotides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boucotides AMSDEN, 1968, p. 44","Type_species":"B. barrandei AMSDEN, 1968, p. 45, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth clorindinid with inner hinge plates uniting to form cruralium or even low median septum, hinge plates with lyre-shaped cross section, lacking carinae, similar to Antirhynchonella but differs in having a deep V-shaped sulcus and corresponding ridgelike fold.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"USA (Arkansas), Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 696, 5a-d. *B. barrandei, St. Clair Limestone, Batesville district, Arkansas, a, dorsal view, x2, b-c, ventral, anterior views, x1, d, ventral view, x2 (Amsden, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Indaclor":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Clorindinae","Genus":"Indaclor","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Indaclor Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160TORCH, 1990, p. 119","Type_species":"I. sellarius Havl\u00ed\u010dek & STORCH, 1990, p. 120, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, externally similar to Clorinda with low, rounded fold on dorsal valve, anterior commissure uniplicate, ventral sulcus absent or weakly developed, inner hinge plates lacking, no carinae or lyre-shaped cross section","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 696, 4a-d. *I. sellarius Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160torch, Motol Formation, Prague region, anterior, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, x2.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 696. clorindidae (p. 1023-1024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-144.jpg?height=1458&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentamerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Pentamerellinae","Genus":"Pentamerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentamerella HALL, 1867b, p. 373","Type_species":"Atrypa arata CONRAD, 1841, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Variable size, ventribiconvex, inner hinge plates united to form cruralium, sometimes supported by median septum, hinge plates with lyre-shaped cross section, noncarinate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 697, 3a-c. *P. arata (Conrad), Schoharie Formation, Albany County, New York, USA, anterior, dorsal, lateral views, x1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 697. clorindidae (p. 1024-1026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-145.jpg?height=838&width=1279&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clorindella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Pentamerellinae","Genus":"Clorindella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clorindella AMSDEN, 1964, p. 236","Type_species":"Barrandella areyi Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 368, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, paucicostate shell, costae coarse, subangular, undivided anteriorly, outer hinge plates and crura join with upper (ventral) edge of processes projecting as carinae, inner hinge plates unite above dorsal valve floor to form cruralium, hinge plates with lyre-shaped cross section, carinae present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"USA (New York)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 697,4a\u2013h. *C. areyi (HALL & C LARKE), Clinton Group; a\u2013e, posterior, ventral, anterior, lateral, dorsal views, Rochester, \u00d72 (Amsden, 1964); f\u2013h, transverse serial sections at 2.5, 3.1, and 4.0 mm from tip of ventral valve beak, \u00d73 (Amsden, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1964, \nAmsden, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 697. clorindidae (p. 1024-1026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-145.jpg?height=838&width=1279&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clorindina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Pentamerellinae","Genus":"Clorindina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clorindina KHODALEVICH, 1939, p. 11","Type_species":"C. uralica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, strongly to moderately inflated, ventribiconvex, uniplication developed anteriorly, costae divided by longitudinal furrows anteriorly, longitudinal furrows at anterior margin, inner hinge plates discrete, hinge plates weakly lyre-shaped, carinae may or may not be present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Russia (Novaya Zemlya, Kolyma), Altai Mountains, Urals, Salair, Tian Shan, Lower Devonian, Germany, Eifelian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 697, 2a-c. *C. uralica, Saumsk Stage Gorizont, Nadezhdin region, eastern Urals, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x2 (Khodalevich, 1939)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 697, 2d-e. C. arataeformis, Solobykhin beds, Altai Mountains, serial sections, x3.7 (Sapelnikov, 1985a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1939, \nSapelnikov, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 697. clorindidae (p. 1024-1026).\nfig. 697. clorindidae (p. 1024-1026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-145.jpg?height=838&width=1279&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-145.jpg?height=838&width=1279&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clorindinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Clorindoidea","Family":"Clorindidae","Subfamily":"Pentamerellinae","Genus":"Clorindinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clorindinella RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1975, p. 61","Type_species":"C. alaica, OD, =Clorindina alaica NIKIFOROVA, 1960d, pl. 25, fig. 4a-d, nom. nud.","Synonyms_with_authors":"Clorindina alaica Nikiforova, 1960d, pl. 25, fig. 4a-d, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Clorindina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with sharp-edged lateral and anterior commissure, ventral sulcus wide","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Baltic, Kazakhstan, central Asia, eastern Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 697,1a\u2013d. *C. alaica, Baskuskan Limestone, Gurevsk, Siberia; ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 697. clorindidae (p. 1024-1026).\nfig. 697. clorindidae (p. 1024-1026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-145.jpg?height=838&width=1279&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-145.jpg?height=838&width=1279&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ancistrorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Ancistrorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ancistrorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ancistrorhyncha Ulrich & COOPER, 1942, p. 624","Type_species":"A. costata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small with subcircular outline and subequibiconvex, lenticular profile. Small ventral interarea, ventral beak erect, delthyrium open. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, rounded. Costae fine and numerous, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates short, strong, ventral muscle impressions weak. Hinge plates divided, sockets deep, partly overhung by inner socket ridges, crura long, curved anteroventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Baltic, Kazakhstan, central Asia, eastern Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 703, 1 a-j .* A. costata, lower Caradoc, Bromide Formation, Oklahoma, USA, a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x2 (Cooper, 1956a), f-j, serial sections, x6 (Schmidt, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 703. ancistrorhynchidae (p. 1041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-161.jpg?height=1200&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drepanorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Ancistrorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Drepanorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drepanorhyncha COOPER, 1956a, p. 627","Type_species":"Porambonites ottawaensis BILLINGS, 1862, p. 140, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Porambonites ottawaensis Billings, 1862, p. 140, OD","Synonyms":"Porambonites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell small with elongate subtriangular outline and subequibiconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins not steep, interareas narrow, delthyrium open, ventral beak erect. Fold and sulcus weak, narrow, arising at midlength, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, serrate. Costae few but strong, rounded, arising at umbones. Dental plates long and closely set, slightly convergent ventrally, teeth large, ventral musculature indistinct. Hinge plates concave, divided, crural bases arising from underside of notothyrial cavity, crura very long and slender.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (middle Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (middle Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Kirghizia, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 703, 2a-g. *D. ottawaensis (Billings), Caradoc, Rocklandian, Rockland Formation, Paquette Rapids, Ontario, Canada, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, d, hypotype, lateral view, x1, e, dorsal valve interior, x3, f, ventral valve interior, g, longitudinal section showing crura, x2 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 703. ancistrorhynchidae (p. 1041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-161.jpg?height=1200&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kholbotchonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Ancistrorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kholbotchonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kholbotchonia BARANOV, 1988, p. 40","Type_species":"Machaeraria pygmaea ALEKSEEVA, 1967, p. 34, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subcircular outline and subequibiconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins not steep, ventral beak suberect, delthyrium open. Fold and sulcus moderately well developed, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate. Costae medium strength, simple, rounded in section. Dental plates short, thin, divergent ventrally. Hinge plates divided, crura bases subtriangular, crura strongly curved ventrally. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 703, 3a-i. * K. pygmaea (Alekseeva), Sette-Daban subformation, SetteDaban Range, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x5, d-i, serial sections 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.4, 2.8 mm from posterior margin, x6 (Baranov, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 703. ancistrorhynchidae (p. 1041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-161.jpg?height=1200&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nikolaevirhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Ancistrorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nikolaevirhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nikolaevirhynchus BARANOV, 1988, p. 38","Type_species":"N. boldymbensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with transversely subcircular outline and subequibiconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins acute. Ventral beak short, suberect, delthyrium open. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure broad, rounded, uniplicate. Costae medium strength, simple, rounded, arising at beaks. Dental plates thick, vertical. Hinge plates divided, thick, subhorizontal, crura stout, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 704, 1 a-j . * N. boldymbensis, Ryabina Formation, Tas-Khayakhtakh Range, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, \u00d7 5, e-j, serial sections, \u00d7 6 (Baranov, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 704. ancistrorhynchidae (p. 1041-1042).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-162.jpg?height=72&width=455&top_left_y=1586&top_left_x=882)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obscurella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Ancistrorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Obscurella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obscurella BARANOV, 1991, p. 36","Type_species":"O. costata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins steep, ventral beak straight to suberect. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate, tongue high, trapezoid. Costae medium strength, subangular, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates short, thin, vertical. Hinge plates horizontal, may be united, crural bases triangular in section. Lower Devonian (Pragian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 704, 2a-i. *O. costata, lower Pragian, lower Sagyrskaya Formation, Selennyakhskiy Kryazh, Talyndzhi River, Gon Creek, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, with posterior part removed by sectioning, x2, e-i, holotype, serial sections, x6 (Baranov, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 704. ancistrorhynchidae (p. 1041-1042).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-162.jpg?height=72&width=455&top_left_y=1586&top_left_x=882)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tyryrhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Ancistrorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tyryrhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tyryrhynchus BARANOV, 1988, p. 39","Type_species":"T. tyryensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subcircular to subpentagonal outline and biconvex, lenticular profile, lateral and anterior margins acute, ventral beak straight. Fold and sulcus low, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate. Costae fine, arising at beaks, rounded in section. Dental plates short, teeth stout. Hinge plates rest on valve floor, inner socket ridges high, crura narrow, curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 704,3a\u2013h. *T. tyryensis, Tayakh Formation, Sette-Daban Range; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 3; e\u2013h, topotype, serial sections, \u00d72.5 (Baranov, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 704. ancistrorhynchidae (p. 1041-1042).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-162.jpg?height=72&width=455&top_left_y=1586&top_left_x=882)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphenotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Sphenotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sphenotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphenotreta COOPER, 1956a, p. 663","Type_species":"S. cuneata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subelliptical outline and weakly biconvex profile, beak straight, foramen elongate oval, deltidial plates small, triangular, disjunct. Distinct ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, anterior commissure unisulcate. Costae fine, simple, arising at beaks, narrowly rounded in section. Dental plates short, ventrally divergent. Hinge plate divided, crural bases triangular, crura long, slender, curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, eastern and central Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 705, 3a-d. * S. cuneata, lower Caradoc, Sevier Formation, Athens, Tennessee, USA, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x4 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 705. sphenotretidae and oligorhynchiidae (p. 1043-1046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-163.jpg?height=1127&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dorytreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Sphenotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dorytreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dorytreta COOPER, 1956a, p. 666","Type_species":"D. bella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subelliptical outline but less elongate than Sphenotreta, biconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins rounded, beak straight, foramen elongate, deltidial plates small, triangular, disjunct. Weak dorsal sulcus and ventral fold, anterior commissure almost rectimarginate. Costae numerous but less fine than in Sphenotreta, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates short, divergent ventrally. Hinge plates divided, supported by swelling of median sulcus, crura short, bent abruptly ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"North America, eastern Siberia, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 705,4a\u2013e. *D. bella, upper McLish Formation, Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, USA; holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d74 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 705. sphenotretidae and oligorhynchiidae (p. 1043-1046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-163.jpg?height=1127&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Oligorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oligorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligorhynchia COOPER, 1935, p. 49","Type_species":"O. subplana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subtriangular outline and low biconvex profile, ventral beak suberect to straight, foramen elongate-oval, deltidial plates small, triangular. Fold and sulcus weak and masked by 3 angular dorsal plicae and 2 to 4 ventral plicae. Dental plates strong, vertical, teeth long. Divided hinge plates supported by swelling of median anterior sulcus, cardinal process absent, crura long and straight or curved slightly ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Novaya Zemlya, northern Urals, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 705, 2a-e. *O. subplana, lower Caradoc, Lincolnshire Formation, Hogskin Member, Tennessee, USA, a-d, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x4, e, hypotype, view into dorsal interior showing hinge plates, x6 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 705. sphenotretidae and oligorhynchiidae (p. 1043-1046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-163.jpg?height=1127&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraoligorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Oligorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paraoligorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraoligorhyncha POPOV, 1981, p. 65","Type_species":"P. reducta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins acute. Ventral beak suberect, delthyrium open. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus masked by very coarse rounded plicae, with 3 dorsal plicae and 2 to 4 ventral plicae, anterior commissure parasulcate. Dental plates long, parallel anteriorly, and diverging ventrally, teeth stout. Hinge plate divided, bulbous cardinal process, crural bases triangular in section.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"central Asia, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 705, 1a-f. *P. reducta, Dulankara horizon, ChuIli Range, Dulankara, Kazakhstan, a, topotype, dorsal view, b, ventral view of another topotype, c-d, holotype, dorsal internal mold and impression, e-f, ventral internal mold and impression, x5 (Nikiforova & Popov, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova & Popov, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 705. sphenotretidae and oligorhynchiidae (p. 1043-1046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-163.jpg?height=1127&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tonsella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Oligorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tonsella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tonsella AMSDEN, 1988, p. 21","Type_species":"T. parva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate triangular outline and equibiconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins acute, ventral beak suberect. Plicae coarse, with median dorsal plication emulating fold and median ventral interplical space emulating sulcus, narrow dorsal sinus on median dorsal plication and corresponding narrow ridge in ventral sulcus, anterior commissure parasulcate. Dental plates distinct, vertical. Hinge plates divided, cardinal process absent, crura straight and rodlike but laterally flattened distally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig . 705,5a\u2013k. *T. parva, upper Cincinnatian, Hirnantian, Cason Oolite, St. Clair Springs, Arkansas, USA; a\u2013b, holotype, dorsal and lateral views; cd, topotype, ventral view, anterior view, \u00d7 5; e\u2013k, topotype, serial sections, \u00d74.5 (Amsden, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 705. sphenotretidae and oligorhynchiidae (p. 1043-1046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-163.jpg?height=1127&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Niorhynx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Niorhynicidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Niorhynx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Niorhynx HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982b, p. 368","Type_species":"Terebratula niobe BARRANDE, 1847, p. 78, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and biconvex, lenticular profile with acute lateral margins, beak suberect, delthyrium open except for small disjunct deltidial plates. Low fold and sulcus, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, trapezoid, occasionally with incipient trail. Costae low, rounded, with some intercalation, arising at beaks. Dental plates absent, teeth stout, arising from valve margins. Hinge plates united, narrow septalium supported on short septum and covered by convex plate, septalium flanked by rodlike crural bases.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 706, 2a-g. *N. niobe (Barrande), Motol Formation, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x4, d-g, serial sections, x12 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 706. niorhynicidae (p. 1046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-164.jpg?height=1858&width=1285&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptolepyron":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ancistrorhynchoidea","Family":"Niorhynicidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptolepyron","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptolepyron JIN, 1989, p. 113","Type_species":"Rhynchonella? argentea BILLINGS, 1866, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with transversely ovate outline and equibiconvex profile, nonprecipitous lateral slopes, beak incurved, delthyrium open, deltidial plates rudimentary. Fold and sulcus shallow to medium, costae fine to medium, arising at beaks, some intercalation and bifurcation. Dental plates absent, teeth stout, arising from valve margins, ventral muscle field well impressed. Hinge plates divided, septalium short, narrow, open, dorsal median septum long, high, crura long, slender, strongly curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 706, 1a-n. * L. argenteum (Billings), Jupiter Formation, Anticosti Island, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x3, f-n, hypotype, serial sections 1.0, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 2.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 mm from posterior, x3 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 706. niorhynicidae (p. 1046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-164.jpg?height=1858&width=1285&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchotrema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotrematinae","Genus":"Rhynchotrema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchotrema HALL, 1860a, p. 68","Type_species":"Atrypa increbescens HALL, 1860a, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to large with subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and equibiconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins generally steep. Beak suberect to incurved, delthyrium partly closed by marginal deltidial plates. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue trapezoid, dentate. Costae subangular, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates short, almost vertical, teeth stout, with large fossettes, ventral muscle field flabellate. Septalium with distinct septalial plates, dorsal median septum low, thick, extending to midlength, crural bases arising from septal plates, crura long, ventrally curved, cardinal process septiform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 707, 1 a-l. *from posterior, x4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 707. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1047).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-167.jpg?height=1734&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hiscobeccus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotrematinae","Genus":"Hiscobeccus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hiscobeccus AMSDEN, 1983a, p. 37","Type_species":"Atrypa capax CONRAD, 1842, p. 264, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins generally steep. Beak erect to incurved, delthyrium wide, deltidial plates absent or incipient. Fold and sulcus strong, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue distinct, trapezoid, dentate. Costae strong, simple, angular, arising at beaks. Dental plates rudimentary or fused to valve walls, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Hinge plates thick, dorsal median septum long, cardinal process septiform. Upper Ordovician (Ashgill): North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 707, 2a-h. *H. capax (Conrad), Richmondian, USA, a-b, hypotype, dorsal and ventral views, Dismukes, Tennessee, x1.5, ~ c-e, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, f, hypotype, dorsal valve interior, Fernvale Formation, Tennessee, x2 (Howe, 1969), g, hypotype, dorsal view showing open delthyrium, Welling Formation, Cherokee County, Illinois, h, neotype, ventral interior, Richmond, Indiana, x2 (Amsden, 1983a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Howe, 1969, \nAmsden, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 707. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1047).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-167.jpg?height=1734&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Otarorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotrematinae","Genus":"Otarorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Otarorhyncha Nikiforova & POPOV, 1981, p. 62","Type_species":"Rhynchotrema otarica RUKAVISCHNIKOVA, 1956, p. 156, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, low, apsacline ventral interarea, delthyrium open. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue pronounced, trapezoid, serrate. Costae arising at beaks, moderately strong, rounded, some bifurcation. Dental plates very short, hardly distinct from shell wall, ventral muscle field well impressed. Septalium and dorsal median septum very short, small septate cardinal process. Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill): AnderkenDulankara horizons, Kazakhstan, central Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"AnderkenDulankara horizons, Kazakhstan, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 707, 3a-i. *O. otarica (Rukavischnikova), Upper Ordovician, Dulankara Formation, Dulankara Mountain, Chu-Ili Range, Kazakhstan, a-d, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-i, serial sections at 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 mm from posterior (Rukavischnikova, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rukavischnikova, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 707. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1047).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-167.jpg?height=1734&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleurocornu":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotrematinae","Genus":"Pleurocornu","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleurocornu HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 46","Type_species":"Rhynchonella amissa BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 38, fig. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, distinctive securiform outline with emarginate posterolateral edges, dorsibiconvex profile. Ventral beak narrow, protracted. Dorsal fold ventral muscle field well impressed. Hinge plate undivided, notothyrial cavity with septiform cardinal process, dorsal median septum short, thick.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 708, 1a-h. *P. amissum (Barrande), Lodenice, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2.7 (new), d-h, serial sections of hypotype at 8.5, 7.8, 7.3, 6.3, 6.0 from anterior, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 708. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1047-1050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-168.jpg?height=1639&width=1281&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stegerhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotrematinae","Genus":"Stegerhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stegerhynchus FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 96","Type_species":"Rhynchonella (Stegerhynchus) whitii-praecursor Foerste, 1909a, p. 96, OD, =Stegerhynchus praecursor FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 96","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stegorhynchella Rzhonsnitskaia, 1959, p. 27 (type, Stegerhynchus decimplicata angaciensis Chernyshev, 1937, p. 29), Tungussotoechia Lopushinskaya, 1976, p. 60 (type, Stegorhynchella tungussensis LOPUSHINSKAYA, 1972, p. 186), Stegerhynchops Amsden, 1978, p. 27 (type, S. marblensis)","Synonyms":"Stegorhynchella, Tungussotoechia, Stegerhynchops","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium open or with rudimentary deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus narrow, strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, trapezoid, serrate, Costae simple, subangular, from beaks, Dental plates short, subvertical, sometimes obscured by callus, Hinge plates thick, short, septalium small, with short septalial plates, dorsal median septum thick, long, cardinal process septiform, crural bases arising from septalial plates, crura laterally flattened, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia, Altai, Mongolia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 708, 2a-m. *S. praecursor (Foerste), ae, topotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, lower Silurian, Clinton Beds, Clifton, Tennessee, USA, collected by Foerste, x2.4 (Jones, 1981), f-m, hypotype, serial sections 0.3, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.3, 1.9, 2.0 ~mm from posterior, lower Silurian, Bescie Formation, Anticosti Island, Canada, x7 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jones, 1981, \nJin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 708. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1047-1050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-168.jpg?height=1639&width=1281&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stegocornu":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotrematinae","Genus":"Stegocornu","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stegocornu D\u00dcRKOOP, 1970, p. 185","Type_species":"S. procerum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Xerxespirifer Cocks, 1979, p. 40 (type, X. iranicus, OD)","Synonyms":"Xerxespirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anterior margin particularly high, beak erect to incurved, delthyrium with narrow opening, fold and sulcus narrow, strong, arising near beaks, anterior commissure high, tapering dorsally, sulciplicate, costae coarse, subangular, typically 2 on fold and 1 in sulcus, dental plates lacking or fused to valve walls, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, hinge plates massive, united, cardinal process septiform, dorsal median septum very short, thick, inner socket ridges massive, crural bases stout, arising from inner socket ridges, crura radulifer","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Afghanistan, Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 708, 3a-n. *S. procerum, upper Llandovery, Dascht-e-Nawar\/ East, eastern Afghanistan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-n, serial sections 1.3, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 3.2, 4.6 mm from posterior, x1.75 (D\u00fcrkoop, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"D\u00fcrkoop, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 708. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1047-1050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-168.jpg?height=1639&width=1281&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepidocyclus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Lepidocyclinae","Genus":"Lepidocyclus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepidocyclus WANG, 1949, p. 12","Type_species":"L. laddi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with elongate subcircular to subcircular outline and strongly biconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, deltidial plates conjunct to disjunct, Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue trapezoid, tapering dorsally, dentate, Costae strong, angular to subangular, simple, from beaks, with lamellose growth lines, Dental plates reduced or fused to valve walls, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, Dorsal median septum extending to valve midlength, septalium small, cardinal process thin, septiform, hinge plates thick, crural bases horizontal, crura rodlike proximally, becoming laterally flattened distally, ventrolaterally curved","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 709, 2a-f. *L. laddi, upper Cincinnatian, Maquoketa Formation, Elgin Member, Winneshiek County, Orleans township, Iowa, USA, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior view, e-f, paratype, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve interior, x1 (Wang, 1949)., \"\u2014\u2014Fig. 709, 2g-m. L. gigas Wang, upper Cincinnatian, Vaureal Formation, Anticosti Island, Canada, serial sections 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.8, 3.6, 4.3, 5.0 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1949, \nJin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 709. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1050-1052).\nfig. 709. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1050-1052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-170.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-170.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypsiptycha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Lepidocyclinae","Genus":"Hypsiptycha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypsiptycha WANG, 1949, p. 17, *H. hybrida, OD","Type_species":"H. hybrida, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-subtriangular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins steep. Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus strong, narrow, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue generally high, trapezoid, dentate. Costae strong, subangular, simple, from beaks, with strongly lamellose growth lines. Dental plates partly fused to shell walls, teeth large, arising from valve margins, ventral muscle field well impressed. Septalium short, cardinal process septiform, dorsal septum short, crura long, strongly curved ventrally. Upper Ordovician (Ashgill): North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 709, 3a-f. *H. hybrida, upper Cincinnatian, Maquoketa Formation, Brainard Member, Jackson County, Fairfield, Iowa, USA, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, e, ventral valve interior, x2, f, dorsal valve beak interior, x4 (Wang, 1949)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 709, 3g-n. H. anticostiensis (Billings), upper Cincinnatian, Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, Canada, serial sections 1.3, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.3, 3.6, 4.4, and 4.5 mm from posterior, x3 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1949, \nJin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 709. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1050-1052).\nfig. 709. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1050-1052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-170.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-170.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytidorhachis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Rhynchotrematidae","Subfamily":"Lepidocyclinae","Genus":"Rhytidorhachis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytidorhachis Jin & CALDWELL, 1990, p. 32","Type_species":"R. hudsonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subtriangular outline and moderately biconvex profile, Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates and submesothyrid foramen, Fold and sulcus extending from umbones, Costae strong, from beaks, some bifurcation and intercalation anteriorly, Dental plates short and mostly fused to shell walls, teeth short and thick, ventral muscle field well impressed, Dorsal median septum short to absent, hinge plates short, thick, divided anteriorly, cardinal process septiform, crural bases triangular, crura laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)- upper Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig . 709,1a\u2013k. *R.hudsonensis, upper Llandovery, Ekwan River Formation, Little Current River, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d73; e\u2013k, serial sections 0.8, 0.9, 1.3,1.6, 2.2, 2.6, 3.2 mm from posterior, \u00d7 8 (Jin & Caldwell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 709. rhynchotrematidae (p. 1050-1052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-170.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Trigonirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonirhynchia COOPER, 1942, p. 228","Type_species":"Uncinulina fallaciosa BAYLE, 1878, pl. 13, fig. 13-16, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Uncinulina Bayle, 1878, pl. 13, fig. 13-16, non Terquem, 1862, Holothuroidea\"","Synonyms":"Uncinulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline, strongly biconvex. Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium open, bordered by disjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus distinct but low, with gentle margins, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, serrate. Costae strong, simple, rounded, from beaks. Dental plates distinct but short, teeth elongate, crenulate. Dorsal septum low, thin, long, septalium well developed, with cover plate, cardinal process absent, crural bases horizontal, crura curved ventrally, ventromedian surfaces concave in section.","Beginning_age":"Middle Silurian (lower Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Silurian (lower Wenlock)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, Siberia, China, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 710, 1a-n. *T. fallaciosa (Bayle), Lower Devonian, N\u00e9hou, France, a-d, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1.2, e-n, hypotype, serial sections 21.3, 21.2, 21.1, 21.0, 20.8, 20.7, 20.4, 20.0, 19.7, 19.3 mm from anterior, x1.6 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 710. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-172.jpg?height=1828&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Agarhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Agarhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Agarhyncha HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982b, p. 369","Type_species":"Terebratula famula BARRANDE, 1847, p. 87, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subcircular outline, biconvex to globose profile. Beak suberect to erect, foramen with minute deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus well defined, broad, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue rectangular, serrate. Costae coarse, rounded, simple, but umbones smooth. Dental plates very short. Dorsal median septum thin, septalium with cover plate anteriorly, crura close to septum posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Germany, Carnic Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 710, 2a-l. *A. famula (Barrande), lower Ludlow, Kopanina Formation, Bohemia, a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x4.6, f-l, serial sections 7.15, 7.05, 7.03, 6.85, 6.65, 6.60, 6.45 from anterior, x12 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 710. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-172.jpg?height=1828&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ancillotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Ancillotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ancillotoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 78","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ancillans BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trigonirhynchioides FU, 1982, p. 144, subj. (type, T. qinlingensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Trigonirhynchioides","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subcircular to elongate outline, dorsibiconvex profile. Beak suberect, delthyrium open or with disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus narrow, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, serrate. Costae strong, simple, from beaks. Dental plates short, thin, vertical. Septalium with cover, dorsal median septum low, cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 711, 1a-b. *A. ancillans (Barrande), upper Silurian, Kopanina Limestone, Bohemia, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Kopanina Limestone, basal Budnany, V Kozle, near Beroun, x3.5 (new), e-h, serial sections 7.55, 7.50, 7.45, 7.40 ~mm from anterior, x10 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 711. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-173.jpg?height=250&width=260&top_left_y=1462&top_left_x=942)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aratoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Aratoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aratoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982b, p. 368","Type_species":"Terebratula minerva BARRANDE, 1847, p. 69, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, foramen with conjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus wide, anterior commissure with wide, rounded tongue, sharply dentate, Costae numerous, angular, some bifurcation, Dental plates distinct, slightly convergent ventrally, Septalium with cover, dorsal median septum high, long, cardinal process absent, crural bases horizontal","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 711, 2a-h. * A. minerva (Barrande), Motol Formation, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.9 (new), d-h, serial sections 13.7, 13.4, 13.3, 12.9, 12.8 mm from anterior, x3.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 711. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-173.jpg?height=250&width=260&top_left_y=1462&top_left_x=942)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Astua":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Astua","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Astua HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 85","Type_species":"Rhynchonella astuta BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 18, case 5, fig. 2a-e, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large with subpentagonal outline and emarginate anterior, strongly biconvex, inflated anteriorly. Beak erect to incurved. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus strong with distinct margins, tongue high, rectangular, serrate. Costae strong, simple, subangular, weak on umbones, numerous on flanks. Dental plates distinct, vertical, divergent anteriorly. Well-developed septalium without cover, dorsal median septum present, cardinal process absent, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Bohemia, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 712, 1a-h. *A. astuta (BARRANDE), Kotys Limestone, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia; a\u2013d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; e\u2013h, serial sections 13.6, 13.3, 12.7, 12.6 mm from anterior, \u00d7 2.5 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 712. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-174.jpg?height=1858&width=1284&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bortegitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Bortegitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bortegitoechia ERLANGER, 1994, p. 94","Type_species":"B. tsogtella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak incurved, foramen unrecorded, Fold and sulcus weak, arising anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, trapezoid, serrate, Costae rounded, some bifurcation, concentric growth lines distinct, Dental plates very short, obscured by callus, Dorsal median septum low, long, septalium short, open posteriorly and anteriorly but with cover plate at midlength, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crural bases and crura closely set, laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 712, 3a-k. *B. tsogtella, Bortegsk Series, eastern Gobi, Bortegst Massif, Tsogt-Obo, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1.5, e-k, serial sections 2.65, 3.15, 3.35, 3.65, 4.15, 4.35, 5.05 ~mm from posterior, x2.5 (Erlanger, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Erlanger, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 712. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-174.jpg?height=1858&width=1284&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cupularostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Cupularostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cupularostrum SARTENAER, 1961d, p. 2","Type_species":"C. recticostatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline, strongly biconvex. Beak suberect, delthyrium with small foramen, deltidial plates disjunct. Fold and sulcus arising from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate with trapezoid tongue, serrate. Costae strong, straight, simple, subangular, from beaks. Dental plates distinct, umbonal cavities may be set in thick shell walls, ventral muscle area deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum low, long, well-developed septalium with arched cover plate anteriorly, crura laterally flattened, concave medially.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 712, 4a-o. * C. recticostatum, Givetian, Skaneateles Formation, Hamilton, New York, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f- o, serial sections 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.55, 3.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7 ~mm from posterior, x3 (Sartenaer, 1961d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 712. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-174.jpg?height=1858&width=1284&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hercotrema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Hercotrema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hercotrema JIN, 1989, p. 87","Type_species":"H. bulbicostatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with transversely subcircular outline and biconvex profile, Beak small, incurved, delthyrium open to partly covered by rudimentary deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus with few large costae, anterior commissure sulciplicate, Costae very coarse, rounded, extending from beaks, Dental plates high, thin, teeth small, arising from valve margins, Septalium small, lacking cover plate but with opening restricted by lateral extensions of hinge plates, cardinal process absent, crural bases horizontal, crura laterally flattened, digitose distally","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 713, 1a-o. *H. bulbicostatum, Llandovery, Jupiter Formation, Bai du Naufrage, Anticosti Island, Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x3, foo, paratype, serial sections 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, 2.3 mm from posterior, x4 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 713. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-176.jpg?height=1789&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iberirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Iberirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iberirhynchia Drot & WESTBROEK, 1966, p. 165","Type_species":"I. santaluciensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small with trigonal to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated, apical angle acute to right angular. Beak erect, large delthyrium with incipient disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate with low, rectangular tongue, dentate. Costae simple, subangular, extending from beaks. Dental plates distinct, long, vertical, teeth large. Dorsal median septum long, septalium with cover plate, cardinal process absent, crura laterally flattened. Lower Devonian (Emsian)Middle Devonian (Eifelian): Spain, Bohemia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)- Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Spain, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 713, 2a-n. *I. santaluciensis, Emsian-Eifelian boundary, upper Santa Lucia Formation, Pic Aguasalio, Leon Province, Spain, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x2, e-l, topotype, serial sections, m-n, topotype, anterior and anterolateral views of plastic model based on serial sections (Drot & Westbroek, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Drot & Westbroek, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 713. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-176.jpg?height=1789&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissopleura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Lissopleura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissopleura WHITFIELD, 1896, p. 232","Type_species":"Rhynchonella aequivalvis HALL, 1857a, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhynchonella aequivalvis Hall, 1857a, p. 66, OD","Synonyms":"Rhynchonella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subtriangular outline and biconvex profile, Beak small, suberect, Foramen not recorded, Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low on holotype but moderately high and rectangular on most specimens, Umbones smooth, Costae fine, rounded to somewhat flattened, Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed, Dorsal median septum strong, long, septalium deep, short, with cover plate anteriorly, hinge plates united, extend slightly anterior of septalium, crural bases triangular, crura with V-shaped cross section, open dorsally","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 714, 1a-p. * L. aequivalvis (HALL), lower Helderberg, Albany County, New York, USA, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of cast, e-h, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.5, i-p, serial sections 1.0, 1.45, 1.75, 2.35, 2.55, 3.35, 4.2, 4.65 ~mm from posterior, x2.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Macropotamorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Macropotamorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Macropotamorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 24","Type_species":"Camarotoechia mitcheldeanensis VAUGHAN, 1905, p. 302, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, ovate, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus weak, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderately high, dentate, Costae angular, strong, simple, arising at beaks, Dental plates short, vertical, Dorsal median septum low, long, extending to about half valve length, septalium short, generally with cover plate, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, crural bases triangular, crura laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"western and eastern Europe, Asia, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 714, 2a-b. *M. mitcheldeanensis (Vaughan), Carboniferous Limestone, Gloucestershire, Mitcheldean, England, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x1 (Vaughan, 1905)., Fig. 714, 2c-m. M. curiosus, Banff Formation, Alberta, Forbidden Creek, Canada, c-f, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, g-m, serial sections 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 3.0, 3.8 ~mm from posterior, x4.5 (Carter, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vaughan, 1905, \nCarter, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).\nfig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Microsphaeridiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Microsphaeridiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Microsphaeridiorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 27","Type_species":"Rhynchonella (?) litchfieldensis SCHUCHERT, 1903, p. 167, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded trigonal outline and strongly biconvex profile, Ventral beak incurved, delthyrium bordered by narrow disjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, dentate, Costae strong, simple, angular, from beaks, Dental plates distinct but short, vertical, Dorsal median septum thick, long, well-developed septalium with cover plate, cardinal process absent, crura laterally flattened, concave dorsomedially.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 714, 3a-c. *M. litchfieldensis (Schuchert), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Coblestone Limestone, Litchfield, New York, USA, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, \u00d71 (Schuchert, 1903)., Fig. 714, 3d-j. M. nucula (Sowerby), hypotype, serial sections 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 2.3 mm from posterior from Eke Beds, Ludlow, Lau Backar, Gotland, \u00d75 (Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert, 1903, \nJin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).\nfig. 714. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1056-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-177.jpg?height=1837&width=1310&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moorefieldella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Moorefieldella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moorefieldella GIRTY, 1911, p. 62","Type_species":"Rhynchonella eurekensis WALCOTT, 1884, p. 223, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to ovate outline and biconvex profile, Beak erect to suberect, foramen partly closed by narrow disjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus low, flat, developed anteriorly, tongue low, trapezoid, Costae fine, arising at about one-third shell length, concentric growth lines commonly visible anteriorly, Dental plates short, ventrally divergent, subtriangular ventral muscle field weakly impressed, Dorsal median septum high in type species but may be low in others, septalium very short, partly covered in type species by fused inner hinge plates, crura short, closely set and dorsally concave in type species","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 715, 2a-e. *M. eurekensis (WAL\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0442), Meramecian, Spring Creek Limestone, Moorefield, White River Junction, Arkansas, USA, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views of specimen illustrated by Cooper, 1942, x1.5 (new)., Fig. 715, 2f-n. M. prisca Carter, Kinderhookian, Banff Formation, Jasper Park region, Alberta, Canada, serial sections at 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.9, 3.1 ~mm from posterior, x1.5 (Carter, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 715. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1059-1062).\nfig. 715. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1059-1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-179.jpg?height=182&width=955&top_left_y=1174&top_left_x=317)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-179.jpg?height=182&width=955&top_left_y=1174&top_left_x=317)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Morphorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Morphorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Morphorhynchus Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 71","Type_species":"M. varicostatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subrectangular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly. Beak incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates disjunct. Fold and sulcus strong, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, with subrounded margins. Costae strong and subangular, arising from umbones. Dental plates diverging ventrally toward valve floor. Dorsal median septum long, septalium with cover plate anteriorly, inner socket ridges high, thin, crura long, flattened distally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 711, 3 a-h .*M. varicostatum, Ornate Formation, a- c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, x2, d, ventral view, x1.5, e-h, paratype, serial sections 0.9, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6 ~mm from posterior, x3 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 711. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-173.jpg?height=250&width=260&top_left_y=1462&top_left_x=942)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Myrmirhynx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Myrmirhynx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Myrmirhynx HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982b, p. 366","Type_species":"Rhynchonella myrmex BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 28, case 3, fig. 1-15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subtriangular outline, moderately biconvex with shape dominated by strong plicae. Ventral beak erect to incurved, foramen with disjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus low but with distinct margins. Plicae increasing by bifurcation and intercalation, anterior commissure sulciplicate. Dental plates short, converging ventrally toward valve floor. Short septalium with cover, cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 715, 1a-h. *M. myrmex (Barrande), Ludlow, Cromus beaumonti layer, Kopanina Formation, Zadni Kopanina, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x5, d-h, hypotype, serial sections 7.95, 7.80, 7.65, 7.60, 7.50 ~mm from anterior, x12 (Havli\u010dek, 1982b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 715. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1059-1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-179.jpg?height=182&width=955&top_left_y=1174&top_left_x=317)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nasonirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Nasonirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nasonirhynchia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 83","Type_species":"N. naso, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline with emarginate anterior, strongly biconvex, inflated anteriorly. Beak erect to incurved, deltidial plates unknown. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus strong with steep margins, arising at umbones: tongue high, dentate. Plicae strong, simple, angular, weak on umbones and flanks. Dental plates distinct but short, subvertical. Well-developed septalium with cover plate, dorsal median septum low, cardinal process absent, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 712, 2a-f. *N. naso, Koneprusy Limestone, Zlaty kun Hill, a-c, holotype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, d-f, topotype, serial sections 14.25, 13.25, 13.0 ~mm from anterior, x3.8 (Havli\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 712. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1052-1059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-174.jpg?height=1858&width=1284&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nekhoroshevia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Nekhoroshevia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nekhoroshevia BUBLICHENKO, 1956, p. 101","Type_species":"N. altaica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline, strongly dorsibiconvex to inflated. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus very wide with rounded margins, arising at umbones. Costae rounded to flattened, from beaks. Dental plates vertical, dorsal median septum high, slender, septalium deep, with convex cover, crura unknown. Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian): Altai, Kazakhstan, Verkhoyan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian) - Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Altai, Kazakhstan, Verkhoyan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 716,2a\u2013e. *N. altaica; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; e, serial section near posterior, \u00d72 (Bublichenko, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 716. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1059-1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-180.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligoptycherhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Oligoptycherhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligoptycherhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 20","Type_species":"Terebratula hexatoma SCHNUR, 1851, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline, strongly dorsibiconvex, beak suberect to erect. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rectangular, dentate. Costae strong, simple, angular, from beaks. Dental plates distinct, ventrally convergent. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium with cover anteriorly, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian) - Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 715, 3a-k. *O. hexatomus (Schnur), lower Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Formation, Geeser bed, Uxheim, Eifel, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views of original figured specimen, x2.6 (Schnur, 1853), f-k, serial sections of specimen from same formation, x4 (Schmidt, 1941a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schnur, 1853, \nSchmidt, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 715. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1059-1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-179.jpg?height=182&width=955&top_left_y=1174&top_left_x=317)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oxypleurorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Oxypleurorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oxypleurorhynchia PLODOWSKI, 1973, p. 85","Type_species":"O. acutiplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, Fold and sulcus pronounced, from umbones, tongue high in mature specimens, Costae coarse, rounded, simple, arising at umbones, Dental plates well developed, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field narrow, bilobed, with marginal rim, Dorsal median septum prominent, extending to valve midlength, septalium long, with cover for part of length, crura closely set, rodlike proximally","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Austria (Carnic Alps)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 716, 3a-m. *O. acutiplicata, lower P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, upper \"eosteinhornensis\" Zone, Lawinenrinne am E-Hang des Cellon, Carnic Alps, a-d, paratype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2, e, holotype, dorsal surface of internal mold, f, holotype, ventral surface of internal mold, \u00d7 3, g-m, serial sections 0.7, 0.8, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.2 mm from posterior, \u00d7 3.5 (Plodowski, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Plodowski, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 716. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1059-1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-180.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinotectirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Sinotectirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinotectirostrum SARTENAER, 1961c, p. 3","Type_species":"S. medicinale, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Equidimensional to elongate subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, epithyrid. Fold and sulcus low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, dentate. Costae strong, angular, simple, from beaks. Dental plates short, slender, vertical, teeth arising from valve margins, ventral muscle field moderately impressed. Hinge plates united, septalium with cover plate anteriorly, crural bases horizontal, crura with gutterlike surface directed dorsomedially.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Canada, ?Belorussia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 717, 2a-o. *S. medicinale, Alexo Formation, Medicine Lake, Alberta, Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-o, paratype, serial sections 1.60, 1.95, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.35, 3.8, 4.4, 4.75 ~mm from posterior, x3 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 717. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-182.jpg?height=1367&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Stenorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenorhynchia BRICE, 1981b, p. 195","Type_species":"Terebratula nympha BARRANDE, 1847, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stenorhynchites Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & \u0160torch, 1990, p. 145 (type, Rhynchonella infelix Barrande, 1879b, pl. 28, case 1, fig. 3-4)","Synonyms":"Stenorhynchites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and strongly dorsibiconvex, inflated, profile, lateral and anterior shell margins precipitous. Fold and sulcus strong, wide, from umbones, with high anterior tongue. Beak erect to incurved. Costae strong, simple, from beaks, interspaces extended into spines at anterior commissure. Dental plates distinct, well separated from valve walls. Dorsal median septum long, septalium perforate posteriorly but covered anteriorly, cardinal process absent, crural bases arising from septalium cover plates, crura ventrally curved, convex ventrolaterally in cross section.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Tadzhikistan, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 717, 1a-p. *S. nympha (BARrande), Lower Devonian, a-d, neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, x1, e-h, hypotype, serial sections 10.5, 10.3, 10.2, 10.1 ~mm from anterior, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, x2.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961), i-p, hypotype, serial sections 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.6, 2.9, 3.2 mm from posterior, upper Emsian, Marettes Formation, Brittany, France, x3 (Brice, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, \nBrice, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 717. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-182.jpg?height=1367&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sufetirhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Sufetirhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sufetirhyncha HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982b, p. 367","Type_species":"Ancillotoechia radvani HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ancillotoechia radvani Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, p. 62, OD","Synonyms":"Ancillotoechia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak straight to suberect, Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus low but distinct, wide anteriorly, fold with median depression, sulcus with corresponding low rise, anterior commissure sulciplicate, tongue low, broad, dentate, Costae strong, increasing by bifurcation and intercalation, from beaks, crossed by concentric rugae, Dental plates very short, converging toward valve floor, Dorsal median septum short, septalium low, with cover plate, crural bases triangular, crura laterally compressed","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 716, 1a-h. *S. radvani (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Kopanina Formation, Velka Morina, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x3.8, d-b, hypotype, serial sections 5.3, 5.15, 4.85, 4.55, 4.4 mm from anterior, x9 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 716. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1059-1062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-180.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetratomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Tetratomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetratomia SCHMIDT, 1941a, p. 13","Type_species":"Terebratula tetratoma SCHNUR, 1851, p. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus strong, narrow, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, strongly serrate, Costae strong, simple, from beaks, Dental plates short, vertical, may be obscured by callus, Dorsal median septum short, hinge plates united by convex plate, septalium absent, cardinal process absent, crura laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian) - Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 718, 1 a-j .* T. tetratoma (SchnUr), lower Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, a-c, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x2 (Schmidt, 1941a), d-j, serial sections, x5.3 (McLaren, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSchmidt, 1941, \nMcLaren, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 718. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1062-1063).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-183.jpg?height=1400&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wilsoniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Wilsoniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wilsoniella KHALFIN, 1939, p. 83","Type_species":"W. prima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ussovia Khalfin, 1955, p. 239, obj.","Synonyms":"Ussovia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with elongate-oval to subtrigonal outline and inflated dorsibiconvex profile, Beak incurved, foramen small, Fold and sulcus developed anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, Costae numerous, simple, arising at beaks, rounded in profile with narrow interspaces, flattened anteriorly, Dental plates convex medially, Hinge plates united posteriorly, dorsal median septum low, long, septalium covered posteriorly but open, large, and wide anteriorly where supported on median septum, crural bases arising from vertical walls of septalium, crura laterally flattened.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Altay, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 718,2a\u2013d. *W. prima, Pragian, northwestern Mongolia; dorsal and lateral, ventral and lateral views, \u00d71 (Erlanger, 1994).\u2014\u2014Fig. 718,2e\u2013m. W. prisca ERLANGER, Pragian, northwestern Mongolia; serial sections 3.3, 3.85, 4.2, 4.7, 5.3, 5.7, 5.85, 7.1, 8.25 mm from posterior, \u00d7 1.75 (Erlanger, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 718. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1062-1063).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-183.jpg?height=1400&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rostricellula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Rostricellulinae","Genus":"Rostricellula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rostricellula Ulrich & COOPER, 1942, p. 625","Type_species":"R. rostrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Longxianirhynchia FU, 1982, p. 143 (type, L. transversa, OD)","Synonyms":"Longxianirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline, moderately biconvex. Beak erect to incurved, delthyrium open to partly closed by incipient deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus distinct with rounded margins, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, serrate. Costae fine to medium, simple, extending from umbones, crossed by concentric growth lamellae. Dental plates distinct but short. Dorsal median septum to midlength, septalium short, without cover, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crural bases subhorizontal, crura distally slender, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 719, 1a-b. *R. rostrata, Lebanon Formation, Middle Ordovician, Clinton, Tennessee, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f, paratype, ventral valve interior, x2, g-h, paratypes, dorsal valve interiors showing cardinalia and crura, x4 (Ulrich & Cooper, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ulrich & Cooper, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 719. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1064-1065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-184.jpg?height=722&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Azamella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Rostricellulinae","Genus":"Azamella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Azamella LAURIE, 1991, p. 93","Type_species":"A. rotunda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline, strongly biconvex. Beak erect to incurved, delthyrium open. Fold and ventral sulcus with rounded margins, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, costae strong, simple, extending from umbones, crossed by lamellose concentric growth lines. Dental plates distinct but short, ventral muscle field well impressed. Hinge plates divided anterior of short septalium, without cover, dorsal median septum long, to midlength, crura ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (upper Llanvirn)","Geography":"southeastern Australia (Tasmania)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 720, 2a-h. *A. rotunda, Benjamin Limestone, lower Limestone Member, Florentine Valley, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, e-f, paratype, interior views of ventral valve, g, paratype, interior of dorsal valve, h, paratype, interior of dorsal valve showing crura, x3.25 (Laurie, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Laurie, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 720. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1065-1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-185.jpg?height=1811&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":30,"beginning_date":466.05,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Evenkorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Rostricellulinae","Genus":"Evenkorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Evenkorhynchia ROZMAN, 1969, p. 102","Type_species":"Rostricellula dichotomians ROZMAN, 1968, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and biconvex to dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, delthyrium open with narrow rudimentary deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus flattened, distinct anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue prominent, trapezoid, Costae strong, rounded, from beaks, some intercalation and bifurcation, crossed by fine tuberculate growth lamellae, Dental plates short, vertical, Dorsal median septum short, thick, septalium short, open, crural bases horizontal, crura distally slender, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (upper Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 720, 3a-i. *E. dichotomians (Rozman), Ashgill, Nirundinian, Selennyakh Range, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-i, serial sections 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 2.3 ~mm from posterior, x6 (Rozman, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rozman, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 720. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1065-1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-185.jpg?height=1811&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepidocycloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Rostricellulinae","Genus":"Lepidocycloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepidocycloides NIKIFOROVA, 1961, p. 212","Type_species":"L. baikiticus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, globular. Beak incurved, foramen mesothyrid, delthyrium open, deltidial plates absent. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising at umbones, tongue high, rectangular to subrounded. Costae fine, simple, or with rare bifurcations, arising at beaks, crossed by distinct concentric lamellae. Dental plates short, vertical to ventrally divergent, ventral muscle area deeply impressed. Septalium short, open, wide, dorsal medium septum low, short. Upper Ordovician (Cara-doc-Ashgill): central Siberia, Altai, China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"central Siberia, Altai, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 719, 2a-m. *L. baikiticus, Dolborsky Stage, lower Chunku River, Baikit, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f, enlargement of costae showing lamellae, x4, g-m, serial sections 14.1, 13.8, 13.5, 12.8, 12.1, 11.6, 11.3 mm from anterior, x1.5 (Nikiforova, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 719. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1064-1065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-184.jpg?height=722&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectothyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Rostricellulinae","Genus":"Plectothyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectothyrella TEMPLE, 1965, p. 412","Type_species":"P. platystrophoides, OD,  = P. crassicosta (DALMAN), 1828, p. 131","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subtrigonal, strongly biconvex. Beak suberect, delthyrium open. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus from umbones but faint ventral fold and dorsal sulcus posteriorly. Costae strong, subangular, from beaks, some intercalation. Growth lamellae closely spaced, strongest anteriorly. Dental plates convergent ventrally, teeth small, cyrtomatodont, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum low, thick, septalium short, without cover, hinge plates divided, inner socket ridges massive, sockets thin, crural bases thick, crura long, thick.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Europe, eastern North America, northern Africa, South Africa, South America, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 720,1a\u2013e.*P. crassicosta (DALMAN), upper Ashgill, Hirnantian; a, ventral valve exterior, Bestorp, Sweden, \u00d71.2; b, interior of same, Bestorp, Sweden, \u00d72; c, interior of dorsal valve posterior, Bestorp, Sweden, \u00d7 2.6 (Bergstr\u00f6m, 1968); d\u2013e, posterior and lateral of broken conjoined shell, Quebec, Perc\u00e9, Canada, \u00d71.5 (Lesp\u00e9rance & Sheehan, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 720. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1065-1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-185.jpg?height=1811&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Hemitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemitoechia NIKIFOROVA, 1970, p. 103","Type_species":"H. distincta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Linterella Amsden, 1988, p. 20 (type, Camarotoechia perryvillensis Amsden, 1949a, p. 56, OD), Undulorhyncha Amsden, 1988, p. 21 (type, \"Camarotoechia\" hollandi, OD), Pseudocamarotoechia Kulkov, 1974, p. 53 (type, P. nuculaeformis, OD), Tichirhynchus Baranov, 1989, p. 42 (type, T. settedabanicus, OD)","Synonyms":"Linterella, Undulorhyncha, Pseudocamarotoechia, Tichirhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline, biconvex. Beak suberect, small foramen, deltidial plates not recorded. Fold and sulcus moderately strong, with gentle margins, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue trapezoid, serrate. Costae medium, simple, rounded, from umbones. Dental plates distinct, slightly concave medially. Dorsal median septum long but low, septalium without cover, cardinal process absent, crural bases subtriangular, crura strongly curved ventrally. upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 721, 1a-m. *H. distincta, upper Silurian, Chatanzeisky horizon, Vaigatch Island, Belushja Bay, Arctic Russia, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, c-f, paratype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1, g-m, serial sections of posterior of another paratype (Nikiforova, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 721. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-187.jpg?height=1893&width=1306&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alorostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Alorostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alorostrum SAVITSKII, 1992, p. 107","Type_species":"A. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal in outline and subequibiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, Fold and sulcus moderately strong, arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, trapezoid, dentate, Costae numerous, angular, arising at beaks and covering entire surface, Dental plates distinct, vertical to slightly convergent ventrally, extending past hinge line, well separated from valve walls, Dorsal median septum absent but with wide median ridge, hinge plates divided, horizontal, crural bases triangular in section, crura with crescentic section, concave medially","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"Tian Shan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 721, 2a-j. *A. elegans, Liaglian Horizon, Alaisk Range, Liaglian River, southern Tian Shan, a-b, holotype, dorsal and anterior views, c, hypotype, lateral view, x1, d-j, serial sections 1.1, 1.3, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 2.9, 3.8 ~mm from posterior, x4 (Savitskii, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savitskii, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 721. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-187.jpg?height=1893&width=1306&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bathyrhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Bathyrhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bathyrhyncha FUCHS, 1923, p. 854","Type_species":"B. sinuosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size with dorsibiconvex, inflated profile, Fold and sulcus distinct, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue pronounced, trapezoid, Costae arising at or near beaks, Dental plates long, ventral muscle field well impressed, elongate, Dorsal median septum long, septalium seemingly without cover, Other external and internal features poorly known","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Belgium, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 722, 2 a-c. *B. sinuosa, upper Gedinnian, Schistes de Weismes, Malmedy, Gdoudmont, Belgium, a, holotype, ventral internal mold, x1 (Dahmer, 1942), b- c, anterior and posterior views of internal mold, x2 (Boucot, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dahmer, 1942, \nBoucot, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 722. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067-1070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-188.jpg?height=1842&width=1292&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Browneella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Browneella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Browneella CHATTERTON, 1973, p. 117","Type_species":"B. browneae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium open, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct, Fold and sulcus developed anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue trapezoid, Costae strong, arising at beaks, some multiplication, Dental plates short, Dorsal median septum weak, septalium small, without cover, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crura radulifer, cardinal process unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southeastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 721, 3a-g. *B. browneae, upper Emsian, \"Receptaculites\" Limestone, Yass, New South Wales, a, holotype, dorsal view, x3.7, b, holotype, ventral view, x2.75, c, holotype, lateral view, x3.7, d, paratype, anterior view, x2.5, e, ventral valve interior, f, interior of dorsal valve posterior, x5, g, reconstruction of posterior of dorsal valve interior (Chatterton, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chatterton, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 721. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-187.jpg?height=1893&width=1306&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Centrorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Centrorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Centrorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 11","Type_species":"Camarotoechia baitalensis REED, 1922, p. 94, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large with subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile. Beak suberect, foramen circular, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Fold and sulcus arising at umbones, prominent anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, triplicate to quadruplicate. Costae strong, simple, subangular, from beaks. Shell thick. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, teeth short, strong, crenulated, ventral muscle field flabellate, deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum thick, long, fairly high, septalium moderately wide and long, usually with posterior cover plate, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, horizontal, sockets large and crenulated, dorsal muscle field distinct, crura closely set, ventrally curved, distal part with gutterlike section open dorsally.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Pamir, China, western Europe, Russia, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 721, 4a-c. *C. baitalensis (Reed), Ak Baital, Pamir, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and ventral views, c, anterior view of different specimen, \u00d7 1.5 (Reed, 1922), Fig. 721, 4d-l. C. charakensis (Brice), Afghanistan, Ghouk, serial sections 0.7, 1.0, 1.6, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 3.3, 3.7, 4.1 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2 (Brice, 1970)","Museum_or_author_information":"Reed, 1922, \nBrice, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 721. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067).\nfig. 721. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-187.jpg?height=1893&width=1306&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-187.jpg?height=1893&width=1306&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dalerhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Dalerhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dalerhynchus BAI, 1978, p. 51","Type_species":"D. dingshanlingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and moderately biconvex profile, Beak erect to suberect, large foramen at apex, Fold and sulcus very weak, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, Costae numerous, simple, subangular, arising at beaks, Dental plates convex medially, Dorsal median septum short, low, septalium and cardinal process absent, crural bases triangular in section, crura strongly curved ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 722, 4a-i. * D. dingshanlingensis, Dale Formation, Xiangzhou County, Dale, Guangxi, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-i, serial sections, interval and scale not given (Bai, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bai, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 722. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067-1070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-188.jpg?height=1842&width=1292&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dushanirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Dushanirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dushanirhynchia Wang & ZHU, 1979, p. 42","Type_species":"D. inflata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of brachiopods with a subpentagonal outline and a strongly biconvex profile. The beak is erect to incurved, and the foramen is not observed. The fold and sulcus are strong, originating from the umbones, and the tongue is high. It has numerous strong, angular, simple costae extending from the beak. The shell wall is thick, and the dental plates are weak or obscured by the thick callus of the shell wall. The divided hinge plates rest on a thick callus. The dorsal median septum and septalium are absent. It is found in the Lower Devonian (upper Emsian) to Middle Devonian (Eifelian) of southern China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 722,1a\u2013l. *D. in\ufb02ata, Eifelian, Longdongshui Formation, Guizhou, Houershan; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d72; f\u2013k, serial sections at 0.95, 1.50, 1.55, 1.9, 2.1, 2.4 mm from posterior, \u00d72.5; l, serial section of dorsal valve at 1.75 from posterior, \u00d75 (Wang & Zhu, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang & Zhu, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 722. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067-1070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-188.jpg?height=1842&width=1292&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lenatoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Lenatoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lenatoechia NIKIFOROVA, 1970, p. 106","Type_species":"Camarotoechia elegans NIKIFOROVA, 1961, p. 205, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to transversely ovate in outline, biconvex with gentle lateral and anterior slopes, beak erect to suberect, delthyrium open apically, deltidial plates poorly known but may be disjunct, fold and sulcus moderate, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate with low rounded tongue, costae fine, numerous, simple, evenly covering fold, sulcus, and flanks, dental plates long, concave medially, dorsal median septum low, long, thick, septalium wide, long, without cover, cardinal process absent, crura poorly known","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Llanvirn)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"northern Siberian platform, Novaya Zemlya, northern Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 723, 3a-h. * L. elegans (Nikiforova), Llandovery, northern Siberian platform, Morkoka River, Lena River Basin, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x2, e-h, paratype, serial sections 13.8, 13.7, 13.3, 12.7 mm from anterior, x6 (Nikiforova, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, 1961","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Libyaerhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Libyaerhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Libyaerhynchus Mergl & MASSA, 1992, p. 65","Type_species":"L. fragosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to elongate oval in outline and subequibiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, Fold and sulcus low, arising at umbones, fold with flat crest, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, trapezoid, Costae strong, simple, subangular, from umbones, Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, teeth large, ventral muscle field gently impressed, subovate, Dorsal median septum thick, long, fairly high, septalium small, narrow, open, hinge plates small, horizontal, sockets narrow, widely divergent, dorsal muscle field weakly impressed, elongate, no cardinal process, crural bases short, widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian-upper Famennian)","Geography":"Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 722, 3a-g. *L. fragosus, lower Frasnian, Aouinet Ouenine II Formation, Ghadamis Basin, Awaynat Wanin type section, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of steinkern, x2, e, holotype, ventral valve internal mold, x1.4, f-g, dorsal valve, internal mold and latex cast, x2 (Mergl & Massa, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mergl & Massa, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 722. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1067-1070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-188.jpg?height=1842&width=1292&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Losvia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Losvia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Losvia Breivel & BREIVEL, 1976, p. 116","Type_species":"Pugnoides (?) operosa KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with subtriangular to flabellate outline, dorsibiconvex profile with precipitous lateral and anterior margins and concave posterolateral margins. Beak erect, foramen and deltidial plates not recorded. Fold and sulcus weak, extending from midlength, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, dentate, tongue low to absent. Costae strong, angular, simple, almost straight, extending from beaks. Dental plates thin, vertical, very close to walls. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium very short, without cover plate, cardinal process absent, crural bases triangular, crura closely set. Lower Devonian (Emsian): Urals.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 723, 1a-i. * L. operosa (Khodalevich), Emsian, Vizhaisk layer, Vizhai River, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.3 (Khodalevich, 1951), e-i, serial sections of posterior, distances not given, x4 (Breivel & Breivel, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1951, \nBreivel & Breivel, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Luterella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Luterella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Luterella AMSDEN, 1988, p. 20","Type_species":"Camarotoechia altisulcata AMSDEN, 1951, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal in outline and with dorsibiconvex profile. Beak suberect, foramen mesothyrid. Fold and sulcus strong, wide, from umbones, tongue high, trapezoid. Costae prominent, angular, simple, arising at beaks, anterior commissure strongly dentate. Dental plates vertical, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum short, low, supporting short, wide, uncovered septalium. Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159idol\u00ed): USA.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159idol\u00ed)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 723, 4ad. * L. altisulcata (Amsden), Henryhouse Formation, Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1, d, interior of posterior of dorsal valve, x3 (Amsden, 1951).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1951","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nymphorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Nymphorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nymphorhynchia RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1956c, p. 53","Type_species":"N. bischofioides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Wenxianirhynchus Zhang Yan, 1983a, p. 316 (type, W. platiformis, OD)","Synonyms":"Wenxianirhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal outline, delthyrium open. Fold and sulcus wide, low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, dentate. Costae strong, angular, simple, from beaks. Dental plates very close to vertical valve walls, dorsal median septum high, septalium without cover, crura unrecorded.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Kuznetsk, Urals, Altai, Mongolia, China, Bohemia, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 724, 1 a-g. *N. bischofioides, Kuznetsk, Eifelian, a-b, holotype, dorsal and anterior views, x1.5, c-g, serial sections of posterior, x3 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1956c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 724. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1070-1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-190.jpg?height=1846&width=1301&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pampoecilorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Pampoecilorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pampoecilorhynchus SARTENAER, 1968d, p. 3","Type_species":"Rhynchonella nux GOSSELET, 1887, p. 210, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large with subpentagonal outline and median septum thin, moderately high, septalium wide, long, V-shaped, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, horizontal, dorsal muscle field weak, crura short, only slightly ventrally curved, tips with phrygian cap section open dorsally.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, Iran, Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 723, 2al. *P. nux (Gosselet), Belgium, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Sartenaer, 1958), e- l, serial sections 0.95, 1.65, 1.85, 2.05, 2.65, 3.45, 4.8, 5.15 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1968d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1958, \nSartenaer, 1968","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paurogastroderhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Paurogastroderhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paurogastroderhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 25","Type_species":"Camarotoechia (?) nalivkini ABRAMIAN, 1957, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large with subcircular outline and globular, biconvex profile. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high. Costae strong, simple, straight, evenly developed over fold, sulcus, and flanks. Dental plates long. Dorsal median septum short, thick, septalium short, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crura with crescentic distal cross section.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Armenia, Iran, Afghanistan, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 724, 3a-d. * P. nalivkini (Abramian), Armenia, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Abramian, 1957), \u2014\u2014Fig. 724, 3e-f. P. sp., Algeria, dorsal and posterior views of internal mold, x1 (Sartenaer, 1975a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Abramian, 1957, \nSartenaer, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 724. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1070-1074).\nfig. 724. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1070-1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-190.jpg?height=1846&width=1301&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=191)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-190.jpg?height=1846&width=1301&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptychomaletoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Ptychomaletoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptychomaletoechia SARTENAER, 1961c, p. 7","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Omaliusi GOSSELET, 1877b, p. 314, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline, strongly dorsibiconvex with steep lateral margins. Beak erect to suberect, foramen circular, with deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Fold and sulcus distinct, from umbones, tongue high, rectangular, dentate. Costae strong, angular, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates slightly convergent ventrally. Dorsal median septum low, long, septalium deep, without cover, crural bases triangular, crura closely placed, concave dorsomedially in section. Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian): Europe, Afghanistan, Altai, China, North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Europe, Afghanistan, Altai, China, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 724, 2a-i. *P. omaliusi (Gosselet), Famennian, Senzeilles beds, Senzeilles, Belgium, a- d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Gosselet, 1877b), e-f, topotype, serial sections 0.85, 1.15 ~mm from posterior, x3.4, g-i, serial sections 2.93, 3.08, 3.18 ~mm from posterior of another topotype, x2.7 (Sartenaer, 1961c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gosselet, 1877, \nSartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 724. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1070-1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-190.jpg?height=1846&width=1301&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tabarhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Tabarhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tabarhynchus BARANOV, 1989, p. 45","Type_species":"T. mirandus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal in outline, moderately biconvex. Beak suberect, fold and sulcus weak to moderate, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, serrate. Costae coarse, rounded, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates very short. Dorsal median septum long, thin, septalium without cover, crural bases subhorizontal, crura thin, laterally flattened. Upper Devonian (Frasnian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 725a-m. * T. mirandus, Mauchanskaya Formation, Sette-Daban Range, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2.5, e-m, topotype, serial sections 7.7, 7.8, 7.85, 7.95, 8.05, 8.45, 8.65, 9.15, 9.45 mm from posterior, x3.5 (Baranov, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nBaranov, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 725. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1073).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-192.jpg?height=736&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yanetechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Hemitoechiinae","Genus":"Yanetechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yanetechia BARANOV, 1980, p. 85","Type_species":"Y. excelsa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly, Beak erect to incurved, delthyrium open, narrow deltidial plates disjunct, Fold and sulcus moderately strong, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, arcuate, dentate, Costae strong, angular, simple, extending from beaks, Dental plates vertical, mostly fused to valve walls, Dorsal median septum absent, septalium very short, open, hinge plates divided, crural bases triangular, crura ventrally curved, concave dorsomedially in section","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia, Salair","Figure_captions":"Fig. 724, 4ak. *Y. excelsa, Seymchan Formation, Yakutskaya, Ulakhan-Sis Range, eastern Siberia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-k, serial sections, x4.5 (Baranov, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 724. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1070-1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-190.jpg?height=1846&width=1301&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Virginiata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Virginiatinae","Genus":"Virginiata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Virginiata AMSDEN, 1968, p. 56","Type_species":"Camarotoechia arkansana \u0422NOMAS, 1926, p. 388, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, elongate subtrigonal outline, subequally weakly biconvex. Beak erect to incurved, delthyrium open to partly closed by rudimentary deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus lacking, anterior commissure rectimarginate, serrate. Costae low, from umbones, mostly simple but some umbonal bifurcation. Dental plates distinct but short, vertical. Small septalium covered posteriorly, dorsal median septum short. Silurian (Llandovery-Ludlow): North America, Siberia, China.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Ludlow)","Geography":"North America, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 726, 1 a-i .* V. arkansana (\u0422\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430s), Wenlock, Arkansas, Batesville district, USA, a-d, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, St. Clair Limestone, x3, e, lectotype, dorsal view, St. Clair Limestone, x2, f-i, serial sections 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 ~mm from posterior, X7.5 (Amsden, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 726. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-194.jpg?height=1597&width=1298&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hostimex":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Virginiatinae","Genus":"Hostimex","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hostimex HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982b, p. 370","Type_species":"H. hostimensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, elongate subtriangular in outline, weakly biconvex profile. Beak suberect. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, wide. Costae arising at umbones, numerous, simple, or with minor bifurcation. Dental plates long, umbonal cavities distinct, ventral muscle area weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum low, extending to one-third valve length, septalium small, with cover plate, cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 726, 3a-f. *H. hostimensis, upper Wenlock, Motol Formation, V Kozle Rock, between Beroun and Hostim; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d74.6; e, internal mold of ventral valve, \u00d76.2; f, internal mold, posterior view, \u00d77.8 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1982b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 726. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-194.jpg?height=1597&width=1298&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Virginiatinae","Genus":"Rhynchotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchotreta HALL, 1879, p. 166","Type_species":"Terebratula cuneata DALMAN, 1828, p. 141, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bailongjiangella Fu, 1982, p. 139 (type, B. astuta, OD)","Synonyms":"Bailongjiangella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate triangular outline, apical angle acute, biconvex. Beak straight to suberect, ventral interarea long, delthyrium long with circular foramen bounded anteriorly by conjunct to disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate. Costae strong, rounded, simple, usually from beaks. Dental plates well developed, close to valve walls, vertical, teeth stout. Dorsal median septum short, low, thick, septalium without cover, cardinal process absent, crural bases subtriangular, crura long, laterally compressed, concave medially in section. Lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow): Europe, Urals, Altai, China, North America.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Altai, China, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 727ao. * R. cuneata (DALMAN), upper Wenlock-lower Ludlow, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Klinteberg Beds, Klinteberg, Gotland, x3 (Bassett & Cocks, 1974), d-h, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, Klinteberg Beds, Bryten, near Klinte, Gotland, x2.5, i, enlargement of delthyrial area showing deltidial plates, x8.3, j-o, hypotype, serial sections 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5 ~mm from posterior, Klinteberg Beds, Bryten, near Klinte, Gotland, x8.3 (Jin & Caldwell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett & Cocks, 1974, \nJin & Caldwell, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 727. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-195.jpg?height=1106&width=1296&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thebesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Virginiatinae","Genus":"Thebesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thebesia AMSDEN, 1974, p. 69","Type_species":"Rhynchotreta thebesensis FOERSTE, 1909a, p. 94; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate subtrigonal outline; apical angle acute and posterolateral margins slightly concave; pro\ufb01le biconvex. Beak straight to suberect; delthyrium open to partly closed by rudimentary deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus absent; anterior commissure rectimarginate, serrate. Costae strong, simple, subangular, slightly curved outward. Dental plates distinct. Small open septalium; dorsal median septum short; crura not recorded.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)\u2013lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 726, 2a\u2013h. *T. thebesensis (FOERSTE), Ashgill, Edgewood Group, USA; a\u2013e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views from the Leeman Formation, near Thebes, Illinois, \u00d72; f\u2013h, hypotype, serial sections at 0.5, 0.8, 0.9 mm from posterior, \u00d7 12 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 726. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-194.jpg?height=1597&width=1298&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ripidiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Ripidiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ripidiorhynchus SARTENAER, 1966b, p. 2","Type_species":"Terebratula livonica von BUCH, 1834, p. 57, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal median septum short, septalium with cover plate anteriorly, crura with cross section concave dorsomedially","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian))","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian) - Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, northern Africa, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 728, 3a .*R. livonicus (von Buch), Frasnian, lectotype and paralectotypes earlier thought to come from Adsel, Latvia but because of preservation now considered by Sartenaer (1985a, p. 324) to come from Izborsk, near Pskov, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, f-n, paralectotype, serial sections 0.7, 0.79, 0.94, 1.12, 1.35, 1.5, 1.75, 2.45, 2.85 ~mm from posterior, x4.5 (Sartenaer, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 728. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1075-1077).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-196.jpg?height=1456&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyphoterorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Cyphoterorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyphoterorhynchus SARTENAER, 1965c, p. 51","Type_species":"Uncinulus (Uncinulina) koraghensis REED, 1922, p. 40, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular in outline and strongly biconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, foramen minute, Fold and sulcus weak, developed only anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded, Costae fine, numerous, simple, rounded, covering all of shell, Dental plates close to shell walls, not convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field moderately impressed, Dorsal median septum short, thin, moderately high, septalium V-shaped, with cover plate anteriorly, hinge plates united anterior of septalium, crura short, with V-shaped tips open dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian)","Geography":"Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Armenia, Spain, Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 728, 1a-n. *C. koraghensis (Reed), middle or upper Frasnian, Chitral, Koragh Ridge, northwestern Pakistan, a-d, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-n, serial sections 1.1, 1.65, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.85, 3.3, 4.0, 4.25 ~mm from posterior, x1.6 (Sartenaer, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 728. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1075-1077).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-196.jpg?height=1456&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemiplethorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Hemiplethorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemiplethorhynchus von Peetz, 1898, p. 178","Type_species":"H. fallax, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Greenockia Brown, 1952, p. 91 (type, G. snaringensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Greenockia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, moderately biconvex. Beak small, erect to incurved, delthyrium with deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus rather weak, but distinct anterior tongue present. Costae fine to medium, simple, angular, from beaks. Dental plates concave medially and slightly convergent ventrally. Dorsal median septum long, low, septalium without cover but anteriorly from septalium, crural bases meet medially, distal parts of crura with V-shaped cross section, open dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Altai, Europe, China, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 729a-l. *H. fallax, upper Tournaisian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Altai, x1 (Sarytcheva & others, 1963), e-l, hypotype, serial sections 1.6, 2.5, 2.85, 3.35, 3.5, 3.7, 4.35, 4.9 ~mm from posterior, Kuznetzk basin, x3 (Sartenaer, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva & others, 1963, \nSartenaer, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 729. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1076-1077).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-197.jpg?height=666&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudosinotectirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Pseudosinotectirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudosinotectirostrum YUDINA, 1991, p. 45","Type_species":"P. arcticum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, moderately biconvex, foramen with deltidial plates. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus distinct but with rounded margins. Costae fine, numerous, simple, extending from beaks. Dental plates short, vertical. Dorsal median septum low, short, septalium short, without cover plate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Russia (Timan, Pechora)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 728, 2a-g. *P. arcticum, middle Famennian, Ust'-Pechora Horizon, northern Timan, Pechora Province, a-b, holotype, ventral and anterior views, x1.3, c-g, topotype, serial sections 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, 2.0, 2.2 ~mm from posterior, x4 (Yudina, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yudina, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 728. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 1075-1077).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-196.jpg?height=1456&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthorhynchula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Orthorhynchulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthorhynchula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthorhynchula Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 181","Type_species":"Orthis? linneyi JAMES, 1881, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, ventral interarea prominent, delthyrium open, Fold and sulcus moderate, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, serrate, Costae rounded, simple, from beaks, Dental plates fused to valve walls, ventral muscle field quadrate, Very short septalium supported on median ridge, hinge plates divided, prolonged anteriorly, concave ventrally, cardinal process septiform to lobate, crural bases subhorizontal","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, ?western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 730, 1 a-m .* O. linneyi (James), Ashgill, Maysvillian, Kentucky, USA, a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, x1.5, f-g, hypotypes, dorsal valve interior and ventral valve interior, Brannon Formation, Devils Hollow, Coletown, x1.5 (new), h-m, serial sections 13.2, 13.0, 12.8, 12.5, 12.3, 12.0\"","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 730. orthorhynchulidae (p. 1078-1081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-198.jpg?height=1877&width=1286&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthorhynchuloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Orthorhynchulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthorhynchuloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthorhynchuloides WILLIAMS, 1962, p. 240","Type_species":"Hemithyris nasuta MCCOY, 1852, p. 203, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-oval outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Ventral beak incurved, Delthyrium open with only traces of deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus pronounced anteriorly, Tongue pronounced, Costae numerous, weak posteriorly, Dental plates long, ventrally convergent, Ventral muscle field well impressed, Sessile septalium merges anteriorly into median septum extending to midlength, Cardinal process absent, Crura unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 730, 2a-e. *O. nasuta (McCoy), lower Caradoc, Craighead Limestones, Girvan, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.3, d, dorsal internal mold, x2, e, ventral internal mold, x1.5 (Williams, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 730. orthorhynchulidae (p. 1078-1081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-198.jpg?height=1877&width=1286&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthorhynchyllion":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Orthorhynchulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthorhynchyllion","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthorhynchyllion JIN, 1989, p. 72","Type_species":"Rhynchotrema prinstanum TWENHOFEL, 1928, p. 208, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subtriangular outline with dorsibiconvex profile, Ventral beak small, incurved, Triangular interareas on both valves, Delthyrium open, Fold and sulcus broad, low, developed anteriorly, Costae numerous, simple, rounded, Dental plates short, subvertical, Dorsal median septum thin, long, Hinge plates wide, inclined dorsally, Septalium large with strong septalial plates, Cardinal process septiform with branched crest, Crura laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 731, 2a-m. *O. prinstanum (Twenhofel), upper Ashgill, Hirnantian, Ellis Bay Formation, Anticosti Island, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x3 (new), f-m, hypotype, serial section 0.7 , 0.8, 1.0, 1.3, 1.4, 1.9, 2.8, 3.1 ~mm from posterior, x4 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 731. orthorhynchulidae (p. 1078-1081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-199.jpg?height=1720&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tasmanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Orthorhynchulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tasmanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tasmanella LAURIE, 1991, p. 96","Type_species":"T. nova, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Ventral beak erect, ventral interarea prominent, delthyrium open, Fold and sulcus well developed, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, elevated, cardinal process septiform, crura unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"southeastern Australia (Tasmania)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 730, 3a-i. *T. nova, lower Caradoc, Benjamin Limestone, Florentine Valley, a-c, holotype, interior and lateral views of dorsal valve, d, dorsal view of dorsal valve, e-g, paratype, ventral, lateral, and posterior views of ventral valve, h-i, interior and inclined interior views of ventral valve, x2 (Laurie, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nLaurie, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 730. orthorhynchulidae (p. 1078-1081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-198.jpg?height=1877&width=1286&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuvaerhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Orthorhynchulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tuvaerhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuvaerhynchus KULKOV, 1985, p. 123","Type_species":"T. khalfini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subpentagonal to subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, delthyrium with disjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus strong, narrow, well defined, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, dentate, Costae numerous, simple, angular, Dental plates short, vertical, close to valve wall, Septalium short, wide, hinge plates concave, slope medially, cardinal process septiform, thin, crura short, curved sharply ventrally","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Tuva","Figure_captions":"Fig. 731, Ia-n. * T. khalfini, Wenlock, Dashtygoisk Beds, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1, e, topotype, delthyrium, x3, f- n, topotype, serial sections 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 2.1, 2.7, 3.0 ~mm from posterior (Kulkov, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nKulkov, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 731. orthorhynchulidae (p. 1078-1081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-199.jpg?height=1720&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptocoelia Hall, 1857a, p. 107","Type_species":"L. propria, SD Oehlert, 1887a, p. 1324, =Atrypa flabellites ConRAD, 1841, p. 55, Leptocoelia propria HALL, 1857a, p. 108","Synonyms_with_authors":"Atrypa flabellites ConRAD, 1841, p. 55, Leptocoelia propria Hall, 1857a, p. 108","Synonyms":"Atrypa, Leptocoelia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with subcircular to subpentagonal outline and subequally biconvex to planoconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, deltidial plates disjunct, foramen small, circular, Weak, narrow dorsal fold and ventral sulcus developed anteriorly in larger specimens, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate to rectimarginate, Costae simple, strong, rounded, extending from beaks, Dental plates absent, stout crenulate teeth fused directly to valve walls, ventral diductor field flabellate, enclosing small, oval adductor impressions, Cardinal process large, bulbous, base attached to large inner socket plates and thick median ridge that extends to about valve midlength, sockets crenulate, anterior adductor impressions larger than posterior adductors","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (middle Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (middle Eifelian)","Geography":"North America, South America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 732, 1a-d. *L. flabellites (Conrad), Oriskanian, Glenerie Limestone, Glenerie, New York, USA, a, exterior of dorsal valve, x1, b, interior of dorsal valve, x2, c-d, exterior and interior of ventral valve, x1 (Boucot & Gill, 1956)","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Gill, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 732. leptocoeliidae (p. 1081-1083).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-201.jpg?height=1811&width=1289&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":77,"beginning_date":413.92,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":388.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anabaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anabaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anabaia CLARKE, 1893, p. 141","Type_species":"A. paraia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Harringtonina Boucot, 1972, p. 10 (type, H. australis, OD, =Leptocoelia acutiplicata Kayser, 1897, p. 295, non Conrad, 1841, p. 54, sensu de Melo & Boucot, 1990, p. 365)","Synonyms":"Harringtonina, Leptocoelia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of brachiopods with a subcircular outline and biconvex profile. It features a dorsal fold with a median groove and an anterior commissure that is sulciplicate. The costae are coarse, simple, straight, and rounded, extending from the beaks. It has short dental plates and stubby teeth, with flabellate diductor impressions surrounding small oval adductors. The dorsal interior includes a stout myophragm to midlength, small crural plates, and a cardinal process that is not evident. The genus is known from the lower Silurian (lower Llandovery) to upper Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed) periods in South America.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (lower Llandovery)-upper Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)","Geography":"South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 732, 2a-b. *A. paraia, Llandovery, Trombetas Formation, Pitinga Member, Par\u00e1, Trombetas River, Viramundo Rapids, Brazil, paralectotypes, dorsal and ventral internal molds, x2.5 (de Melo & Boucot, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"de Melo & Boucot, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 732. leptocoeliidae (p. 1081-1083).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-201.jpg?height=1811&width=1289&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Australocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Australocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Australocoelia Boucot & Gill, 1956, p. 1174","Type_species":"Atrypa palmata Morris & Sharpe, 1846, p. 276, OD, =Australocoelia tourteloti Boucot & GILL, 1956, p. 1175","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with subcircular outline and ventribiconvex profile, Beak suberect, Dorsal sulcus and ventral fold low, Anterior commissure weakly sulcate, Costae strong, simple, rounded, arising at beaks, Dental plates absent, Teeth stout, attached to posterior valve walls, Deeply impressed pedicle scar, Elongate diductor and smaller adductor impressions well impressed, Pronounced notothyrial platform with stout median ridge supporting large cardinal process, Adductor field ovate, well impressed","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"South America, South Africa, Falkland Islands, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 732, 3a-g. *A. palmata (Morris & Sharpe), Emsian, Argentina, Bolivia, Falkland Islands, a-b, dorsal and ventral external views, San Juan, Lomas de los Piojos, Argentina, \u00d7 1 (Boucot & Gill, 1956), c, posterior of a dorsal valve showing cardinal process, San Juan, Lomas de los Piojos, Argentina, \u00d7 4 (Amos & Boucot, 1963), d, dorsal internal mold, San Juan, Quebrada de Talacasto, Argentina, \u00d7 2, e, ventral internal mold, Santa Cruz, Comorapa-Tunal region, Bolivia, \u00d7 2, f-g, latex casts of dorsal and ventral valve interiors of figured material of Morris and Sharpe, 1846, Falkland Islands, \u00d7 1 (Boucot & Gill, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Gill, 1956, \nAmos & Boucot, 1963, \nBoucot & Gill, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 732. leptocoeliidae (p. 1081-1083).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-201.jpg?height=1811&width=1289&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eocoelia NIKIFOROVA, 1961, p. 252","Type_species":"Atrypa hemisphaerica J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 637, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transversely elliptical outline with subbiconvex to planoconvex profile, delthyrium open, weak ventral fold and dorsal sulcus often evident, or merely weak narrow trough on dorsal valve, anterior commissure rectimarginate, costae simple, strong, rounded, extending from beaks, dental plates short to absent, teeth arising from posterior valve walls and bear fossettes on median face, muscle scars not impressed, dorsal valve with short, robust socket plates bounding deep, divergent sockets, broad, low median ridge reflecting exterior trough, muscle field not impressed, costae strongly reflected internally, cardinal process rare to absent","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (lower Llandovery)-middle Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 733, 3a-g. *E. hemisphaerica (Sowerby), upper Llandovery, Cowleigh Park Beds, Worcestershire, Ankerdine Hill, England, a, original illustration of Sowerby (1839), x1, b, lectotype, ventral external mold of a, X2 (Murchison, 1839), c, dorsal external mold, d-e, ventral internal mold and latex cast, f g, dorsal internal mold and latex cast, x4 (Ziegler, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Murchison, 1839, \nZiegler, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 733. leptocoeliidae (p. 1081-1083).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-203.jpg?height=1672&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptocoelina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptocoelina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptocoelina JOHNSON, 1970b, p. 170","Type_species":"L. squamosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, Beak suberect with apical foramen, Pronounced dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, Anterior commissure sulciplicate, Costae few, coarse, low, rounded, arising at beaks, Numerous imbricate growth lamellae, Dental plates absent, Teeth attached to posterior valve margin with fossettes present medially, Diductor field elongate and triangular, well impressed, Adductor field distinct within diductor field, Dorsal interior with knoblike cardinal process and prominent inner socket plates, Short, wide, median ridge present posteriorly, Adductor field elongate oval","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian-upper Emsian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 733, 1a-g. * L. squamosa, lower Pragian, Coal Canyon, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x2, f, interior of dorsal valve, x3, g, interior of ventral valve, x2 (Johnson, 1970b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 733. leptocoeliidae (p. 1081-1083).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-203.jpg?height=1672&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pacificocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pacificocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pacificocoelia BOUCOT, 1975a, p. 361","Type_species":"Leptocoelia murphyi JOHNSON, 1970b, p. 165, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large in size, subovate to subpentagonal outline, biconvex profile, beak erect to incurved with small apical foramen, no delthyrium, anteriorly flaring low dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, sulciplicate anterior commissure, costae strong, rounded, simple, and flaring anteriorly, few pronounced growth lamellae, dental plates short to absent, teeth stout and elongate, diductor field bilobed, strongly impressed but often with bounding ridges, adductor field small and situated within diductor field, dorsal interior with prominent, bilobed cardinal process on thick notothyrial platform, short, thick median ridge, deep, short sockets, dorsal adductor field ovate, tapering anteriorly, crura thin, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (middle Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (middle Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","Geography":"North America, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 733,2a\u2013g. *P. murphyi (JOHNSON), middle Pragian, Sulphur Spring Range, Nevada, USA; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d71.5; f, paratype, posterior of ventral valve interior, \u00d7 3; g, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2 (Johnson, 1970b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 733. leptocoeliidae (p. 1081-1083).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-203.jpg?height=1672&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":416.36,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platytrochalos":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Platytrochalos","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platytrochalos JIN, 1989, p. 106","Type_species":"P. crudicostatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with subcircular outline and weakly biconvex profile, but with high anterior fold, Beak erect to incurved, delthyium open, foramen small, mesothyrid, Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus narrow, strong anteriorly, anterior commissure sulciplicate, Costae strong, simple, rounded, arising at beaks, Dental plates fused to shell walls, teeth small, short, low ventral median ridge developed posteriorly, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, Hinge plates sessile, cardinal process and dorsal median septum absent, crural bases stout, arising from sessile hinge plates at hinge line, crural bases triangular in section, crura thick and laterally flattened, tapering distally","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"eastern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 732, 4a-p. * P. crudicostatus, Jupiter Formation, Richardson Member, Anticosti Island, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x3.75, f-p, serial sections 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 2.0 ~mm from posterior, x6 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 732. leptocoeliidae (p. 1081-1083).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-201.jpg?height=1811&width=1289&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Machaeraria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Machaeraria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Machaeraria COOPER, 1955, p. 55","Type_species":"Rhynchonella formosa HALL, 1857a, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Qinlingotoechia Fu, 1983a, p. 331 (type, Q. simplex, OD)","Synonyms":"Qinlingotoechia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins usually acute. Beak suberect, delthyrium partly closed by disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus sharply defined, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue trapezoid, narrowing dorsally. Dental plates short and thin, teeth with small fossettes. Dorsal median septum absent, crural plates meeting valve floor, cardinal process with thin shaft and crinkled myophore, crura with pronounced ventral curvature, crescentic in section.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 734, 1 a-b .* M. formosa (HAll), New York, USA, a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f, hypotype, posterior showing dental plates and cardinalia, g, hypotype, part of dorsal interior showing cardinalia, x4, h, hypotype, ventral interior, x3 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 734. machaerariidae (p. 1083-1086).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-204.jpg?height=1874&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Australirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Australirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Australirhynchia SAVAGE, 1968, p. 731","Type_species":"A. cudalensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins steep. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium small, with circular foramen, deltidial plates almost meeting. Fold and sulcus pronounced, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue trapezoid, dentate. Costae strong, angular, from beaks, bifurcating on fold, intercalating in sulcus. Dental plates absent or fused to valve walls, teeth long, thick, grooved to fit inner socket ridges, adductor muscle field small, rounded, set within elongate diductor field. Dorsal median septum absent, hinge plates fused to valve floor, inner socket ridges large, inflated, cardinal process small, bosslike, crura crescentic in section.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Australia, Altai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 734, 2a-j. *A. cudalensis, Mandagery Park Formation, Manildra, New South Wales, eastern Australia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, f, topotype, interior view of ventral valve, g-h, topotype, interior and posterior views of dorsal valve, x6, i-j, drawings of interiors of dorsal and ventral valves, x8 (Savage, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 734. machaerariidae (p. 1083-1086).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-204.jpg?height=1874&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callipleura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Callipleura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callipleura COOPER, 1942, p. 228","Type_species":"Rhynchospira nobilis HALL, 1860b, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cyclorhina Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 206, non Peters, 1871","Synonyms":"Cyclorhina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with transversely subpentagonal outline and lenticular dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins acute. Beak with large, circular foramen, deltidial plates disjunct to barely conjunct. Fold and sulcus from umbones, well defined anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, dentate. Costae strong, angular, numerous, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates distinct but partly fused to valve wall, anteriorly divergent, ventral muscle field raised, extending almost to valve midlength. Crural plates resting on valve floor, cardinal process septiform and very delicate, crura sharply curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 735, 2a-g. *C. nobilis (Hall), ae, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, New York, USA, x1.3 (new), f-g, interiors of dorsal and ventral valves, upper Givetian, Traverse Group, Thunder Bay Formation, Thunder Bay Quarry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, x1.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 735. machaerariidae (p. 1086).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-206.jpg?height=1875&width=1275&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cherubicornea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cherubicornea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cherubicornea HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 70","Type_species":"Terebratula amalthea BARRANDE, 1847, pl. 19, fig. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline and alate cardinal margins, convexoplane profile with acute lateral margins. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium with circular, permesothyrid foramen, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold and sulcus well developed, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue narrow, low, distinct, dentate. Costae strong, angular, from beak, with some bifurcation, growth lamellae crowded. Dental plates thin, close to shell walls. Hinge plate steeply sloping to valve floor, underlain by callus, septalium not developed, bladelike cardinal process deeply recessed in notothyrial cavity, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-upper Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 735, 3a-c. * C. amalthea (Barrande), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.8 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 735. machaerariidae (p. 1086).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-206.jpg?height=1875&width=1275&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ferganella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ferganella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ferganella NIKIFOROVA, 1937a, p. 39","Type_species":"F. turkestanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to rounded outline and biconvex profile, Beak suberect, delthyrium open but small deltidial plates may be present, Fold and sulcus low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, low, dentate, Costae strong, angular, from beaks, rare bifurcation, Dental plates short, vertical, Septalium with cover, septalial plates long, hinge plates conjunct posteriorly, cardinal process septiform, within septalium, merges with dorsal medium septum that extends to midvalve.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Fergana","Figure_captions":"Fig. 736, 3af. *F. turkestanica, lower Lochkovian, Manak Beds, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Nikiforova, 1937a), e, serial section, x2.5, f, serial section, x3.5 (Jones, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, 1937, \nJones, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 736. machaerariidae (p. 1086-1089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-207.jpg?height=1162&width=1291&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Latonotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Latonotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Latonotoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 244","Type_species":"Terebratula latona BARRANDE, 1847, p. 89, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large with elongate to subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, lateral margins acute. Beak suberect, foramen hypothyrid, bounded anteriorly by large, disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus narrow, often asymmetrical, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue tapering dorsally, dentate. Costae strong, simple, sharply angular, from beaks. Dental plates close to valve wall or cavities filled with callus, teeth stout. Hinge plates underlain by callus, inner socket ridges thick, sessile, dorsal septum absent, cardinal process septiform, crura unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, Urals, Altai, Salair, Tadzikhistan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 734, 3a-i. *L. latona (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Zlaty kun Hill, Bohemia, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1992), d-i, serial sections 17.7, 17.0, 16.3, 16.0, 15.3, 14.8 ~mm from anterior, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1992, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 734. machaerariidae (p. 1083-1086).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-204.jpg?height=1874&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Machaeratoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Machaeratoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Machaeratoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 63","Type_species":"M. marsyas, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate to subtriangular outline, moderately biconvex, lateral margins acute. Beak suberect, foramen hypothyrid to submesothyrid, bounded anteriorly by conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus distinct but low, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, tongue low, broad, serrate. Costae strong, simple, rounded, from beaks. Dental plates absent, teeth stout, arising from valve margins, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Hinge plates triangular, sloping medially to valve floor, attached to valve floor by curved crural plates, dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process weak, septiform, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-upper Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 735, 1a-f. * M. marsyas, Emsian, Zlichov Limestone, Hlubocepy quarry, a- c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2.4, d, hypotype, dorsal view showing deltidial plates, x1.5, e, hypotype, ventral valve interior, x2.8, f, holotype, dorsal valve interior, x3.7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 735. machaerariidae (p. 1086).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-206.jpg?height=1875&width=1275&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sicorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sicorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sicorhyncha HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 28","Type_species":"Stegerhynchus trinacrius HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 571, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with elongate trigonal outline, posterolateral margins emarginate, weakly biconvex profile with lateral margins low, rounded. Beak short, straight, delthyrium small with deltidial plates conjunct, foramen permesothyrid to epithyrid. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, tongue low, dentate. Costae fine, angular, from beaks, some bifurcation and intercalation. Dental plates largely fused to valve walls. Hinge plates small, triangular, posteriorly sessile, dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process septiform, crura strongly curved, laterally flattened. Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian): Europe, Morocco, Urals, Salair, Tadzhikistan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, Urals, Salair, Tadzhikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 736, 1ah. *S. trinacria (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Emsian, Zlichov Limestone, Hlubocepy, Bohemia, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2.3, d, hypotype, dorsal valve interior, x3.9 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992), e-f, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x2.5, g, dorsal valve interior, h, ventral valve interior, x2.8 (Havli\u010dek, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992, \nHavli\u010dek, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 736. machaerariidae (p. 1086-1089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-207.jpg?height=1162&width=1291&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thliborhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thliborhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thliborhynchia Lenz, 1967, p. 1188","Type_species":"T. julli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Franklinella Lenz, 1973, p. 1405 (type, F. pedderi Lenz, 1973, p. 1407), non Stewart & Hendrix, 1945, Ostracoda","Synonyms":"Franklinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline, posterolateral margins emarginate, profile convexoplane. Beak erect to suberect, delthyrium with oval foramen, deltidial plates disjunct. Fold and sulcus low, from midlength, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, dentate. Costae strong, simple, from beaks, angular. Dental plates thin, close to shell walls. Hinge plates concave, sessile, septalium not developed, dorsal median septum absent but low myophragm present posteriorly, inner socket ridges massive, cardinal process septiform, crura strongly curved ventrally, laterally compressed proximally, then twisted to horizontal distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 737, 1 a-g. *T. julli, Royal Creek, Yukon, Canada, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views, d-e, hypotype, ventral and anterior views, x1, f, hypotype, ventral valve interior, x2, g, hypotype, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Lenz, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nLenz, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 737. machaerariidae (p. 1088-1091).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-208.jpg?height=1259&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yukiangides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yukiangides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yukiangides HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 61","Type_species":"Camarotoechia parasappho WANG, 1956, p. 141, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak straight to suberect, foramen hypothyrid with conjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus low but distinct anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, Costae mostly simple, subangular, and originate from the beaks, Dental plates short with umbonal cavities mostly filled with callus, teeth stout, arising from valve margins, Hinge plates massive, sessile, cardinal process septiform, crura short, curved ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"China, Altai, Urals, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 736, 2a-e. *Y. parasappho (Wang), Pragian-Emsian, Yukiang Formation, central Guangxi, southern China, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1.5 (Wang, 1956)., Fig. 736, 2f-h. Y. vesta (BarRande), Lochkovian, Lochkov Formation, Bohemia, f-g, hypotype, serial sections 10.2, 10.0 mm from anterior, x3.8, h, serial section of another specimen, x2.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, 1956, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 736. machaerariidae (p. 1086-1089).\nfig. 736. machaerariidae (p. 1086-1089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-207.jpg?height=1162&width=1291&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-207.jpg?height=1162&width=1291&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zeravshanotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zeravshanotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zeravshanotoechia RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1977, p. 127","Type_species":"Z. zeravshanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with angular subpentagonal outline, tending toward alate, dorsibiconvex profile. Dorsal fold bearing sulcuslike depression, and sulcus with marked medial rib, anterior commissure sulciplicate, denticulate. Costae of varying size, fasciculate, most pronounced bordering fold and sulcus. Shell wall very thick. Dental plates absent, teeth massive, arising from valve margin. Hinge plates undivided, sessile posteriorly, septalium not developed, dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process septiform, with notothyrial cavity roofed by cover plate, crura long, rather straight.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 737, 3a-i. *Z. zeravshanica, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Zlichovian, Zeravshansk Range, Tadzhikistan, \u00d7 2, e-i, serial sections 1.0, 1.7, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2.5 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 737. machaerariidae (p. 1088-1091).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-208.jpg?height=1259&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zlichorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Machaerariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zlichorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zlichorhynchus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1963, p. 403","Type_species":"Z. hiatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with a rounded subtriangular elongate outline, widest at about three-quarter length, biconvex profile. Beak straight, foramen large mesothyrid, flanked by thin disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus absent, anterior commissure rectimarginate. Costae straight, narrow, rounded, never bifurcating. Dental plates short, commonly fused with valve walls. Hinge plates triangular, concave, inner edges extending anteriorly as long crural plates that bound muscle field, dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process septiform, within deep notothyrial cavity, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia, China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 737, 2a-f. *Z. hiatus, Emsian, Zlichov Limestone, Hlubocepy, Bohemia, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, c, hypotype, dorsal valve interior, x3.1, d-f, hypotype, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, x2.8 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 737. machaerariidae (p. 1088-1091).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-208.jpg?height=1259&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phoenicitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Phoenicitoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phoenicitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phoenicitoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 242","Type_species":"Terebratula phoenix BARRANDE, 1847, p. 75, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to transversely ovate outline, equibiconvex, lateral and anterior margins precipitous. Beak erect, foramen open, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Fold and sulcus weak, from midlength, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, denticulate. Costae few, strong, subangular, restricted to lateral and anterior margins. Dental plates short, slender. Dorsal median septum high, long, septalium long, wide, without cover plate, crural bases subtriangular.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 738, 2a-m.*P. phoenix (BARRANDE), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Bohemia; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Koneprusy, \u00d73.5 (new); f\u2013i, hypotype, serial sections 8.6, 8.55, 8.5, 8.4 mm from anterior, \u00d73 (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1961); j\u2013m, hypotype, serial sections showing crural bases, \u00d77.5 (Schmidt, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 738. phoenicitoechiidae (p. 1091).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-209.jpg?height=1261&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kotysex":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Phoenicitoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kotysex","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kotysex HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990b, p. 218","Type_species":"Rhynchonella simulans BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 147, case 7, fig. 1ad, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, equibiconvex, lenticular, not inflated anteriorly, never truncated at lateral and anterior margins. Beak suberect to erect, foramen open, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Fold and sulcus weak, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, low, serrate. Costae few, subangular, arising anterior of smooth umbones, with some bifurcation. Dental plates thin, short, slightly convergent ventrally. Septalium large, wide, long, median septum thin, high, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Carnic Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 738, 3a-b. *K. simulans (Barrande), a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Vinarice Limestone, Menany, Bohemia, x1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961), e-h, hypotype, serial sections, x5.25 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 738. phoenicitoechiidae (p. 1091).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-209.jpg?height=1261&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praegnantenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Phoenicitoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Praegnantenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praegnantenia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 99","Type_species":"Terebratula praegnans BARRANDE, 1847, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex, strongly inflated anteriorly. Beak small, incurved, delthyrium open posteriorly to leave small foramen, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded, dentate. Costae low, angular, present on fold, sulcus, and flanks, some bifurcation, umbones smooth. Dental plates thin, short. Septalium large, wide, supported by high, long dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia, southern Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 738, 1a-h. *P. praegnans (Barrande), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1, e-h, hypotype, serial sections 7.2, 7.0, 6.85, 6.75 mm from anterior, x5 (Havli\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 738. phoenicitoechiidae (p. 1091).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-209.jpg?height=1261&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uncinulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Uncinulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uncinulus BAYLE, 1878, pl. 11, fig. 11, 12, 15, 16 expl.","Type_species":"Hemithyris subwilsoni d'Orbigny, 1850 in 18491852, p. 92, SD OEHLERT, 1884, p. 423","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tridensilis Su, 1976, p. 193 (type, T. gibbosa, OD), Uncina Kaplun, 1991, p. 125 (type, U. bublitschenkoi, OD)","Synonyms":"Tridensilis, Uncina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, hinge line strophic, articulation with squamae and glottae, strongly biconvex to globular profile, anterior margin and flanks vertical. Beak erect to incurved, foramen absent or minute. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus weak but rectangular to subrectangular anterior tongue distinct. Costae fine, from beaks, some bifurcation and intercalation, grooved at commissure to accommodate marginal spines. Dental plates well developed, convex medially, umbonal cavities commonly filled with callus, ventral muscle area deeply impressed, divided by thin septum. Septalium small, usually filled with callus, dorsal median septum buried in callus, cardinal process wide, multilobed, filling posterior of septalial cavity.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 739, 2a-p. *from anterior, x2 (Schmidt, 1965b).-Fig. 739, 2q-s. Uncinulus, marginal spines (schematic), q, both valves connected, slightly opened, r, dorsal valve, s, ventral valve, approximately x1.5 (Schmidt, 1937).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bayle, 1878, \nSchmidt, 1965, \nSchmidt, 1937","figure_index":"fig. 739. uncinulidae (p. 1092).\nfig. 739. uncinulidae (p. 1092).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-212.jpg?height=1799&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-212.jpg?height=1799&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bulgania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bulgania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bulgania ERLANGER, 1994, p. 109","Type_species":"B. mongolica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subovate to subcircular outline, lateral profile strongly biconvex and anteriorly inflated but ventral valve slightly resupinate, anterior and lateral margins vertical. Beak erect, foramen submesothyrid, tongue high, rectangular. Fold and sulcus weak. Costae fine, arising at umbones, flattened and bearing grooves anteriorly on paries geniculatus, intercostal furrows extending as marginal spines. Dental plates very short to absent, obscured by thick callus, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, divided by low ridge. Dorsal interior with massive, linguiform, trilobed cardinal process filling short, low septalium, dorsal median septum high, long, crura long, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 739, 1a-l. *B. mongolica, Bulgan area, 2 km northeast of Mt. Zagin-Khar-Ula, southwestern Mongolia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, x1, f-l, serial sections 1.1, 1.95, 2.8, 3.1, 3.2, 3.9, 3.95 ~mm from posterior, x2.5 (Erlanger, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Erlanger, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 739. uncinulidae (p. 1092).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-212.jpg?height=1799&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eucharitina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eucharitina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eucharitina SCHMIDT, 1955, p. 121","Type_species":"Terebratula eucharis BARRANDE, 1847, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular outline, dorsibiconvex to convexoconcave lateral profile, lateral and anterior margins steep to vertical. Beak erect to incurved, foramen absent. Fold and sulcus low, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, wide. Costae flattened, with longitudinal grooves on lateral and anterior shell margins, commissure denticulate with marginal spines that taper uniformly to point, extending under costae of opposite valve. Dental plates very short, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, divided by small septum. Septalium small, filled by large cardinal process that is multilobed posteriorly but massively bilobed anteriorly, crura long, slender, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 740,1a\u2013i. *E. eucharis (B ARRANDE ), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; e\u2013i, hypotype, serial sections 29.1, 29.0, 28.9, 28.7, 28.6 mm from anterior (Havl\u00edcek,\u02c7 1961). \u2014\u2014Fig . 740,1j\u2013p. E. oehlerti (B AYLE ), Pragian, Saint-Cen\u00e9r\u00e9 section, northwestern France; j\u2013m, hypotype, serial sections 1.1, 2.0, 2.6, 2.9 mm from posterior, \u00d7 1.8; n\u2013p, serial sections 6.4, 7.2, 8.7 mm from posterior of another hypotype, \u00d7 1.3 (Brice, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 740. uncinulidae (p. 1092-1097).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-213.jpg?height=1832&width=1299&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fitzroyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fitzroyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fitzroyella VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 104","Type_species":"F. primula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to small with subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, Beak suberect, foramen small, circular, bounded by conjunct deltidial plates, Costae coarse, uneven, multiplying by intercalation and bifurcation, costae flattened and grooved anteriorly and anterolaterally, short marginal spines present, Dental plates well developed, ventrally divergent, ventral muscle field bilobed, socket holes for spines prominent around anterior internal margin, Dorsal median septum short, low, septalium very short, hinge plates anterior of septalium divided, horizontal, cardinal process small, low","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (middle Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (middle Givetian)-Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Germany, England, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 741, 1a-m. * F. primula, lower Frasnian, Sadler Formation, Fitzroy basin, Sadler Ridge, Western Australia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x4, e, interior of ventral valve showing marginal spine socket holes, x6, f-m, serial sections 0.65, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, 1.10, 1.15, 1.70 ~mm from posterior, x4 (Veevers, 1959a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 741, 1n-p. F. alata Biernat, lower Frasnian, Holy Cross Mountains, Kielce, Poland, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x3.6 (Biernat, 1969)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 741, 1q. F. juxi, lower Frasnian, Refrath Formation, Bergisches Land, Germany, transverse section showing cardinal process, x10 (Struve, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Veevers, 1959, \nBiernat, 1969, \nStruve, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 741. uncinulidae (p. 1095).\nfig. 741. uncinulidae (p. 1095).\nfig. 741. uncinulidae (p. 1095).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-215.jpg?height=1578&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-215.jpg?height=1578&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-215.jpg?height=1578&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":35,"beginning_date":383.06,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Flabellulirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Flabellulirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Flabellulirostrum SARTENAER, 1971a, p. 5","Type_species":"Uncinulus wolmericus VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with subcircular to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen mesothyrid, Fold and sulcus arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue medium to high, trapezoid, projecting, Costae simple, strong on fold and in sulcus, weaker on flanks, separated by narrow grooves, short marginal spines present, Dental plates short to absent, ventral muscle field narrow, in thick callus, Hinge plates short, breaking up early, cardinal process large with longitudinal lobes, dorsal median septum long, high, dorsal muscle field narrow, in thick callus, crura closely set, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig . 740,2a\u2013k. *F. wolmericus (V EEVERS ), lower Frasnian, Sadler Formation, Fitzroy basin, Sadler Ridge, Western Australia; a\u2013b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views; c\u2013e, hypotype, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; f\u2013k, serial sections 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.35, 1.8, 3.5 mm from posterior, \u00d73.2 (Veevers, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 740. uncinulidae (p. 1092-1097).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-213.jpg?height=1832&width=1299&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Markitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Markitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Markitoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 81","Type_species":"Uncinulus (U.) marki HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 568, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, biconvex with truncated anterior and lateral margins. Beak suberect, foramen mesothyrid, bounded by conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak, tongue high, rounded to rectangular. Most of valves smooth, costae arising close to anterior and lateral margins, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, spines at commissure. Dental plates thin, close to valve walls, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum low, long, septalium small, with arched cover plate anteriorly and filled posteriorly with very high, rodlike cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 741, 2a-i. *M. marki (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Zlichov Limestone, Hlubocepy, Bohemia, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, c, anterior view, x2.4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956), d-e, serial sections, x7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961), f- i, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x4.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 741. uncinulidae (p. 1095).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-215.jpg?height=1578&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraglossinulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paraglossinulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraglossinulus MARTYNOVA, 1988, p. 41","Type_species":"P. parvus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subtriangular to subcircular, anteriorly inflated but ventral valve slightly resupinate, anterior and lateral margins vertical. Fold and sulcus strong, arising from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded. Costae arising at umbones, flattened and bearing grooves anteriorly. Dental plates and septalium very short, dorsal median septum reaching valve midlength, cardinal process high, linguiform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 740, 4a-g. * P. parvus, Maya bed, Cischingiz, Koryk River, central Kazakhstan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-g, serial sections, x3.6 (Martynova, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Martynova, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 740. uncinulidae (p. 1092-1097).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-213.jpg?height=1832&width=1299&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plethorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plethorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plethorhyncha Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 191","Type_species":"*Rhynchonella speciosa Hall, 1857a, p. 81, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 99","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with elongate oval outline, inflated, lateral and anterior margins vertical. Beak incurved, foramen absent, squamae and glottae prominent. Fold and sulcus weak, tongue low, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, zigzag denticulation. Costae arising at beaks, simple, flattened anteriorly where they bear grooves that accommodate marginal spines. Dental plates absent or obscured by callus, teeth attached to valve walls, ventral muscle field elongate, deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum extending to valve midlength, septalium small, open, large bilobed cardinal process, crura short, straight. Lower Devonian (Emsian): North America, ?Eu-rope.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, ?Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig.742, 1a\u2013h. *P. speciosa (H ALL ), Oriskanian, Cumberland, Maryland, USA; a\u2013c, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d70.8; d, interior of ventral valve; e, interior of young dorsal valve, \u00d71; f, interior of mature dorsal valve, \u00d70.8 (Hall & Clarke, 1895); g, interior of silici\ufb01ed dorsal fragment showing cardinalia, \u00d7 1.6; h, interior of silici\ufb01ed ventral fragment showing teeth and muscle \ufb01eld, \u00d71.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 742. uncinulidae (p. 1095-1098).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-216.jpg?height=1710&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Remnevitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Remnevitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Remnevitoechia GRATSIANOVA, 1970, p. 97","Type_species":"R. pseudogurjevskensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size with subpentagonal outline and strongly biconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid, Fold and sulcus well defined, from umbones, tongue high, rectangular, Costae coarse, uneven, from beaks, some splitting and intercalation, flattened, Dental plates short, close to valve walls, ventral muscle field divided by thin septum, Septalium small, filled posteriorly with large cardinal process that is multilobed posteriorly but high and bilobed anteriorly, septalium with cover anteriorly, dorsal median septum low, long","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Salair, Alta","Figure_captions":"Fig. 740, 3a\u2013k. *R. pseudogurjevskensis, Tom\u2019chumyshskie Beds, northeastern Salair Gurevsk; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d72; e\u2013g, serial sections 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 mm from posterior; hk, serial sections 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 mm from posterior of different specimen, approximately \u00d7 6 (Gratsianova, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nTcherkesova, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 740. uncinulidae (p. 1092-1097).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-213.jpg?height=1832&width=1299&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taimyrrhynx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Uncinulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Taimyrrhynx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taimyrrhynx HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1983, p. 154","Type_species":"Uncinulus irbitensis taimyricus Nikiforova, 1960b, p. 365, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline; strongly biconvex to globular pro\ufb01le. Beak erect to incurved; foramen small, with minute conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak; tongue rectangular. Costae from beaks, some bifurcation and intercalation, \ufb02attened and grooved on paries geniculatus; marginal spines present. Dental plates short, close to valve walls; ventral muscle \ufb01eld divided by thin septum. Septalium small, \ufb01lled posteriorly with large cardinal process that is multilobed posteriorly but high and bilobed anteriorly; septalium with cover anteriorly; dorsal median septum low, long.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)\u2013Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 742, 2a-m. *T. taimyricus taimyricus (Nikiforova), upper Emsian, central Taimyr, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-k, serial sections, x5, l-m, enlargements of cardinal process sections in f and g, X10 (Tcherkesova, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 742. uncinulidae (p. 1095-1098).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-216.jpg?height=1710&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eatonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eatonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eatonia HALL , 1857a, p. 90","Type_species":"Atrypa medialis VANUXEM, 1842, p. 120; SD HALL & CLARKE, 1893, p. 205]","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pareatonia MCLEARN, 1918, p. 137, obj.","Synonyms":"Pareatonia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subcircular to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex pro\ufb01le; lateral margins not steep. Beak erect to incurved; foramen small, deltidial plates large, conjunct. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising near umbones; anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate. Costae strong, simple, extending from beak; \ufb01ne radial striae superimposed on costae; at anterior and lateral valve margins stubby spines project into notches in opposite valves. Dental plates cemented to valve walls; ventral muscle \ufb01eld deeply impressed, bounded by marked border; diductor muscle \ufb01eld bilobed, large, ovate, divided by myophragm; adductor \ufb01eld small, enclosed by diductors, also divided by distinct myophragm, covered posteriorly. Cardinal process large, very high, trilobed, merging with and dominating hinge plates; sockets deep, short; low median septum extending two-thirds valve length; adductor muscle \ufb01eld large, ovate, divided by myophragm; crural bases stout, rounded, arising from beneath cardinal process; crura fairly straight with tips laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Australia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 743, 1a\u2013g. *E. medialis (VANUXEM), upper Helderbergian, upper Helderberg Group, Maryland, USA; a\u2013e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, Iron Mountain, Cumberland, \u00d71; f, interior of ventral valve, Licking Creek, Indian Springs, \u00d71.5; g, latex impression of dorsal valve, Licking Creek, Indian Springs, \u00d71.2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aratanea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aratanea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aratanea SCHMIDT, 1967, p. 92","Type_species":"A. monodi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval outline and equibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus distinct but low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, wide, serrate, Costae medium to coarse, variable, some bifurcation, rounded, arising at beaks, Dental plates short, thick, ventrally divergent, usually cemented to valve walls or obscured by callus, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, Cardinal process small to lacking, median myophragm extending to about midlength, adductor field large, elongate, quadripartite, hinge plates united, comprising stout crural bases directed anteriorly and thick inner socket ridges directed anterolaterally","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Mauritania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 743, 2a-h. *A. monodi, Gr\u00e8s \u00e0 Brachiopodes, Maj\u00e2bat al-Koubr\u00e2, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views of internal mold, x1.3, f, paratype, interior of latex cast showing dental plates and cardinalia, g, paratype, interior of latex cast of dorsal valve mold showing cardinalia, h, paratype, interior of latex cast of dorsal valve mold showing cardinalia and muscle field, x2 (Schmidt, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1967","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boucotella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Boucotella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boucotella BOWEN, 1966, p. 186","Type_species":"Camarotoechia gigantea MAYNARD, 1913, p. 354, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subcircular to subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, small permesothyrid to mesothyrid foramen, deltidial plates conjunct, Fold and sulcus strong anteriorly, narrow, tongue high, tapering dorsally, Costae medium size, rounded, Dental plates short, close to valve walls or obscured by callus, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, cardiform with medial myophragm, Cardinal process very large, bilobed, high, tonguelike, excavated ventrally and anteriorly, extending almost to ventral valve floor and filling space between dental plates","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"eastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 744, 2a-j. *B. gigantea (Maynard), upper P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, middle Keyser Limestone, Virginia, a-e, hypotype, dorsal (beak broken, not perforate), ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, Warm Springs, x1, f, cardinal process of dorsal valve articulated with broken ventral valve showing dental plates, Lantz Mountain, g, hypotype, interior of broken ventral valve, Lantz Mountain, h, interior of broken conjoined valves, Lantz Mountain, x2 (Bowen, 1966), i-j, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, Devil's Backbone, x1 (Maynard, 1913).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bowen, 1966, \nMaynard, 1913","figure_index":"fig. 744. eatoniidae (p. 1098-1101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-218.jpg?height=1790&width=1294&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clarkeia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Clarkeia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clarkeia KOZLOWSKI, 1923, p. 86","Type_species":"Terebratula antisiensis D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1849, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and moderately biconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, dorsal beak filling remainder of delthyrium, Fold and sulcus distinct, low, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, wide, trapezoid to rounded, serrate, Costae coarse, variable in width, rounded, arising at beaks, Dental plates short, thick, ventrally divergent, usually evident but may be obscured by callus, ventral muscle area well impressed, bisected by low myophragm, diductor scars ovate to flabellate, large, adductor scars surrounded by diductor scars, Cardinal process large, tonguelike, bilobed, trilobed, or tetralobed, median myophragm extending to about midlength, adductor field large, elongate, quadripartite with oblique ridges between posterior and anterior adductors, crural bases stout, merging with cardinal process dorsolaterally, crura short, tapering, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"South America, western Africa, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 744, 1ah. * C. antisiensis (d'Orbigny), Wenlock, South America, a-b, hypotype, dorsal and ventral views, Bolivia, x1, c-d, dorsal and ventral valve interior, Bolivia, x2 (Kozlowski, 1923), e-f, dorsal and anterior views, San Juan Province, Argentina, x2, g, latex cast of dorsal valve internal mold showing cardinal process and crural bases, San Juan Province, Argentina, x3, h, latex cast of ventral valve internal mold showing dental plates and muscle field, San Juan Province, Argentina, x3 (Cocks, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kozlowski, 1923, \nCocks, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 744. eatoniidae (p. 1098-1101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-218.jpg?height=1790&width=1294&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costellirostra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Costellirostra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costellirostra COOPER, 1942, p. 231","Type_species":"Atrypa peculiaris CONRAD, 1841, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval to subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins sloping. Beak erect to incurved, rounded foramen at apex, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold and sulcus weak, evident only anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded. Costellae fine, numerous, bifurcating. Narrow, gutterlike groove extending around anterior and lateral valve margins from which stubby spines project into notches in opposite valve. Dental plates cemented to valve walls, ventral muscle field ovate, deeply impressed, with high border, diductor field bilobed, divided by myophragm, adductor field small, surrounded by diductors, divided by myophragm, partly covered posteriorly. Cardinal process very large and high with 2 large outer lobes and 2 small inner lobes, crura short, stout.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"North America, USA, Canada, Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 744, 3a-g. * C. peculiaris (Conrad), Oriskanian, Glenerie Limestone, Glenerie, New York, USA, a-e, paralectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, f-g, paralectotype, interior of ventral valve, interior of dorsal valve, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 744. eatoniidae (p. 1098-1101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-218.jpg?height=1790&width=1294&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diabolirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diabolirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diabolirhynchia DROT, 1964a, p. 111","Type_species":"D. hollardi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongate oval outline, biconvex profile, beak suberect to erect, delthyrium with short rectangular deltidial plates, sulcate fold and plicate sulcus, two large costae on fold, one large costa in sulcus, costae on flanks smaller and more numerous, arising near beaks, dental plates long, vertical or slightly convergent ventrally, hinge plates undivided, cardinal process very large, high, and trilobed, septalium absent, dorsal median septum long, thick, and low, crural bases triangular in section, crura long, ventrally curved, and concave dorsomedially","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Morocco, Mauritania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 745, 1a-k. *D. hollardi, Ludlow Series, Morocco, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d-k, serial sections 0.2 , 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 2.2, 2.5, 3.5 ~mm from posterior (Drot, 1964a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Drot, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 745. eatoniidae (p. 1101-1104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-221.jpg?height=172&width=149&top_left_y=1343&top_left_x=852)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eatonioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eatonioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eatonioides MCLEARN, 1918, p. 137","Type_species":"E. lamellornatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subcircular to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins not steep. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate. Costae strong, simple, extending from beak, separated by angular interspaces, crossed by widely spaced, imbricated growth lamellae. Dental plates cemented to valve walls, teeth stout, rounded, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, circular to oval, bounded by marked border, diductor muscle field divided by myophragm, adductor field small, elongate, enclosed by diductors, also divided by myophragm. Cardinalia consist of hinge plates supported medially by septalium, cardinal process may be merged with hinge plates posteriorly, sockets deep, short, low median septum extending to one-third valve length, crural bases originating from anteromedian edge of hinge plates, adductor muscle field not impressed.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 746, 1a-i. * E. lamellornatus, lower Ludlow, Arisaig Group, Moydart Formation, Lower Member, Nova Scotia, Arisaig, Canada, a-b, internal mold and latex impression of ventral valve, c-d, internal mold and latex impression of dorsal valve, e-h, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, i, ventral valve external mold, x1.2 (Harper, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 746. eatoniidae (p. 1101-1104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-222.jpg?height=1794&width=1291&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pegmarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pegmarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pegmarhynchia COOPER, 1955, p. 58","Type_species":"P. zimmi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen triangular, deltidial plates absent, Fold and sulcus weak posteriorly, strong and narrow anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, narrow, rounded, typically biserrate, Costae simple, rounded, arising at beaks, covering entire shell, Dental plates absent, ventral muscle area large, flabellate, well impressed, commonly divided by low myophragm, Hinge plates united to form prominent bilobed cardinal plate that probably incorporated cardinal process posteriorly, crescentic crural bases arising from cardinal plate anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","Geography":"USA (New York, Maryland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 745, 2a-g. *P. zimmi, Oriskanian, Glenerie Limestone, Glenerie, New York, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, e, paratype, anterior view, f, dorsal valve interior, g, paratype, ventral valve interior, x2 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 745. eatoniidae (p. 1101-1104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-221.jpg?height=172&width=149&top_left_y=1343&top_left_x=852)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plagiorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plagiorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plagiorhyncha MCLEARN, 1918, p. 138","Type_species":"Rhynchonella glassii Davidson, 1883, p. 155, OD, =Atrypa depressa J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 629, subj.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with subcircular outline, lateral margins flat or recurved ventrally, posterior margin of some dorsal valves recurved to be concave dorsally. Delthyrium triangular, open. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, undulate. Costae weak, broad, extending from umbones, fine costellae usually present. Dental plates cemented to valve walls, teeth small, rounded, ventral muscle field large, deeply impressed, scalloped outline, bounded by marked border, diductor muscle field divided by myophragm, adductor field small, elongate oval, enclosed by diductors. Hinge plates merge posteriorly with bilobed cardinal process, sockets distinct, bounded by socket ridges laterally, low median septum extending one-half valve length, adductor muscle field with small oval posterior adductors and larger elongate anterior adductors.","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe, eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 743, 3a-f. *P. glassii (Davidson), upper Llandovery, Ross Brook Formation, Middle Member, Nova Scotia, Pictou County, Arisaig, Canada, a-b, external and internal mold of ventral valve, x2, c-d, internal mold and latex impression of ventral valve, e-f, internal mold and latex impression of dorsal valve, x1.5 (Harper, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper, 1973","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleiopleurina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pleiopleurina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleiopleurina SCHMIDT, 1964, p. 506","Type_species":"Atrypa pleiopleura CONRAD, 1841, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large with subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins not steep, ventral valve shallow. Beak small, incurved. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus prominent anteriorly, arising at about midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue rounded to acuminate, dentate. Costae strong, angular, simple, straight, arising at beaks. Dental plates obscured by callus, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, ovate, divided by low ridge. Cardinal process very large, high, bilobed, with each lobe excavated, dorsal median septum long, thick, low, hinge plates thick, sessile, crural bases stout, dorsal adductor field large, well impressed, flabellate. Lower Devonian (upper Pragian): USA, Canada.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","Geography":"USA, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 746, 2a-g. *P. pleiopleura (CONRAD), a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, Oriskanian, Gasp\u00e9 Limestone, Cape Gasp\u00e9, Shiphead, Quebec, x0.9 (new), f, ventral valve interior, Oriskanian, Glenerie Limestone, Glenerie, New York, x1.5, g, dorsal valve interior, Oriskanian, Glenerie Limestone, Glenerie, New York, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 746. eatoniidae (p. 1101-1104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-222.jpg?height=1794&width=1291&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Eatoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sulcatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcatina SCHMIDT, 1964, p. 506","Type_species":"Trigonirhynchia sulcata COOPER, 1942, p. 234, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins not steep, ventral valve shallow. Beak small, incurved. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus low, wide, arising at about midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, rounded. Costae strong, simple, straight, arising at beaks. Dental plates obscured by callus, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, bilobed. Cardinal process very large, high, bilobed, ventrally and anteriorly excavated, extending anteriorly to merge with hinge plate and crural bases.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 745, 3a-n. *S. sulcata (Cooper), upper Wenlock, Waldron Shale, Waldron, Indiana, USA, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, x1 (Cooper, 1944), d-n, serial sections 26.2 , 26.1, 26.0, 25.7, 25.2, 24.8, 24.6, 23.6, 23.2, 22.9, 22.8 mm from posterior, x1.7 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1944, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 745. eatoniidae (p. 1101-1104).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-221.jpg?height=172&width=149&top_left_y=1343&top_left_x=852)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hebetoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Hebetoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hebetoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 79","Type_species":"Terebratula hebe BARRANDE, 1847, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex to subglobular. Beak erect to incurved, squamae and glottae absent, foramen small, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold and sulcus low, from umbones, high rectangular tongue, dentate. Costae arising on umbones, rounded, simple, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines short. Dental plates converging slightly ventrally. Dorsal median septum short, low, calluslike cardinal process sometimes present in posterior part of septalium, may be bilobed anteriorly, but cardinal process absent in some species, crural bases subhorizontal.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Asia, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 747, 1a-m. *H. hebe (Barrande), upper Silurian, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed Limestone, Dlouha Hora, Bohemia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x2.7 (new), f-i, hypotype, serial sections 9.9, 9.7, 9.5, 9.4 ~mm from anterior, x3 (Havli\u010dek, 1961), j-m, serial sections 10.35, 10.1, 9.95, 9.5 ~mm from anterior of different hypotype (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1961, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 747. hebetoechiidae (p. 1104-1106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-225.jpg?height=1844&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gerrhynx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Gerrhynx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gerrhynx BARANOV, 1991, p. 40","Type_species":"G. vescus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subpentagonal outline, strongly biconvex. Fold and sulcus low, from umbones, tongue distinct, subrectangular. Costae medium to coarse, rounded, arising at midlength, leaving umbones smooth, bifurcating on fold to form 2 clusters, costae at anterior margin flat and grooved. Dental plates thin, ventrally convergent. Dorsal septum long, septalium short, filled with bilobed to quadrilobed cardinal process, hinge plates united anterior of septalium. Lower Devonian (Pragian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 748, 3a-m. * G. vescus, Pragian, Khobochalinskaya Formation, TasKhayakhtakh Range, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x3, e-m, topotype, serial sections 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 mm from posterior, x7 (Baranov, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 748. hebetoechiidae (p. 1105).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-226.jpg?height=1832&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lanceomyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Lanceomyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lanceomyonia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 243","Type_species":"Terebratula tarda BARRANDE, 1847, p. 85, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cratorhynchonella Tong, 1982, p. 333 (type, C. biconvexa, OD)","Synonyms":"Cratorhynchonella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular to subpentagonal outline. Beak incurved, foramen absent. Fold and sulcus developed anteriorly, umbones smooth, tongue strong, rectangular. Costae broad, low, longitudinally grooved at paries geniculatus, marginal spines present. Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum high, long, septalium open. Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): Europe, northern Africa, Asia, North America, Australia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Asia, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 748, 1a-g. * L. tarda (Barrande), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed Limestone, Dvorce, Bohemia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-g, hypotype, serial sections 20.7, 20.0, 19.8 mm from anterior, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 748. hebetoechiidae (p. 1105).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-226.jpg?height=1832&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lapradella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Lapradella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lapradella BARANOV, 1989, p. 49","Type_species":"L. definita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Trigonal to subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex profile. Beak suberect to erect, foramen permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold and sulcus developed anteriorly, tongue high, rectangular, umbones smooth. Costae coarse, rounded, simple, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, short marginal spines present. Dental plates short, close to shell walls, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum thick, short, hinge plates united, septalium wide, cardinal process small, crural bases horizontal, crura closely set. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 748,2a\u2013o. *L. de\ufb01nita, upper Lochkovian, base of Sagyrshaya Formation, Selennyakhskiy Kryazh, Serp Creek on right bank Sakyndzha River, eastern Siberia; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; e\u2013o, serial sections of shell posterior and crura 0.5, 1.4, 1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 3.2, 3.3, 3.6, 5.2 mm from posterior, \u00d7 4 (Baranov, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 748. hebetoechiidae (p. 1105).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-226.jpg?height=1832&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongolorhynx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Mongolorhynx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongolorhynx ERLANGER, 1992, p. 54","Type_species":"M. drosdovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subpentagonal outline, strongly biconvex. Fold and sulcus low, developed anteriorly, tongue distinct, subrectangular to trapezoid. Costae medium, rounded, arising at midlength leaving umbones smooth, costae at anterior margin grooved. Dental plates thin, ventrally convergent, dorsal septum low, short, septalium short, filled with multilobed cardinal process, hinge plates united anterior of septalium. Lower Devonian (Emsian): western Mongolia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"western Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 747, 2a-h. *M. drosdovae, upper Emsian, Tsagankhalginsk layer, northern shore of Lake Khara-Us-Nur, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x2, f-h, paratypes, serial sections, x15 (Erlanger, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Erlanger, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 747. hebetoechiidae (p. 1104-1106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-225.jpg?height=1844&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Voskopitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Voskopitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Voskopitoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 105","Type_species":"V. orbona, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, subpentagonal outline, biconvex. Fold and sulcus short, arising at midlength, tongue high, umbones smooth. Costae restricted to margins, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines present. Dental plates short, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum thin, septalium short, wide, filled with large, calluslike, bilobed cardinal process, hinge plates undivided, horizontal, crural bases vertical, becoming horizontal anteriorly. Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian): Bohemia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 747, 3a-f. * V. orbona, Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Na Voskope Hill, a-b, holotype, ventral, and anterior views, x5, c-f, serial sections 5.7, 5.55, 5.4, 5.25 ~mm from anterior, x9.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 747. hebetoechiidae (p. 1104-1106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-225.jpg?height=1844&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphaerirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Sphaerirhynchiinae","Genus":"Sphaerirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphaerirhynchia Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Wilsonella Nikiforova, 1937a, p. 35, non Carter, 1885","Type_species":"Terebratula wilsoni SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, globular. Beak suberect to incurved, foramen in younger specimens mesothyrid, circular, deltidial plates incipient, in older specimens foramen obscured by curvature of beak, squamae and glottae absent. Fold and sulcus very weak, tongue high, rectangular. Costae arising at beaks, fine, rarely splitting, grooved distally, marginal spines present. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum long, septalium short, lacking cover, cardinal process absent, crura long, thin.","Beginning_age":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Salair, Altai, China, Australia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 749, 1a-n. *from posterior, x2.2 (new), n, sketch of part of the paries geniculatus and marginal spines, based on serial sections, approximately x2.5 (Westbroek, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Davidson, 1869, \nWestbroek, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 749. hebetoechiidae (p. 1105-1108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-228.jpg?height=1303&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Estonirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Sphaerirhynchiinae","Genus":"Estonirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Estonirhynchia SCHMIDT, 1954, p. 236","Type_species":"Sphaerirhynchia (E.) estonica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Globular, beak erect to incurved, foramen not observed. Fold and sulcus very weak, tongue high, rectangular. Umbones smooth, costae simple, lacking anterior grooves or spines, anterior commissure zigzag. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum thick, long, septalium short, without cover plate, cardinal process absent, crura unknown. Middle Silurian (Wenlock)-upper Silurian (Ludlow): Baltic.","Beginning_age":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"middle Silurian (Wenlock)-upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 749, 2 a-f .* E. estonica (Schmidt), upper Wenlock, Oesel Group, Oesel, Estonia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x3, e-f, sections of posterior of different specimens, x4 (Schmidt, 1954).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1954","figure_index":"fig. 749. hebetoechiidae (p. 1105-1108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-228.jpg?height=1303&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notoconchidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Sphaerirhynchiinae","Genus":"Notoconchidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notoconchidium Gill, 1951, p. 187","Type_species":"N. thomasi GILL, 1951, p. 188, OD; N. thomasi GILL, 1950, p. 243, nom. nud., no description or illustration given","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Notoconchidium Gill, 1950, p. 242, nom. nud., no type species given\"","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large size, elongate subtrigonal outline, strongly inflated to globular. Fold and sulcus weak, tongue high, rectangular to trapezoid. Costae simple or with rare bifurcation, rounded, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, umbones smooth. Dental plates long, ventrally and anteriorly convergent, ventral muscle field long, narrow, deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum long, septalium distinct, cardinal process absent or poorly developed. Upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed): Australia, New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 750 a-e . * N. thomasi, Mount Ida Formation, Victoria, Heathcote, Australia, a, holotype, ventral view of ventral valve internal mold, x2 (Wright & Garratt, 1991), b-c, plaster replica and rubber impression of dorsal internal mold, x1.5, d-e, plaster replica and rubber impression of ventral internal mold, x1.5 (Boucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964), Fig. 750 f-h. N. tasmaniensis (Etheridge), Florence Sandstone, Silver Bell, near Zeehan, Tasmania, lateral, anterior, and posterior views of internal mold of conjoined shell, x1.5 (Wright & Garratt, 1991)","Museum_or_author_information":"Wright & Garratt, 1991, \nBoucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964, \nWright & Garratt, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 750. hebetoechiidae (p. 1108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-229.jpg?height=810&width=1283&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tadschikia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Sphaerirhynchiinae","Genus":"Tadschikia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tadschikia NIKIFOROVA, 1937a, p. 35","Type_species":"Wilsonella (T.) wilsoniaformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large size, subcircular outline, globular profile. Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, circular. Fold and sulcus weak, tongue high. Costae medium, simple, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus. Dental plates long, convergent ventrally. Dorsal median septum long, septalium with low, calluslike cardinal process posteriorly and with cover plate anteriorly.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Middle Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Turkestan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 749, 3a-g. *T. wilsoniaformis (Nikiforova), Turkestan, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1, e, serial section at articulation area, x2 (Nikiforova, 1937a), f-g, sections through septalium, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nNikiforova, 1937, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 749. hebetoechiidae (p. 1105-1108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-228.jpg?height=1303&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amsdenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Amsdenellinae","Genus":"Amsdenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amsdenella TILLMAN, 1967, p. 1251","Type_species":"Rhynchonella abrupta HALL, 1857a, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with subcircular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile with rounded lateral margins, Beak erect to incurved, foramen mesothyrid, Fold and sulcus prominent but with gentle margins, tongue high, often rounded, Costae numerous, simple, rounded, arising at beaks, costae flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus of mature specimens, and taper uniformly into points, Dental plates lacking, ventral muscle field ovate, deeply impressed, with large, flabellate diductor field enclosing small adductor field, adductor field divided by low median septum and partly covered by a thin ridge posteriorly, Cardinal process large, high, bilobed, with each lobe excavated, dorsal median septum long, low, hinge plates sessile, crural bases stout, rounded, arising from beneath cardinal process, dorsal muscle scars weakly defined","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 751ag. *A. abrupta (Hall), Helderbergian, New Scotland Formation, West Virginia, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, near Franklin, x2, d, ventral view of ventral valve, near Mustoe, e, lateral view of dorsal valve, near Mustoe, x1.8, f, ventral valve interior, near Mustoe, x2, g, dorsal view of cardinal process, Bullpasture Mountain, x4 (Tillman, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tillman, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 751. hebetoechiidae (p. 1108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-230.jpg?height=786&width=1295&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=194)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossinulina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Glossinulininae","Genus":"Glossinulina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossinulina JOHNSON, 1975, p. 958","Type_species":"G. khodalevichi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline, dorsal valve strongly convex, ventral weakly convex. Beak erect to incurved, foramen unknown. Fold and sulcus wide, strong, well delineated, median groove on fold, median ridge in sulcus, tongue high, rectangular. Umbones smooth, costae medium, simple, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, commissure with spines. Dental plates short, ventrally convergent. Dorsal median septum high, thin, long, septalium short, shallow, cardinal process small, with ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Arctic Canada.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 752, 1a\u2013n. *G. khodalevichi, Disappointment Bay Formation, Lowther Island; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d72; f\u2013n, serial sections 8.0, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5, 7.4, 7.3, 7.2, 7.1 mm from anterior, \u00d74 (Johnson, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 752. hebetoechiidae (p. 1109-1110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-231.jpg?height=797&width=1270&top_left_y=747&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossinulinirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Glossinulininae","Genus":"Glossinulinirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossinulinirhynchia BARANOV, 1991, p. 41","Type_species":"G. venusta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, thick shell, subpentagonal outline, strongly biconvex, beak suberect. Fold and sulcus wide, strong, tongue high, rectangular. Costae rounded in section but on paries geniculatus flattened and grooved, umbones smooth, costae on fold gathered into 2 clusters with gentle sinus between, those in sulcus raised along medial part. Dental plates absent or umbonal cavities infilled, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum short, low, septalium reduced, hinge plates anterior of septalium divided, horizontal, cardinal process short, with ridges, crura long, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 752, 2a-l. *G. venusta, Nelichenskaya Formation, Selennyakhskiy Kryazh, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1, e-l, successive serial sections through posterior, intervals not given, x3 (Baranov, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 752. hebetoechiidae (p. 1109-1110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-231.jpg?height=797&width=1270&top_left_y=747&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nordotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Glossinulininae","Genus":"Nordotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nordotoechia TCHERKESOVA, 1965, p. 80","Type_species":"N. tumida, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with transversely oval outline, biconvex profile, dorsal valve inflated, lateral and anterior margins vertical, beak incurved. Fold and sulcus distinct, tongue high, rectangular. Costae dichotomizing, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, arising at beaks, marginal spines present. Dental plates thin, short, ventral muscle area deeply impressed. Septalium and dorsal median septum very short, cardinal process absent, crura arising from edges of septalium, long, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Novaya Zemlya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 753, 2a-q. * N. tumida, Val'nevsk layer, mouth of Sakhanin River, a-d, holotype, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior, x1, e, enlargement of left anterior margin, x5, f-k, serial sections 1.1, 1.55, 1.85, 2.1, 2.15, 2.35 ~mm from posterior, x1.4, l-q, serial sections 2.6, 2.8, 2.96, 3.05, 3.2, 3.35 ~mm from posterior of different specimen, x1.4 (Tcherkesova, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tcherkesova, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 753. hebetoechiidae (p. 1110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-232.jpg?height=1519&width=1287&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoglossinotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Glossinulininae","Genus":"Pseudoglossinotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoglossinotoechia Tcherkesova, 1967","Type_species":"P. atalanta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tainotoechia Tcherkesova, 1967, p. 5 (type, Sphaerirhynchia (?) subarmoricana Nikiforova, 1960a, p. 347, OD)","Synonyms":"Tainotoechia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subpentagonal outline, strongly inflated, almost cuboidal. Beak incurved, delthyrium with small slitlike foramen almost closed by deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus low but distinct, with median groove on fold, tongue prominent, rectangular. Costae fine, bifurcating, arising at beaks, flattened and grooved anteriorly where internal marginal spines developed. Dental plates close to shell walls, ventral muscle field deeply impressed and divided anteriorly by low median ridge. Dorsal median septum long, low, septalium short, open or filled by cardinal-process-like callus in gerontic specimens, crura closely set.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Novaya Zemlya, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 753, 1a-q. *P. atalanta, Val'nevsk horizon, South Island, Novaya Zemlya, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f, hypotype, enlargement of commissure and spine traces, x2, g-q, serial sections 1.45, 2.65, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.95, 4.05, 4.3, 5.75 ~mm from posterior, approximately x1.5 (Tcherkesova, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tcherkesova, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 753. hebetoechiidae (p. 1110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-232.jpg?height=1519&width=1287&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Betterbergia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Betterbergiinae","Genus":"Betterbergia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Betterbergia SCHMIDT, 1981, p. 218","Type_species":"Camarotoechia betterbergiana SCHMIDT, 1950, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large size with subtriangular outline and biconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins steep. Beak incurved, foramen small. Fold and sulcus moderate, extending from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, low. Costae fine, simple, numerous, from umbones, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines present. Dental plates short, subvertical, commonly buried in callus, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum and septalium short, hinge plates divided anteriorly, cardinal process absent, crura with V-shaped cross section, open dorsomedially.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 754, 1a-k. *B. betterbergiana (Schmidt), middle Eifelian, Ahrdorf Formation, Flesten Member, Hillesheimer Mulde, Dollendorf, Eifel, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-k, serial sections, x3 (Schmidt, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 754. hebetoechiidae (p. 1111).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-233.jpg?height=1477&width=1275&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kransia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Betterbergiinae","Genus":"Kransia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kransia WESTBROEK, 1968, p. 81","Type_species":"Terebratula parallelepipeda BRONN, 1837, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A fossil with a subpentagonal outline and strongly biconvex profile, it has an erect beak and a well-developed mesothyrid foramen with small, conjunct deltidial plates, squamae and glottae are present, the fold and sulcus are weak, with a high, rounded tongue, the costae are simple, arising on umbones, flattened anteriorly, and grooved to accommodate long marginal spines, the dental plates are short, subparallel, and close to valve walls, the ventral muscle scars are deeply impressed in a thick shell, the dorsal median septum is low and long, and the septalium is short, the cardinal process bears several longitudinal ridges, the hinge plates are united anterior of the septalium","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Afghanistan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 754, 2a-m. *K. parallelepipeda (Bronn), Givetian, a, hypotype, dorsal view, x3, b, hypotype, anterior view, c, lateral view of another hypotype, x3, d-k, hypotype, serial sections 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7 ~mm from posterior, upper Givetian, northwestern France, x4 (Brice & Morzadec, 1983), l, reconstruction of apical interior, based on serial sections, m, reconstruction of marginal spines, based on serial sections (Westbroek, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice & Morzadec, 1983, \nWestbroek, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 754. hebetoechiidae (p. 1111).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-233.jpg?height=1477&width=1275&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nalivkinaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Betterbergiinae","Genus":"Nalivkinaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nalivkinaria RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1968c, p. 117","Type_species":"N. lacunata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline, hinge line wide, profile strongly dorsibiconvex. Beak small, incurved, mesothyrid foramen, disjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus strong, arising near umbones, tongue high, rectangular. Costae numerous, rounded, rarely dividing, arising at beak, flattened anteriorly and grooved. Dental plates very short, close to valve walls or obscured by callus, converging ventrally, teeth small, ventral muscle scars deeply impressed in thick shell. Dorsal median septum high, thick, long, septalium short, cardinal process massive, typically with 2 high lateral lobes, hinge plates divided.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Kuznets, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 755, 2a-j. *N. lacunata, Eifelian, Kuznets basin; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d72; e\u2013j, transverse serial sections across shell posterior, approximately \u00d72.5 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1968c).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 755. hebetoechiidae (p. 1111-1112).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-234.jpg?height=1332&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Primipilaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Betterbergiinae","Genus":"Primipilaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Primipilaria STRUVE, 1992, p. 549","Type_species":"Terebratula primipilaris von BUCH, 1834, p. 88, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular outline, biconvex profile, inflated anteriorly. Beak erect, mesothyrid foramen with conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus medium size, anterior commissure with high, rounded tongue, articulation with squamae and glottae well developed. Costae fine, arising at beaks, multiplying, flattened anteriorly and grooved, long marginal spines, commissure without zigzag deflections. Dental plates short, subparallel, close to valve walls, ventral muscle scars deeply impressed in thick shell, separated by median myophragm. Dorsal median septum thick, low, extending to valve midlength, septalium short, filled by cardinal process bearing longitudinal ridges, hinge plates united anterior of septalium. Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 755, 1a-g. *P. primipilaris (von Buch), Givetian, Skaly Beds, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, a, hypotype, dorsal view, x2.7, b, hypotype, lateral view, x2.1, c, anterior view of another hypotype, d, ventral view of another hypotype, e, dorsal interior, f, ventral interior, x2.5 (Biernat, 1966), g, reconstruction of paries geniculatus and marginal spines, based on serial sections, approximately x2.5 (Westbroek, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Biernat, 1966, \nWestbroek, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 755. hebetoechiidae (p. 1111-1112).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-234.jpg?height=1332&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Beckmannia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Beckmanniinae","Genus":"Beckmannia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Beckmannia MOHANTI, 1972, p. 166","Type_species":"Uncinulus minor beckmanni SCHMIDT, 1951, p. 89, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, lenticular biconvex profile, flanks generally rounded, not truncated. Beak erect to incurved, foramen triangular deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus distinct, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue, broad, rounded, dentate. Costae numerous, angular, simple, arising at umbones, covering all surface, some specimens have marginal spines. Dental plates converging ventrally, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium short, commonly filled with callus, which may be developed into bilobed cardinal process, hinge plates divided anteriorly, dorsal muscle field long, narrow, well impressed, crura ventrally curved, gutterlike anteriorly with open side directed dorsally, tips laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"western North America, Spain, Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 756,1a\u2013l. *B. minor beckmanni (SCHMIDT), lowest Givetian; a\u2013b, holotype, dorsal, anterior views, Letmathe, near Dortmund, Germany, \u00d7 3.3; c\u2013d, holotype, ventral and lateral views, Letmathe, near Dortmund, Germany, \u00d7 3 (Schmidt, 1951); e\u2013h, topotype, serial sections, intervals not given, Letmathe, near Dortmund, Germany, \u00d7 7.2 (Mohanti, 1972); i\u2013l, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, basal Member B, Portillo Formation, Los Barrios de Luna near Leon, northwestern Spain, \u00d74.3 (Mohanti, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 756. hebetoechiidae (p. 1113-1117).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-235.jpg?height=1806&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cassidirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Beckmanniinae","Genus":"Cassidirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cassidirostrum MCLAREN, 1961, p. 2","Type_species":"* C. pedderi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, and profile dorsibiconvex. Beak erect to incurved, small foramen at apex of delthyrium bounded by small triangular deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus distinct, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue, broad, rounded, dentate. Costae numerous, angular, simple, arising at umbones, covering all surface, some specimens have marginal spines. Dental plates converging ventrally, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium short, commonly filled with callus, which may be developed into bilobed cardinal process, hinge plates divided anteriorly, dorsal muscle field long, narrow, well impressed, crura ventrally curved, gutterlike anteriorly with open side directed dorsally, tips laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"western North America, Spain, Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 756,3a\u2013m. *C. pedderi, Hare Indian Formation, Anderson River, Northwest Territories; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; f\u2013m, serial sections 2.2, 2.8, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 5.9, 6.3, 6.35 mm from posterior, \u00d71.5 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 756. hebetoechiidae (p. 1113-1117).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-235.jpg?height=1806&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homeocardiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Beckmanniinae","Genus":"Homeocardiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homeocardiorhynchus SARTENAER, 1985b, p. 220","Type_species":"H. pityinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely oval outline, moderately biconvex, with lateral and anterior margins not steep, beak suberect to erect, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid, deltidial plates present, fold and sulcus weak, tongue low, umbones smooth, costae few, rounded, simple, flattened and grooved at anterior margin, dental plates converging ventrally, dorsal median septum thick, extending to one-third valve length, septalium wide, deep, open, small cardinal process present, crura arising from inner edges of septalium, closely set","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 756, 2 a-n. *H. pityinus, middle Givetian, Pine Point Formation, Great Slave Lake, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-n, paratype, serial sections 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.45, 3.8, 4.15, 4.4, 4.6, 5.25, 5.45 ~mm from posterior, x2.8 (Sartenaer, 1985b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 756. hebetoechiidae (p. 1113-1117).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-235.jpg?height=1806&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obturamentella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Obturamentellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Obturamentella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obturamentella AMSDEN, 1958, p. 99","Type_species":"Wilsonia wadei DUNBAR, 1919, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular outline, biconvex profile. Beak suberect, delthyrium with well-developed foramen and deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus from about midlength, tongue high, narrow, rectangular. Costae coarse, rounded in section, arising at umbones, marginal spines short. Dental plates not distinguishable in thick shell material, teeth supported by shell wall, ventral muscle field deeply impressed and divided by long, low ventral median myophragm. Dorsal median septum low, short, septalium rudimentary, filled with callus that forms bilobed or variable cardinal process posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 757, 2a-j. *O. wadei (Dunbar), Lochkovian, Oklahoma, Tennessee, USA, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, Oklahoma, x2, d-e, lectotype, anterior and ventral views, Ross Limestone, Grandview, Tennessee, x2, f, hypotype, ventral interior, mathbfX3, ~ g-i, serial sections at 0.5, 1.0, 1.3 ~mm from posterior, x4, j, enlarged view of dorsal part of h, showing shell structure, x12 (Amsden, 1958).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 757. obturamentellidae (p. 1117).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-237.jpg?height=1219&width=1293&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pectorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Obturamentellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pectorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pectorhyncha MCLEARN, 1918, p. 137","Type_species":"Atrypa obtusiplicata HALL, 1852, p. 279, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium-sized, subtriangular to subovate outline, biconvex to gibbous profile, lateral margins not vertical, beak erect, fold and sulcus arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, trapezoid, serrate, costae coarse, simple, rounded in section, from beaks, shell thick, dental plates mostly obscured by infilling of umbonal cavities, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, dorsal median septum thick, low, septalium long, wide, filled posteriorly with large, calluslike, bilobed to multilobed cardinal process, crura long, convex laterally","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 757, 1ar. *P. obtusiplicata (Hall), Niagaran, Lockportian, Lockport, New York, USA, a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views from type area, x2, f-r, hypotype, serial sections 0.85 , 0.95, 1.05, 1.25, 1.65, 2.15, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.6, 3.8, 4.1 ~mm from posterior of another hypotype from type area, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 757. obturamentellidae (p. 1117).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-237.jpg?height=1219&width=1293&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Innaechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Innaechiinae","Genus":"Innaechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Innaechia BARANOV, 1980, p. 78","Type_species":"I. retracta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with transversely subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated, beak erect, delthyrium closed by deltidial plates, fold and sulcus developed anteriorly, tongue high, rectangular, costae medium, simple, developed laterally and anteriorly only, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines present, dental plates short, close to shell walls, dorsal median septum slender, long, hinge plates divided, horizontal","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 758, 1a-l. *I. retracta, lower Sagyr Formation, Selennyakh ridge, Talyndzha River, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-j, serial sections of shell 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.1 mm from posterior, k-l, sections of crura 2.3, 3.7 mm from posterior of shell, x3 (Baranov, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 758. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-238.jpg?height=1882&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Corvinopugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Corvinopugnacinae","Genus":"Corvinopugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Corvinopugnax HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 36","Type_species":"Rhynchonella corvina BARRANDE, 1847, p. 70, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline, subcuboid with steep lateral and anterior margins, beak incurved, fold and sulcus distinct, from midlength, tongue wide, rectangular, costae strong, simple, restricted to anterior third of shell, rounded in profile except on paries geniculatus where flattened and grooved, marginal spines well developed, dental plates short, convergent ventrally, dorsal median ridge short and low, hinge plates divided, septalium, median septum, and cardinal process absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 759a-i. *C. corvinus (Barrande), upper Emsian, Suchomasty Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d7 2 (new), f-i, serial sections, \u00d7 3 (Havli\u010dek, 1961)., Fig. 759j-p. C. crassus (Le Maitre), lower Eifelian, Morocco, serial sections 1.15, 1.55, 1.8, 2.1, 2.5, 2.8, 3.1 mm from posterior, \u00d7 8 (Drot, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1961, \nDrot, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 759. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1118).\nfig. 759. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1118).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-239.jpg?height=1040&width=1289&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-239.jpg?height=1040&width=1289&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aseptalium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Corvinopugnacinae","Genus":"Aseptalium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aseptalium Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 37","Type_species":"Uncinulus guangxiense WANG, 1965, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Fold and sulcus well defined, tongue wide, rectangular, Costae numerous, strong, simple, from beaks, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines pronounced, Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, Dorsal interior with very short crural plates posteriorly, sometimes meeting on valve floor, outer hinge plates horizontal, divided, median ridge short and low, crura long, rodlike, septalium, dorsal median septum, and cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 760, 1a-k. *A. guangxiense (WANG), upper Pragian-lower Emsian, Nagaoling Formation, Guangxi, Henxian County, Liujing, southern China, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2.2 (Hou & Xian, 1975), e-k, serial sections, x3.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hou & Xian, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 760. innaechiidae (p. 1118-1120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-240.jpg?height=1475&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Decoropugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Corvinopugnacinae","Genus":"Decoropugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Decoropugnax HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 244","Type_species":"Terebratula berenice BARRANDE, 1847, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely trigonal outline, moderately biconvex to tabular profile, beak erect, delthyrium triangular, open, deltidial plates incipient to absent, fold and sulcus weak, broad, tongue wide, low, rectangular, costae fine, simple, restricted to anterior third of shell, costae rounded in profile except on paries geniculatus where flattened and grooved, marginal spines pronounced, dental plates short, vertical, dorsal median septum, septalium, and cardinal process lacking","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Urals, Altai, Yakutsk, Tadzhikistan, northwestern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 760, 2a-e. *D. berenice (Barrande), Ludlow, Dlouha Hora, Bohemia, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x3.7 (new), d-e, serial sections, x6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 760. innaechiidae (p. 1118-1120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-240.jpg?height=1475&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xeniopugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Corvinopugnacinae","Genus":"Xeniopugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xeniopugnax HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982a, p. 111","Type_species":"Terebratula modica BARRANDE, 1847, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline, moderately biconvex profile, beak incurved, fold and sulcus wide, low, restricted to anterior half of valves, tongue low, very wide, dentate, costae coarse, rounded, only present anteriorly, flattened and grooved on low paries geniculatus, dental plates thin, short, convergent toward valve floor, hinge plates divided, thin, horizontal, dorsal median septum and septalium absent","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 760, 3a-f. *from anterior, x10 (Havli\u010dek, 1982a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 760. innaechiidae (p. 1118-1120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-240.jpg?height=1475&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dogdoa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Dogdoinae","Genus":"Dogdoa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dogdoa BARANOV, 1982, p. 42","Type_species":"D. chalimensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline, biconvex profile. Beak erect, delthyrium with small foramen and narrow deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak, tongue distinct, rectangular. Valves smooth posteriorly but with rounded costae anteriorly, costae becoming flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines short. Dental plates absent or buried in callus. Hinge plates divided, horizontal, septalium, dorsal septum, and cardinal process absent, crural plates meeting valve floor, forming cruralium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 758,4a\u2013m. *D. chalimensis, upper Datninskaya Formation, eastern Yakutia, Tas-Khayakhtakh Range; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d72; e\u2013g, serial sections through conjoined valves; h\u2013m, serial sections through dorsal valve 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 mm from posterior, \u00d77 (Baranov, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 758. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-238.jpg?height=1882&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lezhoeviella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Dogdoinae","Genus":"Lezhoeviella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lezhoeviella BARANOV, 1978, p. 48","Type_species":"L. protensa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex profile. Fold and sulcus arising at umbones, strong anteriorly, tongue distinct, trapezoid. Costae coarse, extending from umbones, rounded in profile except on paries geniculatus where flattened and grooved. Dental plates absent, ventral and dorsal muscle areas deeply impressed. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum, septalium, and cardinal process absent. Lower Devonian (Emsian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 758, 3a-h. *L. protensa, lower Emsian, Nelichensk Series, Yakutia, Selenniakhsk Ridge, a- d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-h, serial sections 0.2, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1 ~mm from posterior, x4.5 (Baranov, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 758. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-238.jpg?height=1882&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sibirirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Dogdoinae","Genus":"Sibirirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sibirirhynchia RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1978, p. 182","Type_species":"Hypothyridina alata KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 50, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"=Sibirirhynchia Rzhonsnitskaia, 1968a, p. 41, nom. nud., no description, illustration, or type species given","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline, strongly biconvex profile. Beak suberect, foramen with marginal deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus wide with distinct lateral margins, tongue high, rectangular. Costae numerous, fine, simple, from beak, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus. Dental plates absent. Divided hinge plates horizontal, septalium, dorsal septum, and cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"Kuznetsk, Urals, eastern Siberia, Tadzhikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 758, 2a-d. * S. alata (\u041a\u043d\u043edalevich), Sverdlovsk, eastern Urals, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1951).\u2014Fig. 758, 2e-g. S. alata fainecostata (Torbakova), northeastern slope of Urals, serial sections, x7 (Sapelnikov, Mizens, & Shatrov, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1951, \nSapelnikov, Mizens, & Shatrov, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 758. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1122).\nfig. 758. innaechiidae (p. 1117-1122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-238.jpg?height=1882&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-238.jpg?height=1882&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vladimirirhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Vladimirirhynchinae","Genus":"Vladimirirhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vladimirirhynchus BARANOV, 1982, p. 44","Type_species":"V. lezhoevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, biconvex profile. Beak erect to incurved, foramen permesothyrid. Fold strong with weak median sinus, sulcus with corresponding ridge, tongue high, trapezoid to tapering. Costae coarse, rounded in section, bifurcating on fold and in sulcus, costae on paries geniculatus bear grooves. Dental plates short. Hinge plates divided, dorsally inclined, dorsal median septum, septalium, and cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 761, 1a-l. *V. lezhoevi, lower Sagyr Formation, Yakutia, Ulakhan-Sis Range, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x2, d-l, serial sections 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.3, 1.6 mm from posterior, x3.5 (Baranov, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 761. innaechiidae (p. 1122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-242.jpg?height=1675&width=1270&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alekseevaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Vladimirirhynchinae","Genus":"Alekseevaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alekseevaella BARANOV, 1980, p. 80","Type_species":"*A. sulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, elongate subpentagonal outline, dorsal valve inflated. Beak erect to incurved, foramen permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold divided by groove, sulcus with corresponding ridge. Costae bundled on fold and sulcus, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus. Dental plates short. Dorsal median septum thin, septalium lacking, hinge plates divided, horizontal, cardinal process absent, crura ventrally curved, narrow.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 761, 2a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 2, e-l, serial sections of shell 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 mm from posterior, m-n, sections of crura, intervals not given, \u00d7 3.5 (Baranov, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 761. innaechiidae (p. 1122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-242.jpg?height=1675&width=1270&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Selennjachia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Vladimirirhynchinae","Genus":"Selennjachia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Selennjachia BARANOV, 1982, p. 45","Type_species":"S. abaimovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, subpentagonal outline, moderately biconvex profile. Beak suberect, foramen mesothyrid. Fold and sulcus low, fold divided by sinus, sulcus divided by weak ridge, umbones smooth. Costae rounded in profile, flattened and grooved anteriorly. Dental plates very short or obscured by callus. Hinge plates divided, subhorizontal, dorsal median septum, septalium, and cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 761, 4a-k. * S. abaimovae, Zlichovian-Eifelian, Seymchan Formation, Selennyakh Range, eastern Yakutia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-k, serial sections 0.2, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.65, 0.95, 1.05 mm from posterior, x3.5 (Baranov, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 761. innaechiidae (p. 1122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-242.jpg?height=1675&width=1270&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcicostula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Vladimirirhynchinae","Genus":"Sulcicostula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcicostula BARANOV, 1989, p. 47","Type_species":"Corvinopugnax tichiensis ALEKSEEVA, 1967, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, subpentagonal outline, biconvex profile. Beak erect, foramen permesothyrid, umbones smooth. Fold divided by weak sinus, sulcus divided by low ridge. Costae rounded in section but flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus. Dental plates short, dorsal median septum, septalium, and cardinal process absent. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 761, 3a-k. * S. tichiensis (AlekSEEVA), a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, upper Lochkovian, middle SetteDaban Formation, Sette-Daban Range, x2.5, e-g, serial sections, upper Lochkovian, middle SetteDaban Formation, Sette-Daban Range, x6 (Alekseeva, 1967), h-k, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, base of Sagyrskaya Formation, x2 (Baranov, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 1967, \nBaranov, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 761. innaechiidae (p. 1122).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-242.jpg?height=1675&width=1270&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tatjania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Vladimirirhynchinae","Genus":"Tatjania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tatjania BARANOV, 1982, p. 47","Type_species":"T. trigona, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, subpentagonal outline, highly inflated dorsal valve. Beak erect. Fold divided by weak sinus, sulcus divided by low ridge, tongue high. Most of valves smooth, with costae restricted to anterior third, costae flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus. Dental plates convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum, septalium, and cardinal process absent, crura close set anteriorly. Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 762, 1a-m. * T. trigona, lower Eifelian, Seymchan Formation, Ulakhan-Sis Range, eastern Yakutia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-m, serial sections 0.9, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 ~mm from posterior, x2.5 (Baranov, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nBaranov, 1982","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yakutijaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Vladimirirhynchinae","Genus":"Yakutijaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yakutijaella BARANOV, 1977, p. 77","Type_species":"Y. dubatolovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and moderately biconvex profile, Beak erect, foramen small, rounded, Fold and sulcus weak, from umbones, with groove on fold, plication in sulcus, hinge plates as prominent ridges, crura long, laterally compressed, sigmoidal in section","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 762, 2 a-k. *Y. dubatolovi, Nelichenian suite, Yakutsk, Selennyakh Ridge, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-k, serial sections at 1.7, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 4.1, 4.4 ~mm from posterior, x3.7 (Baranov, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossinotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Glossinotoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glossinotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossinotoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 79","Type_species":"Terebratula henrici BARRANDE, 1847, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline with acuminate posterior angle, ventral valve flat to concave, dorsal valve highly inflated, anterior and lateral margins sharply truncated in adults. Beak straight, mesothyrid foramen with conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak to absent but tongue high and rectangular, squamae and glottae poorly developed. Costae arising at beaks, rounded in profile but flattened and grooved anteriorly. Dental plates distinct but close to shell walls. Dorsal median septum long, low, thick, septalium completely filled with callus, large multilobed to linguiform cardinal process. Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian): Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Siberia, China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Urals, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 763, 1 a-k . * G. henrici (Barrande), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-k, serial sections 13.4, 13.2, 13.0, 12.8, 12.6, 12.2, 12.0 ~mm from anterior, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 763. glossinotoechiidae (p. 1124-1126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-244.jpg?height=326&width=185&top_left_y=1708&top_left_x=1292)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chlupacitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Glossinotoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chlupacitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chlupacitoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 100","Type_species":"Uncinulus (Glossinotoechia) chlupaci HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 569, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular with emarginate posterolateral and anterior margins, dorsibiconvex profile but with concavity on ventral valve, anterior margin and flanks vertical to truncated. Beak straight to suberect, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus weak, anterior tongue distinct, high, rectangular. Costae fine, grooved at commissure to accommodate marginal spines. Dental plates well developed, strongly divergent anteriorly, close to valve margins, septalium large, commonly filled with callus. Dorsal median septum high, extending to valve midlength, cardinal process wide, high, posteriorly striated.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Spain, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 763, 2a-i. *C. chlupaci (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Emsian, Zlichov Limestone, Hlubocepy, Bohemia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Havli\u010dek, 1961), e, dorsal interior, x3.8, f, articulated umbonal interior showing dental plates, septalium, and cardinal process, x5, g-i, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2.4 (Havli\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1961, \nHavli\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 763. glossinotoechiidae (p. 1124-1126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-244.jpg?height=326&width=185&top_left_y=1708&top_left_x=1292)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoglossinotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Glossinotoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoglossinotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoglossinotoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 81","Type_species":"E. cacuminata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, subtriangular acuminate outline, biconvex with truncated anterior and lateral margins, beak suberect, foramen small, deltidial plates large, conjunct, fold and sulcus weak to absent, tongue distinct, rectangular, costae fine, rounded in section, becoming flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines short, dental plates distinct, subparallel, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, dorsal median septum high, long, septalium small, filled with cardinal process, hinge plates united, cardinal process multilobed posteriorly, linguiform, and bilobed or trilobed anteriorly","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 763, 3a-o. *E. cacuminata, Pragian, Slivenec Limestone, Dvorce, Bohemia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Barrande, 1879b), e-m, serial sections 11.35, 11.2, 11.05, 10.9, 10.7, 10.55, 10.2, 10.05, 9.65 ~mm from anterior, x4, n-o, holotype, ventral and anterior views, x3.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrande, 1879, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 763. glossinotoechiidae (p. 1124-1126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-244.jpg?height=326&width=185&top_left_y=1708&top_left_x=1292)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossinulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Glossinotoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glossinulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossinulus SCHMIDT, 1942, p. 394","Type_species":"Rhynchonella adolf mimica Barrande, 1879b, p. 178, OD,  = Glossinulus mimicus (BARRANDE), 1879b, p. 178","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Triangular outline, posteriorly acuminate, tabular profile, flattened to concave ventral valve with low median fold, flattened to slightly convex dorsal valve with gentle median sulcus, truncated anterior and lateral margins, tongue high, rectangular. Beak suberect, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Costae fine, arising on umbones, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, spines at anterior and lateral margins. Dental plates very short, close to shell wall, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, low ventral median myophragm. Dorsal median septum low, septalium wide, filled posteriorly with high, linguiform cardinal process bearing fine longitudinal ridges, inner socket ridges prominent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian) - Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 764a-m. * G. mimicus (Barrande), Emsian, Eifel, Germany, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1 (Schmidt, 1965b), d-m, serial sections 6.9, 6.6, 6.4, 6.3, 6.2, 6.1, 6.0, 5.9, 5.8, 5.7 ~mm from anterior, x4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1965, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 764. glossinotoechiidae (p. 1126).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-245.jpg?height=734&width=1287&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypothyridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hypothyridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypothyridina Buckman, 1906, p. 324, nom. nov. pro Hypothyris Phillips, 1841, p. 55, non Hubner, 1821","Type_species":"Atrypa cuboides Sowerby, 1840a, pl. 56, fig. 24, SD KING, 1846, p. 28","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with subcircular to subrectangular outline, strongly biconvex to inflated, lateral and anterior margins very steep. Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, circular, usually obscured by inflated dorsal umbo. Fold and sulcus weak, tongue very high, rectangular to rounded. Costae numerous, evenly developed, simple, flattened on paries geniculatus, marginal spines present. Dental plates short, subvertical to vertical. Dorsal median septum and septalium weak to absent, hinge plates short, horizontal, divided, or sometimes united by cardinal process, cardinal process usually short, with several lobes.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 765, 1a-e. * H. cuboides (Sowerby), a-b, dorsal and anterior views, Givetian, Plymouth Limestone, Plymouth, England, \u00d7 1 (Sowerby, 1840a), c-e, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, Frasnian, Philippeville, Belgium, specimen 67298, Smithsonian, \u00d7 1 (new)., Fig. 765, 1f-g. H. sp. cf. H. impleta (Sowerby), Upper Devonian, Langennaubach, Germany, transverse sections of different young specimens, \u00d7 7 (Schmidt, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sowerby, 1840, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 765. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127-1129).\nfig. 765. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127-1129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-247.jpg?height=1620&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-247.jpg?height=1620&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glosshypothyridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glosshypothyridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glosshypothyridina RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1978, p. 180","Type_species":"Rhynchonella procuboides KAYSER, 1871, p. 513, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, dorsal valve very inflated, ventral valve almost flat. Beak erect. Fold and sulcus pronounced, from umbones, tongue rectangular. Costae fine, numerous, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus. Dental plates very short, ventrally convergent. Septalium and dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process low, bilobed, hinge plates horizontal, divided anterior of cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany, Belgium, European Russia, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 766, 1 a-j. *G. procuboides (Kayser), Eifel, Germany, a-b, holotype, anterior and lateral views, lower Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Formation, x1 (Kayser, 1871), c-f, serial sections, lower Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Formation, x2.5 (Schmidt, 1941a), g-j, serial sections 16.9, 16.7, 16.5, 16.4 ~mm from anterior, x5 (Schmidt, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kayser, 1871, \nSchmidt, 1941, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 766. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-248.jpg?height=1315&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lorangerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lorangerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lorangerella CRICKMAY, 1963, p. 10","Type_species":"L. phaulomorpha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size with subcircular outline and lenticular to subglobose profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen minute, Fold and sulcus weak but subrectangular tongue distinct, Valves mostly smooth, with low, rounded costae developed only at the anterior margin, costae grooved at the commissure, Dental plates very short, divergent ventrally, Cardinal process small, multilobed, close to the posterior apex, supported by a short median ridge, Hinge plates short, divided, septalium absent, crura curved sharply ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 765, 2a-m. * L. phaulomorpha, lower Frasnian, Waterways Formation, Alberta, Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x2.3 (Crickmay, 1963), f-m, serial sections 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 1.9 ~mm from posterior, x5 (McLaren, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Crickmay, 1963, \nMcLaren, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 765. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127-1129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-247.jpg?height=1620&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudouncinulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudouncinulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudouncinulus RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1968b, p. 111","Type_species":"P. mamontovensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with a subtrigonal outline, Beak erect, Fold and sulcus weak, tongue rectangular, Costae arising at umbones, rounded in section, rarely bifurcating, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, Dental plates very short, close to shell walls, Septalium and dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process wide, with several longitudinal ridges, hinge plates anterior of the cardinal process horizontal, united by a dorsally concave plate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Salair, Kuznetz, Urals, Yakutskaya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 766, 3a-h. * P. mamontovensis, southwestern Kuznetz basin, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-h, serial sections, intervals and scale not given (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1968b)., Fig. 766, 3i-u. P. pusillis Baranov, Seymchan Formation, Yakutskaya, Ulakhan-Sis Range, eastern Siberia, i-k, holotype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, l-u, serial sections at 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.9 mm from posterior, x8 (Baranov, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1968, \nBaranov, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 766. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127).\nfig. 766. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-248.jpg?height=1315&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-248.jpg?height=1315&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uchtella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Uchtella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uchtella LJASCHENKO, 1973, p. 50","Type_species":"Hypothyridina praesemilukiana LJASCHENKO, 1958, p. 130, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and strongly dorsibiconvex to subglobose profile, lateral and anterior margins steep to vertical. Beak small, incurved. Fold and sulcus weak posteriorly but distinct anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, high, subrectangular to rounded. Valves smooth posteriorly but with low, rounded costae developed from about midlength, costae flattened and grooved anteriorly and especially on paries geniculatus. Dental plates very short. Hinge plates short, divided. Dorsal median septum absent. Cardinal process not recorded. Upper Devonian (Frasnian): European Russia, Urals.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"European Russia, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 766, 2a-e. *U. praesemilukiana (LJASCHENKO), upper Timanski bed, southern Timan, Ukhtinsk region, European Russia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x1, d-e, transverse sections near posterior, approximately x6 (Ljaschenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ljaschenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 766. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-248.jpg?height=1315&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xiaobangdaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xiaobangdaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xiaobangdaia WANG, 1985, p. 200","Type_species":"X. zhuogedongensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline, strongly anteriorly inflated, biconvex profile, beak erect, fold and sulcus distinct anteriorly, tongue high, rounded to subquadrate, costae broad and low, restricted to anterior third of shell, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines well developed, insert in line of holes just inside interior margin of opposite valve, dental plates absent, hinge plates short, united posteriorly but divided anteriorly, dorsal median septum absent, cardinal process not recorded, crura short, strongly curved ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig . 765,3a\u2013j. *X.zhuogedongensis, upper Famennian, Zhougedong Formation, Markham County, Xiaobangda; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72; e\u2013j, serial sections 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3 mm from posterior, \u00d73.2 (Wang, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 765. hypothyridinidae (p. 1127-1129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-247.jpg?height=1620&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hadrorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hadrorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hadrorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hadrorhynchia MCLAREN, 1961, p. 3","Type_species":"Pugnoides sandersoni WARREN, 1944, p. 115, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex, lateral and anterior margins steep. Beak erect, foramen elliptical, submesothyrid, with disjunct to conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus prominent anteriorly, tongue high, rectangular to acute. Much of valves smooth, with coarse, rounded costae developed only near lateral and anterior margins, superimposed fine, radial capillae commonly coarse, low, rounded, simple, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus. Dental plates distinct, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum thin, septalium distinct, open, dorsal median septum high, thin, cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"western Canada, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 767a\u2013p. *H. sandersoni (WARREN), Givetian, Mackenzie District, western Canada; a\u2013d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; e, hypotype, spines at commissure, \u00d73; f\u2013h, hypotype, lateral, anterior,and dorsal views, \u00d71; i\u2013p, serial sections 1.2, 1.65, 1.75, 2.15, 2.35, 2.65, 3.35, 3.9 from posterior, \u00d7 3 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 768. hadrorhynchiidae (p. 1130-1131).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-250.jpg?height=1339&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Droharhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hadrorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Droharhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Droharhynchia SARTENAER, 1985b, p. 218","Type_species":"Hadrorhynchia intermissa CRICKMAY, 1963, p. 2, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"transversely subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated, beak suberect, foramen large, oval, submesothyrid, with small disjunct deltidial plates, fold and sulcus broad, arising at umbones, tongue strong, trapezoid, dentate, umbones smooth, costae coarse, low, rounded, simple, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, dental plates distinct, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed, dorsal median septum thin, septalium distinct, open, cardinal process absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"western Canada, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 768a\u2013f. *D. intermissa (CRICKMAY), middle Givetian, Pine Point Formation, Great Slave Lake, District of Mackenzie, western Canada; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d72; ef, serial sections 1.5, 2.5 from posterior, \u00d73 (Crickmay, 1963).\u2014\u2014Fig. 768g\u2013n. D. rzhonsnitskayae BAXTER & BLODGETT, lower Eifelian, west-central Alaska; g\u2013k, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d72; l, dorsal interior, \u00d72.6; m, ventral interior, \u00d72; n, paratype, anterior, \u00d72.8 (Baxter & Blodgett, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 768. hadrorhynchiidae (p. 1130-1131).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-250.jpg?height=1339&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Camarotoechiidae","Subfamily":"Camarotoechiinae","Genus":"Camarotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarotoechia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 189","Type_species":"Atrypa congregata CONRAD, 1841, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transversely ovate with moderately biconvex profile, maximum thickness at umbones, sides and anterior not steep. Fold and sulcus low, commencing at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, broad, gentle. Costae low, rounded, present on flanks as well as fold and sinus, bifurcating and intercalating. Dental plates short, strong. Hinge plates divided anteriorly, dorsal median septum long but low, septalium short, dorsal muscle field long, narrow.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 769, 1a-b. *C. congregata (Conrad), Skaneateles Formation, Butternut Shale, Onondaga County, Conklin's Falls, New York, USA, a, two dorsal valve internal molds, x1.5, b, ventral valve internal mold, x1 (Sartenaer, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 769. camarotoechiidae (p. 1132).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-252.jpg?height=744&width=840&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=647)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ellesmerhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Camarotoechiidae","Subfamily":"Camarotoechiinae","Genus":"Ellesmerhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ellesmerhynchia BRICE, 1990, p. 717","Type_species":"Camarotoechia s.l. pseudomedea BRICE, 1982, p. 51, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate subtriangular to rounded outline and subequally biconvex profile, sides and anterior not truncated. Beak erect. Fold and sulcus low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, broad, gentle. Costae fine, numerous. Dental plates short, close to valve walls. Septalium short, shallow, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum low, crura closely set, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Canada, Podolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 769, 2a-l. * E. pseudomedea (Brice), upper Emsian, Blue Fiord Formation, southwestern Ellesmere Island, Ontario, Arctic Canada, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-l, serial sections 1.8, 1.9, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 4.5 ~mm from posterior, x2.5 (Brice, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 769. camarotoechiidae (p. 1132).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-252.jpg?height=744&width=840&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=647)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linguopugnoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Camarotoechiidae","Subfamily":"Linguopugnoidinae","Genus":"Linguopugnoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linguopugnoides HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 242","Type_species":"Rhynchonella nympha var. carens BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 122, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral and anterior margins steep, beak incurved, delthyrium open, foramen may migrate to mesothyrid position in mature specimens, fold and sulcus distinct, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, high, dentate, costae coarse, low, simple, subangular, from midlength, weak on flanks, dental plates well developed, high, thin, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field not deeply impressed, dorsal median septum short, thin, septalium short, deep, narrow, hinge plates dividing immediately anterior of septalium, crura slender, ventrally curved, tips laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (upper Llandovery)-Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 770, 1a-i. *L. carens (Barrande), Lochkovian, Lochkov Limestone, Prague, Svaty Jan, Bohemia, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1.75 (new), f-i, serial sections 12.35, 12.15, 11.8, 11.6 ~mm from anterior, x3.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 770. camarotoechiidae (p. 1132-1133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-253.jpg?height=1633&width=1293&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Leiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leiorhynchus HALL, 1860a, p. 75","Type_species":"Orthis quadracostata Vanuxem, 1842, p. 168, SD OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1308","Synonyms_with_authors":"Liorhynchus Oehlert, 1887a, p. 1308, obj., non Rudolphi, 1801, Nudirostra Cooper & Muir-Wood, 1951, p. 195, obj.","Synonyms":"Liorhynchus, Nudirostra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of brachiopods with a subcircular to transversely ovate outline and biconvex profile. The beak is incurved, and the foramen is small and permesothyrid. The fold and sulcus are low and arise at midlength, with a gently uniplicate anterior commissure. Costae are low and simple, most pronounced on the fold and sulcus, and weak on the flanks. Dental plates are strongly convergent ventrally, occasionally forming a spondylium duplex, and the ventral muscle field is often in a thick callus or deeply impressed. The dorsal median septum is long and high, supporting a short septalium. Hinge plates are divided anteriorly, and the dorsal muscle field is narrow, usually with marginal thickening. Crura are long, thin, and slightly curved ventrally, with a narrow trough opening ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, eastern Europe, Urals, Altai, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 771, 1a-o. *L. quadracostata (VANUXEm), uppermost Givetian, Sherburne Flagstone, Sheldrake, New York, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views of internal mold, Cornell specimen no. 40605, listed by Sartenaer, 1961f, p. 969, x1.5 (new), f-o, serial sections 0.45, 0.8, 0.85, 0.95, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.5, 1.8, 3.03 ~mm from posterior, x3.2 (Sartenaer, 1961f).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 771. leiorhynchidae (p. 1133-1136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-254.jpg?height=1771&width=1281&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caryorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Caryorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caryorhynchus CRICKMAY, 1952b, p. 1","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus carya CRICKMAY, 1952a, p. 599, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex to globular profile. Beak incurved, foramen small, semicircular, epithyridid. Fold and sulcus moderately developed, arising at umbones, anterior commissure broad, tongue moderately high, trapezoid, serrated. Fold with 2 pairs of costae separated by a sinus, sulcus with 3 costae, the median one wider than others, flanks almost smooth. Dental plates short, converging ventrally, usually obscured by thick callus, ventral muscle field narrow, well impressed. Hinge plates short, divided, dorsal median septum high, long, dorsal muscle field narrow, well impressed, crura closely set, ventrally curved, laterally flattened distally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (-upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig . 772,1a\u2013q. *C. carya (C RICKMAY ), middle Frasnian, Perdix Formation, Alberta, Canada; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71.3; e\u2013h, hypotype, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; i, enlargement of posterior, \u00d73; jm, hypotype, serial sections, \u00d7 2.2 (Crickmay, 1952b); n\u2013q, serial sections 1.0, 1.5, 2.1, 4.2 mm from posterior, \u00d71.5 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 772. leiorhynchidae (p. 1134-1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-256.jpg?height=1835&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eliorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Eliorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eliorhynchus SARTENAER, 1987c, p. 142","Type_species":"Rhynchonella castanea MEEK, 1868, p. 93, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to longitudinally ovate outline and strongly dorsibiconvex to globular profile. Ventral beak erect to incurved, sometimes pierced by small foramen, ventral beak overlapped by dorsal beak in holotype. Fold and sulcus low, most evident anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high in mature shells, weakly serrate. Costae low, from midlength, with some bifurcation, mostly confined to fold and sulcus but may be weakly developed on flanks. Dental plates converging ventrally to meet at valve floor, ventral muscle field long, narrow, pointed posteriorly, rounded anteriorly. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium very short, hinge plates short, breaking up early, dorsal muscle field narrow, well impressed, extending to midlength, crura long, ventrally curved, with distinct distal trough opening dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 773, 1a-l. * E. castanea (\u041c\u0435\u0435\u043a), lower Givetian, Hare Indian Formation, Northwest Territories, Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views only specimen figured by Meek, Carnwath River given as Lockhart River by Meek, USNM 5890, x1.5 (Johnson, 1974), f-l, hypotype, serial sections 1.6, 2.1, 2.25, 2.5, 3.1, 4.4, 6.7 ~mm from posterior, Anderson River, x2 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nJohnson, 1974, \nMcLaren, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 773. leiorhynchidae (p. 1136-1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-257.jpg?height=1891&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoparaphorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Eoparaphorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoparaphorhynchus SARTENAER, 1961c, p. 2","Type_species":"E. maclareni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, foramen small, circular, Fold and sulcus strong, from beaks, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, serrate, Costae angular, strong on fold and sulcus, weaker on flanks, Surface with fine radial striae, Dental plates short, close to walls, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field impressed, flabellate, to midlength, with stout myophragm, Septalium short, narrow, deep, hinge plates divided, horizontal, dorsal median septum high, stout, extending to one-third valve length, dorsal muscle field transversely ovate, divided by septum, crura short, curved ventrally, V-shaped cross section open dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, Europe, Kazakhstan, Pamir, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 771, 2a-j. *E. maclareni, Northwest Territories, Root River, Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-j, serial sections 1.65, 2.2, 3.6, 5.2, 5.8 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1961c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 771. leiorhynchidae (p. 1133-1136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-254.jpg?height=1771&width=1281&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eumetabolotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Eumetabolotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eumetabolotoechia SARTENAER, 1975b, p. 2","Type_species":"Rhynchonella (?) laura BILLINGS, 1860, p. 273, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to longitudinally ovate outline and biconvex profile, sides and anterior not precipitous. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus low, arising at umbones, anterior commissure gently uniplicate, tongue low. Costae weak, increasing by bifurcation and intercalation, on flanks as well as fold and sulcus. Dental plates short, converging ventrally, obscured by thick callus, ventral muscle field narrow, well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium short, hinge plates short, breaking up early, dorsal muscle field narrow, well impressed, crura long, ventrally curved, tip V-shaped in cross section, open dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"eastern North America, Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 771, 3a-m. *E. laura (Billings), middle Givetian, Hamilton Group, Bosanquet, Ontario, Canada, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-m, serial sections 0.8, 1.4, 1.8, 1.9, 3.4, 4.4, 4.7, 4.9, 4.95 mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1975b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 771. leiorhynchidae (p. 1133-1136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-254.jpg?height=1771&width=1281&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Evanescirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Evanescirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Evanescirostrum SARTENAER, 1965b, p. 8","Type_species":"Nudirostra gibbosa seversoni MCLAREN, 1954, p. 180, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, pierced by small foramen, Fold and sulcus strong, arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, broad, serrate, Costae strong, angular, simple, weak on flanks, Dental plates short, near walls, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field well impressed, Septalium short, well developed, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum long, high, crura long, ventrally curved, tip with trough-shaped cross section open dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, Europe, Afghanistan, Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 772, 3a-l. *E. seversoni (McLaren), lower Famennian, Palliser Formation, Alberta, Banff Park, western Canada, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, f-l, serial sections 1.4, 1.6, 2.05, 2.3, 2.7, 3.75, 4.1 mm from posterior, x2.3 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 772. leiorhynchidae (p. 1134-1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-256.jpg?height=1835&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hadrotatorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Hadrotatorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hadrotatorhynchus Sartenaer, 1986a, p. 138, *Leiorhynchus Halli FLAMAND, 1911, p. 820, OD","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus Halli FLAMAND, 1911, p. 820, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular to transversely ovate outline and biconvex profile, sides not steep. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, broad. Costae low, simple, weak on fold and in sulcus, very weak on flanks. Dental plates very short, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum high, thin, extending to midlength, hinge plates short, septalium very short to absent, crural bases delicate, crura closely set, fine, laterally compressed at tips.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)- Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"northern Africa, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 773, 3a-h. *H. halli (Flamand), uppermost Givetian, Mouydir, Algeria, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and anterior views, x1 (Flamand, 1911), c-h, serial sections 1.3, 1.5, 1.9, 2.9, 4.4, 5.1 mm from posterior, x1.4 (Drot, 1964b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Flamand, 1911, \nDrot, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 773. leiorhynchidae (p. 1136-1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-257.jpg?height=1891&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Havlicekella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Havlicekella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Havlicekella AMSDEN, 1985, p. 6","Type_species":"H. miticonvexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect, Fold and sulcus from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, broad, tongue high, rounded in large specimens, Costae low, arising near beaks, bifurcating on fold, intercalating in sulcus, distinct posteriorly and on flanks, Dental plates short, converging ventrally, muscle field not strongly impressed, Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium short to absent, hinge plates dividing early.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 772, 2a-k. *from posterior, x4.5 (Amsden, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 772. leiorhynchidae (p. 1134-1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-256.jpg?height=1835&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hyborhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Hyborhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hyborhynchella COOPER, 1955, p. 59","Type_species":"H. bransoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size with subcircular outline and planoconvex profile, Beak incurved, delthyrium plugged by dorsal beak, foramen small, posterior of beak, Fold and sulcus strong, narrow, extending from umbones, Costae rounded, particularly large on fold and in sulcus, arising at umbones, smaller costae on flanks, Dental plates absent, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed, Dorsal median septum thick, low, long, extending to midlength, hinge plates short, flattened posterior of wide septalium, then dividing anterior of septalium, crura long, slender, laterally compressed distally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 773, 2a-m. *H. bransoni, upper Frasnian, Sly Gap Formation, Alamogordo, Indian Wells Canyon, New Mexico, USA, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior views, d-e, paratype, anterior and lateral views, x2, f-k, paratype, serial sections, sections 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.8, 1.0, 1.15 from posterior, x3, l-m, sections of another paratype 0.16 mm apart, showing crura, approximately x3 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 773. leiorhynchidae (p. 1136-1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-257.jpg?height=1891&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iloerhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Iloerhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iloerhynchus BALINSKI, 1995a, p. 47","Type_species":"I. mesoplicatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral and anterior slopes gentle, beak incurved, fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, tongue of moderate strength, trapezoid, only rarely becoming vertical, costae few, subangular, most prominent anteriorly, strong on fold and sulcus with generally 3 on fold and 2 in sulcus, weak or absent on flanks, anterior commissure typically triserrate, dental plates absent or obscured by callus, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, teeth supported by short oblique ridges, dorsal median septum thin, low, extending to one-third valve length, hinge plates and septalium very short, crura strongly curved ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 774, 1a-l. * I. mesoplicatus, Palmatolepis triangularis Zone, Debnik, southern Poland, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x2, f-l, serial sections 1.1, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7 ~mm from posterior, x3.3 (Balinski, 1995a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Balinski, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 774. leiorhynchidae (p. 1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-259.jpg?height=1848&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ilopsyrhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Ilopsyrhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ilopsyrhynchus SARTENAER, 1988, p. 59","Type_species":"*I. iteinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, with sides and anterior not precipitous. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, semicircular, mesothyrid. Fold and sulcus weak, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, broad, angular, trapezoid. Costae weak, restricted to fold and sulcus, arising at about midlength. Dental plates very short, meeting ventrally in thick callus to form short spondylium, ventral muscle field long, narrow, well impressed. Dorsal muscle field narrow, in thick callus, septalium long, narrow, hinge plates short, breaking up early, crura long, closely set, slightly curved ventrally. Middle Devonian (lower Givetian): western North America.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 774, 2a-m. *I. iteinus, Denay Limestone, Roberts Mountains, Willow Creek, Nevada, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Johnson, 1974), f-m, serial sections 2.75, 3.05, 3.25, 3.45, 4.05, 4.35, 5.35, 8.25 mm from posterior, x2.5 (Sartenaer, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1974, \nSartenaer, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 774. leiorhynchidae (p. 1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-259.jpg?height=1848&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Katuniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Katuniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Katuniella Kulkov in Savage, herein, p. 1615, nom. nov. pro Katunia Kulkov, 1963, p. 54, non Romanenko & ROMANENKO, 1962, p. 25, Trilobita","Type_species":"\"Katunia subtrigonata KULKOV, 1963, p. 54, OD\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, Fold and sulcus wide, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue trapezoid in mature specimens, Costae weak, subangular, arising at midlength, Dental plates absent or obscured by callus, Dorsal median septum low, short, supporting very short septalium, crural bases triangular","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Gorno-Altai, China, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 774, 3a-m. *K. subtrigonata, Solovikha Limestone, Gorno-Altai, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1, e-i, topotype, serial sections of posterior, x4 (Kulkov, 1963), j-m, topotype, new serial sections of dorsal valve showing median septum, intervals unknown, approximately x4 (new, courtesy of N. P. Kulkov).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kulkov, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 774. leiorhynchidae (p. 1139).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-259.jpg?height=1848&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptocaryorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Leptocaryorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptocaryorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 14","Type_species":"\"Camarotoechia\" jamensis BRICE, 1967, p. 100, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak prominent, erect to incurved, foramen small, circular, Fold and sulcus pronounced anteriorly, tongue high, trapezoid, serrate, Costae strong, rounded, extending from umbones, Dental plates short, partly obscured by thick callus that also accentuates ventral muscle impression, Dorsal median septum thick, low, septalium partly overhung by hinge plates and obscured by callus, crura curved ventrally, tips with V-shaped cross section, open dorsomedially","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 775, 1a-m. *L. jamensis (Brice), Ghor, Ghouk Pass, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, x1, f-m, serial sections 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 3.6 from posterior, x3 (Brice, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 775. leiorhynchidae (p. 1139-1142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-260.jpg?height=1872&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mononusphaericorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Mononusphaericorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mononusphaericorhynchus SARTENAER, 1996, p. 247","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus (Leiorhynchus) sartenaeri JOHNSON, 1974, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size for subfamily, subcircular to longitudinally ovate outline and strongly dorsibiconvex to globular profile. Ventral beak erect to incurved, pierced by small foramen. Fold and sulcus low, most evident anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high in mature shells, weakly serrate. Costae low, from midlength, mostly confined to fold and sulcus but may be weakly developed on flanks. Dental plates short, converge ventrally to meet at valve floor, teeth small, stout, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum thin, extending almost to valve midlength, hinge plates and septalium very short or not developed, dorsal muscle field narrow, well-impressed, extending to midlength, spindle shaped, crura long, almost touching, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 775, 2a-m. *M. sartenaeri (Johnson), lower Givetian, Woodpecker Limestone, Sulphur Spring Range, Nevada, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1.5 (Johnson, 1974), f-m, serial sections 0.95, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.35, 2.65, 5.6, 6.25 ~mm from posterior of topotype, x1.7 (Sartenaer, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1974, \nSartenaer, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 775. leiorhynchidae (p. 1139-1142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-260.jpg?height=1872&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbiculatisinurostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Orbiculatisinurostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbiculatisinurostrum SARTENAER, 1984b, p. 2","Type_species":"*Leiorhynchus laevis GURICH, 1903, p. 150, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, lateral and anterior slopes gentle. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus strong, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, trapezoid, high, Costae low, bifurcate and intercalate, arising at umbones, weak on flanks. Dental plates very short, close to walls, ventrally convergent. Dorsal median septum thin, long, septalium short, hinge plates short, divided, breaking up early, crura ventrally curved. Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian): Poland.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 775, 4a-k. *O. laevis (Gurich), uppermost Frasnian, Cracow, near Debnik, southern Poland, a-e, neotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1.5, f-k, serial sections 0.3, 0.4, 1.0, 1.4, 1.7, 2.8 ~mm from posterior, x1.5 (Balinski, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Balinski, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 775. leiorhynchidae (p. 1139-1142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-260.jpg?height=1872&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":373.44,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parvulaltarostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Parvulaltarostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parvulaltarostrum SARTENAER, 1979b, p. 2","Type_species":"* P. veeversi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subcircular to transversely ovate outline and equibiconvex, lenticular profile, Beak suberect, delthyrium narrow, open, Fold and sulcus strong, arising just anterior of umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded, tapering apically, Costae few, low, very weak on flanks, Dental plates long, close to walls, concave medially, Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum long, septalium short","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"northwestern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 775, 3a-k. * P. veeversi, Napier Formation, Fitzroy basin, Napier Range, south of Van Emmerick Range, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-k, serial sections 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 mm from posterior, x3 (Veevers, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Veevers, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 775. leiorhynchidae (p. 1139-1142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-260.jpg?height=1872&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paurorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Paurorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paurorhyncha COOPER, 1942, p. 231","Type_species":"Rhynchonella endlichi \u041c\u0415EK, 1875, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, convexoconcave form of large specimens resulting from strong, wide fold and sulcus. Beak small, erect, foramen minute. Fold and sulcus very wide, anterior commissure broad, uniplicate, tongue high, arched. Costae numerous, extending from beaks, with minor bifurcation and intercalation. Dental plates short, thin, ventral muscle field lachrymal, impressed, anteriorly expanded. Dorsal median septum short, high, septalium short, wide, hinge plates short, united by septalium, breaking up early.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 776, 1a-b. *P. endlichi (\u041c\u0435ek), upper Famennian, Ouray Limestone, Mount Eolus, Colorado, USA, dorsal and ventral views, x0.6 (Kindle, 1909)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 776, 1c-h. P. cooperi Stainbrook, upper Famennian, Percha Shale, New Mexico, USA, c-f, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and lateral views of internal mold, x0.9 (Cooper, 1942), g, interior of conjoined valves, x2, h, transverse section, x1.3 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kindle, 1909, \nCooper, 1942, \nCooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 776. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142).\nfig. 776. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-262.jpg?height=1893&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-262.jpg?height=1893&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Properotundirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Properotundirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Properotundirostrum SARTENAER, 1986b, p. 490","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus miriam JOHNSON, 1971, p. 315, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and equibiconvex lenticular profile, gentle lateral and anterior slopes. Beak erect, foramen small, circular. Fold and sulcus low, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, broad, low, serrate. Costae simple, arising at umbones, low on fold and sulcus, very weak on flanks. Dental plates thin, short, strongly convergent ventrally to almost meeting, ventral muscle field very faint, flabellate, extending almost to midlength. Dorsal median septum short, thin, high, septalium short, hinge plates divided, dorsal muscle field very faint. Middle Devonian (Eifelian): western North America.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 776, 2 a-g. * P. miriam (Johnson), upper Eifelian, Roberts Mountains, Lone Mountain, Nevada, USA, a-e, paratype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, anterior views, \u00d7 1.5, f, interior of ventral valve, \u00d7 3, g, interior of articulated valves, \u00d7 4 (Johnson, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 776. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-262.jpg?height=1893&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rossirhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Rossirhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rossirhynchus Gaetani, 1964, p. 637","Type_species":"R. adamantinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Septemirostellum Roberts, 1971, p. 132 (type, Camarotoechia septima Veevers, 1959b, p. 12, OD)","Synonyms":"Septemirostellum","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, flanks steeply rounded. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus moderately strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, broad, rounded, denticulate. Costae strong, angular, simple, present on fold, sulcus, flanks. Dental plates moderately long, ventrally convergent, close to walls, ventral muscle field narrow, well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, thick, septalium deep, long, with cover, hinge plates united, dorsal muscle field narrow, well impressed, crura long, dorsally grooved, ventrally curved, with tips laterally compressed. Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian): Iran, Australia, Argentina, Chile.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Iran, Australia, Argentina, Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 776, 3ak. * R. adamantinus, Geirud Formation, central Elburz, Zaigun Valley, Iran, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, f- k, serial sections 2.1, 2.4, 3.05, 3.55, 5.35, 5.55 mm from posterior, x1.5 (Gaetani, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gaetani, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 776. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-262.jpg?height=1893&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ryocarhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Ryocarhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ryocarhynchus SARTENAER, 1984b, p. 7","Type_species":"Camarophoria tumida KAYSER, 1872, p. 695, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex to globular profile, Beak incurved, foramen small, semicircular, epithyrid, Fold and sulcus moderate to strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure broad, tongue moderately high, trapezoid, Fold typically with pair of wide costae separated by sinus, sulcus with single costa, flanks almost smooth, Shell walls very thick, Dental plates absent, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed, Dorsal median septum high, long, very thick posteriorly and along its ventral edge, thin anteriorly, septalium wide, short, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, dorsal muscle field narrow, divided by low ridge, crura closely set, thin, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 777, 1 a-j .*R. tumidus (Kayser), \"Matagne\" Shales, Fragnes, Belgium, a-d, paralectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-j, serial sections 2.0, 2.1, 2.45, 2.6, 2.9, 3.1 ~mm from posterior, x1.4 (Sartenaer, 1968b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 777. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142-1144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-264.jpg?height=1845&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":373.44,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenoglossariorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Stenoglossariorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenoglossariorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 6","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus awokanak MCLAREN, 1962, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transversely ovate outline and equibiconvex profile. Beak incurved, foramen small, submesothyrid. Fold and sulcus low, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, moderately high, trapezoid, serrate. Umbones smooth. Costae low, narrow, extending from near umbones, on fold, sulcus, flanks. Dental plates short, almost meeting ventrally in thick callus, ventral muscle field narrow. Dorsal median septum long, high, thick, septalium short, narrow, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, dorsal muscle field narrow, crura long, deep, ventrally curved, tips laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 777, 2a-m. *S. awokanak (McLaren), lower Givetian, Pine Point Formation, Great Slave Lake, Pine Point, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, x1, f-m, serial sections 2.0 , 2.4, 3.0, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2, 5.3, 5.6 ~mm from posterior, x2 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"McLaren, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 777. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142-1144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-264.jpg?height=1845&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striatorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Striatorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striatorhynchus PUSHKIN, 1986, p. 91","Type_species":"S. komarovichensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak small, erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus weak except at anterior margin, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, high, serrate, Costae coarse, rounded, weak, restricted to anterior margin, Outer layer of shell bearing fine radial striae in which are dotlike exopunctae, Dental plates short, vertical, Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium long, deep, hinge plates horizontal, divided anterior of septalium","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Belorussia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 777, 3a-k. *S. komarovichensis, Zadonsk Horizon, Gomelsk, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d7 1, f, enlargement of surface showing striae, exopunctae, \u00d7 9, g-k, serial sections 0.8, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.4 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2 (Pushkin, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pushkin, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 777. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142-1144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-264.jpg?height=1845&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenuisinurostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Tenuisinurostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenuisinurostrum SARTENAER, 1967, p. 2","Type_species":"Camarophoria crenulata GOSSELET, 1877b, p. 316, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline, moderately biconvex profile. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid. Fold and sulcus moderate, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue rounded to recti- marginate. Costae few, weak, flanks almost smooth. Dental plates absent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Hinge plates divided anterior of short septalium, dorsal median septum short and thin, crura laterally compressed, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 778, 1a-n. *T. crenulatum (Gosselet), Senzeilles section, upper Palmatolepis triangularis Zone, railway cutting northwest of Senzeilles tunnel, Belgium, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-n, serial sections 0.85 , 1.05, 1.15, 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 3.0, 3.15, 3.35, 3.4 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSartenaer, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 778. leiorhynchidae (p. 1144-1147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-265.jpg?height=1879&width=1299&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Werneckeella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Werneckeella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Werneckeella LENZ, 1971, p. 844","Type_species":"W. hartensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Irgislella Tjazheva, 1972, p. 90 (type, I. indecora, OD)","Synonyms":"Irgislella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak small, suberect, foramen circular, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus pronounced, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, broad, dentate, Costae moderately strong, simple, distinct on fold and in sulcus, weak on flanks, Dental plates thin, concave medially, converging ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, anteriorly expanded, slightly impressed, reaching about one-third shell length, Dorsal median septum high, about one-third shell length, septalium short, narrow, deep, hinge plates divided, dorsal muscle field elongate oval, crura long, strongly curved ventrally, L-shaped in cross section","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"North America, Russia (western Urals), Australia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 777, 4a-l. * W. hartensis, Prongs Creek Formation, Yukon, Wernecke Mountains, Canada, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.5, d, hypotype, lateral view, x1.25, e, dorsal valve interior, x2.5, f, ventral valve interior, x1.7, g-l, serial sections 0.4, 0.6, 0.75, 0.9, 1.15, 1.2 ~mm from posterior, approximately x10 (Lenz, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lenz, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 777. leiorhynchidae (p. 1142-1144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-264.jpg?height=1845&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yocrarhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Yocrarhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yocrarhynchus SARTENAER, 1995, p. 117","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus orientalis CHEN, 1978a, p. 326, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subrounded outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, with small foramen, deltidial plates evident in sections, Fold and sulcus strong, arising near umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low to moderate, serrate, Costae strong, rounded to subangular, simple, weak on flanks, Dental plates short, near walls, convergent ventrally, occasionally meeting near valve floor to form low ventral median septum that may continue anteriorly to hinge area as low median ridge, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, Teeth simple, short, thick, Hinge plates short, horizontal, septalium barely developed, dorsal median septum high posteriorly, thinning anteriorly and extending to about one-third valve length, bordered by well-impressed muscle field, crura short, thin, ventrally curved, tip V-shaped in cross section, open dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"China, northeastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 778, 2a-o. *Y. orientalis (Chen), lower Frasnian, Tuqiaozi Formation, Tuqiaozi, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, China, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1 (Chen, 1984), fo, serial sections of topotype 1.7, 2.3, 2.55, 2.75, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.7, 5.8, 7.6 ~mm from dorsal umbo, x1.5 (Sartenaer, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen, 1984, \nSartenaer, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 778. leiorhynchidae (p. 1144-1147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-265.jpg?height=1879&width=1299&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ypsilorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Ypsilorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ypsilorhynchus Sartenaer, 1970a, p. 9","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus manetoe MCLAREN, 1962, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex to galeate profile. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus broad, low, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, low, serrate. Costae moderately strong on fold and sulcus, weak on flanks, with some bifurcation. Dental plates short, meeting ventrally where supported by septum to form spondylium, ventral muscle field elongate, narrow posteriorly, expanding anteriorly, well impressed. Dorsal median septum high, thick posteriorly, thin anteriorly, extending to midlength, well impressed, septalium very short, hinge plates very short, breaking up immediately anterior of septalium, crura close together, long, slender, strongly curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"western North America, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 778,3a\u2013l. *Y. manetoe (MCLAREN), upper Eifelian, Headless Formation, Northwest Territories, southern Manetoe Range, western Canada; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; f\u2013l, serial sections 2.4, 2.8, 4.1, 4.8, 5.3, 6.8, 9.9 mm from posterior, \u00d7 1.5 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 778. leiorhynchidae (p. 1144-1147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-265.jpg?height=1879&width=1299&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fenestrirostra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Fenestrirostrinae","Genus":"Fenestrirostra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fenestrirostra COOPER, 1955, p. 56","Type_species":"Rhynchonella glacialis BILLINGS, 1862, p. 143, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and subequally biconvex profile, Beak incurved, delthyrium open apically, Fold and sulcus arising at beak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderately high, trapezoid, Costae rounded, uneven, on fold, in sulcus, and on flanks, increasing by bifurcation and intercalation, Dental plates low, short, ventrally divergent, enclosing small circular umbonal cavities, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, Dorsal median septum low, short, septalium small, short, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, crura long, ventrally curved, tips laterally compressed","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"eastern Canada (Quebec)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 779a-k. *F. glacialis (Billings), lower Llandovery, Merrimack Formation, Anticosti Island, Baie Innomm\u00e9e, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1.6, f- k, serial sections 1.1, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.3, 3.5 ~mm from posterior, x4 (Jin, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 779. leiorhynchidae (p. 1147-1148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-266.jpg?height=1019&width=1285&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Felinotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Fenestrirostrinae","Genus":"Felinotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Felinotoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 73","Type_species":"Atrypa astuta Barrande var. felina BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, dorsal valve strongly inflated. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus pronounced from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue very high, broad, rounded. Costae low, numerous on fold and in sulcus, weak on flanks and umbones. Dental plates absent or obscured by callus, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium short, deep, narrow, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium.","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idoli) - Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 780, 1 a-g. *F. felina (Barrande), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed Limestone, Prague, Slivenec, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1.7 (new), e-g, serial sections at 0.1 mm intervals, x2.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 780. leiorhynchidae (p. 1148-1149).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-267.jpg?height=1155&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pachancorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Fenestrirostrinae","Genus":"Pachancorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pachancorhynchia BRICE, 1986, p. 121","Type_species":"* P. leviniensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, dorsal valve strongly inflated. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low. Costae numerous, weak on umbones. Dental plates very short, partly obscured by callus, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, thick, septalium long, deep, hinge plates united, narrow, crura closely set. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 780, 2a-k. * P. leviniensis, Noulette Formation, Artois, Li\u00e9vin, France, a-b, holotype, posterior and dorsal views, x1, c-i, serial sections 0.8, 1.5, 1.9, 2.5, 2.9, 3.9, 5.2 mm from posterior, x1.7 (Brice, 1986), j-k, ventral valve internal molds showing muscle field, x2 (Barrois, Pruvost, & Dubois, 1922).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1986, \nBarrois, Pruvost, & Dubois, 1922","figure_index":"fig. 780. leiorhynchidae (p. 1148-1149).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-267.jpg?height=1155&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Innuitella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Innuitellinae","Genus":"Innuitella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Innuitella CRICKMAY, 1968, p. 5","Type_species":"I. innuitana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect, foramen small, submesothyrid, Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, weakly serrate, Costae low on fold and sulcus, weak to absent on flanks, Dental plates almost meeting ventrally, having lateral buttresses across umbonal cavities, ventral muscle field very narrow, Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium short, hinge plates united past hinge line, crura long, ventrally curved, triangular section","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 781a\u2013h. *I. innuitana, upper Emsian, Inuvik, Arctic Canada; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d71; eh, paratype, serial sections across posterior, \u00d71.5 (Crickmay, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig . 781i\u2013o. I. aff. I. innuitana, upper Emsian, McColley Canyon Formation, Lone Mountain, Nevada, USA; i\u2013l, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71.5; m\u2013o, serial sections 9.2, 9.0, 8.6 mm from anterior, \u00d7 0.7 (Johnson, 1973a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Crickmay, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 781. leiorhynchidae (p. 1149).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-268.jpg?height=725&width=1291&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gigantorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Gigantorhynchinae","Genus":"Gigantorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gigantorhynchus Sapelnikov & MALYGINA, 1977, p. 62","Type_species":"*G. dubius, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large with rounded subtriangular outline and biconvex profile, Beak incurved, delthyrium open apically, deltidial plates disjunct, Fold and sulcus low, flat, wide, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, Costae very weak to absent, Shell thick, Dental plates absent or obscured by callus, ventral muscle field narrow, Dorsal median septum short, thick, septalium absent, hinge plates united, cardinal process narrow, linguiform, unilobed to trilobed, crural bases stout, crura long, oblique in section","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Tian Shan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 782,1a\u2013k. *G. dubius, eastern Altai, Archaltur Range; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d70.5; e\u2013k, serial sections 30.0, 29.5, 29.0, 28.0, 27.0, 24.0, 20.0 mm from anterior, \u00d70.6 (Sapelnikov & Malygina, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 782. leiorhynchidae (p. 1149-1151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-269.jpg?height=1508&width=1282&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Momarhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Gigantorhynchinae","Genus":"Momarhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Momarhynchus Baranov & SARTENAER, 1996, p. 39","Type_species":"M. indigirkaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large with transversely subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, Ventral beak small, incurved, delthyrium open, Fold and sulcus wide, fold gently convex, sulcus gently concave, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, slightly arched, Flanks of both valves gently convex, Costae very weak to absent, fine radial striae sometimes preserved, Shell thick posteriorly, Dental plates absent, teeth stout and short, ventral muscle field poorly defined, Dorsal median ridge long, low, hinge plates divided, subhorizontal, with short sockets and low inner socket ridges, crural bases stout, horizontal, crura subtriangular in cross section, distal parts curve ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Russia (Yakutia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 782,2a\u2013l. *M. indigirkaensis, lower Famennian, upper half of Moma Suite, Moma River, Moma Range; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; e\u2013l, serial sections 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4, 3.1, 3.6, 4.2, 6.2 mm from posterior, \u00d7 1 (Baranov & Sartenaer, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 782. leiorhynchidae (p. 1149-1151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-269.jpg?height=1508&width=1282&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calvinaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Calvinaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calvinaria STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 43","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ambigua CALVIN, 1878, p. 729, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with markedly transversely ovate outline, Biconvex profile with lateral and anterior slopes low, Beak incurved, foramen oval, Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure broadly uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, serrate, Costae broad, arising near umbones, present on fold, sulcus, and flanks, Dental plates convergent ventrally, often obscured by thick callus, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, Dorsal median septum long, thin, high, septalium short, narrow, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crura long, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, northern Africa, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 783, 1 a-j. *C. ambigua (Calvin), upper Frasnian, Iowa, USA, a-b, hypotype, dorsal and posterior views, Amana Beds, Amana, x1.2, c, holotype, ventral view, Independence Shale, Independence, d, hypotype, anterior view, Independence Shale, Brandon, x1 (Stainbrook, 1945), e-j, serial sections 2.6, 2.7, 2.95, 3.3, 3.5, 3.8 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stainbrook, 1945, \nSartenaer, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 783. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-271.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Canavirilia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Canavirilia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Canavirilia SARTENAER, 1994, p. 97","Type_species":"C. atrousensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with transversely ovate, anteriorly emarginate outline, dorsibiconvex profile, lateral margins moderately steep but not truncated, dorsal valve inflated posteriorly and anteriorly. Beak incurved, foramen with deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, subacuminate. Costae very broad, arising at umbones, mostly on fold and sulcus, rare on flanks. Dental plates short, strongly convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, thin, septalium short, hinge plates dividing early, crura closely set, long, rodlike for much of length. Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian): Morocco, Europe, Urals, North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Morocco, Europe, Urals, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 783, 2a-l. * C. atrousensis, Tafilalt, Morocco, a-d, holotype, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-l, serial sections 0.6, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.45, 1.55, 1.8, 2.3 ~mm from posterior, x2.3 (Sartenaer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 783. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-271.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lateralatirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Lateralatirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lateralatirostrum SARTENAER, 1979a, p. 539","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus athabascense KINDLE, 1924, p. 217, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, with transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral slopes gentle. Beak erect, truncated by small foramen. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue very high, broad, rounded. Costae low, most evident on fold and in sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates short, converging ventrally, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum long, thin, high, septalium short, hinge plates breaking up early, crura long, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"western North America, Russian Platform, Volga-Urals, central Timan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 784, 1a-l. *L. athabascense (Kindle), Flume Formation, Jasper Park, Alberta, Canada, a-d, hypotype, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, e- l, serial sections 0.55, 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.9, 2.2, 3.2, 5.5 mm from posterior, x2 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"McLaren, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 784. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151-1154).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-272.jpg?height=1527&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Navalicria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Navalicria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Navalicria SARTENAER, 1989, p. 66","Type_species":"N. compacta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate, anteriorly emarginate outline, dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated, flanks not steep. Beak slightly incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates narrow. Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate to biplicate, tongue high, trapezoid. Costae low, simple, rounded, arising anterior of umbones, approximately 2 costae on fold, 1 in sulcus, flanks smooth. Dental plates incipient, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed. Septalium short, small, hinge plates divided, dorsal septum long, high, thin, dorsal muscle field narrow, crura long, thin, slightly curved ventrally, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe, western Canada, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 783, 3 a-m. *N. compacta, middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian, Schistes gris with Reticularia pachyrhyncha, Ardennes, near Frasnes, Belgium, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, f-m, serial sections 0.55, 0.95, 1.15, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 3.7 mm from posterior, \u00d7 3.2 (Sartenaer, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 783. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-271.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plionoptycherhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Plionoptycherhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plionoptycherhynchus SARTENAER, 1979a, p. 537","Type_species":"P. exformosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, with transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, gentle lateral slopes. Beak erect, foramen obscured by dorsal umbo. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, serrate. Costae distinct, subangular, simple, extending from umbones, present on fold, sulcus, and flanks. Dental plates absent, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed in thick shell material. Dorsal median septum long, high, thick, septalium short, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of septalium, crura curved ventrally, tips laterally flattened.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 784, 2a-j. * P. exformosus, upper lower Frasnian, Givet, Chapel of Notre Dame de Walcourt, northeastern France, a- d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Sartenaer, 1979a), e-j, serial sections 1.8, 2.05, 2.3, 2.45, 3.15, 4.10 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1979, \nSartenaer, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 784. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151-1154).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-272.jpg?height=1527&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tomestenoporhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Tomestenoporhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tomestenoporhynchus SARTENAER, 1993, p. 13","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus rudkini LJASCHENKO, 1959, p. 151, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal, transversely ovate outline, curved at tips","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"European Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 785a-n. *T. rudkini (Ljaschenko), Rudkino horizon, Russian Platform, River Don, Rudkino, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, e, topotype, lateral view, x1, f-n, serial sections 2.2, 2.25, 2.45, 2.55, 3.05, 3.2, 3.4, 5.9, 6.7 ~mm from posterior, x3.25 (Sartenaer, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSartenaer, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 785. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151-1153).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-273.jpg?height=1044&width=1282&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vincalaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Vincalaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vincalaria SARTENAER, 1989, p. 61","Type_species":"Calvinaria bransoni STAINBROOK, 1948, p. 774, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral slopes moderate. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, oval. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, tongue pronounced, broadly biplicate to triplicate. Costae strong, broad, from umbones, usually 2 to 4 on fold, 1 to 3 in sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates strongly convergent ventrally, often obscured by thick callus, ventral muscle field well impressed. Septalium short, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, dorsal median septum long, low, thick, crura closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, western North America, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 784, 3a-l. *V. bransoni (Stain\u0432\u043a\u043e\u043e\u043a), middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian, Sly Gap Formation, Alamogordo, New Mexico, USA, a-b, holotype, ventral and anterior views, c, paratype, dorsal view, x1 (Stainbrook, 1948), d, hypotype, lateral view, x1 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982), e-l, serial sections 0.65, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.45, 1.55, 2.0, 3.2 ~mm from posterior, x2.7 (Sartenaer, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stainbrook, 1948, \nCooper & Dutro, 1982, \nSartenaer, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 784. leiorhynchidae (p. 1151-1154).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-272.jpg?height=1527&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platyterorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Platyterorhynchinae","Genus":"Platyterorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platyterorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 5","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus russelli MCLAREN, 1962, p. 95, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transversely ovate outline and equibiconvex, lenticular profile, Beak incurved, delthyrium with vestigial deltidial plates, foramen mesothyrid, Fold and sulcus broad, low, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, wide, Costae weak and uneven on fold and sulcus, very weak on flanks, Dental plates short, converging ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, moderately impressed, Dorsal median septum long, high, thin, septalium very short, shallow, hinge plates dividing immediately anterior of septalium, dorsal muscle field long, narrow, crura long, slender, ventrally curved, tips laterally flattened.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"western and eastern North America, western Europe, Morocco, Turkey, Russian Platform, Volga-Urals, Timan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 786, 4al. *P. russelli (McLaren), uppermost Givetian, lowermost Asymmetricus Zone, Waterways Formation, Peace River, Boyer Rapids, Alberta, Canada, a-d, holotype, dorsal, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, x1, e-l, serial sections 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.7, 3.7, 5.5 ~mm from posterior, x1.5 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"McLaren, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 786. leiorhynchidae (p. 1154-1156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-274.jpg?height=1839&width=1306&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Insignitisinurostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Platyterorhynchinae","Genus":"Insignitisinurostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Insignitisinurostrum SARTENAER, 1987b, p. 85","Type_species":"Camarotoechia latisinuata Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, lateral slopes rounded. Beak erect to suberect, foramen subovate. Fold and sulcus low, from umbones, anterior commissure broadly uniplicate, tongue low, broad, serrate. Costae narrow, rounded, arising at beaks, increasing by bifurcation and intercalation, present on fold, sulcus, and flanks. Dental plates absent or buried in thick callus, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum short, thin, septalium very short, with crural bases arising from sides, hinge plates also very short, dividing immediately anterior of septalium, crura closely set, long, thin, distally ovate in cross section.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 786, 2ah. *I. latisinuatum (Cooper & Dutro), upper lower Famennian, basal Thoroughgood Formation, Sheep Mountain, New Mexico, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, f-h, serial sections 1.9, 2.4, 2.9 mm from posterior, x2 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 786. leiorhynchidae (p. 1154-1156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-274.jpg?height=1839&width=1306&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenaulacorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Platyterorhynchinae","Genus":"Stenaulacorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenaulacorhynchus SARTENAER, 1968a, p. 3","Type_species":"Stenaulacorhynchus cheshmehshirensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, gentle lateral and anterior slopes. Beak erect, foramen small, circular. Fold and sulcus moderate, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, rounded, serrate. Costae extending from umbones but most evident at anterior and lateral margins. Dental plates short, strongly convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, well impressed in thick shell material. Dorsal median septum very short, thick, low, septalium very short, wide, with cover plate anteriorly, hinge plates united anterior of septalium, dorsal muscle field narrow, well impressed, crura curve ventrally, tips laterally flattened.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"northern Iran, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 786, 3a-o. *S. cheshmehshirensis, Ozbak-Kuh, Cheshmeh Shir, northern Iran, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-o, serial sections 1.37, 1.45, 1.6, 1.85, 2.35, 2.5, 2.7, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6 ~mm from posterior, x2.2 (Sartenaer, 1968a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 786. leiorhynchidae (p. 1154-1156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-274.jpg?height=1839&width=1306&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenometoporhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Stenometoporhynchinae","Genus":"Stenometoporhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenometoporhynchus Sartenaer, 1987d, p. 126","Type_species":"Liorhynchus pavlovi Nalivkin, 1930b, p. 72, OD, non Liorhynchus pavlovi Mufke, nomem manuscriptum (see Nalivkin, 1930b, p. 73 88, and SARTENAER, 1987d, p. 126)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to scutiform outline and dorsibiconvex, galeate profile, dorsal valve inflated. Beak incurved, foramen small, apical. Fold and sulcus wide, low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, rounded, Costae weak on fold and sulcus, very weak on flanks. Dental plates short, close to shell walls, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum short, thin, septalium absent, hinge plates very short, divided, dorsal muscle field narrow, weakly impressed, crura long, slender, closely set, ventrally curved, V-shaped distally with open side directed ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"European Russia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 786, 1a-n. *S. pavlovi (Nalivkin), Semiluki beds, Voronezh, Semiluki, European Russia, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1 (Nalivkin, 1930b), f-n, serial sections 1.05, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.75, 4.65, 4.9 ~mm from posterior, x1.7 (Sartenaer, 1987d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nalivkin, 1930, \nSartenaer, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 786. leiorhynchidae (p. 1154-1156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-274.jpg?height=1839&width=1306&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Basilicorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Basilicorhynchinae","Genus":"Basilicorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Basilicorhynchus CRICKMAY, 1952b, p. 1","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus basilicum CRICKMAY, 1952a, p. 600, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex profile, flanks and anterior very steep. Beak incurved, foramen mesohypothyrid. Fold and sulcus restricted to extreme anterior, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid to rectangular, serrate. Costae few, strong, subangular, developed only anteriorly. Dental plates long, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, septalium deep, V-shaped, hinge plates horizontal, divided anterior of septalium, crura short, slender, gutterlike distally with dorsal side open.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"western and northern Canada, Europe, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 787, 1a-k. *B. basilicus (Crickmay), upper lower Famennian, Mackenzie River, Root River, Northwest Territories, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, d, paratype, lateral view, x1, e-k, serial sections 0.4, 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 2.0 ~mm from posterior, x5 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 787. leiorhynchidae (p. 1156-1158).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-276.jpg?height=260&width=1275&top_left_y=1842&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gastrodetoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Basilicorhynchinae","Genus":"Gastrodetoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gastrodetoechia SARTENAER, 1965b, p. 2","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus utahensis KINDLE, 1908, p. 105, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline, dorsibiconvex profile. Beak erect, foramen small, circular. Fold and sulcus strong, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, angular, serrate. Costae arising on umbones, subangular, strong on fold and in sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates long, near valve walls, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, well impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium large, deep, long, V-shaped, with fragile cover, hinge plates joined by septalium, dorsal muscle field narrow, well impressed, crura curved ventrally, concave dorsally. Upper Devonian (Famennian): western North America, Europe, Iran, Armenia, Afghanistan, Algeria.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, Europe, Iran, Armenia, Afghanistan, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 787, 3a-k. *G. utahensis (Kindle), lower upper Famennian, a- c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Three Forks Formation, Montana, USA, x0.8, d- k, hypotype, serial sections 1.85, 1.95, 2.1, 2.85, 3.5, 3.8, 4.1, 5.3 ~mm from posterior, Palliser Formation, Mount Coleman, Banff Park, Alberta, Canada, x1.5 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 787. leiorhynchidae (p. 1156-1158).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-276.jpg?height=260&width=1275&top_left_y=1842&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Minirostrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Basilicorhynchinae","Genus":"Minirostrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Minirostrella BALINSKI, 1995a, p. 50","Type_species":"M. rara, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and dorsibicovex profile, flanks with low lateral slopes. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus of medium strength, extending from beaks, tongue wide, high, typically triplicate. Costae broad, subangular, arising at umbones, strong on fold and sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates very short, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum short, low, thick, septalium wide, short, hinge plates inclined dorsally, divided anterior of septalium, crura long, closely set, ventrally curved. Upper Devonian (lower Famennian): Poland.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 787, 2a-l. *M. rara, Palmatolepis triangularis Zone, Debnik, southern Poland, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x2, f-l, serial sections 0.35, 0.65, 0.7, 0.85, 1.1, 1.4, 2.3 ~mm from posterior, x4.4 (Balinski, 1995a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Balinski, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 787. leiorhynchidae (p. 1156-1158).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-276.jpg?height=260&width=1275&top_left_y=1842&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugaltarostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Basilicorhynchinae","Genus":"Rugaltarostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugaltarostrum SARTENAER, 1961c, p. 6","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus madisonense HAYNES, 1916, p. 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and dorsibicovex profile, flanks with low lateral slopes. Beak erect to incurved, foramen minute. Fold and sulcus strong, extending from beaks, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, high, serrate. Costae broad, arising at umbones, strong on fold and sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates long, convergent ventrally. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium deep, short, hinge plates slightly inclined dorsally, divided anterior of septalium, crura long, ventrally curved, surfaces concave dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, Western Australia, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 788a-m. *R. madisonense (Haynes), lower upper Famennian, Three Forks Formation, Logan, Montana, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-m, serial sections 0.57, 0.62, 0.7, 1.0, 1.1, 1.4, 1.55, 1.7 ~mm from posterior, x6 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 788. leiorhynchidae (p. 1158).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-277.jpg?height=396&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septalaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septalaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septalaria LEIDHOLD, 1928, p. 35","Type_species":"Terebratula ascendens Steininger, 1853, p. 61, SD TORLEY, 1934, p. 74","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated. Beak sharp, incurved, foramen permesothyrid. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, high, rectangular, serrate, often projecting anterodorsally as trail. Costae low, simple, extending from umbones, weak on flanks, short marginal spines commonly developed. Dental plates very short, close to walls, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum short, high, pointed at about midlength in lateral view, with acute angle directed ventrally, septalium short, wide, partly filled by large, ridged cardinal process, hinge plates undivided for short distance anterior of septalium, crural bases arising from dorsal edge of hinge plates, crura long, straight, closely set, rodlike.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Altai, China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 789,1a\u2013e. *S. ascendens (STEININGER), Eifelian, Nohn Beds, Pr\u00fcm, Hauenborn, Germany; neotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72 (Schmidt, 1975).\u2014\u2014Fig. 789,1f\u2013p. S. subtetragona (SCHNUR), Eifelian, Nohn Beds, Pr\u00fcm, Germany; f\u2013i, serial sections 15.2, 15.0, 14.9, 14.8 mm from anterior; j\u2013k, serial sections 11.2, 11.1 mm from anterior, \u00d73.3 (Schmidt, 1965b); l\u2013p, serial sections 10.25, 10.1, 10.0, 9.8, 9.6 mm from posterior, \u00d73 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 789. septalariidae (p. 1158-1159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-279.jpg?height=1873&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amissopecten":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Amissopecten","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amissopecten HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 243","Type_species":"Terebratula velox BARRANDE, 1847, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of brachiopods with a subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated, and with a prominent trail. The beak is suberect to incurved, with a permesothyrid foramen. It has a strong fold and sulcus from the umbones, a uniplicate anterior commissure, and a broad, very high, often splayed, serrate tongue projecting anterodorsally as a trail. The costae are of two sizes, with fine costae merging to form coarse costae extending to the anterior margin. It lacks dental plates, and the ventral muscle field is weakly impressed. The dorsal median septum is high, with a short, wide septalium. It is found in the Lower Devonian (Emsian) to Middle Devonian (Eifelian) of Bohemia and Germany.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 789, 2a-i. *A. velox (Barrande), upper Emsian, Suchomasty Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-e, neotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x2 (new), f-i, serial sections 16.3, 16.1, 15.9, 15.7 ~mm from anterior, x5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 789. septalariidae (p. 1158-1159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-279.jpg?height=1873&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Athyrhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Athyrhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Athyrhynchus JOHNSON, 1973a, p. 467","Type_species":"A. susanae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal to subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, sides not truncated. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus weak, arising at midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, high, trapezoid. Costae few, weak, restricted mainly to fold and sulcus, arising near midlength. Dental plates short, close to walls, ventral muscle field elongate oval. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium short, hinge plates undivided, sockets large, with recurved inner socket ridges, dorsal muscle field located near midlength, raised, rhombohedral outline, large bilobed cardinal process. Lower Devonian (upper Emsian): USA (Nevada), Arctic Canada.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada), Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 790, 1a-f. *A. susanae, Disappointment Bay Formation, Lowther Island, Arctic Canada, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.5, e, interior of dorsal valve, x3, f, interior of ventral valve, x3 (Johnson, 1973a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 790. septalariidae (p. 1159-1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-280.jpg?height=1872&width=1285&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bergalaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bergalaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bergalaria SCHMIDT, 1975, p. 101","Type_species":"B. bergica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, with deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus strong, arising anterior of umbones, tongue broad, medium height, trapezoid, projecting anterodorsally as trail with commissure at leading edge, Costae developed on anterior third, numerous, rounded, weak on flanks, arising from radial capillae that are present posterior of costae, Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, Dorsal median septum short, high, in lateral profile with acute point directed ventrally at about one-third septum length, hinge plates horizontal, undivided, septalium absent, cardinal process large, ridged, rounded posteriorly but dividing into 2 splayed lobes anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian-middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 790, 2a-j. *B. bergica, lower Frasnian, Herzkamper Mulde, Bergisches Land, Elberfeld, Germany, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, x2, f, paratype, surface showing capillae, x3, g-h, serial sections showing cardinal process, x5, i, transverse section showing median septum and dental plates, x4.2, j, longitudinal section showing acute angle on median septum, x3 (Schmidt, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 790. septalariidae (p. 1159-1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-280.jpg?height=1872&width=1285&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monadotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Monadotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monadotoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 243","Type_species":"Terebratula monas BARRANDE, 1847, p. 88, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate-oval outline and biconvex profile, Beak incurved, Fold and sulcus moderately strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue rounded to trapezoid, serrate, trail not developed, Costae few, subangular, extending from umbones, Dental plates small to absent, Hinge plates united, horizontal, cardinal process and septalium absent, dorsal median septum short, thin, high, crura closely set, delicate, tips laterally compressed","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Morocco, southern Urals, Taimir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 791, 1 a-j. *M. monas (Barrande), Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Pragian, Vinarice Limestone, x5 (new), e-i, serial sections 5.65, 5.55, 5.4, 5.32, 5.2 mm from posterior, Emsian, Suchomasty Limestone, x6, j, transverse section of another specimen, Emsian, Suchomasty Limestone, \u00d78 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Kukal, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Kukal, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 791. septalariidae (p. 1159-1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-281.jpg?height=1728&width=1284&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nemesa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nemesa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nemesa SCHMIDT, 1941a, p. 41","Type_species":"N. nemesana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated. Beak incurved, foramen permesothyrid. Fold and sulcus weak, from about midlength, tongue broad, low, sulciplicate to serrate. Surface smooth or with weak, broad costae developed anteriorly. Dental plates very short, close to walls. Dorsal median septum short, small cardinal process and septalium. Middle Devonian (Eifelian): Europe.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 789, 3a-c. * N. nemesana, Rommersheimer Beds, Goldelsheim, Germany, holotype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.5 (Schmidt, 1941a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 789, 3d-f. N. hertae Havl\u00ed\u010dek, Hlubocepy Limestone, Hlubocepy, Bohemia, serial sections 9.55, 9.1, 8.9 ~mm from anterior, \u00d72.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 789. septalariidae (p. 1158-1159).\nfig. 789. septalariidae (p. 1158-1159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-279.jpg?height=1873&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-279.jpg?height=1873&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Onugorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Onugorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Onugorhynchia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 87","Type_species":"Terebratula matercula BARRANDE, 1847, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated with very pronounced anterodorsal trail. Beak sharp, straight to suberect, foramen circular, mesothyrid, deltidial plates small, conjunct. Fold and sulcus strong anteriorly, weak posteriorly, tongue broad, very high, rectangular, projecting anterodorsally as prominent trail. In some specimens anterior trail and equivalent extensions of lateral margins unbroken but usually these thin flanges broken off, leaving introverted truncated edge. Costae low, simple, extending from midlength, weak on umbones and flanks, costae changing into grooves on paries geniculatus. Short triangular marginal spines commonly developed. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum short, high, septalium absent, hinge plates undivided, without median groove, cardinal process small to absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 791,2a\u2013k. *O. matercula (BARRANDE), Pragian, Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Prague; a\u2013e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d72.75 (new); f\u2013k, serial sections 5.7, 5.5, 5.45, 5.35, 5.25, 5.15 mm from anterior, \u00d710 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 791. septalariidae (p. 1159-1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-281.jpg?height=1728&width=1284&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phlogoiderhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phlogoiderhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phlogoiderhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 18","Type_species":"Uncinulus artefactus VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 99, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and biconvex profile, gentle lateral slopes. Beak erect, foramen minute, circular. Fold and sulcus broad, extending from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue variable, trapezoid to rounded, generally highest part of shell. Dental plates absent, teeth large, widely separated, ventral muscle field deeply impressed. Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium not developed, hinge plates incipient, crura long, slender, arising very early at extreme posterior of valve, thin and delicate, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Europe, China, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 790, 3a-i. * P. artefactus (Veevers), lower Frasnian, Sadler Formation, Fitzroy Basin, Sadler Ridge, Western Australia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-i, serial sections 0.7, 0.85, 1.25, 1.95, 2.5 ~mm from posterior, x1 (Veevers, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Veevers, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 790. septalariidae (p. 1159-1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-280.jpg?height=1872&width=1285&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudocamarophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudocamarophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudocamarophoria WEDEKIND, 1926, p. 197","Type_species":"Terebratula microrhyncha ROEMER, 1844, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to equidimensional subpentagonal outline and biconvex, lenticular profile, Beak sharp, erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus moderately strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, trapezoid, serrate, Costae from umbones, simple, subangular, Dental plates short, umbonal cavities commonly filled with callus, Dorsal median septum high, pointed ventrally in lateral profile, as in Septalaria, extending to about one-third valve length, septalium short, wide, cardinal process absent, crura closely set, thin, straight for much of length, arising from dorsal edge of undivided hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 792, 1a-i. * P. microrhyncha (Roemer), lower Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Formation, Geeser bed, Eifel, Sch\u00f6necken, Germany, ac, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, d-i, serial sections 15.3, 15.0, 14.8, 14.6, 14.4, 14.0 ~mm from anterior, x4 (Schmidt, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 792. septalariidae (p. 1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-282.jpg?height=1847&width=1297&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rzonsnickiana":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rzonsnickiana","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rzonsnickiana MAMEDOV, 1976, p. 121","Type_species":"R. sadarakensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and moderately biconvex profile, gentle lateral slopes, Fold and sulcus broad, weak, extending from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, Costae weak, broad, restricted to anterior margin, radial striae present, Dental plates absent, Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium short, with cover, crura closely set","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Azerbaijan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 791, 3a-f. *R. sadarakensis, Nakhichevan, Sadarak, a, holotype, ventral view, x2.25, b-f, serial sections 1.0, 1.3, 1.4, 1.9, 2.34 mm from posterior, x3.5 (Mamedov, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mamedov, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 791. septalariidae (p. 1159-1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-281.jpg?height=1728&width=1284&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septalariopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septalariopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septalariopsis CHEN, 1978a, p. 331","Type_species":"S. zhonghuanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A fossil genus characterized by a subcircular to transversely ovate outline and a dorsibiconvex profile. It has moderate lateral slopes, an erect to incurved beak, and a small, circular foramen. The fold and sulcus are strong, extending from the umbones, and the anterior commissure is uniplicate with a wide, rectangular tongue. Costae of two sizes are present, with fine costae merging to form coarse costae at the anterior and lateral margins. Dental plates are absent or obscured by thick callus, and the ventral muscle field is well impressed and narrow in thick callus. The dorsal median septum is thin, high, and long, with a short septalium. Hinge plates are divided anterior of the septalium, and the cardinal process is large with longitudinal ridges. Crura are long, slender, and almost straight, closely placed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 792, 2a-m. *S. zhonghuanensis, Tuqiaozi Member, Longmenshan, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1, d, holotype, costae at margin, x6, e-m, serial sections 1.85, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.85, 2.95, 3.15, 3.85, 4.15 ~mm from posterior, x3 (Chen, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 792. septalariidae (p. 1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-282.jpg?height=1847&width=1297&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pugnax Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 202","Type_species":"Terebratula acuminata Sowerby, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 23, SD ICZN Opinion 420, 1956, p. 134","Synonyms_with_authors":"Physetorhyncha Sartenaer & Rozman, 1968, p. 137 (type, Pugnax biloba Rozman, 1960, p. 386, OD), Striatopugnax Chen, 1978a, p. 322 (type, S. triplica, OD)","Synonyms":"Physetorhyncha, Striatopugnax","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Commonly large size, subtriangular to transversely ovate outline, tetrahedral shape with tongue very high, forming pointed arch, dorsal valve strongly inflated, ventral valve relatively flat or concave posteriorly, Beak incurved, foramen small, Fold and sulcus very strong and narrow anteriorly, Costae weak to absent, when present few, simple, most pronounced anteriorly where may be angular, fine radial striae commonly present, Dental plates short, vertical, or ventrally divergent, Septalium and dorsal median septum absent, hinge plates divided, crural plates inclined dorsally, almost meeting valve floor, crura laterally flattened, subparallel, variable","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 793, 1a-t. *P. acuminatus (Sowerby), a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Lower Carboniferous, Vis\u00e9an subzone D2, Derbyshire, Thorpe Cloud, England, x1 (new), f-t, hypotype, serial sections, Lower Carboniferous, Dublin, Eire, x2.8 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 793. pugnacidae (p. 1165).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-285.jpg?height=1815&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aikarhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aikarhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aikarhyncha HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990b, p. 212","Type_species":"Rhynchonella praecox BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 29, case 1, fig. 1a-e, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex profile with dorsal valve strongly inflated anteriorly. Beak suberect, delthyrium open. Fold and sulcus strong, from midlength. Costae very strong, angular, arising at about one-third shell length, anterior commissure uniplicate and coarsely dentate, tongue high. Dental plates short, converging toward valve floor. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Salair","Figure_captions":"Fig. 793, 2a-i. *A. praecox (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x4 (new), f, serial section, ventral valve, x6, g-i, serial sections, dorsal valve at 7.1, 6.95, 6.7 from anterior, x6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 793. pugnacidae (p. 1165).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-285.jpg?height=1815&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Allorhynchoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Allorhynchoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Allorhynchoides Savage, Eberlein, & CHURKIN, 1978, p. 392","Type_species":"A. kirki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to longitudinally ovate, with few, strong plications on fold and in sulcus, Umbones smooth, Fold with median sinus and sulcus with median plication, Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, large elongate teeth inclined dorsally, Hinge plates divided, subhorizontal, Dorsal median septum and septalium absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"southeastern Alaska","Figure_captions":"Fig. 794, 3a-l. *A. kirki, upper Famennian, Port Refugio Formation, Suemez Island, Port Refugio; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d73; f\u2013l, serial sections 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 mm from posterior, \u00d74 (Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 794. pugnacidae (p. 1165-1168).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-286.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cavatisinurostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cavatisinurostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cavatisinurostrum SARTENAER, 1972, p. 2","Type_species":"C. faniae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to subtriangular, strongly convexiconcave, dorsal valve inflated anteriorly, ventral valve flat to concave, anterior commissure uniplicate to acuminate. Costae weak, rounded, restricted to extreme anterior of fold and sulcus, fine radial striae present. Dental plates long, converging almost to meet ventrally. Hinge plates divided, small, dorsal septum absent, crura long, thin, convex ventrolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western Europe, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 794, 4 a-k .* C. faniae, lower Famennian, Heure, Belgium, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-k, serial sections 1.9, 2.35, 2.5, 2.9, 3.5, 6.1 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 794. pugnacidae (p. 1165-1168).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-286.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chapinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chapinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chapinella Savage, Eberlein, & CHURKIN, 1978, p. 388","Type_species":"* C. bucareliensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile. Fold and sulcus distinct anteriorly, shell mostly smooth but costae strong and subangular in anterior third, tongue strongly plicated. Dental plates short, ventrally convergent. Dorsal median septum and septalium absent, hinge plates divided, inner edges flexed dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"southeastern Alaska","Figure_captions":"Fig. 795, 1 a-l .* C. bucareliensis, upper Famennian, Port Refugio Formation, Suemez Island, Port Refugio, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-l, serial sections 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 2.1 mm from posterior, x4 (Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 795. pugnacidae (p. 1168-1171).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-288.jpg?height=1818&width=1287&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coeloterorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Coeloterorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coeloterorhynchus SARTENAER, 1966a, p. 41","Type_species":"C. tabasensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to transversely ovate, dorsal valve inflated, ventral flat to concave. Beak incurved, foramen small, with small deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus wide, tongue high, serrated to acute. Costae few, rounded, from about midlength, with striae in some specimens. Dental plates distinct, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field well impressed. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Iran, Afghanistan, Europe, northern Africa, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 794, 2a-k. * C. tabasensis, Frasnian, Shishtu Formation, Niaz, Sardar Valley, Iran, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-k, serial sections 1.0, 1.45, 1.75, 2.1, 2.3, 3.35 mm from posterior, x3 (Sartenaer, 1966a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 794. pugnacidae (p. 1165-1168).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-286.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Colophragma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Colophragma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Colophragma Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 77","Type_species":"C. ellipticum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline, strongly biconvex, dorsal valve inflated. Beak erect, foramen small, mesothyridid, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold and sulcus pronounced anteriorly, tongue high, serrate, umbones smooth. Costae weak and rounded at midlength, strong and angular anteriorly. Dental plates long, ventrally convergent. Hinge plates divided, horizontal, septalium and dorsal median septum very short. Upper Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian): USA (New Mexico).","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian)","Geography":"USA (New Mexico)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 796, 1 a-j .*C. ellipticum, upper Frasnian, Contadero Formation, San Andres Mountains, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, f-j, serial sections 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 1.1, 1.7 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 796. pugnacidae (p. 1168-1171).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-289.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dimensionaequalirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dimensionaequalirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dimensionaequalirostrum SARTENAER, 1980, p. 2","Type_species":"D. pileum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly biconvex profile, Beak erect, foramen small and circular, Fold and sulcus wide, commencing at midlength, tongue high, Costae strong and subangular anteriorly, Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum weak to absent, crura delicate, tips curved ventrally and in form of inverted gutter","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Belgium, Moravia, ?Bashkirskaya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 794, 1a-l. *D. pileum, lower Famennian, Senzeilles section, railway cutting southeast of Senzeilles tunnel, Belgium, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, x1, f-l, serial sections 0.7 , 1.3, 1.6, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4 ~mm from posterior, x2.4 (Sartenaer, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 794. pugnacidae (p. 1165-1168).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-286.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eopugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eopugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eopugnax BARANOV, 1991, p. 37","Type_species":"E. gonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular to subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex. Fold and sulcus weak, wide, shell mostly smooth. Costae few, rounded, arising at two-thirds shell length, with 2 wide costae on fold, 1 in sulcus, tongue high, anterior commissure sulciplicate. Dental plates absent. Hinge plates divided, inclined dorsally, dorsal median ridge present, septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 796, 2a-i. * E. gonensis, middle Krivoy Ruchey Formation, Selennyakhskiy Kryazh, Gon Creek, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-i, serial sections, intervals not given, x7 (Baranov, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 796. pugnacidae (p. 1168-1171).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-289.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Evanidisinurostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Evanidisinurostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Evanidisinurostrum SARTENAER, 1987a, p. 135","Type_species":"Pseudoleiorhynchus (?) zemoulensis DROT, 1964b, p. 172, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline, moderately biconvex profile. Beak suberect, foramen small. Fold and sulcus weak but arising at umbones, most of shell smooth, with costae developed anteriorly. Costae coarse, rounded, with 2 costae on fold, single costa in sulcus, tongue low, rounded, anterior commissure sulciplicate. Dental plates absent, ventral muscle field moderately impressed. Hinge plates divided, sloping slightly dorsally, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crura rodlike, subparallel, with distal ends sharply flexed ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 795, 3 a-k .* E. zemoulensis (Drot), lower Famennian, plains of Drah-el-Kelba, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x1, d-k, serial sections 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.6, 3.0 ~mm from posterior, x3.6 (Drot, 1964b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Drot, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 795. pugnacidae (p. 1168-1171).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-288.jpg?height=1818&width=1287&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Filigreenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Filigreenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Filigreenia SOJA, 1988, p. 156","Type_species":"Filigreenia circularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subcircular, profile dorsibiconvex. Beak suberect, foramen hypothyrid. Fold and sulcus rounded, arising near umbones, faint sinus on fold, ridge in sulcus, anterior commissure uniplicate. Fine costellae present and most evident anteriorly. Dental plates short and ventrally divergent. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median ridge extending to about hinge line, crural bases horizontal, crura becoming laterally compressed distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"USA (southeastern Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 795, 2a-k. *F. circularis, middle Emsian, Kasaan Island, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2.5, e-k, serial sections 1.3, 1.55, 1.65, 1.75, 1.85, 1.95, 2.20 ~mm from posterior, x6 (Soja, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Soja, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 795. pugnacidae (p. 1168-1171).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-288.jpg?height=1818&width=1287&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globulirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Globulirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globulirhynchia BRICE, 1981a, p. 149","Type_species":"Rhynchonella le mesli RIGAUX, 1892, p. 103, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline, strongly inflated dorsal valve. Beak suberect, foramen small, mesothyridid. Fold and sulcus strong anteriorly, tongue high. Costae coarse, few, rounded, developed only anteriorly. Dental plates well developed, slightly convergent ventrally. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent. Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian): western Europe.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 796, 3a-j. *G. lemesli (Rigaux), Beaulieu Formation, Boulonnais, Ferques, northeastern France, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-j, serial sections 0.7, 1.1, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.4 ~mm from posterior, x8 (Brice, 1981a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 796. pugnacidae (p. 1168-1171).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-289.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypseloterorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hypseloterorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypseloterorhynchus SARTENAER, 1971a, p. 2","Type_species":"H. pennatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely ovate, with emarginate anterior, inflated profile, tongue very high. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus very strong anteriorly. Costae few, low, developed anteriorly only. Dental plates long, ventrally convergent. Hinge plates divided, septalium absent, dorsal median septum rudimentary. Upper Devonian (Famennian): Western Australia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 796, 4a-l. * H. pennatus, Virgin Hills Formation, Mount Pierre, Casey Falls, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1, e-l, paratype, serial sections 0.85, 0.95, 1.20, 1.35, 1.55, 1.75, 2.05, 2.25 ~mm from posterior, x3 (Sartenaer, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 796. pugnacidae (p. 1168-1171).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-289.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Longdongshuia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Longdongshuia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Longdongshuia Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 39","Type_species":"L. subaequata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium with subcircular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile. Beak erect. Fold and sulcus strong but obscured by shell convexity, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded, dentate. Costae strong, simple, interspaces narrow, subangular, from beaks, covering entire surface. Dental plates short, vertical. Dorsal median septum, septalium, cardinal process absent, hinge plates united by convex plate, supported by pair of short crural plates posteriorly, crura short, strongly curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 798, 2a-n. * L. subaequata, Beiliuan, Longdongshui Formation, Guizhou, Dushan County, Houershan, a-c, holotype, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Hou & Xian, 1975), d-g, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, b-n, serial sections 0.9 , 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 1.9, 2.4, 2.5 ~mm from posterior, x2.5 (Wang & Zhu, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hou & Xian, 1975, \nWang & Zhu, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 798. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-292.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ningbingella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ningbingella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ningbingella ROBERTS, 1971, p. 152","Type_species":"N. flexuosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, outline transversely subpentagonal with emarginate anterior margin. Beak small, erect to incurved, pierced by small foramen. Fold and sulcus strong anteriorly, tongue high. Costae few, subangular, most pronounced anteriorly, radial striae present. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, concave medially, uncovered septalium short, wide, supported by low dorsal median septum for one-third valve length, crura laterally compressed, with medially directed flange on distal ventral edge.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Western Australia, western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 799, 2a-l. *N. flexuosa, Ningbing Limestone, Bonaparte Gulf, Ningbing Range, northwestern Australia, a-d, holotype, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, e-l, serial sections 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9 ~mm from posterior, x3.6 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 799. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-294.jpg?height=1832&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pammegetherhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pammegetherhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pammegetherhynchus SARTENAER, 1977, p. 68","Type_species":"P. merodae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate with emarginate anterior, strongly dorsibiconvex with inflated anterior. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus very strong, anterior commissure strongly uniplicate, tongue high, rounded. Costae very weak to absent, radial striae present. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally. Hinge plates short, divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, long thin crura, concave dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"France, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 797, 1a-k. * P. merodae, upper Frasnian, Tr\u00e9lon, France, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, f- k, serial sections 1.5, 1.65, 2.1, 2.8, 4.1, 4.2 ~mm from posterior, x2.5 (Sartenaer, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 797. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-291.jpg?height=1886&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parapugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parapugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parapugnax SCHMIDT, 1964, p. 505","Type_species":"Pugnax pugnus brecciae SCHMIDT, 1941b, p. 278, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely subovate outline with emarginate anterior, strongly inflated, especially anteriorly. Fold and sulcus pronounced, tongue very high. Costae few, developed anteriorly. Dental plates very short. Hinge plates slope dorsally to form septalium-like structure supported by weak median septum, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crura laterally compressed, with small, medially directed flange on distal ventral edge.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian) - Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 799, 1 a-m .*P. brecciae (Schmidt), Upper Devonian, Iberger Limestone, Dill syncline, Langenaubach, Germany, a-c, holotype, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Schmidt, 1941b), d-i, serial sections 15.3, 15.1, 15.0, 14.9, 14.7, 14.6 mm from anterior, x3, j-m, serial sections 22.2, 21.8, 21.3, 21.0 ~mm from anterior, x2.3 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 799. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-294.jpg?height=1832&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paromoeopygma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paromoeopygma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paromoeopygma SARTENAER, 1968c, p. 3","Type_species":"P. bellicastellana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with subcircular to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, deltidial plates present, Fold and sulcus most evident anteriorly, tongue high, serrate, may be rounded, Costae weak, coarse, rounded, only distinct anteriorly, umbones smooth, fine radial striations present, Dental plates low, short, ventrally convergent, Hinge plates divided, inner hinge plates inclined dorsally, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crural bases small, crescentic in section, concave laterally, crura thin, concave dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 797, 3a-l. * P. bellicastellana, lower Famennian, railway cutting southeast of Senzeilles tunnel, Belgium, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-l, serial sections 0.9, 0.95, 1.05, 1.25, 1.35, 1.75, 1.85, 3.25 ~mm from posterior, x3 (Sartenaer, 1968c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 797. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-291.jpg?height=1886&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perrarisinurostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Perrarisinurostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perrarisinurostrum SARTENAER, 1984a, p. 4","Type_species":"P. bensbergicum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline, strongly biconvex, inflated anteriorly. Beak incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates present. Fold and sulcus strong, tongue rounded. Costae very weak, few, flanks smooth. Dental plates absent, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crura long, thin, closely placed, slightly curved ventrally. Upper Devonian (Famennian): Germany, Morocco.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Germany, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 797, 4a-m. * P. bensbergicum, lower Famennian, Knoppenbiessener Beds, Bergischland, Bensberg, Germany, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-m, serial sections 0.65, 1.15, 1.35, 1.55, 1.7, 1.85, 2.3, 4.2, 4.45 ~mm from posterior, x2.1 (Sartenaer, 1984a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 797. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-291.jpg?height=1886&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleuropugnoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pleuropugnoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleuropugnoides Ferguson, 1966, p. 354","Type_species":"Terebratula pleurodon PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 222, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly, Beak straight to suberect, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen circular to oval, Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, high, trapezoid to rounded, margins zigzag, Costae strong, simple, rounded, extending from beaks, Dental plates short, Septalium very short to absent, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum very short, crura ventrally curved with V-shaped section, open ventrally, and tips laterally flattened","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"lower Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Westphalian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Westphalian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an-lower Westphalian)","Geography":"Europe, Libya, China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 800,1a\u2013k. *P. pleurodon (PHILLIPS); a\u2013c, lectotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; d\u2013k, serial sections 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 3.4 mm from posterior, \u00d74.5 (Ferguson, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 800. pugnacidae (p. 1174-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-296.jpg?height=1795&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":313.12,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Propriopugnus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Propriopugnus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Propriopugnus BRUNTON, 1984, p. 32","Type_species":"Conchyliolithus Anomites (Pugnus) MARTIN, 1809, pl. 22, fig. 4-5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and strongly biconvex profile, inflated anteriorly. Beak incurved, foramen mesothyrid. Fold and sulcus distinct, arising at umbones, tongue high, wide, trapezoid. Costae arising at umbones, coarse, most pronounced anteriorly, 4 or 5 on fold and in sulcus, fewer and weaker on flanks, radial striae not evident. Dental plates short. Dorsal median septum very short, low, thick, small septalium, hinge plates divided, thin, subhorizontal or inclined slightly dorsally, crura thin, becoming steeply oblique distally, laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 798, 1a-p. *P. pugnus (Martin), Carboniferous Limestone, England, a-b, holotype, posterior and anterior views, Derbyshire, x1 (Martin, 1809), c- g, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Staffordshire, Wetton, x1.5, h-p, serial sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.9, 2.4, 3.0, 4.3 mm from posterior, Staffordshire, Wetton, x1.3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Martin, 1809","figure_index":"fig. 798. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-292.jpg?height=1855&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Solidipontirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Solidipontirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Solidipontirostrum SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 21","Type_species":"Terebratula pugnoides SCHNUR, 1851, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Triangular to subpentagonal outline, very inflated dorsally. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus strong anteriorly, uniplicate with prominent tongue. Costae few, most prominent anteriorly. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates united anterior of small septalium, dorsal median septum short.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, western Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 800, 4a-i. *S. pugnoides (Schnur), upper Eifelian, Gondelsheimer Beds, Geeser bed, Germany, a-c, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1.33, d-i, serial sections across posterior, intervals not given, x3 (Schmidt, 1941a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 800. pugnacidae (p. 1174-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-296.jpg?height=1795&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trifidorostellum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trifidorostellum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trifidorostellum SARTENAER, 1961c, p. 5","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus dunbarense HAYNES, 1916, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudoleiorhynchus Rozman, 1962, p. 122 (type, Leiorhynchus uralicus Nalivkin, 1947, p. 90, OD)","Synonyms":"Pseudoleiorhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline, strongly biconvex, anteriorly inflated. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, hypothyrid. Fold and sulcus strong, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded. Strong costae arising at umbones, present in sulcus and on fold and flanks. Dental plates very short, close to walls. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crural plates short, crura concave dorsolaterally. Upper Devonian (Famennian): western North America, China, Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, China, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 800, 2a-i. * T. dunbarense (Haynes), middle Famennian, Three Forks Shale, Three Forks, Montana, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, f-i, serial sections 0.8 , 1.0, 1.1, 1.3 ~mm from posterior, x2.9 (Sartenaer, 1961c).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSartenaer, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 800. pugnacidae (p. 1174-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-296.jpg?height=1795&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ujandinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ujandinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ujandinella BARANOV, 1977, p. 75","Type_species":"U. remissiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular outline, moderately biconvex. Beak erect, fold and sulcus developed anteriorly, uniplicate with moderate tongue, smooth except for anterior costae, costae coarse, few, subangular. Dental plates short, thin. Hinge plates divided, dorsal septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 800, 3a-k. *U. remissiformis, lower Pragian, Sagyrian suite, Selennyakhskiy Kryazh, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-k, serial sections 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 ~mm from posterior, x4.5 (Baranov, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 800. pugnacidae (p. 1174-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-296.jpg?height=1795&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zilimia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zilimia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zilimia NALIVKIN, 1947, p. 93","Type_species":"Rhynchonella polonica G\u00dcRICH, 1896, p. 291, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, ventral valve concave anteriorly because of strong, wide sulcus. Beak straight to suberect, foramen ovate. Fold and sulcus strong, wide, rounded, anterior commissure uniplicate, arched. Costae moderately strong, arising at beak, multiplying by bifurcation, variable in size. Dental plates long, converging and almost meeting toward valve floor. Hinge plates divided, small, dorsal septum absent, crural bases triangular in section, crura long, thin, convex ventrolaterally in section.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Poland, Urals, Kazakhstan, Tian Shan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 799, 3a-l. *Z. polonica (Gurich), ad, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, southern Urals, \u00d71 (Rzhonsnitskaia, Likharev, & Makridin, 1960), e-j, serial sections 3.0, 3.4, 4.0, 4.95, 5.5, 7.7 ~mm from posterior, southern Urals, x1.7 (Sartenaer, 1972), k-l, neotype, ventral and anterior views, Holy Cross Mountains, Gora Cmentarna, Poland, x1.3 (Biernat & Szulczewski, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, Likharev, & Makridin, 1960, \nSartenaer, 1972, \nBiernat & Szulczewski, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 799. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-294.jpg?height=1832&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectorhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Plectorhynchellidae","Subfamily":"Plectorhynchellinae","Genus":"Plectorhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectorhynchella Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195","Type_species":"Athyris collinensis FRECH, 1902, p. 99, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, longitudinally ovate outline, ventribiconvex. Beak straight to erect, foramen rounded, hypothyrid. Dorsal sulcus and ventral fold low, wide, anterior commissure plicosulcate, umbones smooth. Costae subrounded, irregular, most pronounced in sulcus and on fold. Dental plates short, convergent to divergent ventrally, teeth short, convergent dorsally. Dorsal median septum short, thin, abruptly truncated, hinge plates divided, septalium absent, crura long, closely set. Upper Devonian (Famennian): Europe, Urals, northern Africa, central Asia, western North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, northern Africa, central Asia, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 801, 1a-k. *P. collinensis (Frech), middle Famennian, Pizzo Collina Formation, Carnic Alps, Pizzo Collina, northern Italy, a-d, neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71.5, e-k, serial sections 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.15, 1.3, 1.4 mm from posterior, \u00d77 (Ferrari & Vai, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ferrari & Vai, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 801. plectorhynchellidae (p. 1176-1178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-298.jpg?height=1830&width=1297&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ipherron":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Plectorhynchellidae","Subfamily":"Plectorhynchellinae","Genus":"Ipherron","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ipherron HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982a, p. 113","Type_species":"I. iphis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, longitudinally ovate to cordiform with emarginate anterior, dorsal valve broadly sulcate, ventral valve broadly convex, anterior commissure unisulcate. Beak straight to suberect, foramen rounded and hypothyrid. Costae absent. Dental plates short, thin, vertical to ventrally convergent. Hinge plates united to form single flat plate supported by thin median septum that increases in height toward valve midlength.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 801, 2a-j. * I. iphis, upper Eifelian, Chotec Formation, Holyne, Prastav Quarry, Prague, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x3, e-j, serial sections 6.55, 6.43, 6.33, 6.20, 6.05, 5.70 ~mm from anterior, X7.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 801. plectorhynchellidae (p. 1176-1178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-298.jpg?height=1830&width=1297&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kindleina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Plectorhynchellidae","Subfamily":"Plectorhynchellinae","Genus":"Kindleina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kindleina Savage, Eberlein, & CHURKIN, 1978, p. 390","Type_species":"K. suemezensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, longitudinally ovate to subpentagonal outline, equibiconvex to ventribiconvex profile. Beak suberect, foramen circular, small, mesothyrid. Wide ventral fold extending most of valve length, bearing strong median groove, correspondingly wide dorsal sulcus bearing median ridge, anterior commissure plicosulcate. Costae weak, low, restricted to anterior of fold and sulcus, shell flanks smooth. Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle scars weakly impressed. Hinge plates divided, subhorizontal, crural plates, dorsal median septum, and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"USA (southeastern Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 801, 3a-n. * K. suemezensis, upper Famennian, Port Refugio Formation, Suemez Island, Port Refugio, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x2, f-n, serial sections 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.9 mm from posterior, x4.5 (Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 801. plectorhynchellidae (p. 1176-1178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-298.jpg?height=1830&width=1297&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nyege":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Plectorhynchellidae","Subfamily":"Plectorhynchellinae","Genus":"Nyege","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nyege VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 113","Type_species":"N. scopimus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, longitudinally subpentagonal outline, equibiconvex to ventribiconvex profile. Beak suberect, delthyrium open, dorsal sulcus with median fold and ventral fold with median sinus, anterior commissure plicosulcate. Costae arising at umbones, increasing by intercalation and bifurcation, present on flanks, fold, and sulcus. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates divided, subhorizontal, crural plates, dorsal median septum, and septalium absent, cardinal process probably absent, crura long, parallel.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 801, 5a-k. *N. scopimus, Bugle Gap Limestone, Fitzroy basin, Bugle Gap, ae, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1.5, f-k, serial sections 0.7, 0.9, 0.95, 1.05, 1.15, 1.35 ~mm from posterior, x4.5 (Veevers, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Veevers, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 801. plectorhynchellidae (p. 1176-1178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-298.jpg?height=1830&width=1297&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoyunnanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Plectorhynchellidae","Subfamily":"Plectorhynchellinae","Genus":"Pseudoyunnanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoyunnanella CHEN, 1978a, p. 336","Type_species":"P. sichuanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size with subcircular to subpentagonal outline and ventribiconvex profile, Beak straight to suberect, Dorsal sulcus with median fold and ventral fold with median sinus, anterior commissure plicosulcate, Fine costae arising at umbones, often coalescing to form coarse costae anteriorly, Dental plates short, vertical, Dorsal median septum short to absent, hinge plates divided, subhorizontal, cardinal process probably absent, crura long, parallel","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 801, 4a-k. * P. sichuanensis, Maoba Formation, Sichuan, Chongin, Changheba, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-k, serial sections 0.35, 0.5, 0.6, 0.9, 1.1, 1.85, 2.0 ~mm from posterior, x4 (Chen, 1978a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 801. plectorhynchellidae (p. 1176-1178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-298.jpg?height=1830&width=1297&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pygmaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Plectorhynchellidae","Subfamily":"Pygmaellinae","Genus":"Pygmaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pygmaella BARANOV, 1977, p. 80","Type_species":"P. pygmaea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, longitudinally ovate outline, ventribiconvex. Beak suberect to erect, delthyrium with narrow deltidial plates, foramen permesothyrid. Dorsal sulcus with low median ridge and ventral fold with low median groove, anterior commissure plicosulcate. Costae few, strong, umbones smooth. Dental plates short, slender. Hinge plates divided, crural plates resting on valve floor, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crura long, straight, bearing small distal plates with lyre-shaped section. Lower Devonian (Pragian): eastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 802, 1a-m. * P. pygmaea, lower Pragian, Sagyrian beds, Selennyakh Range, Yakutsk, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x3, e-m, serial sections 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6 mm from posterior, x6 (Baranov, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 802. plectorhynchellidae (p. 1178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-299.jpg?height=939&width=1277&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sibiritoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Plectorhynchellidae","Subfamily":"Pygmaellinae","Genus":"Sibiritoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sibiritoechia ALEKSEEVA, 1966, p. 1147","Type_species":"S. convexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with longitudinally ovate outline and ventribiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, Dorsal valve with slight sulcus, ventral valve with weak fold, anterior commissure bisulcate, Costae few, strong, arising just anterior of umbones, Dental plates very short, Hinge plates divided, crural plates resting on valve floor, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crural bases ovate, oblique, crura poorly known","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 802, 2a-e. *S. convexa, Emsian, southern Verkhoyansk Range, Sette-Daban Ridge, Krutoy Creek, northeastern Siberia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2.4, ~ e, topotype, transverse section across posterior, x7 (Alekseeva, 1966)., Fig. 802, 2 f-l. S. oblongata Alekseeva, Lochkovian, southern Verkhoyansk Range, Sette-Daban Ridge, Tikhiy Creek, northeastern Siberia, topotype, serial sections, x5 (Alekseeva, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 1966, \nAlekseeva, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 802. plectorhynchellidae (p. 1178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-299.jpg?height=939&width=1277&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ladogia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ladogia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ladogia NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 165","Type_species":"Terebratula meyendorfii de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with longitudinally ovate to rhomboid outline, strongly convex, acuminate dorsal valve and concave, sulcate ventral valve, Beak small, pointed, incurved, foramen hypothyrid, Fold and sulcus strong, wide to include most of shell width, extending from umbones, Anterior commissure uniplicate, acuminate, Flattened costellae cover shell surface, Dental plates long, convex medially, ventral muscle field well impressed, divided by low median ridges, Dorsal median septum strong, long, septalium wide, long, hinge plates concave, divided anteriorly, crura long, ventrally curved, distal parts concave dorsally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Baltic, European Russia, Urals, Siberia, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 803, 2a-o. * L. meyendorfii (de Verneuil), lower Frasnian, Pskov Beds, Pskov, Baltic Russia, a-c, holotype, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (de Verneuil, 1845), d-h, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, i, part of e showing costellae, x3, j- o, hypotype, serial sections 1.8, 2.6, 3.1, 3.8, 4.9, 6.5 mm from posterior, x2.4 (McLaren, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"de Verneuil, 1845, \nMcLaren, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 803. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-300.jpg?height=1874&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarothyridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Camarothyridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarothyridina LINNIK, 1966, p. 129","Type_species":"C. furssenkoi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile. Beak suberect, delthyrium open. Fold and sulcus arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, high, rounded. Costae fine, simple, numerous, covering entire surface. Dental plates short, vertical. Septalium short, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum long, low. Crura long, concave dorsomedially.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Belorussia (Pripet depression)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 804, 4a-g. *C. furssenkoi, lower Famennian, Zadonsk horizon, Minsk, a- d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e, serial section, x1.7, f, serial section, x1.2, g, serial section, x1.5 (Linnik, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Linnik, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 804. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-301.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Comiotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Comiotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Comiotoechia LJASCHENKO, 1973, p. 37","Type_species":"*Camarotoechia galinae LJASCHENKO, 1958, p. 124, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size with transversely ovate outline and moderately biconvex profile, Beak large, posteriorly protruding, suberect, Fold and sulcus with rounded margins, expressed anteriorly as evenly rounded, flared tongue, Costae fine, simple, rounded, extending from umbones to commissure, Dental plates stout, short, Dorsal median septum short, septalium open posteriorly but with ridged cover plate anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Timan, Urals, central Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 804, 1a-g. *C. galinae (Ljaschenko), Ust-laregisk beds, southern Timan, mouth of Yaregi River, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x2, f-g, serial sections, x2 (Ljaschenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ljaschenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 804. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-301.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gracilotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gracilotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gracilotoechia BARANOV, 1977, p. 78","Type_species":"G. sinuata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subcircular outline and biconvex, lenticular profile, Beak straight, delthyrium open, Fold and sulcus weak, from midlength, anterior commissure gently uniplicate, Surface costellate, Dental plates short, vertical, Dorsal median septum short, low, septalium wide, short, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 803, 1a-m. *G. sinuata, lower Pragian, Sagyrian suite, Selennyakh Ridge, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-h, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, i-m, serial sections 0.5, 1.4, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4 ~mm from posterior, x5 (Baranov, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 803. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-300.jpg?height=1874&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ladogifornix":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ladogifornix","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ladogifornix SCHMIDT, 1964, p. 505","Type_species":"Terebratula fornicata SCHNUR, 1853, p. 175, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtetrahedral shape, ventral valve flat to concave, dorsal valve convex and inflated anteriorly, Beak suberect, Fold and sulcus broad, rounded, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, high, rounded, Costae fine, from umbones, with some bifurcation, Dental plates vertical, long, umbonal cavities wide, Dorsal median septum high, extending to midlength, septalium long, wide, V-shaped, partly covered by inner hinge plates, hinge plates undivided, crura long, ventrally curved","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 804, 6a-j. *L. fornicatus (Schnur), Eifel, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Gerolsteiner Kalk, x1 (Schnur, 1853), e-j, serial sections 16.5, 16.0, 15.4, 15.2, 15.0, 14.3 mm from anterior, Nohner Beds, x5 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schnur, 1853, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 804. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-301.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ladogilina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ladogilina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ladogilina LJASCHENKO, 1973, p. 58","Type_species":"L. rossica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ladogilinella Ljaschenko, 1973, p. 61 (type, L. mutabilis, OD)","Synonyms":"Ladogilinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subovate outline and strongly dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus with gentle lateral margins, arising at about one-third valve length, Tongue high, flared, and rounded, Costae fine, even, simple, rounded, arising at beaks, Dental plates distinct, vertical, Dorsal interior with strong median septum, Septalium with posterior cover plate","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Volga-Urals, Timan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 804, 5a-d. *L. rossica, Sargaevsk Beds, Perm, Veslianka, Volga-Urals, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.5 (Ljaschenko, 1973)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 804, 5e-g. L. simensis (Ellern, Ivanov, & Kurbanov), lower Ust-laregsk Beds, Ukhta River, southern Timan, serial sections (Ljaschenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ljaschenko, 1973, \nLjaschenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 804. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1183).\nfig. 804. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-301.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-301.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semiotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Semiotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semiotoechia LJASCHENKO, 1973, p. 44","Type_species":"Camarotoechia polita LJASCHENKO, 1960, p. 9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anterior high because of strong fold, lateral flanks gently sloping, beak erect, fold and sulcus strong, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, high, rounded, commonly forming highest part of shell, costae extending from umbones, weak and rounded on umbones and flanks, becoming moderately strong and subangular anteriorly on fold and sulcus, dental plates short, vertical, dorsal median septum low, short, septalium short, with cover plate, hinge plates undivided anterior of septalium","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Timan, Volga-Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 804, 2a-g. *S. polita (LJASCHENKO), lower Frasnian, between Kynovsk and Ust-laregsk beds, Ukhta River, mouth of the Yarega River, southern Timan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, e-g, serial sections (Ljaschenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ljaschenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 804. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-301.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinshaoella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Ladogiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xinshaoella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinshaoella ZHAO, 1977, p. 391","Type_species":"X. huaqiaoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and biconvex, lenticular profile, Beak suberect, Fold and sulcus very weak, restricted to anterior fifth of shell, anterior commissure gently uniplicate, rounded, Costae fine, numerous, rounded, from beaks, Dental plates short, ventrally divergent posteriorly, becoming convergent anteriorly, Dorsal median septum long, septalium short, hinge plates undivided, horizontal","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 804, 3a-i. *X. huaqiaoensis, Hsikuangshan Formation, Hunan, Xinshau, Huaqiao, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-i, serial sections, x2 (Zhao, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhao, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 804. ladogiidae (p. 1178-1183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-301.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rozmanaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rozmanaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rozmanaria WEYER, 1972, p. 85","Type_species":"Liorhynchus? equitans SCHMIDT, 1924, p. 145, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline, emarginate anterior, and ventribiconvex profile. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates conjunct. Dorsal sulcus and ventral fold very strong anteriorly, resulting in unisulcate anterior commissure. Costae absent. Ventrally directed tongue pronounced, rounded. Dental plates absent. Hinge plates divided and curved dorsally, almost reaching valve floor, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crura laterally compressed, ventrally divergent. Upper Devonian (upper Famennian): Germany, Bohemia, Poland, Urals.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Germany, Bohemia, Poland, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 805, 1a-n. * R. equitans (Schmidt), Dasberg Beds, Sauerland, Oberroedinghausen, Germany, a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x2, f-n, serial sections, x8 (Weyer, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weyer, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 805. rozmanariidae (p. 1183-1186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-303.jpg?height=1882&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Errhynx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Errhynx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Errhynx HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1982a, p. 112","Type_species":"E. erron, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to cordiform outline, moderately ventribiconvex profile, emarginate anterior margin. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates conjunct. Dorsal sulcus and ventral fold narrow, arising at umbones, becoming strong anteriorly, tongue rounded to rectangular, ventrally directed. Costae absent. Dental plates very short. Hinge plates divided, delicate, slightly inclined dorsally, dorsal median septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 805, 2a-g. * E. erron, upper Eifelian, Chotec Formation, Prague, Holyne, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, x3, e-g, serial sections 9.2, 8.8, 8.35 ~mm from anterior, x5.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1982a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 805. rozmanariidae (p. 1183-1186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-303.jpg?height=1882&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hadyrhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hadyrhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hadyrhyncha HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1979, p. 98","Type_species":"H. hadyensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and weakly biconvex, lenticular profile. Beak small, incurved. Dorsal sulcus and ventral fold low, arising at midlength, anterior commissure gently unisulcate. Costae weak, rounded, developed on fold, in sulcus, and on flanks. Dental plates short to absent. Hinge plates divided, small, resting on valve floor, dorsal median septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Moravia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 805, 3a-d. * H. hadyensis, upper Famennian, Hady Limestone, Brno, Hady Hill, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2, d, transverse section showing crural bases, scale not given (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 805. rozmanariidae (p. 1183-1186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-303.jpg?height=1882&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levipugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Levipugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levipugnax PUSHILIN, 1986, p. 78","Type_species":"L. malynskensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular outline, evenly biconvex to lenticular. Beak suberect to erect, fold and sulcus wide, weak, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate. Costae faint to absent. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates divided, septalium and dorsal median septum absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Belorussia (Gomel)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 806, 3a-g. *L. malynskensis, Petrikovsk Horizon, Malynsk borehole, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x3, e-g, serial sections 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 ~mm from posterior, x7.5 (Pushkin, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pushkin, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 806. rozmanariidae (p. 1183-1186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-304.jpg?height=1799&width=1282&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planovatirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Planovatirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planovatirostrum SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 16","Type_species":"Liorhynchus plano-ovalis NALIVKIN, 1937, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline, flattened to weakly biconvex. Beak suberect to incurved, foramen small. Fold and sulcus low, wide. Costae low, rounded, from about midlength. Dental plates short, ventral muscle field moderately impressed, teeth long, thick. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crura plates present, crura long, convex ventrolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, China, Poland, Moravia, Germany, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 806,1a\u2013p. *P. planoovale (NALIVKIN), upper Famennian; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views from sulcifer beds, Ulenty district, Mount Alchagyr, northeastern Kazakhstan, \u00d71 (Nalivkin, 1937); eh, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, Hongguleleng Formation, Xinjiang, China, \u00d71; i\u2013p, serial sections 0.9, 1.1, 1.5, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 3.2, 4.15 mm from posterior, \u00d7 3.2 (Sartenaer & Xu, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nalivkin, 1937, \nSartenaer & \\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 806. rozmanariidae (p. 1183-1186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-304.jpg?height=1799&width=1282&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pugnaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pugnaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pugnaria Biernat & RACKI, 1986, p. 95","Type_species":"P. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Circular outline, weakly biconvex profile. Fold and sulcus very low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, wide, valves smooth. Dental plates, dorsal median septum, septalium absent. Hinge plates horizontal, divided, crura long, thin. Upper Devonian (Famennian): Poland.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 806, 2a-f. * P. plana, upper Famennian, Holy Cross Mountains, Kowala, Wola Quarry, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x3.5 (Biernat & Racki, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Biernat & Racki, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 806. rozmanariidae (p. 1183-1186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-304.jpg?height=1799&width=1282&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rackirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rackirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rackirhynchia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990b, p. 214","Type_species":"Atrypa lacerata BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 87, case 1, fig. 1a-e, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and equibiconvex, lenticular profile, Beak small, straight to suberect, Fold and sulcus absent, anterior commissure rectimarginate to undulate, Costae few, broad, gentle to weak, arising at shell midlength, Dental plates short, thin, vertical, Hinge plates divided, septalium and dorsal median septum absent, crura laterally compressed","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 805, 4a-b. *R. lacerata (Barrande), Koneprusy Limestone, Koneprusy, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2.7, d-h, serial sections 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 8.05, 8.0 ~mm from anterior, x8 (Havli\u010dek, 1990b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 805. rozmanariidae (p. 1183-1186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-303.jpg?height=1882&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aseptirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Aseptirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aseptirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aseptirhynchia SOJA, 1988, p. 153","Type_species":"A. glabrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen small, hypothyrid, Fold and sulcus weak to moderate, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, typically coarsely serrate but rounded in immature specimens, Costae weak, few, stronger in mature shells, flanks smooth, Dental plates short, close to walls, Hinge plates short, divided, dorsal median septum absent, crural bases crescentic in section, concave laterally, crura long, thin","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (middle Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (middle Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (middle Emsian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 807, 1 a-m. *A. glabrata, Kasaan Island, southeastern Alaska, a- d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x2.7, e-g, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2.8, h-m, serial sections 0.9, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.2 ~mm from posterior, x6 (Soja, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Soja, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 807. aseptirhynchiidae (p. 1186-1189).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-306.jpg?height=1879&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":405.16,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":399.81,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brunnirhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Aseptirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brunnirhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brunnirhyncha HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1979, p. 97","Type_species":"B. brunniensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, Fold and sulcus wide, flattened, Most of shell smooth, weak costae developed anteriorly, very low and broad, Dental plates absent, teeth arising from valve wall, ventral muscle field well impressed, Hinge plates thick, divided, sloping dorsally and resting on thick callus, dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crura laterally flattened distally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Moravia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 807, 2a-j. *B. brunniensis, lower Famennian, Krtiny Limestone, Brno, Hady Hill, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.5, e-j, serial sections 0.08, 0.43, 0.53, 0.68, 1.18, 1.43 ~mm from posterior (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 807. aseptirhynchiidae (p. 1186-1189).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-306.jpg?height=1879&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carolirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Aseptirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Carolirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carolirhynchia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 73","Type_species":"C. carolina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal subtrigonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly, beak suberect to erect, foramen small, fold and sulcus wide, tongue high, most of shell smooth, costae weak, developed anteriorly, shell walls thick, dental plates absent, hinge plates divided, horizontal, resting on secondary shell material, dorsal median septum absent but weak ridge developed, crura flattened laterally","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 808, 1a-b. * C. carolina, Emsian, Zlichov Limestone, Karlstejn, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2.2, e-h, serial sections 10.0, 9.3, 9.15, 8.8 ~mm from anterior, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 808. aseptirhynchiidae (p. 1186-1189).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-307.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chalimia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Aseptirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chalimia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chalimia BARANOV, 1978, p. 45","Type_species":"C. gracilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline, moderately dorsibiconvex profile, beak erect to incurved, fold and sulcus distinct but not strong, costae weak to absent, dental plates short, vertical, hinge plates divided, septalium, dorsal median septum, and cardinal process absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 808, 2a-l. *C. gracilis, Geremgandzhinsk series, Tas-Khaiakhtakh Mountains, Khalim River, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2 (Baranov, 1978), d-l, serial sections, x3.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 808. aseptirhynchiidae (p. 1186-1189).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-307.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isopoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Aseptirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Isopoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isopoma TORLEY, 1934, p. 81","Type_species":"Terebratula brachyptycta SCHNUR, 1853, p. 178, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with subtriangular to subcircular outline and equibiconvex profile, Beak erect, foramen small, Fold and sulcus weak, tongue high, Costae coarse and only developed anteriorly, Dental plates weak to absent, Low median ridge in ventral valve, Hinge plates divided, septalium and dorsal median septum absent, crura thin, short, parallel","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Altai, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 807, 3a-l. * I. brachyptycta (Schnur), a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, middle Eifelian, Gonelsheimer Beds, Geeser Horizon, Eifel, Ahrdorf, Germany, x1.5 (Schmidt, 1941a), d-i, serial sections 8.0, 7.9, 7.8, 7.7, 7.6, 7.5 mm from anterior, upper Givetian, Bergische Land, Schneppruthe, x5 (Schmidt, 1965a), j-l, serial sections 8.6, 8.5, 7.7 ~mm from anterior, upper Eifelian, Skaly Beds, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, x3 (Biernat, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941, \nSchmidt, 1965, \nBiernat, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 807. aseptirhynchiidae (p. 1186-1189).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-306.jpg?height=1879&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Westbroekina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Aseptirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Westbroekina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Westbroekina SAVAGE, 1995, p. 1037","Type_species":"W. chaconensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to subpentagonal outline, weakly biconvex lateral profile, dorsal valve inflated anteriorly, beaks suberect, foramen small, weak dorsal fold with broad medial depression, ventral sulcus with broad medial fold, gently paraplicate anterior commissure, costae absent or very faint, dental plates absent, hinge plates divided, with outer edges curved ventrolaterally, crural bases long, rodlike, expanding into oblique and laterally flattened crura that terminate at about one-third valve length, cardinal process absent, muscle scars not impressed","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 808, 3a-l. *W. chaconensis, upper Frasnian, Wadleigh Limestone, islet near Wadleigh Island, southeastern Alaska, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x6.5, f-l, paratype, serial sections 0.75, 0.95, 1.25, 2.45, 2.85, 2.95, 3.05 ~mm from posterior, x5 (Savage & Baxter, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage & Baxter, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 808. aseptirhynchiidae (p. 1186-1189).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-307.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Petasmaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Petasmaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Petasmaria Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 83","Type_species":"*P. patens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, Beak incurved, foramen mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, Fold and sulcus very strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded, dentate, Costae angular, from umbones, infrequent increase by bifurcation and intercalation, fine radial striae present anteriorly, Dental plates strong, long, vertical, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, Dorsal median septum long, high, septalium narrow, deep, hinge plates divided, horizontal, crura subtriangular to dorsally concave in section","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"USA (New Mexico)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 809, 1a-m. *P. patens, Percha Formation, Box Member, Alamogordo, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, f, paratype, part of dorsal valve, showing surface striae, x3, g- m, serial sections 1.5, 1.8, 2.8, 2.9, 3.2, 3.3, >3.3 mm from posterior, x2.3 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 809. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-309.jpg?height=1891&width=1298&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Athabaschia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Athabaschia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Athabaschia CRICKMAY, 1963, p. 9","Type_species":"A. asmenista, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and moderately biconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates large, Fold and sulcus pronounced anteriorly, tongue wide, typically triplicate, Costae few, arising at midlength, Dental plates short, vertical, Septalium very short, dorsal median septum strong, extending to about one-third valve length, hinge plates divided, inner hinge plates elevated ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 809, 4a-i. *A. asmenista, Waterways Formation, Athabasca River, Alberta, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x2, f-i, serial sections 1.0, 1.8, 2.5, 3.0 ~mm from posterior, x4 (Crickmay, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Crickmay, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 809. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-309.jpg?height=1891&width=1298&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bryorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bryorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bryorhynchus Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 11","Type_species":"Camarophoria (?) bisulcata Shumard, 1860a, p. 296, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to longitudinally ovate outline and biconvex profile with sides and anterior not truncated, Beak erect, foramen triangular, deltidial plates small, conjunct, Fold and sulcus weak, developed anteriorly, anterior commissure broadly uniplicate, Costae weak, present only anteriorly, usually restricted to fold and sulcus, Dental plates convergent ventrally, often fused to valve walls, ventral muscle field narrow, triangular, expanding anteriorly, Dorsal median ridge low, long, extending almost to midlength, septalium short, hinge plates divided anteriorly, sockets crenulated, dorsal muscle field long, narrow, diverging anteriorly, crura curved ventrally, obliquely flattened in section","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 810, 1a-i. *B. bisulcata (Shumard), Bell Canyon Formation, Guadalupe Mountains, a-e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f, dorsal view of posterior showing deltidial plates, x5, g, interior of conjoined shell, x4, h, dorsal interior showing socket plates and crura, x3, i, ventral interior, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 810. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-310.jpg?height=1830&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eurycolporhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eurycolporhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eurycolporhynchus Sartenaer, 1968e, p. 566","Type_species":"Pugnax pugnus torleyi SCHMIDT, 1941b, p. 279, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, strongly dorsibiconvex in profile with inflated dorsal valve, lateral and anterior margins precipitous. Beak erect to incurved, small circular foramen. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at about one-third shell length, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, broad, and rectangular. Costae low, simple, strongest on fold and in sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally. Septalium absent or incipient, hinge plates divided, horizontal, dorsal median septum short, low, crura long, straight, triangular in cross section.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Germany, France, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 811, 2a-j. *E. torleyi (Schmidt), upper Givetian, Massenkalk, Sauerland, Bilveringsen, Germany, a- c, holotype, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Schmidt, 1941b), d-j, serial sections 0.45, 0.55, 0.85, 0.95, 1.45, 1.65, 1.95 ~mm from posterior, x2.3 (Sartenaer, 1968e).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941, \nSartenaer, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 811. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-312.jpg?height=229&width=1263&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leiorhynchoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leiorhynchoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leiorhynchoidea CLOUD, 1944, p. 57","Type_species":"L. schucherti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to elongate oval, biconvex profile, gentle lateral and anterior slopes. Beak erect, delthyrium open apically, conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, serrate. Costae low, few, rounded, weak on fold and in sulcus, very weak on flanks. Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field an elongate triangle expanding anteriorly. Dorsal median septum moderately strong, long, septalium short, dorsal muscle field narrow, crura long, ventrally curved, tips horizontally flattened.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Namurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Namurian)-Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"North America, eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 809, 2a-d. *L. schucherti, Wordian, southwestern Coahuila, Las Delicias, Mexico, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, x1, d, Plasticine cast of dorsal interior mold, x2 (Cloud, 1944), Fig. 809, 2e-j. L. amygdaloidea Cooper & Grant, Guadalupian, Word Formation, Glass Mountains, Texas, USA, e-h, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, i, paratype, ventral valve interior, x2, j, paratype, oblique view of dorsal valve interior, x2.6 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1944, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 809. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1192).\nfig. 809. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-309.jpg?height=1891&width=1298&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=195)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-309.jpg?height=1891&width=1298&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megalopterorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Megalopterorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megalopterorhynchus SARTENAER, 1965b, p. 5","Type_species":"M. haynesi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely ovate outline, biconvex profile, anteriorly inflated. Beak small, erect, foramen absent. Fold and sulcus strong, extending almost from beak, anterior commissure uniplicate with high rounded tongue. Costae originate near beak, pronounced on fold and in sulcus, weak on flanks, radial striae cover surface. Dental plates slightly convergent ventrally, umbonal cavities wide, septalium wide and deep, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, dorsal median septum long and thin, crura long, straight, slightly incurved.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America, Iran, Afghanistan, northern Africa, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 811, 3a-k. *M. haynesi, upper Famennian, Palliser Formation, Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, a-e, paratype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, f-k, serial sections 1.9, 2.8, 3.05, 3.9, 6.9, 8.1 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Sartenaer, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 811. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-312.jpg?height=229&width=1263&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mirantesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mirantesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mirantesia MOHANTI, 1972, p. 176","Type_species":"M. mirantana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly biconvex profile, Beak erect, foramen small, submesothyrid, Fold and sulcus weak but tongue high, subrect- angular, Umbones smooth, Angular costae arising anteriorly in mature specimens, young specimens wholly smooth, Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, Dorsal median septum short, very short septalium buried in posterior callus, hinge plates divided, crura triangular in cross section, curved ventrally, becoming laterally flattened distally","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 810, 2a-k. *M. mirantana, middle Eifelian, lower Member A of Portillo Formation, Leon, Mirantes, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, x3.5, e, holotype, anterior view, x3.2, f-k, serial sections, x4.5 (Mohanti, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mohanti, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 810. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-310.jpg?height=1830&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ovlatchania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ovlatchania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ovlatchania Abramov & GRIGORJEWA, 1986, p. 113","Type_species":"Leiorhynchus ovlatchanensis ABRAMOV, 1970, p. 129, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal to transversely ovate, dorsibiconvex, inflated, tetrahedral. Beak erect, delthyrium with small apical opening. Fold and sulcus very strong, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, acute, few low costae in sulcus, few low grooves on fold, flanks smooth. Dental plates vertical. Septalium short, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum short, low.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 809, 3a-h. *O. ovlatchanensis (Abramov), Ovlatchansk Series, southern Verkhoyansk, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x0.8, e-h, serial sections 0.3, 0.8, 0.9, 1.4 ~mm from posterior, x3.3 (Abramov & Grigorjewa, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Abramov & Grigorjewa, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 809. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-309.jpg?height=1891&width=1298&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parvaltissimarostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parvaltissimarostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parvaltissimarostrum Sartenaer & XU, 1991, p. 127","Type_species":"P. minimum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with tetrahedral shape, outline transversely ovate and lateral profile subtrigonal with very high anterior margin. Beak suberect, foramen large, rounded, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Fold and sulcus very strong, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue very high and broad but tapering dorsally, rounded at crest. Commissure flared and sharp where valves meet anteriorly. Costae few, low, flattened, only present anteriorly, weak to absent on flanks. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally. Dorsal median septum short, low, septalium narrow, deep, hinge plates divided, crural bases flattened, becoming triangular and then crescentic in section distally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 810, 3a-n. * P. minimum, middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian, Shetienchiao Formation, Xiangxiang County, Hunan, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x3, f-n, serial sections 0.625, 0.675, 0.775, 0.825, 0.95, 1.15, 1.25, 1.325, 1.55 ~mm from posterior, x4.8 (Sartenaer & Xu, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer & Xu, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 810. petasmariidae (p. 1189-1192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-310.jpg?height=1830&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pugnoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pugnoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pugnoides WELLER, 1910, p. 512","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ottumwa WHITE, 1865, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to subtriangular, strongly biconvex, beak incurved, large oval foramen, fold and sulcus arising at midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderate, costae arising at one-third shell length, dental plates well developed, vertical, umbonal cavities large, septalium distinct, with cover posteriorly, hinge plates divided, horizontal, dorsal median septum short and thick, crura long, concave dorsomedially, curving slightly ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 812, 1al. *P. ottumwa (White), Mississippian, Meramecian, Ottumwa, Iowa, USA, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, x1 (Cooper, 1944), d-l, serial sections 1.15, 1.25, 1.4, 1.45, 1.6, 1.95, 2.15, 2.50, 2.85 mm from posterior, x3.5 (Sartenaer, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1944, \nSartenaer, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 812. petasmariidae (p. 1194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-313.jpg?height=807&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shumardella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Shumardella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shumardella WELLER, 1910, p. 512","Type_species":"Rhynchonella missouriensis SHUMARD, 1855, p. 204, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subtriangular to subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly. Beak suberect to incurved. Fold and sulcus strong, tongue high. Costae coarse, few, subangular, arising on umbones. Dental plates vertical to ventrally convergent. Dorsal median septum low, long, hinge plates subhorizontal, divided anterior of short septalium, crura laterally compressed.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 812,2a\u2013m. *S. missouriensis (SHUMARD), Mississippian, Kinderhookian, Chouteau Limestone, Missouri, USA; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1944); e\u2013m, serial sections 12.05, 12.0, 11.9, 11.8, 11.6, 11.2, 11.0, 10.8, 10.7 mm from posterior, \u00d74 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 812. petasmariidae (p. 1194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-313.jpg?height=807&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camerophorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Camerophorinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Camerophorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camerophorina SCHMIDT, 1941a, p. 43","Type_species":"Terebratula pachyderma QUENSTEDT, 1871 in 1868-1871, p. 200, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus low, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderately high, triserrate, Costae low, rounded, restricted to fold and sulcus, umbones and flanks smooth, Dental plates meet ventrally with septum to form spondylium, Hinge plates undivided, dorsal septum and septalium absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Germany, Spain, Moravia, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 813a-f. * C. pachyderma (Quenstedt), Givetian, Rommersheimer Beds, Heiligenstein, Eifel, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-f, serial sections, x2.5 (Schmidt, 1941a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 813. camerophorinidae (p. 1194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-314.jpg?height=626&width=525&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=903)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yunnanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Yunnanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yunnanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yunnanella GRABAU, 1923 in 1923-1924, p. 195","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Hanburii DAVIDSON, 1853a, p. 356, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated. Beak suberect to erect, foramen small, semicircular, bounded by deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus strong from umbones and particularly pronounced anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, typically tridentate. Costae angular, originating at about midlength, entire surface bearing radial striae. Dental plates strong, ventrally convergent. Dorsal median septum strong, short, septalium narrow, short, V-shaped, open, hinge plates dividing immediately anterior of septalium, horizontal, crura long, slender, tips concave ventrally in cross section.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 814a-n. * Y. hanburii (Davidson), Kwangsi, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1.5, e, paralectotype, dorsal view showing striae, \u00d7 2, f-n, serial sections 0.95, 1.1, 1.25, 1.4, 1.5, 2.0, 2.25, 3.3, 3.65 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2 (Sartenaer, 1971b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 814. yunnanellidae (p. 1195).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-315.jpg?height=784&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ladogioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Yunnanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ladogioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ladogioides MCLAREN, 1961, p. 4","Type_species":"L. pax, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, Beak erect, foramen large, hypothyrid to submesothyrid, deltidial plates small, disjunct, Fold and sulcus pronounced anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue acuminate, Costae few, weak, restricted to anterior, radial striae over whole shell, Dental plates close to walls, ventrally convergent, Septalium deep, narrow, short, hinge plates divided, horizontal, dorsal median septum short, high, thin, Crura short, slender, dorsally grooved","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"western North America, western Europe, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 815, 3a-i. *L. pax, lower Frasnian, Waterways Formation, Alberta, Gypsum Cliffs, Canada, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d, surface showing radial striae, x3, e-i, serial sections 1.0 , 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 2.6 ~mm from posterior, x3 (McLaren, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"McLaren, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 815. yunnanellidae (p. 1195).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-316.jpg?height=1489&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nayunnella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Yunnanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nayunnella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nayunnella Sartenaer, 1961a, p. 2, nom. nov. pro Yunnanella Grabau, 1931b, p. 141, non GRABAU, 1923 in 1923-1924","Type_species":"Yunnanella synplicata GRABAU, 1931b, p. 141, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins truncated. Beak suberect, delthyrium with disjunct deltidial plates leaving elongate foramen. Fold and sulcus moderately strong, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue serrate, moderately high, broad. Costae large, rounded, developed only anteriorly, radial costellae extending from umbones, superimposed on costae. Dental plates short, convex medially. Dorsal median septum low, short, hinge plates divided anterior of short septalium.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"China, Kazakhstan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 815, 1a-e. *N. synplicata (Grabau), Yaoso Group, eastern Yunnan, China, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x2 (Grabau, 1931b), d-e, transverse sections, enlarged (Grabau, 1932a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 815, 1 f-k. N. tugida Roberts, Ningbing Limestone, Bonaparte Gulf basin, Ningbing Range, northwestern Australia, serial sections 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.8, 3.4, 3.6 mm from posterior, x2 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grabau, 1931, \nGrabau, 1932, \nRoberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 815. yunnanellidae (p. 1195).\nfig. 815. yunnanellidae (p. 1195).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-316.jpg?height=1489&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-316.jpg?height=1489&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schnurella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Yunnanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Schnurella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schnurella SCHMIDT, 1964, p. 505","Type_species":"Terebratula schnurii de VERNEUIL, 1840, p. 261, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A subtriangular to longitudinally ovate outline and dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, anterior and lateral margins truncated. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus weak, obscured by convexity of shell, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low. Costae low, restricted to anterior margin, costellae present from midlength, superimposed on costae anteriorly. Dental plates short, close to walls. Dorsal median septum short, obscured by callus, septalium U-shaped, hinge plates undivided.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Kuznetsk basin, Armenia, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 815, 2a-i. * S. schnuri (de Verneuil), lower Givetian, Gerolstein, Eifel, a- c, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Schmidt, 1941b), d-i, serial sections 13.1, 13.0, 12.8, 12.6, 12.3, 12.0 mm from anterior, x2 (Schmidt, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1941, \nSchmidt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 815. yunnanellidae (p. 1195).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-316.jpg?height=1489&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sanjuania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Paranorellidae","Subfamily":"Paranorellinae","Genus":"Sanjuania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sanjuania AMOS, 1958, p. 841","Type_species":"S. dorsisulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and ventriconvex profile. Beak slightly incurved, foramen submesothyridid, circular. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure weakly unisulcate. Costae absent. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum and septalium absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 816, 3a-g. *S. dorsisulcata, Volcan Formation, Guandacol, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.3, e-g, serial sections 1.15, 2.0, 2.2 ~mm from posterior, x1.8 (Amos, 1958).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amos, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 816. paranorellidae (p. 1196-1199).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-317.jpg?height=1883&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iowarhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Paranorellidae","Subfamily":"Iowarhynchinae","Genus":"Iowarhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iowarhynchus CARTER, 1983, p. 66","Type_species":"I. mirandum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with elongate cordate outline and equibiconvex profile, beak suberect, delthyrium narrow, joining rounded foramen, dorsal fold very low to absent, dorsal sulcus rare, ventral sulcus very low, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate to rectimarginate, costae absent, dental plates short, diverging toward valve floor, hinge plates divided, inner socket ridges overhanging sockets, dorsal median septum absent, myophragm low, crura ventrally curved, becoming flattened laterally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 816, 4a-m. *I. mirandum, Gilmore City Limestone, Humboldt County, Hodge's Quarry, Iowa, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x6, e-m, serial sections 0.12, 0.16, 0.20, 0.24, 0.28, 0.30, 0.34, 0.38, 0.44 ~mm from posterior, x12 (Carter, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 816. paranorellidae (p. 1196-1199).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-317.jpg?height=1883&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Basiliola":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Basiliola","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Basiliola Dall, 1908, p. 442","Type_species":"Hemithyris beecheri DALL, 1895, p. 717, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Basiola Thomson, 1915, p. 390, nom. null., Neohemithyris Yabe & Hatai, 1934, p. 587 (type, Rhynchonella lucida Gould, 1861, p. 323, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Basiola, Neohemithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, elongate-pentagonal to rounded-subpentagonal, widest at about midvalve, dorsibiconvex, dorsal valve acutely convex, ventral valve moderately convex, uniplicate, dorsal fold almost imperceptible, ventral sulcus broad, shallow, arcuate, beak small, suberect, foramen small, circular, submesothyrid, deltidial plates small, conjunct, auriculate. Crura often distally serrate, bases not thickened, pedicle collar strong, elaborate. Living species mainly bathyal, ranging from abyssal to sublittoral.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)\u2013Holocene","Geography":"Donetz basin, Turkmenistan, ?Denmark, Turonian\u2013Maastrichtian; western Paci\ufb01c (Okinawa, Ryukyu, Fiji, Vanuatu), Miocene\u2013Pleistocene; Indo-Paci\ufb01c (Madagascar to Japan and Hawaii), Holocene.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 817, 1a\u2013e. *B. beecheri (DALL), Holocene, off Hawaii; a, dorsal view, \u00d72; b, lateral view, \u00d71; c, anterior view, USNM 334678, \u00d71; d, ventral valve interior, \u00d74; e, oblique view of crura, USNM 334679, \u00d7 4 (Cooper, 1959).\u2014Fig. 817,1f\u2013t. B. lucida (GOULD), Holocene, Bonin Islands; transverse serial sections, distances in mm from \ufb01rst section, 0.0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 3.9, 4.1 (Zezina & Smirnova, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 817. basiliolidae (p. 1199).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-319.jpg?height=1867&width=1308&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Almorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Almorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Almorhynchia OVCHARENKO, 1983, p. 45","Type_species":"Rhynchonella urtabusensis MOISEEV, 1935, p. 128, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Shroshaerhynchia Ovcharenko, 1977, p. 38, nom. nud.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, posteriorly smooth, with 11 to 21 rounded costae or plicae anteriorly (4 to 6 on a feebly defined fold), beak small. Pedicle collar well developed, dental plates long, ventrally convergent proximally to subparallel, hinge plates broad, crura hamiform, dorsoventrally oriented, septal pillar broad, long.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (lower Aalenian)","Geography":"southeastern Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 817, 2a-u. *A. urtabusensis (Moiseev), Toarcian, ac, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MUGT 93\/1266, x1, d-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, 3.6, 3.9, MUGT 94\/1266 (Ovcharenko, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovcharenko, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 817. basiliolidae (p. 1199).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-319.jpg?height=1867&width=1308&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":172.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apringia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Apringia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apringia de GREGORIO, 1886, p. 22","Type_species":"A. giuppa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subcircular, globose equibiconvex, uniplication wide, rectangular (possibly asymmetrical), and fold scarcely raised, faint irregular costae anteriorly (up to 3 on fold), otherwise smooth, beak small, erect, with minute foramen. Delicate pedicle collar, dental plates subvertical, hinge plates narrow, without septalium, nor dorsal median septum, crura hamiform. Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Bathonian): Italy, Sicily, Austria, Hungary, ?Greenland, Morocco.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"Italy, Sicily, Austria, Hungary, ?Greenland, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 817, 3a-c. *A. giuppa, Toarcian, Italy, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d7 1 (de Gregorio, 1886), Fig. 817, 3d-m. A. sp., Toarcian, eastern High Atlas, Morocco, transverse serial sections through umbo (Rousselle, 1975)","Museum_or_author_information":"de Gregorio, 1886, \nRousselle, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 817. basiliolidae (p. 1199).\nfig. 817. basiliolidae (p. 1199).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-319.jpg?height=1867&width=1308&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=195)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-319.jpg?height=1867&width=1308&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Basiliolella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Basiliolella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Basiliolella D'HONDT, 1987, p. 39","Type_species":"B. ferox, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular, smooth but for few, obscure marginal plicae, uniplication flattopped, paucidentate, beak ridges submesothyrid, foramen small, slightly auriculate. Median septum reduced to a ridge or low keel, distal ends of crura broad and truncated or serrated, crural bases thickened, increasingly swollen to medially coalescent.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"New Caledonia, Fiji, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 818, 1 a-e .* B. ferox, Chesterfield Bank, New Caledonia, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1.5, e, cardinalia and crura, x25 (d'Hondt, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"d'Hondt, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 818. basiliolidae (p. 1199-1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-320.jpg?height=1569&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eohemithiris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Eohemithiris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eohemithiris Hertlein & GRANT, 1944, p. 55","Type_species":"E. alexi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Eohemithyris Cooper, 1959, p. 30, unjust. emend.\"","Synonyms":"Eohemithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Basiliola but flatter, almost equibiconvex, with broader, lower uniplication and shallow ventral sulcus, surface smooth, deltidial plates conjunct, rimmed. Very broad subfalciform crura, no pedicle collar.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene) - Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"western USA (California, Washington)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 818, 2a-e. *E. alexi, Eocene, California, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, UCMP 15524, x2, e, dorsal interior showing cardinalia and crura, UCMP 15545, \u00d76 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 818. basiliolidae (p. 1199-1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-320.jpg?height=1569&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fortunella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Fortunella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fortunella CALZADA, 1985, p. 78","Type_species":"F. fortunae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Closely related to Rionirhynchia Kamyshan & Kvakhadze, 1980, p. 72, possibly even a junior subjective synonym.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth but faintly capillate in early stages, uniplicate with high, shallow, acutely arcuate ventral sulcus and extensive triangular linguiform extension. Pedicle collar present, dental plates usually fused to shell wall, hinge plates narrow, long falciform crura.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aptian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian)-Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","Geography":"southeastern Spain, Alps, Poland, Moravia, Slovakia, Russian platform, Caucasus, Azerbaijan, ?Hungary, ?Greenland, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 818, 3a-n. *F. fortunae, lower Hauterivian, Sierra del Lugar, southeastern Spain, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGSB 32491-13, x1, e-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.4, 3.7, 4.1, MGSB 32491-L4 (Calzada, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 818. basiliolidae (p. 1199-1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-320.jpg?height=1569&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Probolarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Probolarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Probolarina COOPER, 1959, p. 37","Type_species":"Rhynchonella holmesii Dall, 1903, p. 1536, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, uniplicate, anteriorly costate, beak long, pointed, nearly straight, foramen hypothyrid to submesothyrid, deltidial plates auriculate, conjunct. Strong pedicle collar and dental plates, crura long, scimitar-like. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Eocene): ?central Asia, Upper Cretaceous, eastern USA, Jamaica, New Zealand (Chatham Islands), Paleocene-Eocene","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"central Asia, Upper Cretaceous, eastern USA, Jamaica, New Zealand (Chatham Islands), Paleocene-Eocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 819, 1a-e. * P. holmesii (Dall), Eocene, North Carolina, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, USNM 549359a, x2, e, oblique view of crura, USNM 549359g, x6 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 819. basiliolidae (p. 1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-322.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Rhytirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytirhynchia COOPER, 1957b, p. 8","Type_species":"Hemithyris sladeni DALL, 1910, p. 440, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Basiliola but paucicostate anteriorly and with much reduced dental plates, deltidial plates auriculate, conjunct, anterior commissure sulciplicate, i.e., dorsal fold not differentiated, but bidentate, trapezoidal linguiform extension well developed. Crural bases incipiently thickened.  [Living species inhabit upper bathyal zone.]","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Pacific, Indian Ocean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 819, 2a-e. * R. sladeni (Dall), Holocene, Saya de Malha Banks, western Indian Ocean, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1, d, ventral interior showing foramen and teeth, x3, e, lectotype, dorsal interior showing crura, USNM 111086, x4 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 819. basiliolidae (p. 1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-322.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rionirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Rionirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rionirhynchia Kamyshan & KVAKHADZE, 1980, p. 72","Type_species":"R. tessiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, equibiconvex, broadly oval, smooth or with few marginal costae, beak short, suberect, foramen small. Uniplicate, ventral valve with shallow sulcus and subtriangular linguiform extension, dorsal fold poorly developed. Shell thickened, dental plates fused to shell wall, hinge plates short, subquadrate with concave inner surfaces, crura moderately long.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Barremian)","Geography":"western Georgia (Caucasus)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 819, 5a-j. *R. tsessiensis, lower Hauterivian, Georgia, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, GMG 327\/120, x1, e-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.0, 2.7, 3.4, 3.9, 4.7, 5.3 (Kamyshan & Kvakhadze, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kamyshan & Kvakhadze, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 819. basiliolidae (p. 1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-322.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Soaresirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Soaresirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Soaresirhynchia ALM\u00c9RAS, 1994, p. 26","Type_species":"Rhynchonella bouchardi DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 82; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"May be a subjective synonym of Almorhynchia OVCHARENKO, 1983, p. 45.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subcircular to transversely oval, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex; smooth stage extended at least to midvalve; costae few, simple, rounded anteriorly (2 to 7 on scarcely raised dorsal fold); uniplication generally symmetrical; beak delicate, suberect to slightly incurved, foramen circular to oval, deltidial plates mostly disjunct, otherwise conjunct. Dental plates subparallel to ventrally convergent, often fused to shell wall; hinge plates divided; cardinal process and septalium absent; dorsal median septum absent or reduced to a ridge; crura hamiform to subfalciform; pedicle collar reduced to absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Geography":"England, ?Scotland, Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Dinarids, Morocco, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 819, 4a\u2013t. *S. bouchardi (DAVIDSON), lower Toarcian; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, Somerset, England, SM J.36787, \u00d72 (Ager, 1962); d\u2013t, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 2.2, 2.35, 2.5, 2.65, 2.8, 2.95, 3.1, 3.25, 3.45, 3.7, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, Portugal, FSL 307406 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 819. basiliolidae (p. 1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-322.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Streptaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Streptaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Streptaria COOPER, 1959, p. 38","Type_species":"Terebratula de Buchii MICHELOTTI, 1839, p. 122, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Probably a subgenus of Basiliola Dall, 1908, p. 442.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pentagonal, almost planoconvex with acutely uniplicate asymmetrical commissure, possible faint striation anteriorly, beak short, foramen auriculate. Dental plates reduced, pedicle collar poorly developed.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"southern Europe, northern Africa, Cuba, Arabia, western Kazhakhstan, ?New Zealand, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 819, 3a-d. *S. debuchii (Michelotti), middle Miocene, Messina, Sicily, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 549352a, x2, d, internal view of dorsal umbo showing strong socket ridges, wide outer hinge plates and crura, USNM 549352b, x6 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 819. basiliolidae (p. 1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-322.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pamirorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Pamirorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pamirorhynchia Ovcharenko, 1983, p. 51","Type_species":"Rhynchonella pamirensis MOISEEV, 1937, p. 7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pamirorhynchia Ovcharenko, 1977, p. 38, nom. nud., Aidynkulirhynchia Ovcharenko, 1983, p. 5960 (type, A. aidynkulensis, OD), Aidynkulirhynchia Ovcharenko, 1977, p. 38, nom. nud., Aldynkulirhynchia Doescher, 1981, p. 3, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Aidynkulirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, with costae rather thick, not numerous, seldom dichotomizing, Dental plates long, subparallel, converging ventrally or diverging, young shells with small septalium, septum not distinct, adult shells with massive distinct septum, outer hinge plates ventrally convex, crura hamiform in young shells to subfalciform in adults","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian-upper Bajocian)","Geography":"southeastern Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 820, 2a-l. * P. pamirensis (Moiseev), a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MUGT 104\/1266, x1, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.55 , 1.7, 2.3, 2.85, 3.25, 3.8, 4.6, 5.0, MUGT 106\/ 1266 (Ovcharenko, 1983)., Fig. 820, 2m-v. P. aidynkulensis (Ovcharenko), lower Bajocian, m-o, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MUGT 125\/1266, x1, p-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.65, 4.55, 4.8, 5.35, 6.15, 7.15, 9.1, MUGT 124\/1266 (Ovcharenko, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovcharenko, 1983, \nOvcharenko, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 820. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).\nfig. 820. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-324.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-324.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":172.8,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gagriella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Gagriella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gagriella MORSEEV, 1939, p. 193","Type_species":"G. abhasiaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Globose, compact, covered with numerous sharp costae, usually simple, but possibly showing bifurcations. Otherwise like Orbirhynchia in its internal structures.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (?Hauterivian, Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian), Lower Cretaceous (?Hauterivian, Barremian)","Geography":"Georgia, Stramberk","Figure_captions":"Fig. 821, 3a-q. *G. abhasiaensis, Barremian, Georgia, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, x1 (Moiseev, 1939), e-q, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 2.3, 3.1, 3.4, 4.1, 4.4, 4.7, 5.0, 5.3, 5.9, 6.3, 7.1, 7.4, LGE 10\/181 (new, courtesy of S. V. Lobacheva).","Museum_or_author_information":"Moiseev, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 821. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-325.jpg?height=1891&width=1306&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kvesanirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Kvesanirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kvesanirhynchia KVAKHADZE, 1976, p. 505","Type_species":"K. tenuicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Closely related to Gagriella Moiseev, 1939, p. 193, possibly even a junior subjective synonym.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded-pentagonal, broader than long, dorsibiconvex, costae numerous, simple, angular, beak slender, low, slightly incurved to suberect, foramen mesothyrid, anterior commissure with broad, shallow sulcus meeting low, weakly developed dorsal median fold. Umbonal chambers small, outer hinge plates narrow, crural bases thick, dorsal ridge or low septum persisting to middle part of valve.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Georgia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 822, 1a-s. *K. tenuicostata, Berriasian, Abhazia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, GMG 334\/3, x1, e-s, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8 (Kvakhadze, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kvakhadze, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 822. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-326.jpg?height=1861&width=1280&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Orbirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbirhynchia PETTITT, 1954, p. 29","Type_species":"O. orbignyi PETTITT, 1954, p. 45, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, orbicular with uniplication low, arcuate or ventral sulcus shallow, dorsal fold poorly developed, anterior commissure rarely asymmetrical, numerous finely rounded costae, shell smooth posteriorly, beak small, foramen circular, beak ridges indistinct. Dental plates slender, often close to wall, dorsal septum absent.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Caucasus, Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 822, 2a-r. *O. orbignyi, lower Cenomanian, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MZ VIII Bra-997, x2, d-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.8, 3.3, MZ VIII Bra-997\/a1 (Popiel-Barczyk, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popiel-Barczyk, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 822. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-326.jpg?height=1861&width=1280&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parthirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Parthirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parthirhynchia TITOVA, 1980, p. 77","Type_species":"P. unguiseformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Partirhynchia Iasiukevich, 1974, p. 108, nom. nud.\"","Synonyms":"Partirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, costate or semicostate without dichotomy or bifurcation, elongate-oval, anterior commissure broad, arcuate with dorsal fold poorly developed and ventral sulcus shallow. Dental plates weakly ventrally divergent, dorsal valve with median ridge low, poorly developed or very low septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Turkmenistan, Bulgaria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 821, 1a-n. * P. unguiseformis, upper Maastrichtian, Kopet Dag, Turkmenistan, a- c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, CNIGR 148 \/ 10445, X1.5, d-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.05, 2.45, 2.55, 2.7, 2.95, 3.25, 3.4, 3.7, 4.35, 4.8, 4.95, CNIGR 134\/10445, approximately x2 (Titova, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nTitova, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 821. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-325.jpg?height=1891&width=1306&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudogibbirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Pseudogibbirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudogibbirhynchia AGER, 1962, p. 108","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Moorei DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 82, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, globose, subcircular, equibiconvex, dorsal valve flattened posteriorly, uniplication low, but dorsal fold absent, multicostate throughout, beak small, incurved. Median septum very short, strengthened deltidial plates, hamiform crura.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic , SinemurianToarcian, Aalenian-lower Bajocian (lower Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)-Middle Jurassic (lower Bajocian), SinemurianToarcian, Aalenian-lower Bajocian","Geography":"England, France, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Slovakia, Dinarids, Hungary, Greece, Morocco, Algeria, Madagascar, Thailand, ?Indonesia, western USA (Oregon), SinemurianToarcian, Italy, Austria, Yugoslavia, Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Aalenian-lower Bajocian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 821, 2a-o. *P. moorei (DAVIDSON), lower Toarcian, England, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, Somerset, BMNH B.12230, x2, d-o, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, 3.2, Dorset, MKH D. 134 (Ager, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ager, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 821. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-325.jpg?height=1891&width=1306&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":45,"ending_date":169.67,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rahouiarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Rahouiarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rahouiarhynchia TCHOUMATCHENKO, 1987, p. 53","Type_species":"R. zidarovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to small size, dorsibiconvex, costae numerous (13 to 17), subangular, running from umbo to front commissure, uniplicate sinus wide and low, fold not raised from shell surface. Dorsal median septum and septalium absent, crura subfalciform to hamiform.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian-lower Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Algeria, ?China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 822, 3a-t. *R. zidarovi, Algeria, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, \u00d7 1.5, e-t, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.17, 0.44, 0.8, 1.0, 1.17, 1.4, 1.6, 1.82, 1.97, 2.14, 2.3, 2.49, 2.8, 2.97, 3.22, 3.47 (Tchoumatchenko, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchoumatchenko, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 822. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-326.jpg?height=1861&width=1280&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":158.16,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":152.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Riorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Riorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Riorhynchia IASIUKEVICH, 1974, p. 108","Type_species":"R. nechrikovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded-pentagonal, with more or less strong radial ribs in the anterior part, short, curved beak, short pedicle collar, small ventral sulcus. Thick dental plates often almost fused to shell walls, outer hinge plates narrow and very thick, sometimes almost vestigial, crura hamiform, all elements of cardinalia massive, thickened.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene, ?Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene, ?Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Paleocene, ?Eocene)","Geography":"Caucasus, Ukraine (Crimea), Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan, ?Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 820, 3a-u. R. rionensis (Anthula), Paleocene, Danian, Kopet Dagh, Turkmenistan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MG 35\/1915, x1, d-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.8, 5.6, 6.0, 6.6, 6.9 (Vanchurov & Kalugin, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vanchurov & Kalugin, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 820. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-324.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Veghirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Veghirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Veghirhynchia Dagys, 1974, p. 84","Type_species":"Rhynchonella arpadica BITTNER, 1890, p. 160, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Veghirhynchia Detre, 1972, p. 88, nom. nud., Veghjirhynchia Xu, 1990, p. 68, nom. null., Vegirhynchia Sulser, 1993, p. 157, nom. null.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, moderately dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, multicostate, similar in general outline to Orbirhynchia, ventral sulcus broad, shallow, and trapezoidal linguiform extension meeting a poorly developed dorsal fold, beak short, suberect, beak ridges distinct, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates long, subparallel, hinge teeth subquadrate, hinge plates short, distally concave, crura long, subfalciform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"southern Alps, Carpathians, ?northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 820, 1a-l. *V. arpadica (Bittner), Hungary, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/ 199, x2, e, detail of crura, IGiG 394\/200, x7, fl, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, IGiG 394\/ 202 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 820. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-324.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lacunosella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Lacunosellinae","Genus":"Lacunosella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lacunosella WISNIEWSKA, 1932, p. 30","Type_species":"Rhynchonella arolica Oppel in Oppel & WAAGEN, 1866, p. 294, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kolhidaella Moiseev, 1939, p. 189 (type, K. kolhidaensis, OD), Kolchidaella Makridin in Sarycheva, 1960, p. 334, nom. null., Lagunosella Kamyshan & Kvakhadze, 1980, p. 74, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Kolhidaella, Kolchidaella, Lagunosella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, subtriangular to subpentagonal, trilobate, uniplicate, rarely asymmetrical, with few strong costae commonly bifurcating, dorsal fold little raised, beak small, conjunct deltidial plates. Hinge teeth strong, dental plates reduced, hinge plates long, almost horizontal, crura falciform, dorsal septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Europe, Africa, Asia, ?Mexico, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 823, 2p\u2013z. L. (L.) kolhidaensis (MOISEEV), Barremian, Caucasus, Georgia; p\u2013s, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, approximately \u00d71 (Moiseev, 1939); t\u2013z, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 4.2, 5.25, 5.65, 6.0, 7.1, 8.0, LGE 3\/181 (new; courtesy of S. V. Lobacheva).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 823. basiliolidae (p. 1208-1210).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-328.jpg?height=1883&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Lacunosella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Lacunosellinae","Genus":"L. (Lacunosella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Lacunosella) WISNIEWSKA, 1932, p. 30","Type_species":"Rhynchonella arolica Oppel in Oppel & WAAGEN, 1866, p. 294, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costae simple, subangular, starting near umbo and often showing normal dichotomous branching.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)\u2013Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"France, Greenland, Switzerland, Germany, Carpathians, Poland, Bulgaria, Crimea, Caucasus, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, southwestern China, ?India, ?Mexico, ?Argentina.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 823, 2p\u2013z. L. (L.) kolhidaensis (MOISEEV), Barremian, Caucasus, Georgia; p\u2013s, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, approximately \u00d71 (Moiseev, 1939); t\u2013z, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 4.2, 5.25, 5.65, 6.0, 7.1, 8.0, LGE 3\/181 (new; courtesy of S. V. Lobacheva).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 823. basiliolidae (p. 1208-1210).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-328.jpg?height=1883&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"L. (Dichotomosella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Lacunosellinae","Genus":"L. (Dichotomosella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"L. (Dichotomosella) \u0422\u0421HOUMATCHENKO, 1987, p. 51","Type_species":"L. (D.) bourheddouensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament of antidichotomous costae fused into few, short, coarse, marginal plicae anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)-Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Algeria, Hungary","Figure_captions":"Fig. 823, 1 a-j .*L. (D.) bourheddouensis, upper Kimmeridgian, north of Tiaret, Algeria, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1.5, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.6, 1.98, 2.35, 2.75, 2.95, 3.18, 3.43 (Tchoumatchenko, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchoumatchenko, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 823. basiliolidae (p. 1208-1210).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-328.jpg?height=1883&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stolmorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Lacunosellinae","Genus":"Stolmorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stolmorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 46","Type_species":"S. stolidota, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stolmorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957), Dzhangirhynchia Ovcharenko, 1983, p. 71 (type, D. dzhangiensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Stolmorhynchia, Dzhangirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, uniplicate, dorsal fold usually well developed, sometimes asymmetrical, few (12 to 16) strong, fairly angular costae, posterior smooth area absent, beak small, strong, suberect. Dental plates strong, subparallel, dorsal median septum absent or barely detectable, no septalium, muscle scars impressed, crura falciform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 824,2a\u2013r. *S. stolidota, upper Bajocian, Dorset, England; a\u2013c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.70762, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013r, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.4, 3.9, 4.3, 4.6, 4.9, 5.3, 5.6, 5.8, BMNH F. 71933 (Prosser, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 824. basiliolidae (p. 1210).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-330.jpg?height=1861&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Stolmorhynchia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Lacunosellinae","Genus":"S. (Stolmorhynchia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Stolmorhynchia) BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 46","Type_species":"S. stolidota, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, globose posteriorly; anterior commissure often asymmetrical; costae typically simple. Hinge plates strong and slightly convergent ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian\u2013Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Spain, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Ukraine, Caucasus, Morocco, southeastern Pamirs, ?India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 824,2a\u2013r. *S. stolidota, upper Bajocian, Dorset, England; a\u2013c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.70762, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013r, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.4, 3.9, 4.3, 4.6, 4.9, 5.3, 5.6, 5.8, BMNH F. 71933 (Prosser, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 824. basiliolidae (p. 1210).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-330.jpg?height=1861&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Praelacunosella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Lacunosellinae","Genus":"S. (Praelacunosella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Praelacunosella) WISNIEWSKA-ZELICHOWSKA, 1978, p. 109148","Type_species":"P. substephani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Praelacunesella Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978, p. 65, alternative original spelling","Synonyms":"Praelacunesella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequibiconvex, tapering, and somewhat depressed posteriorly, may be highest at front, uniplication gentle, arcuate but indistinct dorsal fold, tendency to asymmetry slight, only densely ribbed shells may show dichotomy. Hinge plates subhorizontal, dental plates relatively thinner. Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian-Callovian): Poland, Carpatho-Balkanids, Crimea, southeastern Pamirs, ?southwestern China.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian-Callovian)","Geography":"Poland, Carpatho-Balkanids, Crimea, southeastern Pamirs, ?southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 824, 1av. * S. (P.) substephani, lower Callovian, Czestochowa area, Poland, a-e, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, Muz IG 1352.II.144, x1, f, detail of apical region, Muz IG 1352.II.140, x3, g-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0 , 0.5, 0.7, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.9, 3.1, 3.6, 4.3, 4.4, 5.0, 5.3, Muz IG 1352.II. 147 (Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978)., Fig. 824, 1w-ll. S. (?P.) dzhangiensis (Ovcharenko), upper Bajocian, southeastern Pamirs, w-y, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MUGT 137\/1266, x1, z-g g, transverse serial sections, distances inmm, 0.6, 1.55, 2.25, 2.7, 3.15, 3.6, 3.8, 4.1; hh\u2013ll, transverse serial sections, distances in mm, 1.55, 1.85, 2.05, 2.7, 3.15, MUGT 138\/1266 (Ovcharenko, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 824. basiliolidae (p. 1210).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-330.jpg?height=1861&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aetheia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Aetheiinae","Genus":"Aetheia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aetheia THOMSON, 1915, p. 389","Type_species":"Waldheimia (?) sinuata Hutton, 1873, p. 36, OD, =?Terebratula gualteri Morris in MANTELL, 1850, p. 329","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Thomsonica Cossmann, 1920, p. 137, obj.\"","Synonyms":"Thomsonica","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, elongate oval to triangular, dorsibiconvex, smooth, broadly uniplicate, but inconspicuous dorsal fold, beak small, erect, submesothyrid, with concave, conjunct deltidial plates. Hinge teeth thick, buttressed directly against shell wall, dental plates absent, dorsal median septum short, stout, swollen inner hinge plates filling intercrural space, cardinal process small, subfalciform crura, crescentic in section.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (?lower Eocene, middle Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (lower Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (?lower Eocene, middle Eocene)-Neogene (lower Miocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 825, 2a-e. *A. gualteri (Morris), upper Oligocene, Duntroonian, Otago, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 89828a, x1, d, ventral interior, USNM 369298a, x2, e, dorsal interior, detail of cardinalia, USNM 89828b, x4 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 825. basiliolidae (p. 1210-1214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-331.jpg?height=1880&width=1285&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Burdigalian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":15.99,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aphelesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Aphelesiinae","Genus":"Aphelesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aphelesia COOPER, 1959, p. 41","Type_species":"Anomia bipartita BROCCHI, 1814, p. 469, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal, uniplicate, smooth with faint or incipient costae developing anteriorly, beak elongated, hypothyrid, foramen small, auriculate, dental plates slightly convergent, teeth subquadrate, hinge plates short, distally concave, dorsal septum absent, septalial plates not developed, crura broad with acutely concave dorsal surfaces","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Neogene (Pliocene)","Geography":"Italy (northern Apennines to Sicily), Malta, Hungary, Spain, ?Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 826, 3a-e. * A. bipartita (Brocchi), a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, Pliocene, Sicily, USNM 549349a, x1, d, oblique view of crura, USNM 549380, x3, e, detail of ventral umbo showing teeth and auriculate foramen, Pliocene, Sicily, USNM 549349b, x4, f-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0 , 2.0, 2.6, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 4.0, Miocene, Tuscany, BMNH unnumbered, x2 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 826. basiliolidae (p. 1210-1214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-332.jpg?height=1876&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phapsirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Aphelesiinae","Genus":"Phapsirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phapsirhynchia P \u00c1JAUD , 1976, p. 102","Type_species":"P. sanctapaulensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Regarded as a junior subjective synonym of Aphelesia by L LOMPART & C ALZADA , 1983, and G AETANI & S ACC\u00c0 , 1985.]","Synonyms":"Aphelesia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, globose, almost planoconvex with acutely concave ventral valve developed anteriorly; few strong marginal costae; foramen relatively small, subapical. Large, dorsally concave subfalciform crura de\ufb02ected ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Geography":"southern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 826 ,2a\u2013d. *P. sanctapaulensis, Alicante; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d7 1; d, anterior view showing crura, \u00d7 1.5 (P\u00e1jaud, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 826. basiliolidae (p. 1210-1214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-332.jpg?height=1876&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthobasiliola":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Acanthobasiliolinae","Genus":"Acanthobasiliola","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthobasiliola Zezina, 1981, p. 11","Type_species":"Rhynchonella doederleini DAVIDSON, 1886a, p. 1, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, transversely oval, inflated, uniplicate. Resembles Basiliola in outline but differs in having shell surface covered with short spines, beak small, erect with complete foramen, strong pedicle collar, dental plates weak or not well developed. Hinge plates narrow, dorsal valve with thin median ridge or weak septum, crura short, with additional festoons at distal ends.\"","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Borneo to Japan, bathyal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 825, 1a-d. *A. doederleini (Davidson), Holocene, a, dorsal view, BMNH ZB3999, Banda Sea, x3 (Brunton & Alvarez, 1989), b, detail of spinose ornament, Java Sea, x5, c, dorsal interior showing crura and weak septal ridge, Java Sea, x5, d, cardinalia of juvenile, Java Sea, x6 (Zezina, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Alvarez, 1989, \nZezina, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 825. basiliolidae (p. 1210-1214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-331.jpg?height=1880&width=1285&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dagysorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Dagysorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dagysorhynchia SMIRNOVA, 1994, p. 34","Type_species":"D. compacta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, equibiconvex, rounded-pentagonal, almost as wide as long, umbo broad, massive, shell smooth or with fine, indistinct costellation. Pedicle collar sometimes developed, dental plates ventrally divergent, hinge plates narrow, dorsal surfaces concave, acutely dorsally inclined with well-developed inner and outer socket ridges, crura hamiform, dorsal median septum apically confined.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Barremian)","Geography":"\"Russia (northwestern Kamchatka)\"","Figure_captions":"Fig. 826, 1a-k. *D. compacta, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 138\/ 515, X1, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.6, 2.5, 3.0, 3.2, 3.7, 4.5, 5.3, MGU 138\/517 (Smirnova, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 826. basiliolidae (p. 1210-1214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-332.jpg?height=1876&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Striarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striarina COOPER, 1973, p. 7","Type_species":"Rhynchonella valdiviae HELMCKE, 1940, p. 290, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely triangular to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, broadly, irregularly uniplicate, finely costellate, beak small, nearly straight, with fairly large hypothyrid foramen and disjunct deltidial plates. Pedicle collar short, teeth strong, triangular, with flaring dental plates, sockets broad, deep, corrugated, outer hinge plates narrow, concave, inner hinge plates absent, crura short, subfalciform with rounded extremities, slender dorsal median ridge. Living species is bathyal.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"southern Indian Ocean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 826, 4ag. *S. valdiviae (Helmcke), St. Paul Island, a, dorsal view, x3, b-e, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, x2, f, detail of ventral umbo, x4, g, hypotype, detail of cardinalia, dorsal interior, USNM 549729a-b, x4 (Cooper, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 826. basiliolidae (p. 1210-1214).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-332.jpg?height=1876&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Erymnaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Erymnariinae","Genus":"Erymnaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Erymnaria COOPER, 1959, p. 64","Type_species":"Terebratula polymorpha MASSALONGO, 1850, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, uniplication broadly arcuate, commissure sometimes asymmetrical, smooth or irregularly costate anteriorly, beak short, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, planareas absent. Crural plates ventrally convergent, somewhat sigmoidal, or lyrate anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)-Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"Caucasus, Ukraine, Austria, Italy, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Cenomanian\u2013Danian; Mediterranean, Hungary, Cuba, western Kazakhstan, Eocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 827, 1 a-i .*E. polymorpha (Massalongo), Eocene, Verona, Italy, a, dorsal view, USNM 75888a, x2, b, lateral view, USNM 549384a, x1, c, anterior view, USNM 75888a, x2, d-i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0, 1.7, 1.95, 2.25, 2.6, 4.0, USNM 549384e (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 827. erymnariidae (p. 1214-1218).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-334.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Cryptorhynchiinae","Genus":"Cryptorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 66","Type_species":"Rhynchonella pulcherrima KITCHIN, 1897, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cryptorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":"Cryptorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, transversely oval, dorsal fold moderate, reticulate ornament, with costae sharp and growth lamellae foliaceous, beak sharp, suberect. Teeth and sockets projecting well into dorsal valve, fulcral plates fused to lateral septa, septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), ?Upper Jurassic (?Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian), ?Upper Jurassic (?Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Alps, Pamirs, India, ?China, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 828, la-o. *C. pulcherrima (Kitchin), Callovian, Kutch, India, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, USNM 76009a, x1.8, d, topotype, dorsal, USNM 429605, x2, e-o, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, USNM 76009b (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 828. erymnariidae (p. 1216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-336.jpg?height=1857&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aethirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Cryptorhynchiinae","Genus":"Aethirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aethirhynchia SHI, 1990, p. 314","Type_species":"A. lenticulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate-oval to cuneiform, gently equibiconvex, nearly rectimarginate, fully covered with numerous fine costellae, beak slightly incurved. Dorsal median septum stout, septalial plates pendant, lateral septa short, incompletely fused with fulcral plates.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (middle Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (middle Callovian-upper Callovian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 828, 3a-v. *A. lenticulata, Geladangdong, southern Qinghai, a, dorsal view, MCMB G14751, x1 (Shi, 1992), b-i, holotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.6, 3.0, 4.6, 5.3, 5.7, 6.0, 6.3, 7.0, MCMB Y14750 (Shi, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shi, 1992, \nShi, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 828. erymnariidae (p. 1216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-336.jpg?height=1857&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":163.41,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crurirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Cryptorhynchiinae","Genus":"Crurirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crurirhynchia DAGYS, 1961, p. 96","Type_species":"C. kiparisovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, roundedsubpentagonal, gently dorsibiconvex, weakly uniplicate, sharply multicostate throughout, beak low, suberect, with hypothyrid foramen and conjunct deltidial plates. Pedicle collar fused to dental plates, dorsal median septum low, septalium rudimentary or absent, crura long, arising from oblique septa, more or less fused with socket fulcral plates. Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian): Balkans, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Balkans, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 828, 2a-v. * C. kiparisovae, Norian, northwestern Caucasus, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 91\/600, x1, e-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.9, IGiG 394\/203 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 828. erymnariidae (p. 1216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-336.jpg?height=1857&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dierisma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Cryptorhynchiinae","Genus":"Dierisma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dierisma Ching, Sun, & Ye in Ching & OTHERS, 1979, p. 133","Type_species":"D. furcatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse-oval, depressed lenticular, almost equibiconvex, dorsal fold gentle and flattopped, ventral sulcus wide and shallow, slight, low arch, uniplication, costae narrow, subangular, and sometimes bifurcated anteriorly. Dental plates short, crural plates issued vertically from inner edge of outer hinge plates to floor of dorsal valve and extending to one-third dorsal valve length.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai, Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 828, 4a-k. *D. furcatum, Upper Triassic, Qinghai, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 42813, x1, e-k, holotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.65, 1.0, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 3.8, NIGP 42813 (Ching & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChing & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 828. erymnariidae (p. 1216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-336.jpg?height=1857&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septocrurella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Septocrurellinae","Genus":"Septocrurella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septocrurella WISNIEWSKA, 1932, p. 63","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Sanctae Clarae ROEMER, 1870, p. 247, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, dorsally sulcate, with few rounded costae, beak small, upright, without planareas, foramen hypo- to submesothyrid. Crura short, supported by subparallel crural plates extending to one-third dorsal valve length, dorsal septum absent to vestigial. Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliens-bachian)-Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, ?Tithonian): southern and eastern Europe.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliens-bachian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, ?Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliens-bachian)-Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian, ?Tithonian)","Geography":"southern and eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 827,3a\u2013m. S. sanctaeclarae (Roemer), a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, Oxfordian, Jasna G\u00f3ra, Poland, x1 (Wisniewska, 1932), f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.4, 2.4, 2.8, 3.3, 3.4, 3.6, 4.5, 5.2, Aiglun, France (Laurin, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wisniewska, 1932, \nLaurin, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 827. erymnariidae (p. 1214-1218).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-334.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caucasella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Septocrurellinae","Genus":"Caucasella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caucasella MOISEEV, 1934, p. 83","Type_species":"Rhynchonella trigonella ROTHPLETZ, 1886, p. 154, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, trigonal to securiform, depressed equibiconvex, wide and flat anteriorly, sharply costate, with evenly serrate commissure but no fold or sulcus, beak small, gently incurved, with planareas. Short dental plates, no dorsal median septum, crural plates closely subparallel.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian-Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Yugoslavia, Tisia River (Hungary), Caucasus, Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 827, 4a-m. * C. trigonella (Rothpletz), Callovian, Greben, Yugoslavia, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, 4 \/ 45, X1 (Radulovic & Rabrenovic, 1993), e-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 1.1, 1.3, 1.8, 2.0, 2.1, 2.6, 4.3, 4.9, Theodosia, Crimea, KHGU 3298\/8 (Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Radulovic & Rabrenovic, 1993, \nKamyshan & Babanova, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 827. erymnariidae (p. 1214-1218).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-334.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calvirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Calvirhynchiinae","Genus":"Calvirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calvirhynchia KAMYSHAN, 1967a, p. 56","Type_species":"C. kubanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, smooth, rounded subtrigonal, ventribiconvex, well-defined median dorsal sulcus and ventral fold, beak small, suberect, planareas absent. Pedicle collar absent. Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, ?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian): southern Europe, Caucasus, central Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, ?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, ?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian)","Geography":"southern Europe, Caucasus, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 827, 2a-k. * C. kubanensis, upper Bajocian, Kuban River, Caucasus, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, KHGU 6\/2135, x1.5, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.1, 1.3, 1.7, 2.1, 2.3, 2.8, 3.3, 4.0, KHGU 6\/2140 (Kamyshan, 1967a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kamyshan, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 827. erymnariidae (p. 1214-1218).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-334.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenoscisma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Stenoscisma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenoscisma CONRAD, 1839, p. 59, , non Stenocisma HALL, 1847, p. 142, nec Stenocisma CONRAD-HALL in HALL, 1867b, p. 334\u2013335, nec Stenoschisma HALL & C LARKE , 1893, p. 187, nec Stenochisma SCHUCHERT, 1897, p. 413, nec Stenochisma GRABAU & SHIMER, 1907, p. 288","Type_species":"Terebratula schlottheimii von BUCH, 1834, p. 59-60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Camerophoria King, 1844, p. 312, nom. nud., Camerophoria King, Aug. 1846, p. 89-91, obj., Camarophoria Herrmannsen, Dec. 1846, p. 161, obj., Stenocisma Dall, 1877, p. 65, obj., Stenoschisma Oehlert, 1887a, p. 1309, obj.","Synonyms":"Camerophoria, Stenocisma, Stenoschisma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves of medium size, may be large, costae rounded or sharp, on fold, flanks, or both, beginning near beaks or far in front of them, broad stolidium around anterior margins of adults, posterolateral edges of ventral valve flattened, strongly overlapped by edges of dorsal valve, beak long, varying from nearly straight to tightly incurved, deltidial plates conjunct or disjunct, foramen oval, open or completely closed, weak muscle marks in spondylium with adductors narrow, medial and diductors large, surrounding adductors, adjustors undifferentiated in apical part of spondylium, vascula genitalia deep, transverse, beginning at anterior edge of median septum, vascula media beginning as mesial pair near origin of gonocoels, bifurcating toward margins, extending onto stolidium, large, low, finely striated cardinal process, weak muscle marks in camarophorium with anterior adductors small, paired, medial and posterior adductors larger, lateral, mantle canals as in ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian, ?Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous-Upper Permian (Kazanian, ?Tatarian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 829, 1a-n. *S. schlottheimii (von Buch), middle Upper Permian, Germany, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, lateral view, ventral valve on right, c, anterior view, ventral valve below, d, posterior view, ventral valve below, e, lateral interior, ventral valve on right, x2 (Grant, 1965b), f n, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, x2.5 (Weller, 1914)., Fig. 829, 1o-t. S. venustum (Girty), lower Permian, Leonard Formation, Texas, USA, o, dorsal valve exterior, p, ventral valve exterior, q, lateral interior, ventral valve below, x1.5, r, dorsal valve interior, oblique, s, dorsal valve interior, t, ventral valve interior, x2 (Grant, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965, \nWeller, 1914, \nGrant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 829. stenoscismatidae (p. 1219-1220).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-340.jpg?height=1835&width=1296&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atribonium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Atribonium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atribonium GRANT, 1965a, p. 37","Type_species":"A. simatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves small, outline subtrigonal, costae weak, rounded, valve edges overlapping slightly along posterior slopes, geniculate at anterior margin, stolidium absent, small conjunct or nearly conjunct deltidial plates present, spondylium sessile near apex in most species, elevated on low median septum duplex anteriorly, cardinal process low, camarophorium short, relatively flat, braced to underside of hinge plate by short, thick intercamarophorial plate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA, Canada, Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 830, 1a-k. *A. simatum, Middle Devonian, Newton Creek Limestone, Michigan, USA, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, e, dorsal valve interior, oblique, x2, f-k, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.6 ~mm from ventral valve beak, x4 (Grant, 1965b). Fig. 830, 1 l-o. A. ? cooperorum Grant, Middle Devonian, Ferron Point Formation, Michigan, USA, l, dorsal valve exterior, m, ventral valve exterior, n, lateral view, ventral valve on left, o, anterior view, ventral valve below, x2 (Grant, 1965b).-Fig. 830, 1p-v. A. cooperorum Grant, Middle Devonian, Bell Shale, Michigan, USA, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, 2.1, 2.9, \u00d74 (Grant, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965, \nGrant, 1965, \nGrant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 830. stenoscismatidae (p. 1220).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-341.jpg?height=1541&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camerisma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Camerisma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camerisma GRANT, 1965a, p. 63","Type_species":"C. prava, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Laevicamera Grabau, 1936, p. 87, nom. nud., non Levicamera Grabau, 1934, p. 18, see Psilocamara, p. 1224, herein","Synonyms":"Laevicamera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves of medium size, outline oval or subpentagonal, type species commonly asymmetrical, shell walls commonly thick, costae absent or very weak, confined to anterior fold and sulcus, strong, angular uniplication, valve edges overlapping strongly, beak thick, blunt, tightly curved against dorsal umbo in some species, constricting delthyrium and foramen","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)-Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA, Europe, Russia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 829, 2a-h. *C. prava, Serpukhovian, Alaska, USA, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, x1, e-h, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, 2.0, 2.6, 2.7, 3.0 ~mm from ventral valve beak, x2.7 (Grant, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 829. stenoscismatidae (p. 1219-1220).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-340.jpg?height=1835&width=1296&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coledium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Coledium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coledium GRANT, 1965a, p. 95","Type_species":"C. erugatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves commonly small, only rarely large, costae absent or few, rounded, weak, on anterior half only, stolidium narrow and sporadic or absent, beak short, suberect to incurved, deltidial plates small and disjunct or absent, spondylium on low median septum duplex, rarely sessile posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA, Britain, Timor, ?Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 830, 2a-n. *C. erugatum, Vis\u00e9an, Moorefield Formation, Oklahoma, USA, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, x2, e-n, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, 1.2, 1.5, 2.1, 2.6, 2.9, 3.0, 3.4, 4.0, 4.2, 4.7 ~mm from ventral valve beak, f, low spondylium duplex, g, cardinal process large, distinct, h, hinge plates broad, undivided, i, camarophorium on high septum with intercamarophorial plate clear, x4 (Grant, 1965b)., Fig. 830, 2o-q. C. bowsheri (Cooper), Upper Carboniferous, Magdalena Group, New Mexico, USA, o, dorsal valve interior, p, anterior view of interior of articulated valves, ventral valve above, x3, q, lateral interior view, ventral valve on right, x4 (Grant, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965, \nGrant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 830. stenoscismatidae (p. 1220).\nfig. 830. stenoscismatidae (p. 1220).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-341.jpg?height=1541&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-341.jpg?height=1541&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sedenticellula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Sedenticellula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sedenticellula COOPER, 1942, p. 231","Type_species":"Camarophoria hamburgensis WELLER, 1910, p. 500, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves of medium size, elongate or transverse oval in outline, of moderate dorsibiconvexity, costae low, narrow, rounded, beginning at or very near beaks, simple, bifurcating or intercalating, uniplication weak, rounded, valve edges not overlapping, stolidium absent, beak short, suberect, delthyrium constricted by dorsal beak, deltidial plates absent, spondylium sessile or duplex on low median septum, camarophorium weakly curved, on low median septum, cardinal process not well known. Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian): USA, France","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 831 a- r. *S. hamburgensis (Weller), Hamburg Oolite, Illinois, USA, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, anterior view, ventral valve below, x2 (Grant, 1965b), d-l, dorsal valve, serial transverse sections, m-r, ventral valve, serial transverse sections, intersection distances unknown, \u00d7 2.5 (Weller, 1914).\u2014\u2014Fig.. 831 s\u2013w. S. sacra G RANT, Chappel Limestone, Texas, USA; s, dorsal valve exterior; t, ventral valve exterior; u, lateral view, ventral valve on right; v, anterior view, ventral valve below; w, posterior view, ventral valve below, \u00d7 2 (Grant, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 831. stenoscismatidae (p. 1220-1222).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-342.jpg?height=695&width=1263&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Torynechus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Torynechus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Torynechus Cooper & GRANT, 1962, p. 1128","Type_species":"T. caelatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves medium to large, rounded subtrigonal in outline, costae fine, sharp, numerous, beginning at beaks, intercalating and bifurcating, fold and sulcus low, broad, valve edges overlapping slightly, sharply geniculate at anterior margin, stolidium absent or indicated as slight protrusion along anterior margins, beak long, deltidial plates small, foramen small, oval, muscle marks and mantle canals as in Stenoscisma.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 832a-g. *T. caelatus, Leonard Formation, Glass Mountains, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, lateral view, ventral valve on right; c, anterior view, ventral valve below; d, dorsal valve interior; e, ventral valve interior; f, lateral interior, ventral valve on right, \u00d71; g, posterior interior, ventral valve below, \u00d72 (Grant, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 832. stenoscismatidae (p. 1222-1223).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-342.jpg?height=746&width=629&top_left_y=1404&top_left_x=856)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proatribonium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Proatriboniinae","Genus":"Proatribonium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proatribonium GRATSIANOVA, 1967, p. 92","Type_species":"P. altaicum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves subtrigonal in outline, costae weak, on anterior half only, valve edges overlap slightly along sides, hinge plates thick, camarophorium robust, on low median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Russia (Altai Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 833, 3a-g. * P. altaicum, Iakushinskie beds, kindlei zone, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on left, d, anterior view, ventral valve above, x1.5, e-g, serial transverse sections, ventral valve above, 0.9, 1.1, 1.4 mm from ventral valve beak, x9 (Gratsianova, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gratsianova, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 833. stenoscismatidae (p. 1223-1224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-343.jpg?height=833&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Beichuanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Beichuanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Beichuanella CHEN , 1978a, p. 338","Type_species":"B. uniplicata CHEN, 1978a, p. 339; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"HOU Hong-fei (unpublished manuscript, 1992) stated that C HEN (1978a) misassigned the type species to Stenoscismatacea, mistaking callus for spondylium and septalium for camarophorium. HOU Hong-fei recommended restudy of type specimens and states that it is a doubtful genus. See also p. 1223 herein.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 833, 1a-h. *B. uniplicata, Guanwushan Formation, Guangxi, a, dorsal valve exterior; b, ventral valve exterior; c, lateral view, ventral valve on left; d, anterior view, ventral below, \u00d7 1; e\u2013h, serial transverse sections, ventral valve above, 0.10, 0.45, 0.55, 0.90 mm from ventral valve beak, \u00d76.6, enlarged drawing of camarophorium, on left, is at \u00d716 (Xu, Wan, & Chen, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 833. stenoscismatidae (p. 1223-1224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-343.jpg?height=833&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paratribonium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Proatriboniinae","Genus":"Paratribonium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paratribonium Sapelnikov & MIZENS, 1991, p. 107","Type_species":"P. rhomboidalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves of medium size, rounded rhombic in outline, nature of deltidium and foramen unknown, camarophorium delicate, gently curved, hinge plates broad, thick.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Russia (Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 833, 2ae. *P. rhomboidalis, Tyutyulen bed, Chelyabinsk Oblast, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, ventral valve above, x1, e, transverse section, ventral valve above, x6 (Sapelnikov & Mizens, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov & Mizens, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 833. stenoscismatidae (p. 1223-1224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-343.jpg?height=833&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psilocamara":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Psilocamara","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psilocamara COOPER, 1956b, p. 523","Type_species":"P. renfroarum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Levicamera Grabau, 1934, p. 18, nom. nud., non Laevicamera Grabau, 1936, p. 87, see Camerisma, p. 1220, herein\"","Synonyms":"Levicamera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves small, of moderate ventribiconvexity, smooth with strong, angular uniplication, beak gently to strongly incurved, delthyrium constricted by dorsal beak, deltidial plates present, disjunct, delicate, gently curved camarophorium, cardinal process apparently lacking in type species, broad, striated, and comblike in other species.","Beginning_age":"middle Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"middle Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)-Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA (Texas, Missouri), China (Nantan, Yunnan), New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 834, 1 a-l. *from ventral valve beak, x4 (Cooper, 1956b), l, serial other species. middle Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)\u2013Lower Permian (Sakmarian): USA (Texas, Missouri), China (Nantan, Yunnan), New Zealand.\u2014\u2014Fig. 834,1a\u2013l. *P. renfroarum, Moscovian, Mineral Wells Formation, Texas, USA; a, dorsal valve exterior; b, ventral valve exterior; c, lateral view, ventral valve on right; d, anterior view, dorsal valve above; e, posterior view, dorsal valve above, \u00d72; f, serial transverse section, ventral valve below, \u00d74.5; g\u2013k, ventral valve below, serial transverse sections, 0.3, 0.65, 0.77, 1.0, 1.2 mm from ventral valve beak, \u00d7 4 (Cooper, 1956b); l, serial transverse section, ventral valve below, 1.0 mm from ventral valve beak, \u00d75 (Grant, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 834. stenoscismatidae (p. 1224-1227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-344.jpg?height=1503&width=1277&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarophorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Camarophorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarophorina LIKHAREV, 1934, p. 213","Type_species":"Camarophoria antisella BROILI, 1916, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves small to medium sized, of moderate equibiconvexity, shell walls commonly thick, smooth, or with very weak costae, unisulcation (not uniplication) strong, with flat fold and sulcus, beak suberect, delthyrium constricted by dorsal beak, spondylium on high median septum, cardinal process robust. Upper Permian (Kazanian-Tatarian): Timor.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian-Tatarian)","Geography":"Timor","Figure_captions":"Fig. 834, 2a-k. * C. antisella (Broil), Basleo, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, lateral view, ventral valve on right, c, anterior view, dorsal valve above, d, posterior view, dorsal valve above, x2, e-k, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4 ~mm from ventral valve beak, x3.3 (Grant, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 834. stenoscismatidae (p. 1224-1227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-344.jpg?height=1503&width=1277&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarophorinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Camarophorinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarophorinella LIKHAREV, 1936, p. 63","Type_species":"C. caucasica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves of medium size, shell walls commonly thick, costae simple, bifurcating, or intercalating, delthyrium, deltidial plates, and foramen unknown, edges of camarophorium attached to sides of hinge plates, hinge plates divided, cardinal process weak.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian-Changhsingian)","Geography":"Timor","Figure_captions":"Fig. 835, 1 a-i .*C. caucasica, formation unknown, northern Caucasus, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, x1, e-i, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, intersection distances unknown, x2 (Grant, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 835. stenoscismatidae (p. 1226-1227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-345.jpg?height=1524&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goleomixa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Goleomixa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goleomixa GRANT, 1976, p. 180","Type_species":"G. acymata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves small, strongly ventribiconvex, valve flanks smooth, 5 to 7 strong costae present only on the anterior half of the fold and sulcus, beak erect, elongate, deltidial plates present, disjunct, cardinal process present as small plate or low, minutely serrated knob","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"southern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 834, 3a-g. *G. acymata, Rat Buri Limestone, Ko Muk, a, dorsal valve exterior, x2, b, ventral valve exterior, x1, c, lateral view, ventral valve on left, d, anterior view, ventral below, e, posterior view, ventral below, f, dorsal valve interior, g, ventral valve interior, x2 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 834. stenoscismatidae (p. 1224-1227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-344.jpg?height=1503&width=1277&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hybostenoscisma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Hybostenoscisma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hybostenoscisma Liao & MENG, 1986, p. 83","Type_species":"H. bambusoides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves small, subtrigonal in outline, strong, bamboo-jointed costae on entire valve, beak gently incurved, spondylium on high median septum, hinge plates and cardinal process unknown, thin, low intercamarophorial plate present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China (southern Hunan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 835, 3a-i. *H. bambusoides, Changhsing Formation, Huatang, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, x2, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, x4, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, x2, e-i, serial transverse sections, ventral valve above, 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.7, 0.9 ~mm from ventral valve beak, x4 (Liao & Meng, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liao & Meng, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 835. stenoscismatidae (p. 1226-1227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-345.jpg?height=1524&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhejiangella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Zhejiangella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhejiangella Liang in Wang & OTHERS, 1982, p. 236","Type_species":"Z. sexplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves large, transversely oval in outline, strongly dorsibiconvex, costae commence slightly anterior to beak, beak suberect, cardinal process robust","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"eastern China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 835, 2a-e. * Z. sexplicata, Lengwu Formation, Tonglu, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, x1, e, section through beaks of articulated valves, ventral valve below, x3 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 835. stenoscismatidae (p. 1226-1227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-345.jpg?height=1524&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhejiangellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Zhejiangellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhejiangellina LIANG, 1990, p. 257","Type_species":"Z. wangi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Zhejiangellina may well be synonymous with Zhejiangella.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves of medium size, subpentagonal in outline, moderately equibiconvex, costae commence at beak, fold and sulcus and interior of both valves identical to Zhejiangella. Zhejiangellina may well be synonymous with Zhejiangella.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"eastern China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 836a-e. * Z. wangi, Lengwu Formation, Tonglu, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on left, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, x2, e, beaks of articulated valves broken, revealing internal casts, ventral valve below, x4 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 836. stenoscismatidae (p. 1227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-346.jpg?height=1345&width=633&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=854)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrolexis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Cyrolexinae","Genus":"Cyrolexis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrolexis GRANT, 1965a, p. 88","Type_species":"C. haquei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves of medium size, strong equibiconvexity, weak, rounded costae on anterior half only, valve edges overlapping broadly on posterior slopes, beak short, nature of deltidium and foramen unknown, camarophorium curved strongly ventrally, posterior edges touching underside of hinge plates, intercamarophorial plate weak or absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Spain, Russia (Urals, eastern Siberia), Pakistan (Salt Range), southern China, western Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 837, 2a-m. * C. haquei, Lower Permian, lower Productus Limestone, Rukhla, Pakistan, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, dorsal valve above, e, posterior view, dorsal valve above, x2, f, articulated valves in lateral view, ventral valve on left, broken along sagittal plane, showing profile of camarophorium and spondylium, g, cross section of articulated valves, ventral valve below, 0.5 mm from ventral valve beak, x6, h-m, serial transverse sections, ventral valve below, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.8, 2.4, 3.5 ~mm from ventral valve beak, x2.7 (Grant, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 837. stenoscismatidae (p. 1227-1229).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-347.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callaiapsida":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Cyrolexinae","Genus":"Callaiapsida","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callaiapsida GRANT, 1971, p. 323","Type_species":"Camerisma (Callaiapsida) kekuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves large, strongly ventribiconvex, outline subtrigonal, costae absent, uniplication very strong and angular, median groove present exteriorly along trough of sulcus, valve posterior flanks broadly flanged, with dorsal flange overlapping ventral flange, beak elongate, deltidial plates and foramen unknown, shell commonly thickened at posterior, camarophorium delicate, hinge plates and cardinal process unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska), Spain, Svalbard, Russia, Novaya Zemlya, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 837,1a\u2013b. *C. kekuensis, Halleck Formation, Kuiu Island, Alaska, USGS loc. 3683; a, section 10 mm anterior to ventral beak, con\ufb01rming presence of intercamarophorial plate, USNM 163658; b, section of fragmentary specimen, about 12 mm anterior to ventral beak, USNM 163659, \u00d70.75 (Grant, 1971).\u2014Fig. 837,1c\u2013g. C. arctica, Lower Permian, unnamed formation, Alaska, USA; c, dorsal valve exterior; d, ventral valve exterior; e, lateral view, ventral valve on right; f, anterior view, ventral valve below; g, posterior view, ventral valve below, \u00d7 1 (Grant, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 837. stenoscismatidae (p. 1227-1229).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-347.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septacamarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Cyrolexinae","Genus":"Septacamarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septacamarella GLUSHENKO, 1975, p. 101","Type_species":"S. nonnulla, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves small, rotund to subpentagonal, slightly transverse, strong costae present on anterior half of valves, valve edges not overlapping, deltidial plates and foramen unknown, 2 subspondylial (accessory) plates supporting spondylium, long camarophorium on low septum, cardinal process wide, heavy, three-lobed with traces of muscle attachment","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"Ukraine (Slaviansk Series, northwestern Donets ridge)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 838,1am. *S. nonnulla, limestone S 3 ; a, dorsal valve exterior; b, ventral valve exterior; c, lateral view, ventral valve on left; d, anterior view, ventral valve below, \u00d73; e\u2013m, serial transverse sections, ventral valve above, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.9, 1.4, 2.25 mm from ventral valve beak, \u00d74 (Glushenko, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 838. stenoscismatidae (p. 1229-1230).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-348.jpg?height=1207&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ussuricamara":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Cyrolexinae","Genus":"Ussuricamara","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ussuricamara KOCZYRKEVICZ, 1969, p. 11","Type_species":"{ }^{*}U. majchensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves small, globular, of moderate dorsibiconvexity, shell walls commonly thick, costae absent, uniplication very weak, rounded, valve edges overlap slightly, narrow stolidium present, foramen absent, camarophorium delicate, hinge plate divided anteriorly, cardinal process poorly known, intercamarophorial plate absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"eastern Russia (southern Primor)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 838, 2a-n. *U. majchensis, Ussuri region, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, ventral valve exterior, c, lateral view, ventral valve on right, d, anterior view, ventral valve below, e, posterior view, ventral valve below, x3, f-i, serial transverse sections, ventral valve, 0.32, 2.25, 2.65, 3.1 ~mm from ventral valve beak, j-n, serial transverse sections, dorsal valve, 0.35, 1.0, 1.32, 2.1, 3.15 ~mm from ventral valve beak, x7 (Koczyrkevicz, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koczyrkevicz, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 838. stenoscismatidae (p. 1229-1230).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-348.jpg?height=1207&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lambdarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lambdarinoidea","Family":"Lambdarinidae","Subfamily":"Lambdarininae","Genus":"Lambdarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lambdarina Brunton & CHAMPION, 1974, p. 819","Type_species":"L. manifoldensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small with outline strongly bilobed, each lobe almost as large as rest of shell, lateral profile planoconvex to biconvex, ventral umbone slightly upcurved. Beak straight, elongate, foramen subcircular, apical, symphytium flat, elongate. Bisulcate, dorsal sulcus strong, ventral sulcus weak with median ridge, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulcate. Surface smooth, impunctate. Dental plates thin, short, developed only in vicinity of teeth, teeth narrow, curved anteromedially. Hinge plates undivided, notothyrial platform thickened, sockets ovoid, weakly excavated into shell wall, inner sockets ridges prominent, cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Europe, eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 839, 1a-e. *L. manifoldensis, lower Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Staffordshire, Wetton, England, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x15, c, interior of ventral valve posterior, x22, d, interior of dorsal valve posterior, x42, e, drawing of interior of ventral valve showing foramen, symphytium, dental plates, and teeth, x18 (Brunton & Champion, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & Champion, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 839. lambdarinidae (p. 1230-1232).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-350.jpg?height=1350&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hampsia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lambdarinoidea","Family":"Lambdarinidae","Subfamily":"Lambdarininae","Genus":"Hampsia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hampsia MORRIS, 1994, p. 271","Type_species":"H. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small with outline bilobed and profile arched, Beak elongate and resupinate, projecting ventrally away from plane of commissure, foramen minute, rounded, and apical, symphytium long, narrow, closed by single deltidial plate, Dorsal valve markedly convex, ventral valve less so, each valve sulcate anteriorly with anterior shell margin deeply indented, anterior commissure weakly unisulcate, Surface smooth, Dental plates unknown but may be present below symphytium, Teeth project anteriorly from anterior edge of symphytium, ventral muscle field unknown, Hinge plates undivided, notothyrial platform thick, inner and outer socket ridges low, sockets rounded, short, crura unknown, dorsal muscle field short, rounded","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 839,2a\u2013d. *H. cooperi, Milldale Limestone, Staffordshire, Waterhouses, Brownend Quarry; a, holotype, dorsolateral view, \u00d722; b, hypotype, dorsolateral view, \u00d720; c, dorso lateral view of ventral valve interior, \u00d722; d, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d720 (Morris, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 839. lambdarinidae (p. 1230-1232).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-350.jpg?height=1350&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Minysphenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lambdarinoidea","Family":"Lambdarinidae","Subfamily":"Minyspheninae","Genus":"Minysphenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Minysphenia GRANT, 1988, p. 126","Type_species":"M. conopia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small with outline subtriangular to cordiform and profile biconvex. Beak straight, short, foramen circular, apical, symphytium absent, small conjunct deltidial plates present anterior of foramen. Sulcus weak in both valves, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulcate. Surface smooth. Dental plates not evident, teeth very small, cyrtomatodont, rounded swelling present at about two-thirds valve length. Incipient cardinal process or swollen notothyrial platform present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)","First_Occurrence":"Stephanian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Stephanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)","Geography":"USA (New Mexico)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 839, 4a-d. *M. conopia, upper Magdalena Formation, Sacramento Mountains, Grapevine Canyon, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, c-d, dorsal and ventral interiors, x8 (Grant, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 839. lambdarinidae (p. 1230-1232).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-350.jpg?height=1350&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchopora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchoporoidea","Family":"Rhynchoporidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchoporinae","Genus":"Rhynchopora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchopora KING, 1865, p. 124","Type_species":"Terebratula geinitziana de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhynchoporina Oehlert, 1887a, p. 1305, obj.","Synonyms":"Rhynchoporina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely subpentagonal and profile dorsibiconvex. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium oval, deltidial plates disjunct, rarely conjunct. Fold and sulcus becoming prominent anteriorly, tongue distinct, rectangular. Costae numerous, simple, rounded, from beaks, flattened and grooved anteriorly, intertroughs narrow, extending as sharp spines. Shell finely endopunctate. Dental plates short, thin, convergent ventrally, teeth cyrtomatodont. Dorsal median septum short, low, hinge plates united, septalium with cover plate that is often perforated posteriorly, inner socket ridges overhanging sockets, crural bases horizontal, crura ventrally curved, concave dorsomedially in section. Ventral and dorsal muscle fields poorly impressed. Small cardinal process occasionally present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 840, 1a-f. * R. geinitziana (dE Verneuil), lower Kazanian, North Dvina River Basin, Shidrovo, northern European Russia, a-b, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (de Verneuil, 1845), c-e, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, f, punctae on ground surface 10 mm from beak, x19 (Erlanger, 1981)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 840, 1 ~g- n. R. parambula Cooper & Grant, lower Guadalupian, Word Formation, Glass Mountains, Hess Canyon, Texas, USA, g-j, holotype, dorsal, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, x1, k, holotype, apical view, x3, l, paratype, interior of dorsal valve, x2, m, anterior of another paratype showing spines, x1.5, n, paratype, interior of ventral valve, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 840, 1o-s. R. sansabensis Carter, upper Kinderhookian-lower Osagian, Chappel Limestone, central Texas, USA, paratype, serial sections 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Carter, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"de Verneuil, 1845, \nErlanger, 1981, \nCooper & Grant, 1976, \nCarter, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 840. rhynchoporidae (p. 1232-1233).\nfig. 840. rhynchoporidae (p. 1232-1233).\nfig. 840. rhynchoporidae (p. 1232-1233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-353.jpg?height=1738&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-353.jpg?height=1738&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-353.jpg?height=1738&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Greira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchoporoidea","Family":"Rhynchoporidae","Subfamily":"Greirinae","Genus":"Greira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Greira ERLANGER, 1993, p. 120","Type_species":"G. transcaucasica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium with subrounded to subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, Beak straight, narrow, delthyrium open, Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus well developed, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, rounded, Costae numerous, straight, simple, angular, from beaks, Shell finely punctate with punctae present only in fibrous layer, randomly disposed in umbonal region but arranged in lines parallel to commissure anteriorly, punctae sometimes merging, present on costae and interspaces, Dental plates very short, teeth small and elongate, Dorsal median septum low and thin but extending one-quarter valve length, septalium short, with cover plate bearing medial ridge, sockets small and shallow, inner socket ridges slightly overhanging sockets, crural bases triangular in section, crura long, laterally flattened, slightly oblique, divergent, curved ventrally, Muscle fields poorly impressed, Cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan Republic)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 840, 2a-o. * G. transcaucasica, Mesoplica meisteri Zone, left bank of Arpa River between Geran-Kalasy and Kabakhyal Mountains, Nakhichevan, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f, punctae on broken surface of sulcus in ventral valve of topotype, x100, g, transverse section through puncta in dorsal valve of topotype, x300, b-o, serial sections 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.4, 2.5, 2.75 mm from posterior of topotype, x3 (Erlanger, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Erlanger, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 840. rhynchoporidae (p. 1232-1233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-353.jpg?height=1738&width=1283&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Araratella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchoporoidea","Family":"Rhynchoporidae","Subfamily":"Araratellinae","Genus":"Araratella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Araratella Abramian, Plodowski, & SARTENAER, 1975, p. 5","Type_species":"Liorhynchus dichotomians ABRAMIAN, 1954, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, flanks and anterior not truncated. Beak erect to incurved, foramen small and circular. Fold and sulcus well developed, arising near umbones. Anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue distinct, subrectangular, serrated. Costae coarse, rounded, originating near beaks, strong on fold and in sulcus, weak on flanks. Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field narrow, well impressed. Dorsal median septum thick, long, septalium long, wide, crural bases closely set, crura short, ventrally curved, V-shaped in section, open dorsally. Fine endopunctae present in fibrous shell layer.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"Armenia, Germany, Spain, Urals, Kazakhstan, Iran, Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 841, 1a-l. * A. dichotomians (Abramian), high in upper Famennian, Nakhichevan, Biralichay River, Armenia, a-d, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1, e-l, serial sections 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.6, 2.4, 2.55, 2.95 mm from posterior, \u00d7 4 (Erlanger, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Erlanger, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 841. rhynchoporidae (p. 1233-1235).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-354.jpg?height=1301&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tretorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchoporoidea","Family":"Rhynchoporidae","Subfamily":"Tretorhynchinae","Genus":"Tretorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tretorhynchia BRUNTON , 1971, p. 98","Type_species":"Terebratula trilatera DE KONINCK, 1843 in 1841\u20131844, p. 292; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline elongate subtriangular and pro\ufb01le biconvex. Beak straight; delthyrium open; deltidial plates incipient. Both valves sulcate posteriorly but lacking fold or sulcus anteriorly; anterior commissure rectimarginate. Costae numerous, straight, simple, angular, from beaks. Shell \ufb01nely endopunctate. Dental plates short, thin, slightly convergent ventrally; teeth cyrtomatodont. Dorsal median septum short, low; septalium wide; inner socket ridges overhang sockets; crural bases oblique; crura \ufb02attened, vertical to slightly oblique, ventrally curved. Ventral and dorsal muscle \ufb01elds poorly impressed. Cardinal process absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"middle Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (middle Vis\u00e9an\u2013upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 841, 2a\u2013o. *T. trilatera (DE KONINCK); a\u2013b, neotype, dorsal and anterior views, Carboniferous Limestone, Vis\u00e9, Belgium, \u00d72.6; c, enlargement of surface showing punctae, middle Vis\u00e9an, Llanfair, Anglesey, Wales, \u00d7 22; d, dorsal view, middle Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Staffordshire, Wetton, England, \u00d73; e\u2013f, ventral and anterior views, middle Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Staffordshire, Wetton, England, \u00d7 2.7; g, lateral view, middle Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Staffordshire, Wetton, England, \u00d73; hm, serial sections 0.07, 0.11, 0.39, 0.44, 0.54, 1.04 mm from posterior, middle Vis\u00e9an, Carboniferous Limestone, Derbyshire, Treak Cliff, England, \u00d7 8 (Brunton, 1971); n, ventral valve interior, Asbian, Dartry Group, County Fermanagh, Ireland, \u00d75.6; o, dorsal valve interior, Asbian, Dartry Group, County Fermanagh, Ireland, \u00d76 (Brunton, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 841. rhynchoporidae (p. 1233-1235).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-354.jpg?height=1301&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dimerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Dimerellidae","Subfamily":"Dimerellinae","Genus":"Dimerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dimerella von ZITTEL, 1870, p. 220","Type_species":"D. g\u00fcmbeli, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, depressed, ventribiconvex, transverse oval to heart shaped with wide, straight hinge line and shallow dorsal sulcus, densely costellate throughout, beak high, suberect, delthyrium wide open and beak ridges sharp. Distant teeth stout but dental plates poorly developed, crura long, bladelike, moderately bent ventrally, attaining one-third dorsal valve length, dorsal median septum low posteriorly, rising very high anteriorly, almost up to ventral valve.  [Other interior details not well known.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Austria, Dinarids","Figure_captions":"Fig. 842, 2a-c. *D. guembeli, Steiermark, Austria, a-b, dorsal, lateral views, x2, c, longitudinal section, x2 (von Zittel, 1870).","Museum_or_author_information":"von Zittel, 1870","figure_index":"fig. 842. dimerellidae (p. 1236-1238).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-356.jpg?height=1693&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchonellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Dimerellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellininae","Genus":"Rhynchonellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchonellina GEMMELLARO, 1871, p. 100","Type_species":"R. suessi Gemmellaro, 1871, p. 10231; SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 1027","Synonyms_with_authors":"Terebratulopsis de Gregorio, 1930b, p. 5, obj., SD Ager, 1960, p. 161; Rhynconellina de Gregorio, 1930b, p. 12, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Terebratulopsis, Rhynconellina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, equibiconvex to ventribiconvex, subcircular to ovoid, globose, rectimarginate to sulcate, incipiently ligate, ventral median sulcus possibly indenting front margin, smooth but for feeblest capillation, beak strong suberect to nearly straight, with well-developed palintrope, wide delthyrium, and rudimentary deltidial plates (sometimes conjunct). Dental plates rudimentary, hinge plates divided, cardinal process thick, variable dorsal median septum, often apically confined, crura very long (over one-half valve length), closely parallel, with tips almost touching ventral valve, reportedly with short crural processes proximally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian). [Alleged Toarcian and younger records uncon\ufb01rmed.]","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)-Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Italy (Sicily), Austria, Switzerland, Dalmatia, Hungary, ?Crimea, Morocco, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 842, 1a-q. * R. suessi suessi, Hettangian-Sinemurian, Sicily, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, MGUP, x1, f-q, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.55, 2.5, 2.85, 3.25, 3.4, 3.6, 3.75, 4.2, 4.7, 5.1, 5.75, 7.45, MGUP (Cicardi & Gaetani, 1974).-Fig. 842, 1 r-s. R. suessi orobica Cicardi & Gaetani, upper Hettangian-lower Sinemurian, Lombardia, Italy, r, internal mold showing dorsal muscle scars, G507\/169, s, internal mold showing ventral muscle scars, G507\/221, x1 (Cicardi & Gaetani, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cicardi & Gaetani, 1974, \nCicardi & Gaetani, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 842. dimerellidae (p. 1236-1238).\nfig. 842. dimerellidae (p. 1236-1238).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-356.jpg?height=1693&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-356.jpg?height=1693&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cooperrhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Dimerellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellininae","Genus":"Cooperrhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cooperrhynchia Sandy & CAMPBELL, 1994, p. 1245","Type_species":"Rhynchonella schucherti STANTON, 1895, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bothrorhynchia Cooper in Sandy & Campbell, 1994, p. 1250, obj.","Synonyms":"Bothrorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subtriangular, gently ventribiconvex, smooth, sul- in length","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"USA (California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 842, 3a-j. *C. schucherti (Stanton), a-d, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, USNM 23017a, x1, e-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.8 , 2.2, 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, USNM 23189j (Sandy & Campbell, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSandy & Campbell, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 842. dimerellidae (p. 1236-1238).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-356.jpg?height=1693&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcirostra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Dimerellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellininae","Genus":"Sulcirostra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcirostra Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Rhynchonellopsis de Gregorio, 1930b, p. 5, non Vincent, 1893, Terebratulida, nec B\u00f6se, 1894, Rhynchonellida","Type_species":"Rhynchonellina seguenzae Gemmellaro, 1871, p. 10634 (although originally spelled R. sequenzae, prevailing usage is preserved under Article 33.3.1 of ICZN, 1999), M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, equibiconvex to ventribiconvex, dorsal sulcation sometimes indenting front margin, ornament finely and densely costellate, usually also cancellate, delthyrium wide, triangular, deltidial plates rudimentary. Dental plates weak, short, septalium absent, dorsal median septum apically confined or absent, lateral septa, partly fused to fulcral plates, supporting massive hinge plates, crura closely parallel, long, reaching beyond midvalve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)-Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian)","Geography":"Italy (Sicily), Austria, Dalmatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Morocco, Algeria, Turkey","Figure_captions":"Fig. 842, 4a-c. * S. seguenzae (Gemmellaro), Hettangian-Sinemurian, Sicily, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, approximately x1 (Giovannoni, 1983).\u2014\u2014Fig. 842, 4d-i. S. paronai (Boese), Pliensbachian, Bergamo, Italy, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 4.3, 5.6, 6.7, 7.95, 9.1, 11.85, G 509\/14 (Cicardi & Gaetani, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Giovannoni, 1983, \nCicardi & Gaetani, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 842. dimerellidae (p. 1236-1238).\nfig. 842. dimerellidae (p. 1236-1238).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-356.jpg?height=1693&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-356.jpg?height=1693&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peregrinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Peregrinellinae","Genus":"Peregrinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peregrinella OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1305","Type_species":"Terebratula peregrina von Buch, 1834, p. 73, OD; = Terebratula multicarinata Lamarck, 1819, p. 253, non SCHLOTHEIM, 1813","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, circular, equibiconvex to ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, costae numerous, deeply incised, sharp, beak massive, incurved. Hinge plates wide, flat, dental plates short, acutely divergent ventrally, teeth small, peglike, crura long, subparallel, laterally concave, septum low, long. Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Hauterivian): Europe (mainly southern), North America, Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Hauterivian)","Geography":"Europe (mainly southern), North America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 843 a\u2013n. *P. (P.) multicarinata (L AMARCK ), Hauterivian, France; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.5, 3.2, 3.7, 4.1, 4.9, 5.2, 5.6, 5.9, 6.2, 7.4, 12.6, approximately \u00d72 (Ager, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Pergrinella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Peregrinellinae","Genus":"P. (Pergrinella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Peregrinella) OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 1305","Type_species":"Terebratula peregrina von Buch, 1834, p. 73, OD; = Terebratula multicarinata Lamarck, 1819, p. 253, non SCHLOTHEIM, 1813","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costae simple, angular, or sometimes subquadrate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Hauterivian)","Geography":"Crimea, Berriasian; France, Alps, Italy, Romania, Carpathians, Caucasus, USA (California, Alaska), ?Mexico, Tibet, northern Siberia, Valanginian\u2013Hauterivian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 843 a\u2013n. *P. (P.) multicarinata (L AMARCK ), Hauterivian, France; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.5, 3.2, 3.7, 4.1, 4.9, 5.2, 5.6, 5.9, 6.2, 7.4, 12.6, approximately \u00d72 (Ager, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Peregrinellina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Peregrinellinae","Genus":"P. (Peregrinellina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Peregrinellina) HOU & WANG, 1984, p. 211","Type_species":"P. (P.) xizangensis; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to P. (Peregrinella) but costae dense, subangular, increasing by frequent bifurcation.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian\u2013Hauterivian)","Geography":"northern Tibet, Silesia.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 844 a-l. P. (P.) xizangensis, lower Hauterivian, a-b, dorsal, lateral views, GMC IV 83908, \u00d7 1, c, ventral view, GMC IV 83905, \u00d7 1, d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 5.0, 5.7, 6.1, 6.6, 6.8, 7.6, 8.1, 8.6, 10.7 (Hou & Wang, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hou & Wang, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 844. peregrinellidae (p. 1238).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-359.jpg?height=1874&width=1269&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=207)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carapezzia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Peregrinellinae","Genus":"Carapezzia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carapezzia TOMLIN, 1930, p. 24","Type_species":"Rhynchonellina (Geyeria) globosa Carapezza & SCHOPEN, 1897, p. 248, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, round to ovoid, strongly globose and massive, ventribiconvex, without median sulcus or fold, rectimarginate or slightly planoplicate, ornament of fine capillae (on well-preserved specimens, otherwise smooth), stout, pointed beak, suberect to strongly incurved when adult, broad palintrope with sharp beak ridges, wide delthyrium and triangular conjunct deltidial plates. Dental plates ventrally divergent and distant or absent, dorsal median septum extending at least one-quarter valve length, crura long, over half shell length, fused apically to divide valve, with short crural processes on ventral side of crura.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (?Norian, Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (?Norian, Rhaetian)-Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Austria, Italy (Sicily), Turkey, Algeria, ?Morocco, ?Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 845a-n. C. geyeri (Bittner), Rhaetian, Gailtaler Alps, Austria, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GBA 1898 \/ 1, \u00d7 1 (Sibl\u00edk, 1988), d-n, transverse serial sections through umbo, approximately \u00d7 1.15 (Bittner, 1898).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sibl\u00edk, 1988, \nBittner, 1898","figure_index":"fig. 845. peregrinellidae (p. 1238-1239).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-360.jpg?height=1007&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dzieduszyckia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Dzieduszyckiinae","Genus":"Dzieduszyckia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dzieduszyckia SIEMIRADZKI, 1909, p. 768","Type_species":"Terebratula (?) kielcensis ROEMER, 1866, p. 671, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Eoperegrinella Ager, 1968, p. 61 (type, Halorella crassicostata Termier & Termier, 1948, p. 51, fig. 4-5)\"","Synonyms":"Eoperegrinella, Halorella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with outline transversely ovate and profile biconvex. Beak prominent. Bisulcate with ventral sulcus usually more marked, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate to rectimarginate, serrate. Shells commonly asymmetrical, possibly resulting from crowding in monospecific groups. Costae numerous, rounded, arising at beaks, simple or sometimes dichotomous. Dental plates distinct, vertical to slightly convergent ventrally, well separated from valve walls, leaving large lateral umbonal cavities, teeth small, ventral muscle field only weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum long, low, septalium distinct, small, crura long, thin, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Poland, Morocco, Urals, Kazakhstan, USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 846, 1a-b. *D. kielcensis (Roemer), upper Famennian, Holy Cross Mountains, Kielce, Kadzielnia Quarry, Poland, a-d, neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, e-h, serial sections 23.3, 22.8, 22.5, 21.5 ~mm from anterior, x6 (Biernat, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Biernat, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 846. peregrinellidae (p. 1241-1243).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-361.jpg?height=1835&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peregrinelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Peregrinelloideinae","Genus":"Peregrinelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peregrinelloidea DAGYS, 1968, p. 43","Type_species":"P. malkovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, laterally oval, thin, equibiconvex, shallow sulcus in posterior of dorsal valve, anterior commissure rectimarginate, surface with distinct, branching costae, beak suberect, ridges distinct, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates, pedicle collar, and median septum absent, outer hinge plates broad, incipiently concave in section, crural bases directed only ventrally, crura long, parallel, situated along commissural plane.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 846, 2a-k. *P. malkovi, northeastern Siberia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 215\/78, x1, ~ e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.7, 2.6, 3.2, 3.6, 4.3, 5.1, 5.7 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 846. peregrinellidae (p. 1241-1243).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-361.jpg?height=1835&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Peregrinelloideinae","Genus":"Anarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anarhynchia AGER, 1968, p. 63","Type_species":"A. gabbi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to transverse elliptical, dorsal valve almost equibiconvex, somewhat flattened posteriorly, both valves fully costate, costae numerous, strong, blunt, attenuated on either side, rectimarginate, serrate, beak prominent, upright to suberect, with large, mesothyrid foramen. No dental plates, teeth small, arising from valve wall, hinge plates fused, no septalium, crura long, closely set, bladelike, extended along commissural plane, distally gently curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic, ?Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic, ?Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic, ?Middle Jurassic","Geography":"western USA (California, ?Oregon), ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 846,3a\u2013i. *A. gabbi, ?Callovian, California; ac, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, personal collection, Derek Ager, J.1223, \u00d71; d\u2013i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.4, 4.2, 4.8, 6.6, 8.6, 17.5, USNM M899 (Ager, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 846. peregrinellidae (p. 1241-1243).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-361.jpg?height=1835&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Halorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Halorellidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Halorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Halorella BITTNER, 1884, p. 107","Type_species":"Rhynchonella amphitoma Bronn, 1832, p. 162, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 832","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, transverse oval to subpentagonal with sharp costae beginning from umbo, sulci on both valves or uniplicate, beak suberect, ridges sharp, foramen oval, hypothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates distinct, ventrally divergent, pedicle collar present, septum weak or absent, long ciliform crura.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (?upper Carnian, Norian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (?upper Carnian, Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (?upper Carnian, Norian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, Turkey, Pamirs, northeastern Siberia, China, Indonesia, western USA, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 847, 1 a-r .*H. amphitoma (Bronn), Norian, Pamirs, a-c, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, IGiG 200\/6, x1, d-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 2.7, 3.1, 3.3, 3.6, 4.1, 4.6, 5.3, 5.9, 6.7 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 847. halorellidae (p. 1243).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-363.jpg?height=1202&width=1284&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":26.1,"beginning_date":234.47,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Halorelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Halorellidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Halorelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Halorelloidea AGER, 1960, p. 159","Type_species":"Halorella rectifrons BITTNER, 1884, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Halorella but smooth or with low, rounded costae, Dental plates subparallel, pedicle collar present, septum and septalium absent, crura long, curved ventrally, ciliform","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"eastern Alps, Carpathians, Italy (Sicily), Pamirs, Himalayas, Indonesia (Seran), Primorye","Figure_captions":"Fig. 847, 2a-p. * H. rectifrons (Bittner), Pamirs, a-b, dorsal, anterior views, IGiG 200\/32, x1, c-p, transverse serial sections, distances in mm, 0.3, 0.8, 1.3, 1.6, 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, 4.3, 4.6, 4.9 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 847. halorellidae (p. 1243).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-363.jpg?height=1202&width=1284&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptopora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Cryptoporidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cryptopora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptopora JEFFREYS, 1869, p. 136","Type_species":"C. gnomon, M, =Atretia gnomon JEFFREYS, 1876, p. 251","Synonyms_with_authors":"Atretia Jeffreys in Carpenter, Jeffreys, & Thomson, 1870, p. 421 (type, A. gnomon Jeffreys, 1876, p. 251); Neatretia Fischer & Oehlert, 1891, p. 122, obj.; Crytopora Cooper, 1959, p. 22, nom. null.; Mannia Davidson, 1874a, p. 156 (type, M. nysti, 1959)","Synonyms":"Atretia, Neatretia, Crytopora, Mannia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, translucent, subtrigonal to ovoid-lenticular, almost equibiconvex; rectimarginate to broadly sulcate, smooth; beak moderately long, pointed, nearly straight; foramen large, incomplete; deltidial plates auriculate, rudimentary, disjunct. Dental plates distinct, subvertical; cardinal process small and transverse; dorsal median septum high; crura digitate distally.  [Living species range from abyssal to sublittoral.]","Beginning_age":"upper Miocene","First_Occurrence":"upper Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (lower Danian)\u2013Neogene (Pliocene), Holocene","Geography":"Denmark, Belgium, Spain, Austria, Italy, Sardinia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, USA (Alabama), Cuba, Venezuela, Fiji, Antarctica, lower Danian\u2013Pliocene; North Atlantic (Massachusetts), South Atlantic, Africa, Indopaci\ufb01c, Holocene.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 848, 1a\u2013d. *C. gnomon (JEFFREYS), Holocene, Massachusetts, off eastern USA; a\u2013b, ventral, lateral views, USNM 44911a, \u00d76; c, anterior view, USNM 44911c, \u00d7 6; d, interior of dorsal valve with maniculiform crura, USNM 44911d, \u00d78 (Cooper, 1959);   Fig. 848, 1e. C. nysti (Davidson), dorsal view showing auriculate deltidial plates and incomplete foramen, upper Miocene, Antwerp, Belgium, USNM 549422a, \u00d7 20 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 848. cryptoporidae (p. 1243-1245).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-364.jpg?height=1495&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tortonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":11.63,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Cryptoporidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aulites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulites RICHARDSON, 1987, p. 45","Type_species":"Atretia brazieri CRANE, 1886, p. 183, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cryptopora but without dental plates, rectimarginate to gently uniplicate, foramen large with narrow marginal deltidial plates bordering delthyrium. Crura nondigitate maniculiform and inwardly curving, hinge plates well developed, cardinal process as paired semicircular thickenings.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (upper Oli-gocene)","First_Occurrence":"upper Oligocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (upper Oli-gocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Australia (neritic to bathyal)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 848, 2a-h. *A. brazieri (Crane), Holocene, southeastern Australia, a-f, dorsal view, ventral view, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, lateral view, anterior view, x10, g, interior of dorsal umbo showing cardinalia, x30, h, interior of dorsal valve showing maniculiform crura, x30 (Richardson, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 848. cryptoporidae (p. 1243-1245).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-364.jpg?height=1495&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":27.29,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptoporella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Cryptoporidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cryptoporella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptoporella Bitner & PISERA, 1979, p. 71","Type_species":"C. antiqua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, subtrigonal, externally similar to Cryptopora, rectimarginate, greatest width anterior to midvalve, moderately biconvex, beak sharp, fairly long, foramen large, triangular. Hinge teeth long, inwardly curved, and deeply inserted, supported by parallel dental plates, crura very short and wide, median septum absent. Lack of dorsal septum unusual, family allocation requires revision.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"eastern Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 848, 3a-e. *C. antiqua, lower Maastrichtian, Mielnik, a, dorsal valve interior, x20, b-d, ventral valve, dorsal valve, lateral view of ventral valve, x15, e, pedicle valve, inner view, x20 (Bitner & Pisera, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bitner & Pisera, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 848. cryptoporidae (p. 1243-1245).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-364.jpg?height=1495&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchotetra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Rhynchotetradidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotetradinae","Genus":"Rhynchotetra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchotetra WELLER, 1910, p. 506","Type_species":"Rhynchonella caput testudinis WHITE, 1865, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to elongate outline and biconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins subvertical, posterolateral margins concave. Beak erect. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue distinct, serrate. Costae rounded, some bifurcation and intercalation, shell surface with fine radial striae. Dental plates meet as sessile or supported spondylium. Dorsal median septum strong, extending to midlength, septalium narrow, deep, long, open but with medially projecting edges, crural bases triangular in section.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 849, 1 a-c .*R. caputtestudinis (White), Kinderhookian, Burlington Limestone, Burlington, Iowa, USA, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Weller, 1914)., Fig. 849, 1d-k. R. missouriensis, Kinderhookian, Burlington Limestone, Missouri, d-g, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, b-k, serial sections, x2.5 (Weller, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914, \nWeller, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 849. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1246-1248).\nfig. 849. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1246-1248).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-366.jpg?height=1646&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=193)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-366.jpg?height=1646&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goniophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Rhynchotetradidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotetradinae","Genus":"Goniophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goniophoria JANISCHEWSKY, 1910, p. 80","Type_species":"G. monstrosa, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 63","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with elongate subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins truncated. Beak erect. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus obscured by plicae, anterior commissure sulciplicate. Plicae strong, arising at umbones, typically 4 on dorsal valve with 2 on fold, and 5 on ventral valve with 1 in sulcus. Spondylium in ventral valve supported by strong median septum. Dorsal median septum protruding into large U-shaped septalium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Namurian)","Geography":"Urals, Donetz basin, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 849, 2a-c. *G. monstrosa, Lower Carboniferous, Khabar, southern Urals, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Licharew, 1957)., Fig. 849, 2d. G. carinata Janischewsky, Lower Carboniferous, southern Urals, transverse section near posterior, x2 (Licharew, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Licharew, 1957, \nLicharew, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 849. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1246-1248).\nfig. 849. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1246-1248).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-366.jpg?height=1646&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=193)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-366.jpg?height=1646&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nepasitoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Rhynchotetradidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotetradinae","Genus":"Nepasitoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nepasitoechia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1979, p. 91","Type_species":"N. sartenaeri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate triangular outline and thin, biconvex profile, Beak straight, foramen not recorded, Fold and sulcus very weak to absent, anterior commissure rectimarginate, Costae numerous, some bifurcation and intercalation, fine striae occasionally preserved, Dental plates strong, slightly convergent ventrally, Dorsal median septum short, low, thick, septalium deep, U-shaped, partly restricted by projecting inner edges of hinge plates, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 850 a-j. *N. sartenaeri, 4 m above Clymenia Zone, Nepasice borehole, Hradec Kralove, a, holotype, dorsal view, b-d, topotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, e, anterior view of another topotype, \u00d7 2.8, f-j, serial sections 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7, 1.3 mm from posterior, approximately \u00d7 5 (Havli\u010dek, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 850. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-367.jpg?height=936&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trasgu":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Rhynchotetradidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchotetradinae","Genus":"Trasgu","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trasgu MART\u00cdNEZ-CHAC\u00d3N, 1979, p. 251","Type_species":"*T. minor, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subtriangular outline and dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, anterior margin subvertical, posterolateral margins concave. Beak erect. Fold and sulcus very weak to absent, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, coarsely denticulate. Costae very coarse, mostly restricted to anterior margin. Dental plates and ventral median septum forming large U-shaped spondylium. Dorsal median septum wide, low, supporting septalium, septalium long, U-shaped, with median septum projecting slightly into septalium, crura laterally flattened.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"Spain (Cantabrian Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 849, 3a-h. *T. minor, upper Valdeteja Formation, Oviedo; ad, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, \u00d7 2.5; e\u2013h, serial sections 1.2, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6 mm from posterior, \u00d74.5 (Mart\u00ednez-Chac\u00f3n, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 849. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1246-1248).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-366.jpg?height=1646&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Axiodeaneia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Rhynchotetradidae","Subfamily":"Axiodeaneiinae","Genus":"Axiodeaneia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Axiodeaneia CLARK, 1917, p. 374","Type_species":"A. platypleura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Narrowly elongate outline and biconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins subvertical. Beak erect, foramen present apically. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, typically tridentate. Costae very coarse, angular, shell surface with fine radial striae. Dental plates converging ventrally but not meeting, extending one-quarter valve length. Dorsal median septum strong, long, reaching one-third valve length, septalium wide, V-shaped, hinge plates ending with septalium, crural bases large, ventrally concave, crura with triangular cross section. Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian): North America.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 851, 1a-f. *A. platypleura, Lodgepole Formation, Bridger Mountains, Montana, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.25, e-f, interiors of dorsal and ventral valves, x3 (new). Fig. 851, Ig-o. A. usheri (Brown), Banff Formation, Jasper Park, western Alberta, Canada, serial sections 2.0, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2, 3.6, 4.2, 5.2, 5.4, 6.2 ~mm from posterior, x2 (Carter, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 851. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1248).\nfig. 851. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1248).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-368.jpg?height=1484&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-368.jpg?height=1484&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraphorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Rhynchotetradidae","Subfamily":"Axiodeaneiinae","Genus":"Paraphorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraphorhynchus WELLER, 1905, p. 260","Type_species":"P. elongatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval to subtriangular outline and biconvex profile, subvertical anterior and lateral margins. Beak erect, foramen elongate. Fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, broad, serrate. Costae rounded, arising at umbones, weak on flanks, shell surface with fine radial striae. Dental plates long, almost meeting ventrally, narrow ventral muscle field between dental plates. Dorsal median septum strong, short, septalium large, open, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Urals, Novaya Zemlya, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 851, 2a-j. * P. elongatum, lower Mississippian, Kinderhookian, Knox County, Missouri, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-j, serial sections, x2 (Weller, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 851. rhynchotetradidae (p. 1248).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-368.jpg?height=1484&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetracamera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Tetracameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tetracamera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetracamera WELLER, 1910, p. 503","Type_species":"Rhynchonella subcuneata HALL, 1858b, p. 11, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subtriangular and biconvex, profile subrectangular, anterior and lateral margins vertical. Beak small, erect, delthyrium with small foramen apically. Fold and sulcus very low, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate to rectimarginate, dentate. Costae angular, simple, from beaks. Shell surface with fine radial striae. Dental plates converging as sessile spondylium with a lateral buttress plate across each umbonal cavity. Dorsal median septum strong, extending almost to midlength, septalium narrow, short, open, hinge plates dividing immediately anterior of septalium, supported by subvertical plates extending to valve floor, crural bases inclined ventrolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian-upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, Kazakhstan, Urals, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 852, 1a-j. *T. subcuneata (Hall), Mississippian, Osagean, Salem Limestone, Salem, Indiana, USA, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, x1, d-j, serial sections, x2.5 (Weller, 1914)., Fig. 852, 1 k-o. T. arctirostrata (Swallow), Mississippian, Osagean, Salem Limestone, Alton, Illinois, USA, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1 (Weller, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nWeller, 1914, \nWeller, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 852. tetracameridae (p. 1249-1251).\nfig. 852. tetracameridae (p. 1249-1251).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-369.jpg?height=1369&width=1301&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=189)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-369.jpg?height=1369&width=1301&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rotaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Tetracameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rotaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rotaia Rzhonsnitskaia, 1959, p. 30, nom. nov. pro Welleria Rotai, 1941, p. 107, non Ulrich & BASSLER, 1923","Type_species":"Rhynchonella subtrigona Meek & WORTHEN, 1860, p. 451, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with subpentagonal to transversely subtrigonal outline and biconvex profile, vertical anterior and lateral margins truncated, Beak erect, Fold and sulcus broad, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, low, dentate, Dental plates meeting as sessile spondylium, with high buttress plates, Septalium long, deep, wide, partly covered by inner hinge plates, hinge plates divided, without lateral supporting plates, dorsal median septum strong, to midlength, crural bases transversely ovate, crura short, straight, delicate, triangular in section","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian-upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, European Russia, Altai, Siberia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 852, 2a-h. *R. subtrigona (Meek & Worthen), Mississippian, Osagean, Keokuk Limestone, North America, European Russia, Altai, Siberia, China, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1.5 (new), serial sections 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, 4.2, 6.0, 7.8, 9.4 mm from anterior, \u00d7 1.8 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 852. tetracameridae (p. 1249-1251).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-369.jpg?height=1369&width=1301&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yanishewskiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Tetracameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yanishewskiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yanishewskiella LICHAREW, 1957, p. 139","Type_species":"Anomia angulata LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 703, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, vertical anterior and lateral margins, concave posterolateral margins, beak suberect, delthyrium with foramen apically, fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure gently uniplicate but strongly dentate, plicae angular and simple, originating from the umbones, shell surface with fine radial striae, dental plates converge to form a spondylium supported by a low median septum and short lateral buttresses, septalium extending to one-third of the valve length, ventral median septum extending to half the valve length, dorsal median septum strong and long, septalium narrow and deep, median septum projecting ventrally well into the septalium, hinge plates divided immediately anterior of the septalium, crural bases triangular in section and long, crura laterally flattened and slightly sigmoidal","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian-upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Uzbekistan, Urals, Europe, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 853a\u2013q. *Y. angulata (L INNAEUS ); a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Lancashire, England, \u00d7 1.5 (new); e\u2013n, serial sections 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.4, 4.2, 6.0, 7.8, 9.4 mm from anterior, Lancashire, England, \u00d7 1.8 (new); o\u2013q, lectotype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, Fergana, Uzbekistan, \u00d71 (Licharew, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 853. tetracameridae (p. 1251).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-370.jpg?height=890&width=1301&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austrirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Austrirhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Austrirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austrirhynchia AGER, 1959b, p. 325","Type_species":"Terebratula cornigera SCHAFH\u00c4UTL, 1851, p. 407, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, triangular, with anterolateral wings, moderately equibiconvex, both valves flattened, multicostate, except for smooth lateral sides, which are curved at right angles to the plane of commissure, anterior commissure rectimarginate or weakly uniplicate, beak short, incurved, ridges distinct, foramen large, elliptical, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates subparallel, pedicle collar long, fused to dental plates, septum weak, outer hinge plates narrow, indistinct, fused to socket ridges, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Geography":"northern Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, Turkey, Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 854, 4a-u. *A. cornigera (SchafH\u00c4UTL), northern Alps, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/231, x1, e-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, IGiG 394\/232, approximately x2 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 854. austrirhynchiidae (p. 1252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-372.jpg?height=1882&width=1301&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Decurtella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Austrirhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Decurtella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Decurtella GAETANI, 1966, p. 344","Type_species":"Terebratula decurtata GIRARD, 1843, p. 474, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, triangular, moderately and equally biconvex, weakly uniplicate, both valves flattened, distinctly costate, lateral sides smooth, curved at right angle to commissural plane, forming structures similar to planareas, which never continue into wings, beak suberect, ridges distinct, foramen oval, hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates subparallel, diverging anteriorly, umbonal chambers small, partly filled by callus, no pedicle collar, septalium shallow, supported by short septum only in posterior part, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian)","Geography":"Alps, Balkans, Carpathians, Transdanubian range, northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 854, 2a-n. *D. decurtata (Girard), Anisian, a- e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, Lombardia, northern Italy, x2, f, detail of apical region, Lombardia, northern Italy, G 4\/1, x15 (Gaetani, 1966), g-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.6, 0.9, 1.05, 1.15, 1.3, 1.4, 1.75, 2.1, Balaton area, Hungary (P\u00e1lfy, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gaetani, 1966, \nP\u00e1lfy, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 854. austrirhynchiidae (p. 1252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-372.jpg?height=1882&width=1301&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Excavatorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Austrirhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Excavatorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Excavatorhynchia Ching & FENG, 1977, p. 44","Type_species":"Rhynchonella raxana BITTNER, 1892, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, cuneiform, nearly equibiconvex, umbo flattened, lateral and anterior margin abruptly geniculated, large, concave planareas posterolaterally, commissure slightly uniplicate or nearly rectimarginate, dorsal fold low, flat, developed only at anterior half, shallow ventral sulcus bent dorsally into low, truncate linguiform extension, costation variable, usually attenuated or evanescent posteriorly, beak incurved, foramen mesothyrid. Dental plates short, thin, close to lateral wall, low, thick septum supporting very small septalium, crura possibly raduliform, distally subvertical, bladelike.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic","Geography":"Alps, China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 854,3a\u2013m. *E. raxana (B ITTNER ), Carnian, Yunnan, China; a\u2013e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, NIGP 26829, \u00d71.5 (new); f\u2013m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.6, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.5, NIGP 26829 (Ching & Feng, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 854. austrirhynchiidae (p. 1252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-372.jpg?height=1882&width=1301&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonirhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Austrirhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trigonirhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonirhynchella DAGYS, 1963, p. 41","Type_species":"Trigonirhynchia trigona DAGYS, 1961, p. 95, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, trigonal, medially flattened, moderately biconvex, smooth posteriorly, with few rounded costae anteriorly, sulci possibly present on both valves, commissure unisulcate to uniplicate, beak small, suberect, ridges rounded. No pedicle collar, dental plates short, divergent, almost fused to lateral walls, weak dorsal median septum confined apically, supporting septalium, crura distally subvertical, bladelike.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, Hungary, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, Viet-nam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 854, 1 a-k . * T. trigona (DAGYS), Norian, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, IGiG 179\/20, x1, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.0, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, 2.3, 2.8, 3.6 (Dagys, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nT, \nDagys, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 854. austrirhynchiidae (p. 1252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-372.jpg?height=1882&width=1301&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prionorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Prionorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Prionorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prionorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 62","Type_species":"Terebratula serrata J. de C. SOWERBY, 1825 in 1823-1825, p. 168, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Prionorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, depressed equibiconvex to globose dorsibiconvex, without interarea but planareas well developed, rectimarginate or uniplicate, costae strong, sharp, beak very small, somewhat incurved, deltidial plates narrow, thick. Dental plates thin, ventrally convergent to subparallel, often with low apical ventral median ridge in between, dorsal median septum very short, septalium small, pitlike, hinge teeth may be crenulated, crura raduliform to possibly incipiently canaliform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Hettangian, Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Hettangian, Sinemurian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Greece, Bulgaria, Morocco, Algeria, Anatolia, Caucasus, Thailand, Indonesia (Seran, ?Timor), Argentina, ?New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 855, 1a-s. *P. serrata (J. de C. Sowerby), upper Pliensbachian, Dorset, England, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.61517, x1, d- s, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 2.9, 3.5, 4.1, 4.3, 4.7, 5.3, BMNH B. 33333 (Ager, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ager, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 855. prionorhynchiidae (p. 1252-1253).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-373.jpg?height=1056&width=1296&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amoenirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Prionorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Amoenirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amoenirhynchia SIBL\u00cdK, 1986, p. 23","Type_species":"Rhynchonella seydelii BITTNER, 1891, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, triangular, moderately equibiconvex, costae low, rounded, developed only anteriorly, no distinct sulcus and fold, anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, beak suberect, ridges distinct, planareas well developed. Dental plates long, subparallel to ventrally convergent, pedicle collar absent, septum low, septalium short, present only posteriorly, hinge teeth without crenulation, crura raduliform to incipiently flared.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians","Figure_captions":"Fig. 855, 2am. *A. seydelii (Bittner), Carnian, Slovakia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, SNM Z 19428, x3, d-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.15, 0.45, 0.95, 1.55, 2.3, 3.8, 4.85, 6.0, 7.3, 8.7 (Sibl\u00edk, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sibl\u00edk, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 855. prionorhynchiidae (p. 1252-1253).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-373.jpg?height=1056&width=1296&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lokutella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Prionorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lokutella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lokutella V\u00d6R\u00d6S, 1983, p. 6","Type_species":"Rhynchonella palmaeformis HAAS, 1912, p. 232, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, trigonal to securiform, nearly equibiconvex, fold and sulcus absent, anterior commissure straight but forming wide sinus, planareas well developed, generally concave, costae few, usually strong, after variable posterior smooth stage, beak small, erect to slightly incurved. Strong subparallel dental plates and crenulated teeth, dorsal median septum long but low, hinge plates fused, forming septalium, crura distally crescentic and outwardly convex.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (upper Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Sicily, Apennines, southern Alps, Hungary, ?Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 856, 1a-l. *L. palmaeformis (Haas), Pliensbachian, Kericser, Hungary, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, HNHMB M.98.3, x1.5 (new), f-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3 , 1.0, 1.3, 1.8, 2.4, 2.8, 3.1, HGI J. 9185 (V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 856. prionorhynchiidae (p. 1254-1256).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-374.jpg?height=1669&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":196.18,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphenorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotetradoidea","Family":"Prionorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sphenorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphenorhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 30","Type_species":"Terebratula plicatella J. de C. SOWERBY, 1825 in 1823-1825, p. 167, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sphenorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, globose, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, elongate oval to subtrigonal, wedge shaped due to well-developed, concave planareas, squama and glotta junction dorsoconvex, uniplication arcuate, but dorsal fold rarely or not at all raised, flattish ventral valve may bear ill-defined, shallow, wide sulcus anteriorly, costae numerous, prominent, narrow, sharp, and sometimes dichotomous, beak small, massive, suberect to erect, rarely incurved, conjunct deltidial plates. Dental plates ventrally convergent to subparallel, teeth massive, crenulated, oblique hinge plates, dorsal median septum strong, septalium narrow, raduliform crura, becoming dorsally concave distally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Crimea, Caucasus, ?Arabia, ?Afghanistan, China, Morocco, Algeria, ?Madagascar","Figure_captions":"Fig. 856, 2a-q. *S. plicatella (J. de C. SOWERBY), upper Bajocian; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior, Dorset, England, USNM 88733a, \u00d71 (Shi & Grant, 1993); d\u2013q, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 0.9, 1.3, 1.9, 2.8, 3.1, 3.5, 3.7, 3.9, 4.3, 4.5, 5.0, 5.2, 5.5, Calvados, France, FSL 49413 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1980). \u2014\u2014Fig. 856, 2r\u2013s. S. matisconensis (LISSAJOUS), upper Bajocian, Monsard, France; r, dorsal interior showing variant of raduliform crura; s, same, oblique lateral view, USNM 429399, \u00d7 1.8 (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 856. prionorhynchiidae (p. 1254-1256).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-374.jpg?height=1669&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wellerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Wellerellinae","Genus":"Wellerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wellerella Dunbar & CONDRA, 1932, p. 286","Type_species":"W. tetrahedra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Changyangrhynchus Yang, 1984, p. 229 (type, C. nantanelloides, OD)","Synonyms":"Changyangrhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly, Beak straight to suberect, deltidial plates conjunct anteriorly, leaving small oval submesothyrid foramen, Fold and sulcus strong, commissure uniplicate anteriorly, tongue high, wide, usually triserrate, Costae coarse, from midlength, umbones smooth, Dental plates short, vertical, ventral muscle field elongate oval, extending to one-third valve length, Hinge plates undivided, dorsal median septum short, low, dorsal muscle field small, subcircular, with median myophragm, crura laterally flattened, twisted, dorsally carinate","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)","First_Occurrence":"Stephanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 857, 1a-e. * W. tetrahedra, middle Pennsylvanian, Marmaton Group, Missouri, USA, a-b, anterior and posterior views of different paratypes, x2, c-e, paratype, serial sections of posterior (Dunbar & Condra, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dunbar & Condra, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 857. wellerellidae (p. 1256-1258).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-376.jpg?height=236&width=1117&top_left_y=1861&top_left_x=361)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cenorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Wellerellinae","Genus":"Cenorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cenorhynchia Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 1986","Type_species":"C. fracida, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile. Beak erect, delthyrium ovate, deltidial plates incipient. Fold and sulcus weak to moderate, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, biserrate to triserrate. Costae coarse, restricted to anterior margin and fold and sulcus. Dental plates short, vertical. Dorsal median septum high, long, extending to one-third valve length and supporting undivided hinge plates posteriorly, dorsal muscle field suboval, divided by myophragm, crura laterally flattened, concave medially, dorsally carinate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 857, 2a-f. * C. fracida, lower Guadalupian, Wordian, Word Formation, Glass Mountains, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x2, d, paratype, ventral view of dorsal valve interior, e, paratype, anterior view of dorsal valve interior, x4, f, paratype, dorsal view of ventral valve interior, x1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 857. wellerellidae (p. 1256-1258).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-376.jpg?height=236&width=1117&top_left_y=1861&top_left_x=361)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Wellerellinae","Genus":"Lissella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissella CAMPBELL, 1961, p. 452","Type_species":"L. booralensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to elongate oval outline, biconvex profile. Foramen large, circular, deltidial plates narrow, short. Fold and sulcus weak, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate. Plicae rounded, from one-third valve length, 2 to 4 on fold, 1 to 3 in sulcus, weakly developed on flanks. Dental plates thin, concave medially. Dorsal median septum long, thick, high, appearing not to support hinge plates. Hinge plates undivided, with low median ridge on upper surface, dorsal muscle field elongate oval, crural bases triangular in section.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian)","First_Occurrence":"Westphalian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian)","Last_Occurrence":"Westphalian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 858, 3a-g. *L. booralensis, middle Westphalian, Booral Formation, Newcastle, Booral, a, holotype, dorsal internal mold, x2, b, posterior view of steinkern, x2, c-g, serial transverse sections, x3 (Campbell, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 858. wellerellidae (p. 1258).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-378.jpg?height=1167&width=1294&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":48.4,"beginning_date":319.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Myopugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Wellerellinae","Genus":"Myopugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Myopugnax GLUSHENKO, 1975, p. 96","Type_species":"M. priva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, biconvex profile. Beak suberect to erect, foramen small. Fold and sulcus low, wide, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, typically triserrate. Dental plates short, buried in callus, ventral muscle field well impressed. Dorsal median septum and septalium absent, hinge plates divided, crural bases triangular in section, crura laterally flattened, strongly curved ventrally, tips bearing V-shaped grooves.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian)","Geography":"Russia (Donetz basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 857, 4a-m. *M. priva, Slaviansk Series, Iziumsk, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x3, e-m, serial sections 0.45, 0.55, 0.70, 1.00, 1.15, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.05 ~mm from posterior, x6 (Glushenko, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Glushenko, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 857. wellerellidae (p. 1256-1258).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-376.jpg?height=236&width=1117&top_left_y=1861&top_left_x=361)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phrenophoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Wellerellinae","Genus":"Phrenophoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phrenophoria Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 12","Type_species":"P. subcarinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, anterior and lateral margins steep. Beak straight to erect, deltidial plates conjunct anteriorly, foramen small, oval, submesothyrid to mesothyrid. Fold and sulcus poorly defined, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, trapezoid, serrate. Costae angular, from midlength, umbones smooth. Dental plates short, vertical, ventral muscle field cordate. Dorsal median septum high posteriorly, low anteriorly, supporting undivided hinge plates, dorsal muscle field elongate oval, divided by septum, crura ventrally curved, anteriorly divergent, with dorsal carina.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 857, 3a-g. * P. subcarinata, lower Guadalupian, Wordian, Word Formation, Glass Mountains, Texas, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, f-g, paratype, ventral view of dorsal valve interior, dorsal view of ventral valve interior, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 857. wellerellidae (p. 1256-1258).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-376.jpg?height=236&width=1117&top_left_y=1861&top_left_x=361)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plekonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Wellerellinae","Genus":"Plekonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plekonella CAMPBELL, 1953, p. 17","Type_species":"P. acuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to transversely oval outline and biconvex profile, beak suberect, fold and sulcus moderately strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, rounded, serrate, costae coarse, simple, from beaks, on fold, sulcus, flanks, dental plates short, vertical, hinge plates undivided, bearing low median ridge, dorsal median septum low, stout, extending to midlength","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)","First_Occurrence":"Stephanian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)-Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"eastern Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 858, 2a-i. * P. acuta, Artinskian-Kungurian, Ingelara Formation, Queensland, eastern Australia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-i, serial sections from several specimens (Campbell, 1953).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 858. wellerellidae (p. 1258).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-378.jpg?height=1167&width=1294&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tautosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Wellerellinae","Genus":"Tautosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tautosia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 14","Type_species":"*T. fastigiata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely triangular outline and dorsibiconvex profile, apical angle acute, lateral slopes gentle, beak straight, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen elongate, mesothyrid, fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue wide, low, trapezoid, dentate, costae strong, from one-third valve length, simple, umbones smooth, dental plates short, vertical, ventral muscle field elongate oval, hinge plates undivided, dorsal median septum high, supporting hinge plates, dorsal muscle field subcircular, extending to midlength, crura twisted, dorsally carinate, curved ventrally","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 858, 1a-h. *T. fastigiata, Leonardian, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Glass Mountains, Cathedral Mountain, Texas, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, e, paratype, lateral view, x1, f, anterior view of interior, x2, g, interior of ventral valve, x1.5, h, view of foramen, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 858. wellerellidae (p. 1258).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-378.jpg?height=1167&width=1294&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tricoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Tricoriinae","Genus":"Tricoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tricoria Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 1945","Type_species":"*T. hirpex, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline transverse and subpentagonal, profile subequally biconvex. Beak erect to incurved, delthyrium open, without deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak to absent, anterior commissure rectimarginate. Costae fine, simple, arising at beaks. Dental plates weak to obsolete, ventral muscle field triangular. Dorsal median septum high, septalium short, crura laterally compressed, sharply curved ventrally. Lower Permian (Asselian): USA (Texas).","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 859, 1a-f. *T. hirpex, Skinner Ranch Formation, Glass Mountains, a-d, holotype, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, e, ventral interior, f, dorsal interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 859. wellerellidae (p. 1259-1263).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-379.jpg?height=1383&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nipponirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Nipponirhynchiinae","Genus":"Nipponirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nipponirhynchia Yanagida & NISHIKAWA, 1984, p. 163","Type_species":"* N. shutoi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect, Fold and sulcus wide, rounded, from umbones, tongue broad, rounded, Costae numerous, simple, subangular, arising at beaks, with deep intertroughs, costal crests flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, intertroughs extended into marginal spines, Dental plates prominent, ventrally convergent, Dorsal median septum thick, long, septalium deep, wide, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crural bases triangular in section","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 860, 1a-h. *N. shutoi, holotype, Yaikian, Kawai Limestone, Hiroshima, Kawai, Joge, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1.5; e\u2013k, serial sections, \u00d72.3 (Yanagida & Nishikawa, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 860. wellerellidae (p. 1260-1263).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-380.jpg?height=1600&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uncinunellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Uncinunellininae","Genus":"Uncinunellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uncinunellina GRABAU, 1932a, p. 100","Type_species":"Uncinulus theobaldi WAAGEN, 1883, p. 425, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex pro\ufb01le. Beak sharp, straight to suberect; foramen small; deltidial plates small, disjunct. Fold and sulcus low, wide, \ufb02at, arising at midlength; tongue wide, trapezoid. Umbones generally smooth. Costae low, simple, rounded, with narrow intertroughs, crests \ufb02attened and grooved on paries geniculatus; intertroughs extended at anterior and lateral margins to form spines that insert into holes near margin of opposite valve. Dental plates short, vertical to ventrally convergent; ventral muscle \ufb01eld weakly impressed. Dorsal median ridge low to absent; hinge plates thin, divided; crura ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Tatarian)","Geography":"Pakistan, India, Thailand, China, Mongolia, Japan, Iran, Fergana, Pamir, Urals, Ukraine, Mexico.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 860, 2a-d. *U. theobaldi (Waagen), Kungurian, Wargal Limestone, Kalabagh Member, Salt Range, Pakistan, a, topotype, dorsal view, x1, b-d, topotype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1.8 (Grant, 1976). \u2014\u2014Fig. 860, 2e-h. U. hayasakai Yanagida & Nishikawa, Sakmarian, Yaikian, Kawai Limestone, Hiroshima, Kawai, Joge, Japan, paratype, serial sections, x3 (Yanagida & Nishikawa, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1976, \nYanagida & Nishikawa, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 860. wellerellidae (p. 1260-1263).\nfig. 860. wellerellidae (p. 1260-1263).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-380.jpg?height=1600&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-380.jpg?height=1600&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trophisina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Trophisinianea","Genus":"Trophisina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trophisina Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2078","Type_species":"*T. fenaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and strongly biconvex to globose profile, Beak suberect, foramen large, ovate, delthyrium with disjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure low, trapezoid, Costae numerous, simple, arising at beaks, Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, Hinge plates undivided, dorsal septum short, septalium wide, crura slender, ventrally curved, concave medially","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 859, 5a-h. *T. fenaria, lower Cathedral Mountain Formation, Glass Mountains, Split Tank, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x2, f, paratype, interior of ventral valve posterior, x5, g-h, paratype, interior of dorsal valve posterior, interior of conjoined valves, x6 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 859. wellerellidae (p. 1259-1263).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-379.jpg?height=1383&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strigirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Strigirhynchiinae","Genus":"Strigirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strigirhynchia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 14","Type_species":"Strigirhynchia indentata (SHUMARD), 1860b, p. 393, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subtriangular to subpentagonal and profile equibiconvex. Beak straight to suberect, deltidial plates conjunct anteriorly, foramen small, oval. Fold and sulcus weak, dorsal umbone flattened or concave, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, trapezoid. Costae simple, extending from beaks. Dental plates short, vertical, ventral muscle field elongate-oval. Dorsal median septum high, bisecting posterior half of muscle field and supporting undivided hinge plates, dorsal muscle field elon-gate-oval, crura diverging anteriorly and curving ventrally, each with dorsal carina.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kungurian-Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 859, 2a-i. *S. indentata (Shumard), Capitan Group, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1 (Girty, 1909), e-h, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, i, interior of conjunct specimen showing cardinalia and dental plates, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Girty, 1909, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 859. wellerellidae (p. 1259-1263).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-379.jpg?height=1383&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chaeniorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Strigirhynchiinae","Genus":"Chaeniorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chaeniorhynchus Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 1999","Type_species":"C. inauris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subtriangular to subpentagonal, profile dorsibiconvex, greatest thickness at midlength. Beak suberect to erect, delthyrium open, no deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus weak to moderate, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderate, trapezoid, serrate. Costae fine to medium, extending from beaks. Dental plates strong, vertical to slightly convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field elongate-oval. Dorsal median septum high, supporting undivided hinge plates, dorsal muscle field small, oval, expanding anteriorly, crura divergent anteriorly and ventrally, dorsally carinate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 859, 3a-d. * C. inauris, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Glass Mountains, Split Tank, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x2, d, interior of posterior of dorsal valve, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 859, 3e. C. salutare Cooper & Grant, upper Leonardian, Road Canyon Formation, Glass Mountains, Texas, interior of ventral valve, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 859. wellerellidae (p. 1259-1263).\nfig. 859. wellerellidae (p. 1259-1263).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-379.jpg?height=1383&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=189)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-379.jpg?height=1383&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Strigirhynchiinae","Genus":"Holosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holosia Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 1971","Type_species":"H. regularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular outline and equibiconvex profile, anterior and lateral margins subvertical. Beak straight, deltidial plates conjunct anteriorly, foramen oval mesothyrid to submesothyrid. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, tongue low, wide, serrate. Costae medium to fine, simple, rounded, arising at beaks. Dental plates short, vertical, close to walls, ventral muscle field small, ovate. Hinge plates small, undivided, dorsal median septum high posteriorly where it supports hinge plate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kungurian-Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 859, 4a-g. * H. regularis, holotype, upper Guadalupian, Bell Canyon Formation, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, x1, f, interior of dorsal valve, g, interior of ventral valve, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 859. wellerellidae (p. 1259-1263).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-379.jpg?height=1383&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Madarosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Madarosiinae","Genus":"Madarosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Madarosia Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2002","Type_species":"M. anterolamellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to subpentagonal outline with emarginate anterior and anterolateral borders, convexiplane to convexiconcave form, inflated anteriorly. Beak suberect, delthyrium open, deltidial plates absent or incipient. Fold and sulcus weak posteriorly, strong anteriorly, anterior commissure strongly uniplicate, rounded. Surface smooth apart from concentric lamellae. Dental plates short, confining narrow delthyrial chamber, ventral muscle field elongate oval. Dorsal median septum high, supporting small undivided hinge plates, crura laterally compressed, diverging anteriorly and ventrally, dorsally carinate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kungurian-Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 860, 3a-g. * M. anterolamellata, upper Guadalupian, Bell Canyon Formation, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f, paratype, interior of dorsal valve, x4, g, paratype, interior of ventral valve, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 860. wellerellidae (p. 1260-1263).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-380.jpg?height=1600&width=1296&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cirpa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Cirpinae","Genus":"Cirpa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cirpa de GREGORIO, 1930a, p. 40","Type_species":"Rhynchonella (C.) primitiva, OD, = R. briseis GEMMELLARO, 1874, p. 97, subj.","Synonyms_with_authors":"=Cipra Makridin in Sarycheva, 1960, p. 255, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Cipra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtriangular to subpentagonal, depressed dorsibiconvex, rectangular and flattened anteriorly, with low fold, flattopped uniplication, and a few strong, sharp costae, beak small, flattened planareas with diffuse boundaries. Hinge plates flat, fused, dorsal median septum very short, crenulated teeth, crura hamiform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian, ?Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian, ?Toarcian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Slovakia, Dinarids, Hungary, Algeria, Turkey (Anatolia), ?Himalayas, Indonesia (Seram), ?New Zealand, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 861, 1a-m. *C. briseis (Gemmellaro), middle Lias, Sicily, Italy, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, x1.5 (Benigni, 1978), f - m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4, 3.0, 3.4, BMNH B. 167748 (Ager, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benigni, 1978, \nAger, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 861. wellerellidae (p. 1263-1266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-383.jpg?height=1849&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apertirhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Cirpinae","Genus":"Apertirhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apertirhynchella SIBL\u00cd\u041a, 1986, p. 26","Type_species":"A. triplex, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subpentagonal, sulcus and fold distinct although low, anterior commissure uniplicate, blunt costae only in fold and sinus, lateral parts of valves smooth, beak short, suberect, ridges well developed. Dental plates very short, fused to lateral walls, pedicle collar absent, no septum, outer hinge plates broad, horizontal in section, inner hinge plate very short, crura hamiform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (?Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (?Anisian), Upper Triassic","Geography":"Dinarids, Transdanubian ranges (Carnian), Alps, Carpathians, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 861, 3a-k. *A. triplex, Carnian, southeastern Slovakia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, SNM Z19430, x2, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.3, 0.75, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 2.4, 2.8 (Sibl\u00edk, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sibl\u00edk, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 861. wellerellidae (p. 1263-1266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-383.jpg?height=1849&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calcirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Cirpinae","Genus":"Calcirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calcirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 30","Type_species":"C. calcaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Calcirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)\"","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtrigonal to subpentagonal or pyriform, globose to depressed subequibiconvex, with wide, flattopped uniplication, low fold and many sharp costae (2 to 7 on fold), no posterior smooth stage, beak small, incurved. Dental plates thin and subparallel, small crenulated teeth, dorsal median septum very short, crura hamiform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian, ?Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)-Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian, ?Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Norian-Rhaetian, England, France, Luxemburg, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Sicily, Dinarids, Hungary, Greece, ?Algeria, Turkey, ?Iran, Hettangian-Sinemurian, ?Pliens-bachian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 862, 3a-k. *C. calcaria, Hettan-gian-Sinemurian, England, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, GSM 31947, x1.5, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.2, 1.35, 1.7, 2.3, personal collection, Derek Ager, J.107\/1 (Ager, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAger, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 862. wellerellidae (p. 1263-1266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-384.jpg?height=1858&width=1284&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Euxinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Cirpinae","Genus":"Euxinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Euxinella MOISEEV, 1936, p. 41","Type_species":"E. iatirgvartaensis, error pro E. iatirgvantaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded or rounded-pentagonal, globose, multicostate, strong uniplication, distinct fold absent, beak short, incurved, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates double, conjunct. Dental plates subparallel, pedicle collar feeble, septum low, short, outer hinge plates broad, equal to inner hinge plate, horizontal in section, crura hamiform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, Balkans, Romania, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus, Anatolia, Pamirs, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 862, 4a-r. * E. iatirgvartaensis, Rhaetian, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, TsGM 1 \/ 4801, X1, d-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, 1.1, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, 4.2 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 862. wellerellidae (p. 1263-1266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-384.jpg?height=1858&width=1284&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moisseievia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Cirpinae","Genus":"Moisseievia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moisseievia DAGYS, 1963, p. 46","Type_species":"M. moisseievi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, with distinct fold and sulcus, low, rounded costae in sulcus and on fold, indistinct costae only in anterior part on lateral sides, beak short, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates double, conjunct. Dental plates short, parallel, pedicle collar fused to dental plates, median septum absent, hinge plate thin, horizontal in section, crura hamiform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Balkans, Carpathians, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 861, 4a-l. *M. moisseievi, northwestern Caucasus, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 91\/640, x1, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.3, 2.9 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 861. wellerellidae (p. 1263-1266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-383.jpg?height=1849&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Robinsonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Cirpinae","Genus":"Robinsonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Robinsonella MOISEEV, 1936, p. 45","Type_species":"R. mastakanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Alternatively, may be related to ivanoviellines (hinted by development of ribbing, dorsal septum, and pitlike septalium), further studies of crura needed.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, moderately biconvex, strongly costate, with distinct sinus and feeble corresponding fold, beak short, incurved, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates double, conjunct. Dental plates subparallel, no pedicle collar, septum distinct, about one-third valve length, hinge plate horizontal in section, crura allegedly hamiform. Alternatively, may be related to ivanoviellines (hinted by development of ribbing, dorsal septum, and pitlike septalium), further studies of crura needed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"northwestern Caucasus, India, China, Vietnam, Japan, ?New Guinea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 862, 2a-l. *R. mastakanensis, Rhaetian, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, TsGM 55\/4801, x1, d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.5, 3.0, 3.8, 4.3 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 862. wellerellidae (p. 1263-1266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-384.jpg?height=1858&width=1284&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Salgirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Cirpinae","Genus":"Salgirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Salgirella MOISEEV, 1936, p. 48","Type_species":"Rhynchonella albertii OPPEL, 1861, p. 546, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Very closely related, if not synonymous with Cirpa de Gregorio, 1930a, p. 40.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded-pentagonal, beak thick, curved, no pseudointerarea, costae acute, coarse, simple, no radial striae, dorsal valve with fold. Dental plates ventrally divergent to subparallel, detached from valve floor anteriorly, pedicle collar present, deltidial plates wavy, dorsal median septum weakly developed, hinge plate flat, entire near beak, distinct anteriorly, septalium not supported by septum, crura slender, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Crimea, Caucasus, Austria, Hungary, Romania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 862, 1a-p. *S. alberti (Oppel), Pliensbachian, Salgir river, Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, CNIGR 512\/3808, x1 (new), d-p, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.6 , 1.1, 1.6, 2.1, 2.9, 3.3, 3.6, 4.0, 5.0, 5.4, 5.7, 6.15, 6.3, CNIGR N.509\/3808 (new, courtesy of S. V. Lobacheva).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 862. wellerellidae (p. 1263-1266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-384.jpg?height=1858&width=1284&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vincentirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Cirpinae","Genus":"Vincentirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vincentirhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 145","Type_species":"Rhynchonella pomeyroli DROT, 1953, p. 99, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderate size, subtriangular to subpentagonal, equibiconvex, moderately inflated, both valves with broad, flat, central parts and narrow lateral slopes, uniplication broad, shallow, flattopped, costae low, rounded, almost extending back to umbo, beak small, erect, with relatively large submesothyrid foramen. Dental plates subparallel and widely apart, dorsal valve with narrow hinge plates, and septalium supported by thin median septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, ?Sinemurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)-Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, ?Sinemurian)","Geography":"New Zealand, New Caledonia, ?Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 861, 2a-k. *V. pomeyroli (Drot), a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, Otapirian, Rhaetian, New Caledonia, MNHN B8395, x1.5 (MacFarlan, 1992), d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.3, 2.6, 2.9, 3.3, Hettangian, Siberia (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"MNHN, \nMacFarlan, 1992, \nDagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 861. wellerellidae (p. 1263-1266).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-383.jpg?height=1849&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":192.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Allorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Allorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Allorhynchus WELLER, 1910, p. 509","Type_species":"Rhynchonella heteropis WINCHELL, 1865, p. 121, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium open, triangular, deltidial plates marginal, narrow, Fold and sulcus weak to moderate, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, trapezoid, Costae of medium size, simple, subangular, extending from beaks, covering entire shell, Dental plates short, vertical, ventral muscle field elongate oval, expanding anteriorly, Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum absent, dorsal muscle field elongate, posterior adductors elongate, narrow, partly flanking larger anterior adductors, crura diverge anteriorly, curved ventrally, dorsal edges carinate","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)-Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"North America, Donetz Basin, Kazakhstan, China, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 863, 1a-i. * A. heteropis (Winchell), lower Mississippian, Kinderhookian, Burlington, Iowa, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-i, serial sections, x3.8 (Weller, 1914)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 863, 1 j-k. A. permianum permianum Stehli, j, interior of tilted dorsal valve, x3, k, interior of tilted ventral valve, x1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 863. allorhynchidae (p. 1266-1270).\nfig. 863. allorhynchidae (p. 1266-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-386.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-386.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aldina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aldina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aldina ANGIOLINI, 1995, p. 209","Type_species":"A. exilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, strongly inflated anteriorly, Ventral beak suberect, foramen small, deltidial plates conjunct, Fold and sulcus starting at midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, wide, typically tridentate, Costae strong, simple, angular, arising at midlength, Dental plates short, vertical, Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 863, 6a-h. *A. exilis, Bolorian, Lashkargaz Formation, Karakoram Mountains, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x3 (Angiolini, 1995), c, topotype, anterior view, x3 (new), d-h, serial sections of topotype, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8 mm from posterior, no scale given (Angiolini, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Angiolini, 1995, \nAngiolini, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 863. allorhynchidae (p. 1266-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-386.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caucasorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Caucasorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caucasorhynchia DAGYS, 1963, p. 66","Type_species":"C. kunensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded-pentagonal, sulcus shallow and fold low or absent, multicostate, costae with intensive branching, beak short, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates short, weakly diverging, umbonal chambers, pedicle collar absent, dorsal median septum apically confined, ridgelike to absent, septalium absent, outer hinge plates incipiently ventrally convex in section, crura hamiform. Middle Triassic (?Anisian), Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian, ?Rhaetian): Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, Turkey, China (Himalayas, Tibet).","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (?Anisian), Upper Triassic (Carnian","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian, ?Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (?Anisian), Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian, ?Rhaetian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, Turkey, China (Himalayas, Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 863, 3a-k. * C. kunensis, Norian, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, IGiG 49\/5, x1, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.3, 0.9, 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2.9, 3.8 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 863. allorhynchidae (p. 1266-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-386.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Deltarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Deltarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Deltarina Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2012","Type_species":"D. magnicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular outline and equibiconvex profile. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium open, triangular, deltidial plates narrow. Fold and sulcus weak to moderate, anterior commissure sulciplicate. Costae moderate to coarse but usually with 1 large plication in sulcus and 2 on fold. Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field elongate oval, expanding anteriorly. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum absent to low, crura strongly divergent anteriorly, laterally compressed, short.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 863, 2a-e. *D. magnicostata, Bell Canyon Formation, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x2, d-e, paratype, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 863. allorhynchidae (p. 1266-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-386.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fascicosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fascicosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fascicosta STEHLI, 1955, p. 71","Type_species":"Rhynchonella? longaeva GIRTY, 1909, p. 322, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subtriangular to subpentagonal, profile equibiconvex, maximum thickness near midlength. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium open, triangular, deltidial plates absent. Fold and sulcus very weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, low. Costae fine to moderate, extending from beaks, fasciculate, some bifurcation. Dental plates short, convergent ventrally, ventral muscle field elongate oval, expanded anteriorly. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum low, thin, supporting hinge plates posteriorly, dorsal muscle field quadripartite, expanded anteriorly, crura divergent anteriorly, ventrally curved, dorsal surface carinate. Upper Permian (Kazanian): USA.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 863, 4a-e. *F. longaeva (Girty), Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, Capitan Limestone, El Capitan Mountain, d, ventral valve interior and foramen, Bell Canyon Formation, McKittrick Canyon Draw, x1, e, dorsal valve interior, Bell Canyon Formation, Hegler Ranch, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 863. allorhynchidae (p. 1266-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-386.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gerassimovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gerassimovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gerassimovia LICHAREW, 1956, p. 59","Type_species":"G. gefoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with outline subtriangular to subpentagonal and profile equibiconvex. Beak suberect to erect. Fold and sulcus low. Numerous strong costae extending from beaks, fasciculate, increasing by bifurcation and intercalation. Dental plates absent. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum absent.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian-Tatarian)","Geography":"northern Caucasus, Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 863, 5a-h. *G. gefoensis, northern Caucasus, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-h, serial sections, x6 (Licharew, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Licharew, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 863. allorhynchidae (p. 1266-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-386.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grammorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Grammorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grammorhynchus ROBERTS, 1971, p. 144","Type_species":"Camarotoechia eganensis VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subcircular to longitudinally ovate, profile strongly biconvex to globular. Beak incurved, truncated by circular, mesothyrid foramen. Fold and sulcus weak, broad, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low, serrate. Costae strong, subangular, simple, arising at beaks, present on entire shell. Dental plates long, vertical, may be obscured by callus, ventral muscle field narrow, impressed. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum long, low, septalium short, deep, dorsal muscle field narrow, deeply impressed, expanded anteriorly, crural bases with triangular section, crura long, gently curved ventrally. Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian): northwestern Australia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"northwestern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 864, 1a-m. *G*. eganensis (Veevers), Laurel Formation, Fitzroy basin, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 2 (Veevers, 1959a), e-m, serial sections 2.2, 3.0, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.8 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2.6 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Veevers, 1959, \nRoberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 864. allorhynchidae (p. 1268-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-388.jpg?height=1848&width=1282&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hagabirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hagabirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hagabirhynchia JEFFERIES, 1961, p. 5","Type_species":"H. arabica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Magabirhynchia Xu & Liu, 1983, p. 71, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Magabirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded-pentagonal, with sulcus shallow and fold low, costae strong and extending from umbo and often forking, beak thick, suberect, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates diverging, pedicle collar absent, dorsal median septum low, septalium rudimentary, outer hinge plates narrow, divided, crura hamiform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Oman, China, India, ?New Guinea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 864, 3a-l. * H. arabica, Oman, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x2, d, holotype, ventral view, BMNH BB.20248, x2 (new), e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.6 , 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7, BMNH BB.20249, approximately x3.2 (Jefferies, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nJefferies, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 864. allorhynchidae (p. 1268-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-388.jpg?height=1848&width=1282&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemileurus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hemileurus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemileurus Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2017","Type_species":"H. runcinatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subtriangular, profile equibiconvex, maximum thickness just anterior of midlength. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium open, triangular, deltidial plates narrow. Fold and sulcus very weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, low, serrate. Costae moderate, simple, rounded, arising anterior of umbones. Dental plates short, vertical, ventral muscle field forming elongate triangle, expanded anteriorly. Hinge plates divided by deep notch, dorsal muscle field oval, quadripartite, slightly expanded anteriorly, crura divergent anteriorly, curved ventrally, twisted, dorsal edges carinate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 865, 1a-d. * H. runcinatus, Neal Ranch Formation, Glass Mountains, Wolf Camp Hills, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x1, d, view of broken shell showing cardinalia, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 865. allorhynchidae (p. 1270-1272).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-390.jpg?height=465&width=1266&top_left_y=1548&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maorirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Maorirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maorirhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 71","Type_species":"Rhynchonella nuggetensis WILCKENS, 1927, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderate to large size, rounded-subtriangular to subcircular or elliptical, equibiconvex, slightly to moderately inflated, costae low, rounded or obsolescent, typically extending back to beak and bifurcating, occasionally dying out near anterior margin, rectimarginate to uniplicate, fold and sulcus usually broad and arcuate, beak small with minute foramen. Dorsal valve with broad horizontal hinge plates and shallow septalium, posterior part of both valves may be greatly thickened internally, dental plates almost fused to wall.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic, Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (lower Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Norian","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic, Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (lower Norian)","Geography":"New Zealand, New Caledonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 864, 2a-m. * M. nuggetensis (Wilckens), Ladinian, Kaihikuan, Southland, New Zealand, a-c, dorsal, lateral, ventral views, OU NZ C2455, d, latex mold of pedicle valve interior, OU NZ C2969, x1, e, latex mold of brachial valve interior, OU NZ C2952, x1, f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.7, 1.3, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.9, OU NZ 16309 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 864. allorhynchidae (p. 1268-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-388.jpg?height=1848&width=1282&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":216.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neofascicosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neofascicosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neofascicosta XU, 1978, p. 277","Type_species":"N. pulchra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium-sized, roundly trigonal, moderately biconvex to nearly flat, fold and sulcus weakly developed, anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, commonly somewhat ligate, covered with clustered subangular costae increasing anteriorly by bifurcation or intercalation, ornamented with dense, fine concentric growth lines and concentric lamellae marginally, beak small and nearly straight, foramen hypothyrid to mesothyrid, beak ridges angular, planareas narrow, dental plates well developed, teeth stout, dorsal beak projecting into delthyrial cavity, hinge plates divided and fused with inner socket ridges, septalium shallow and short, septum low and thick, ridgelike anteriorly, crural bases trigonal, crura hamiform to subfalciform","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"southwestern and southeastern China (Sichuan, Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 865, 4a-i. *N. pulchra, Sichuan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, CIGMR SCSb 6020, x1, e-i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.55, 0.7, 0.8, 1.5 (Xu, 1978)","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 865. allorhynchidae (p. 1270-1272).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-390.jpg?height=465&width=1266&top_left_y=1548&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudowellerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudowellerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudowellerella Licharew, 1956, p. 58","Type_species":"* P. nikchitchi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Denticuliphoria Licharew, 1956, p. 57 (type, D. rara, OD), Wairakiella Waterhouse, 1967, p. 87 (type, W. rostrata, OD)","Synonyms":"Denticuliphoria, Wairakiella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular to subpentagonal outline, equibiconvex profile. Beak suberect to erect, foramen small. Fold and sulcus weak, wide, anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate. Costae medium size, numerous, extending from beak. Dental plates poorly developed or absent. Hinge plates united, dorsal median ridge short, low.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian-Tatarian)","Geography":"northern Caucasus, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 865, 3a-f. * P. nikchitchi, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-f, transverse sections, x5.3 (Licharew, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Licharew, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 865. allorhynchidae (p. 1270-1272).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-390.jpg?height=465&width=1266&top_left_y=1548&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptilotorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ptilotorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptilotorhynchus Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2010","Type_species":"P. delicatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline elongate subtriangular with greatest width near anterior, profile weakly dorsibiconvex. Beak straight, delthyrium with large conjunct alate deltidial plates, foramen oval, close to beak. Fold and sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate, low. Costae fine, increasing by bifurcation and intercalation. Dental plates short to absent, ventral muscle field large, rounded. Hinge plates short, divided, dorsal median septum very short, supporting posterior of hinge plates, dorsal muscle field elongate, divided by low myophragm, crura curved ventrally, laterally flattened. Permian (Kungurian-Kazanian): USA.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian-Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 863, 7a-h. * P. delicatum, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, a-b, holotype, dorsal and anterior views, x1, c-e, paratype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views of young specimen, x3, f, paratype, posterior of ventral valve showing alate deltidial plates, x2, g-h, interiors of dorsal valve showing cardinalia, x6 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 863. allorhynchidae (p. 1266-1270).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-386.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septaliphorioidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septaliphorioidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septaliphorioidea Yang & XU, 1966, p. 29101","Type_species":"S. paucicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Septaliphoroidea Ching, Sun, & Ye in Ching & others, 1979, p. 131-132, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Septaliphoroidea","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, roundly triangular to subpentagonal, depressed subequibiconvex, uniplicate, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold well developed, fold flattopped and truncated at front, covered with plicae, bifurcating on dorsal but intercalating on ventral valve, rounded costae, extending from umbo, 2 to 4 on fold, 3 to 4 on lateral slopes, beak straight to slightly incurved, narrow deltidial plates. Dental plates short, hinge plates divided, median ridge weak and low, septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"western China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 865, 5a-l. * S. paucicostata, paratype, Gheizhou, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MCMB DDR3C3, x2, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.25, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, MCMB DDR III D3-2 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & Xu, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 865. allorhynchidae (p. 1270-1272).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-390.jpg?height=465&width=1266&top_left_y=1548&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebratuloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Terebratuloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebratuloidea WAAGEN, 1883, p. 410","Type_species":"T. davidsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely subpentagonal and profile dorsibiconvex. Beak suberect and truncated by large circular mesothyrid foramen, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus moderately strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, serrate. Costae coarse, arising at beaks, rounded in profile. Dental plates close to valve walls, may be obscured by callus but distinct in specimen sectioned, teeth large, rounded. Dorsal median septum absent, hinge plates joined posteriorly by convex plate, divided for most of length, crural bases and crura horizontal to slightly oblique.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Pakistan, India, central and southeastern Asia, China, Europe, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 865, 2a-m. *T. davidsoni, Wordian, Salt Range, Pakistan, a-d, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, Buri Khel, x1.3 (new), e-m, serial sections 3.6, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 5.0, 5.2, 5.6, 6.4 ~mm from posterior, middle Productus Limestone, Seminodular band, Dhak Pass Nala, x1.4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 865. allorhynchidae (p. 1270-1272).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-390.jpg?height=465&width=1266&top_left_y=1548&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pontisia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Pontisia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pontisia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 13","Type_species":"P. stehlii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subtriangular to subpentagonal and profile dorsibiconvex, strongly inflated anteriorly. Beak suberect, delthyrium triangular, foramen elongate oval, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold and sulcus strong, wide, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, wide, typically tridentate. Costae strong, simple, angular, arising at umbones. Dental plates strong, vertical, ventral muscle field transversely subtriangular, expanded anteriorly. Hinge plates undivided, inner socket ridges large, inclined over crenulate sockets, dorsal median septum absent, median ridge low, dorsal muscle field elongate quadripartite, expanded anteriorly, crura with horizontal bases, strongly twisted to become laterally flattened, dorsally carinate, curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bolsovian)","First_Occurrence":"Bolsovian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bolsovian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"USA, Guatemala, Venezuela, Thailand, Spain, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"\u2014\u2014Fig. 866, 1a-g. *P. stehlii, upper Leonardian, Road Canyon Formation, Glass Mountains, Hess Canyon, Texas, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f, interior of dorsal valve, x4.5, g, interior of posterior of ventral valve, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 866. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-392.jpg?height=1435&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anteridocus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Anteridocus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anteridocus Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2054","Type_species":"A. gongylus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly. Beak suberect, delthyrium triangular, deltidial plates disjunct, foramen oval. Fold and sulcus moderate, extending from one-third shell length, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderate to low, typically triserrate. Costae coarse, simple, from one-third shell length. Dental plates strong, ventrally convergent, ventral muscle field cordate, expanded anteriorly. Hinge plates undivided but with deep notch, inner socket ridges narrow, dorsal median septum low, very short, crura laterally compressed, long, dorsally carinate.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 866, 3a-e. *A. gongylus, Leonardian, Cathedral Mountain Formation, Glass Mountains, Split Tank, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x2, d, interior of conjoined posterior, showing dental plates and cardinalia, x4, e, interior of dorsal valve, x6 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 866. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-392.jpg?height=1435&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antronaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Antronaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antronaria Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2036","Type_species":"A. speciosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, inflated anteriorly, suberect beak, triangular delthyrium, oval foramen, strong, wide fold and sulcus from umbones, uniplicate anterior commissure, high, wide, typically triserrate tongue, strong, simple costae arising at umbones, strong dental plates vertical to medially convex, large, cordate ventral muscle field expanded anteriorly, undivided hinge plates, absent dorsal median septum, low, thick median ridge, elongate oval dorsal muscle field, long, twisted, dorsally carinate, curved ventrally crura","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 866, 5a-g. * A. speciosa, upper Wolfcampian, Hess Formation, Glass Mountains, Taylor Ranch, Texas, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, f, paratype, interior of ventral valve, x1, g, paratype, tilted view of dorsal valve interior, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 866. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-392.jpg?height=1435&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bodrakella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Bodrakella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bodrakella MOISEEV, 1936, p. 47","Type_species":"Rhynchonella bodrakensis MOISEEV, 1934, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, oval, beak slightly incurved, thin, sharp, without pseudointerarea, sulcus shallow, fold weakly developed, costae coarse, simple, only near shell margin, growth lines well developed, no radial striae. Pedicle collar present, dental plates vertical, joined to shell not the whole distance, teeth massive, teeth and sockets crenulated, denticula absent, dorsal median septum weakly developed, hinge plate entire, at level of socket ridges, crura slender, ventrally incurved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian, ?Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian, ?Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian, ?Toarcian)","Geography":"Crimea, Bulgaria, ?Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 867, 1a-l. *B. bodrakensis (Moiseev), Pliensbachian, Crimea, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, x1.5 (new), e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.55, 0.9, 1.35, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.8, 3.2, CNIGR 601\/3808 (new, courtesy of S. V. Lobacheva).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 867. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-393.jpg?height=1842&width=1303&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=188)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Divaricosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Divaricosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Divaricosta Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 11","Type_species":"D. squarrosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subtriangular to subpentagonal, profile dorsibiconvex, not inflated anteriorly. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium wide, almost closed by large deltidial plates. Dorsal fold and sulcus low, from midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low to moderate, serrate. Costae varied in size, markedly fasciculate, increasing by bifurcation and intercalation. Dental plates strong, vertical, close to walls, ventral muscle field narrowly triangular, expanding anteriorly. Hinge plates large, undivided, inner socket ridges slightly overhanging sockets, dorsal median septum absent, median ridge moderately low, thick, short, dorsal muscle field elongate, quadripartite, expanded anteriorly, crura laterally compressed, not twisted, curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 866, 4a-f. *D. squarrosa, lower Guadalupian, Cherry Canyon Formation, Getaway Member, Guadalupe Mountains, Guadalupe Pass, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x2, d, interior of dorsal valve posterior, x4, e, interior of ventral valve, f, interior of tilted ventral valve, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 866. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-392.jpg?height=1435&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lirellaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Lirellaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lirellaria Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2031","Type_species":"L. costellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subpentagonal to subcircular and profile equibiconvex. Beak suberect to erect, delthyrium triangular, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen oval, submesothyrid. Fold and sulcus weak, arising at about midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, low, rounded. Costae fine, simple, extending from umbones. Dental plates short, strong. Hinge plates undivided, outer hinge plates small, inner hinge plates coalesced, inner socket ridges strong, dorsal median septum absent, crura ventrally curved, concave medially, laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 866, 2a-e. * L. costellata, upper Guadalupian, Bell Canyon Formation, Lamar Member, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, x2, dorsal valve interior, x3, e, interior of ventral valve posterior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 866. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-392.jpg?height=1435&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Lissorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissorhynchia Yang & XU, 1966, p. 14","Type_species":"L. pygmaea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Neowellerella DAGYS, 1974, p. 116 (type, N. vesca, OD)","Synonyms":"Neowellerella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, with flattened ventral valve, smooth posteriorly, with ventral sulcus and dorsal fold developed anteriorly, commissure uniplicate bidentate, each lateral slope bearing pair of marginal plicae, beak small, slightly incurved, disjunct deltidial plates narrow, foramen small, submesothyrid to hypothyrid. Muscle scars elongate oval, indistinctly differentiated into several pairs, septalium very small, median ridge exceedingly short and crura short and slightly incurved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)-Middle Triassic","Geography":"Caucasus, Russia, Lower Triassic, Alps, Himalayas, southwestern China (southern Qilian), Middle Triassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 867, 3a-l. * L. pygmaea, Anisian, Gheizhou, China, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MCMB DDR VI 1, x2, e-l, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.35, 1.4, 1.8, MCMB DDR VI 1-2 (Yang & Xu, 1966).\u2014\u2014Fig. 867, 3m-bb. L. vesca (Dagys), Induan, Scythian, northwestern Caucasus, m-p, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/71, x2, q-b b, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.66, 0.76, 0.96, 1.16, 1.31, 1.41, 1.51, 1.76, IGiG 394\/72 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nYang & Xu, 1966, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 867. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).\nfig. 867. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-393.jpg?height=1842&width=1303&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=188)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-393.jpg?height=1842&width=1303&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=188)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prelissorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Prelissorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prelissorhynchia Xu & Grant, 1994, p. 36","Type_species":"Pugnax pseudoutah HUANG, 1933, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Prelissorhynchia Xu, 1990, p. 68, nom. nud., ?Wellerellina Shen, He, & Zhu, 1992, p. 183 (type, W. chongqingensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Prelissorhynchia, ?Wellerellina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subcircular to ovate, profile inflated dorsibiconvex. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium open or with small deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus prominent anteriorly, tongue high, trapezoid, typically tridentate. Costae coarse, rounded, simple, from umbones. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates undivided, inner hinge plates arched, crural bases arising from dorsal edges of hinge plates, crura twisted, dorsally carinate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)","Last_Occurrence":"Scythian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)-Lower Triassic (Scythian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 867, 2a-k. *P. pseudoutah (Huang), Tatarian, Changxing Formation, Sichuan Province, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x3, e-k, serial sections (Xu & Grant, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Grant, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 867. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-393.jpg?height=1842&width=1303&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=188)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acolosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Acolosiiinae","Genus":"Acolosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acolosia Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2050","Type_species":"A. glabra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline elongate oval, profile equibiconvex. Beak suberect to erect, delthyrium open, triangular, deltidial plates absent. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus weak, limited to anterior third of shell, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, rounded. Surface smooth except for 3 very weak costae at anterior of fold and sulcus and 1 very weak costa on each flank. Dental plates strong, vertical. Hinge plates undivided, inner socket ridges stout, dorsal median septum absent, median ridge low, crura short, laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 868, 1a-e. *A. glabra, lower Guadalupian, Wordian, Word Formation, China Tank Member, Glass Mountains, Hess Canyon, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, d, interior of ventral valve, x2, e, interior of dorsal valve posterior, x6 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 868. pontisiidae (p. 1275-1276).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-394.jpg?height=777&width=631&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=855)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aphaurosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Acolosiiinae","Genus":"Aphaurosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aphaurosia Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 2048","Type_species":"A. scutata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely subpentagonal and profile dorsibiconvex. Beak suberect, delthyrium triangular, deltidial plates disjunct, foramen oval. Fold and sulcus low, wide, developed in anterior third of shell, anterior commissure uniplicate, low to moderate, serrate. Costae weak, low, rounded, developed only anteriorly. Hinge plates triangular, undivided, dorsal median septum absent, median ridge thick, short, low, dorsal muscle field elongate quadripartite, expanded anteriorly, crura long, concave medially.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 868, 2a-e. *A. scutata, upper Guadalupian, Bell Canyon Formation, Lamar Member, Guadalupe Mountains, Pratt Place, Texas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x2, d, paratype, interior of ventral valve, x1, e, paratype, interior of dorsal valve, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 868. pontisiidae (p. 1275-1276).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-394.jpg?height=777&width=631&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=855)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Petasmatherus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Petasmatheridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Petasmatherus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Petasmatherus Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 12","Type_species":"P. opulus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subpentagonal, profile equibiconvex. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium open, triangular, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus weak, anterior commissure uniplicate to rectimarginate, serrate. Costae coarse relative to shell size, simple, from beaks. Dental plates short, vertical or slightly convergent ventrally, close to or fused to walls, ventral muscle field elongate oval, expanded anteriorly. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum absent but low median ridge may be present, dorsal muscle field quadripartite, expanded anteriorly, crura short, widely divergent, laterally compressed, slightly curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 869, 1 a-h .*P. opulus, lower Guadalupian, Word Formation, Glass Mountains, Hess Canyon, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x2, f, hypotype, interior of conjoined valves showing dental plates and cardinalia, g, paratype, interior of dorsal valve, x6, h, hypotype, interior of ventral valve, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 869. petasmatheridae and amphipellidae (p. 1276-1278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-396.jpg?height=1580&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elassonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Petasmatheridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Elassonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elassonia Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 1935","Type_species":"*E. micraria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, outline subcircular to subpentagonal, profile equibiconvex. Beak straight, delthyrium open, triangular, deltidial plates absent. Weak ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, anterior commissure weakly sulcate. Costae moderately strong for size of shell, fasciculate, multiplying by bifurcation and intercalation. Dental plates short, vertical, close to valve walls, ventral muscle field elongate oval. Hinge plates deeply divided, dorsal median septum absent, median ridge low, dorsal muscle field elongate, quadripartite, expanded anteriorly, crura long, laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian-upper Artinskian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 869, 2a-h. *E. micraria, upper Leonardian, Road Canyon Formation, Glass Mountains, Old Word Ranch, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 3, f, paratype, ventral valve interior, g, paratype, dorsal valve interior, h, interior of inclined ventral valve, \u00d7 12 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 869. petasmatheridae and amphipellidae (p. 1276-1278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-396.jpg?height=1580&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iotina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Petasmatheridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Iotina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iotina Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 1944","Type_species":"I. minuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subpentagonal, profile biconvex. Beak straight, delthyrium long, open, triangular, deltidial plates absent. Fold and sulcus strong, narrow, from beaks, anterior commissure sulciplicate, narrow. Costae coarse for size, simple, arising near beaks, typically 2 on fold. Dental plates absent. Hinge plates deeply divided, dorsal median septum absent, crura short, laterally compressed, concave medially.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 869, 3a-e. *I. minuta, lower Bone Spring Formation, Sierra Diablo, Black John Canyon, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x2, d-e, paratype, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve interior, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 869. petasmatheridae and amphipellidae (p. 1276-1278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-396.jpg?height=1580&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptygmactrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Petasmatheridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ptygmactrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptygmactrum Cooper & Grant, 1976A, p. 1939","Type_species":"P. extensum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline transversely semicircular, profile equibiconvex, cardinal margin very wide, alate. Beak straight, delthyrium narrow, triangular, open, deltidial plates absent. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus very weak, anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly uniplicate, serrate. Costae coarse for size, simple, from cardinal margin. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates deeply divided, dorsal median septum absent, median ridge low, crura short, laterally compressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (lower Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (lower Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 869,5a\u2013g. *P. extensum, upper Leonardian, lower Road Canyon Formation, Glass Mountains, Old Word Ranch; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d74; f\u2013g, paratype, dorsal valve interior, ventral valve interior, \u00d79 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 869. petasmatheridae and amphipellidae (p. 1276-1278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-396.jpg?height=1580&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphipella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Amphipellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Amphipella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphipella Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 11","Type_species":"A. arcaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small with outline subcircular to subpentagonal and profile equibiconvex, Posterolateral pouches (apricatria of Cooper & Grant, 1976a, p. 1948) in both dorsal and ventral valves, visible as invaginations along posterolateral margins, Beak suberect to erect, delthyrium open, triangular, deltidial plates absent, Very weak dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly uniplicate, Surface smooth, growth lines pronounced anteriorly, Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, may be fused to walls, large, narrow-necked apricatrial pouches present each side of delthyrium, ventral muscle field small, heart shaped, Hinge plate divided, dorsal median septum absent, median ridge low, apricatria present \ufb02anking cardinalia, similar to apricatria in ventral valve and closing onto them to form globose pouches; dorsal muscle \ufb01eld weakly impressed, wide, multilobed; crura falciform, short, slightly curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA (Texas).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 869,4a\u2013g. *A. arcaria, lower Leonardian, lower Cathedral Mountain Formation, Glass Mountains, Split Tank; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views; f, ventral valve interior; g, dorsal valve interior, \u00d76 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 869. petasmatheridae and amphipellidae (p. 1276-1278).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-396.jpg?height=1580&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Sinorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sinorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinorhynchia Yang & XU, 1966, p. 32","Type_species":"S. bifaceta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, roundly triangular, ventribiconvex, thickest slightly posterior to midlength, completely smooth posteriorly, with 5 to 6 rounded, marginal plicae, dorsal sulcus developing from posterior and widening forward, becoming divided by 2 short plications at about midlength, commissure bidentate, flanked by round sulci, beak small, pointed, and strongly incurved, delthyrium small, open, possibly without deltidial plates. Hinge teeth small, dental plates, septalium, and median septum absent, with short median ridge only, hinge plates narrow, divided, crura short, hamiform, concavity facing medially.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China (Guizhou), ?Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 870, 1a-x. *S. bifaceta, Guizhou, a, holotype, dorsal view, x3, b-c, lateral, anterior views, MCMB DDRc65, x1, d-x, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.95, 1.0, 1.07, 1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.58, 1.65, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.25, MCMB DDKc65 1-3 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & Xu, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 870. sinorhynchiidae (p. 1278-1279).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-397.jpg?height=948&width=1301&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Volirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Sinorhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Volirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Volirhynchia D AGYS , 1974, p. 104","Type_species":"Rhynchonella volitans BITTNER, 1890, p. 47; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Uolirhynchia XU & LIU , 1983, p. 72, nom. null.  [Genus in need of revision; af\ufb01nities with Rhynchonellinae cannot be discounted.]","Synonyms":"Uolirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, unequally biconvex, ventral valve feebly convex posteriorly and \ufb02attened on lateral sides, strongly uniplicate; few, blunt costae only in anterior part, smooth posteriorly; beak suberect, ridges rounded, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates double, conjunct. Dental plates long, subparallel, pedicle collar absent; septalium deep, supported by high septum about one-half valve length, crura thin, intermediate between raduliform and hamiform, concavity facing dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian)","Geography":"Alps, Dinarids, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, ?India, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 870,2a\u2013u. *V. volitans (B ITTNER ), Anisian, northwestern Caucasus; a\u2013d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/226, \u00d7 1; e\u2013u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from \ufb01rst section, 0.0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3.7, IGiG 394\/228 (Dagys, 1974)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 870. sinorhynchiidae (p. 1278-1279).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-397.jpg?height=948&width=1301&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Rhynchonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchonella Fischer de WALDHEIM, 1809, p. 35","Type_species":"R. loxiae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Eurhynchonella Leidhold, 1921, p. 352, obj.; Rhynchonellis Keferstein, 1829, p. 50, nom. null.; Rhyngonella Fischer de Waldheim, 1843, p. 117, nom. null.; Rhinchonella d'Orbigny, 1851 in 1848-1851, p. 343, nom. null.; Rhynconella Carpenter in Davidson, 1853b, p. 35, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Eurhynchonella, Rhynchonellis, Rhyngonella, Rhinchonella; Rhynconella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtriangular, gibbous, nearly convexiplane and cynocephalous, dorsal fold high, ventral sulcus somewhat flattened, smooth stage long, costae few and sharp anteriorly, commissure uniplicate, acuminate to paucidentate, beak small, slightly incurved. Dental plates strong, septalium shallow, dorsal median septum short, crura short, raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian, ?Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)-Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian, ?Barremian)","Geography":"Britain, France, Germany, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 871, 1 a-v . * R. loxiae, upper Volgian, Khoroschevo, near Moscow, Russia, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior, BMNH B.39132, x1 (new), f-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, BMNH B. 1325 (Ager, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ager, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 871. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-400.jpg?height=1858&width=1296&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Curtirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Curtirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Curtirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 36","Type_species":"Rhynchonella oolitica DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Curtirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":"Curtirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, depressed dorsibiconvex, fold low, dorsal, uniplication tridentate to tetradentate, costae few, blunt anteriorly, smooth posteriorly, beak sharp, suberect, foramen hypothyrid. Dorsal median septum high, septalium small, pitlike, pedicle collar may be present, crura raduliform, distally expanded.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"England, ?France, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 871, 3a-j. * C. oolitica (Davidson), Aalenian, Cotswolds, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.31753, x1, d-j, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.6, 3.5, CDP 23, C. D. Prosser, personal collection (new, courtesy of C. D. Prosser).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 871. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-400.jpg?height=1858&width=1296&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fusirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Fusirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fusirhynchia Dagys, 1968, p. 68","Type_species":"Rhynchonella micropteryx D'EICHWALD, 1865-1868, p. 344, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, subquadrate, acutely dorsibiconvex, coarsely costate with few, deep, angular costae, median dorsal fold well defined, flattopped, bi- to tetradentate, dorsal umbo inflated, posteriorly smooth, ventral sulcus broadly trapezoidal with fairly extensive linguiform extension, umbo short, beak sharp, suberect to almost erect. Dental plates strong, ventrally divergent to subparallel, pedicle collar short, fused to dental plates, hinge plates subhorizontal, inner and outer socket ridges well developed, high median septum supporting deep septalium, crural bases triangular.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Volgian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Volgian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (lower Volgian)-Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Geography":"northern Urals, northern Siberia, ?England (Dorset)","Figure_captions":"Fig . 872,2a\u2013k. *F. micropteryx (D'EICHWALD), lower Volgian, northern Siberia; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, \u00d71; e\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from \ufb01rst section, 2.1, 2.6, 3.1, 3.5, 3.7, 4.4, 4.9 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 872. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-401.jpg?height=1821&width=1283&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homoeorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Homoeorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homoeorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 36","Type_species":"Terebratula acuta J. Sowerby, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 115, OD, non J. de C. SOWERBY, 1825","Synonyms_with_authors":"Homoeorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957); Blochmannella Leidhold, 1921, p. 356 (type, Rhynchonella Friereni Branco, 1879, p. 128, OD, error pro R. Frireni); Blochmanella Schuchert & LeVene, 1929a, p. 132, unjustified emend., Slovenirhynchia Sibl\u00edk, 1967, p. 159 (type, S. maninensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Blochmannella, Blochmanella, Slovenirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium (seldom large), subtrigonal to subpentagonal, cynocephalous, dorsibiconvex to almost convexoplane, strongly inequivalve and everted with uniplication acuminate to multidentate, dorsal fold high, sharp, and costae few and sharp anteriorly, starting after onset of fold, beak small, incurved. Dorsal median septum short and high, deep septalium, crura fairly long, raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian, Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Geography":"Alps, Carnian, Rhaetian, Europe (mainly southern), Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, southwestern China, Canada, Peru, ?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian-Aalenian, ?Bajocian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 872, 3a-k. *H. acuta (J. de C. Sowerby), upper Pliensbachian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, England, BMNH BM.67719, x1.6 (new), d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.7, 1.3, 1.7, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 4.5, Ardeche, France, FSL 49276 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 872. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-401.jpg?height=1821&width=1283&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kabanoviella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Kabanoviella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kabanoviella SMIRNOVA, 1973, p. 43","Type_species":"Rhynchonella obliterata LAHUSEN, 1874, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsibiconvex, costae simple, coarse, originating some distance from umbo, broadly uniplicate, sulcus and fold clearly defined, beak short, erect, pointed, foramen auriculate. Dental plates short, teeth crenulated, dorsal median septum long, reaching midlength, supporting short septalium, hinge plates broad, dorsally concave, indistinctly separated from inner socket ridges, crura ventrally deflected.  [Hardly distinguishable from Rhynchonella s.s.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Hauterivian)","Geography":"Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 873, 1a-d. *K*. obliterata (LAHUSEN), Ulianovsk area, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, MGU 139\/342, \u00d7 1 (Smirnova, 1990a)., Fig. 873, 1e-k. K. lahuseni, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.3, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.8, 2.5, 3.2, approximately \u00d7 2 (Smirnova, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990, \nSmirnova, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 873. rhynchonellidae (p. 1283-1285).\nfig. 873. rhynchonellidae (p. 1283-1285).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-403.jpg?height=1835&width=1298&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=190)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-403.jpg?height=1835&width=1298&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":129.86,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laevigaterhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Laevigaterhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laevigaterhynchia Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978, p. 112","Type_species":"Terebratula triplicosa QUENSTEDT, 1851-1852, p. 454, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Laevigatorhynchia Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978, p. 65 (alternative original spelling)","Synonyms":"Laevigatorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex, usually somewhat longer than wide, fold on dorsal valve and ventral sulcus, both distinct, deflected dorsally in wide, trapeziform, linguiform extension, beak erect or suberect, foramen slightly oval, 8 to 10 subangular costae, beginning closer to the anterior part of the shell, central fold bidentate to multidentate, surfaces smooth, without capillae. Dorsal median septum high and septalium small, crura allegedly falciform, in fact raduliform, distally expanded.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Carpatho-Balkanids, ?Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 871, 4a-l. * L. triplicosa (Quenstedt), Czestochowa area, Poland, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, Muz IG 1352.2.162, x1 (new), f l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.5, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 2.9, 3.6 (Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 871. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-400.jpg?height=1858&width=1296&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lunarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Lunarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lunarhynchia Jin, Mance\u00f1ido, & SUN, 1997, p. 392","Type_species":"Lunaria dorsata Ching, Sun, & Ye in Ching & OTHERS, 1979, p. 155, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, pyriform to pentagonal, almost convexoplane, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus well defined, developed anteriorly, linguiform extension subquadrate, lateral slopes smooth or with few, short, coarse plicae, plicae on sulcus and fold usually extending from umbo, ventral beak short and straight, beak ridges angular, foramen submesothyrid, delthyrium covered with symphytium. Dental plates vertical, subparallel, not extending beyond articulation zone, dorsal median septum reaching midvalve, septalium wide and shallow, hinge plates flat, fused with inner socket ridges, raduliform crura projecting horizontally to end ventrally incurved.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 873, 5a-n. *L. dorsata (Ching, Sun, & Ye), Qinghai, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 42838, x1, e-n, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.8, 0.9, 1.2, 1.55, 2.1, 2.4, 2.55, 2.95, 4.0, NIGP 42837 (Ching & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChing & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 873. rhynchonellidae (p. 1283-1285).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-403.jpg?height=1835&width=1298&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nudirostralina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Nudirostralina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nudirostralina Yang & XU, 1966, p. 21","Type_species":"N. subtrinodosi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nudirostrolina Sun, 1981, p. 196, nom. null., Nudirostrlina XU & LiU, 1983, p. 72, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Nudirostrolina, Nudirostrlina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex to gently everted, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold well marked anteriorly, commissure uniplicate, bidentate to multidentate, shell completely smooth posteriorly and with only few short plicae anteriorly and laterally, 2 to 5 on fold, usually 2 on each lateral slope, beak small, slightly incurved, deltidial plates small, covering delthyrium, hypothyrid to submesothyrid. Dental plates ventrally divergent, dorsal median septum short, supporting septalium, crura short, ventrally curved.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic-Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Guizhou, Qinghai, Tibet), ?India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 873, 4 a-l. * N. subtrinodosi, Anisian, Guizhou, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MCMB DDR IA4-2, \u00d7 1, e-l, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.9, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2.05, 2.2, 2.4, MCMB DDR Ia4-4 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & Xu, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 873. rhynchonellidae (p. 1283-1285).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-403.jpg?height=1835&width=1298&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Planirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planirhynchia SUCIC-PROTIC, 1969, p. 19","Type_species":"* P. tantilla, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to small, depressed subpentagonal, smooth in posterior half and covered with few, low, blunt costae in anterior half, commissure uniplicate, bidentate, or tridentate, linguiform extension flattopped, wide, and shallow, beak straight to fairly curved, with round submesothyrid foramen. Septalium wide, dorsal median septum low, long, and massive, crura raduliform, fairly curved.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)-Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Siberia, ?southern Europe, Yugoslavia (Carpatho-Balkanids)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 872, 1 a-n .* P. tantilla, middle Lias, CarpathoBalkanids, Yugoslavia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MFMGB 3\/1669, x1, e-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, 2.5, 3.1 (Sucic-Protic, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sucic-Protic, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 872. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-401.jpg?height=1821&width=1283&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchonelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Rhynchonelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchonelloidea BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 38","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ruthenensis REYN\u00c8S, 1868, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhynchonelloidea Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, strongly dorsibiconvex, rounded subpentagonal, more or less everted, dorsal fold pronounced and uniplication bidentate to multidentate, costae few and fairly sharp, starting before onset of fold, smooth stage negligible to absent. Dorsal septum strong, short, septalium narrow, pitlike, crura raduliform, may be distally concave.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)\u2013","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Asia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 873, 2a\u2013k. *R. (R.) ruthenensis (REYN\u00c8S), lower Aalenian, Aveyron, France; a\u2013d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, FSL 49254, \u00d71; e\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4, 2.9, 3.4, 4.4, FSL 49254 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 873. rhynchonellidae (p. 1283-1285).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-403.jpg?height=1835&width=1298&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"R. (Rhynchonelloidea)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"R. (Rhynchonelloidea)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"R. (Rhynchonelloidea) BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 38","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ruthenensis REYN\u00c8S, 1868, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcynocephalous, costae coarse, simple, \ufb02anks of fold and sulcus smooth; beak small, acute and erect; deltidial plates disjunct.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?Bajocian)","Geography":"Great Britain, France, Spain, Switzerland, Austria, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, ?Germany, Caucasus, Argentina, Algeria, southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 873, 2a\u2013k. *R. (R.) ruthenensis (REYN\u00c8S), lower Aalenian, Aveyron, France; a\u2013d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, FSL 49254, \u00d71; e\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4, 2.9, 3.4, 4.4, FSL 49254 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 873. rhynchonellidae (p. 1283-1285).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-403.jpg?height=1835&width=1298&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"R. (Aalenirhynchia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"R. (Aalenirhynchia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"R. (Aalenirhynchia) Shi & GRANT, 1993, p. 57","Type_species":"Rhynchonella subdecorata DAVIDSON, 1855, p. 21, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cynocephalous, may attain larger size, costae may be finer, denser, with 1 or 2 dying out along flanks of median fold before reaching front, incurved beak may conceal foramen and deltidial plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"England, Spain, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 873, 3a-l. * R. (A.) subdecorata (Davidson), Aalenian, Cotswolds, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1, d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 1.9, 2.3, 2.8, 3.3, 3.5, 4.0, 4.9, 5.5, USNM 123721b (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 873. rhynchonellidae (p. 1283-1285).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-403.jpg?height=1835&width=1298&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Piarorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Piarorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Piarorhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 34","Type_species":"Rhynchonella lineata var. radstockiensis DAVIDSON, 1878, p. 210, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Piarorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957); Tropiorhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 33 (type, Rhynchonella thalia d'Orbigny, 1850 in 1849-1852, p. 239, OD); Tropiorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":"Tropiorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, globose to depressed, nearly equibiconvex, uniplicate, dorsal fold low, flattopped, pronounced smooth stage posteriorly, costae rounded anteriorly, beak small, incurved. Dorsal septum massive, crura raduliform, thick horizontal hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)-Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Geography":"Alps, Siberia, Japan, western Canada and USA, England, France, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Ukraine, Morocco, Turkey (Anatolia, Taurids), Argentina, ?Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 874, 1 a-v . *P. radstockiensis (DAVIDSON), lower Pliensbachian, Somerset, England, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, BMNH BB. 33750 X1.5 (new), f-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.5, 4.8, J.197, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1962)., Fig. 874, 1w-y. P. thalia (d'Orbigny), Pliensbachian, Calvados, France, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MNHN, x1.5 (Ager, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMNHN, \nAger, 1962, \nAger, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 874. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).\nfig. 874. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-405.jpg?height=1828&width=1294&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-405.jpg?height=1828&width=1294&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Abrekia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Abrekia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Abrekia DAGYS, 1974, p. 98","Type_species":"A. sulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, moderately depressed, equibiconvex, sulcus on posterior half of dorsal valve and shallow ventral sulcus and low dorsal fold on anterior half, few rounded costae anteriorly, smooth posteriorly, beak suberect, ridges rounded, foramen submesothyrid. Dental plates short, ventrally convergent, septum and septalium distinct, hinge plates subhorizontal, crura raduliform, pedicle collar absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic-Middle Triassic","Geography":"far eastern Russia, Tibet, Himalayas, Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 875, 3ak. *A. sulcata, Lower Triassic, Induan, Scythian, Primorye, Russia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/40, x2, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.35, 1.55, 1.65, IGiG 394\/45 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 875. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-406.jpg?height=1870&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Aorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aorhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 173","Type_species":"A. ohaiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to moderate size, rounded outline, dorsibiconvex, moderate to great inflation, uniplication narrow, rounded, but fold and sulcus poorly developed, costae low, rounded, usually after a posterior smooth stage, beak large, blunt, erect, with large, round, mesothyrid foramen and long pedicle collar. Hinge plates small, septalium poorly defined, troughlike or pitlike, dorsal median septum short, raduliform crura short, distally bladelike and concave.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 875, 2a-k. *A. ohaiensis, lower Anisian, Malakovian, South Island, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, OU NZ 14667, x2, f-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.7, 0.8, 1.2, 1.5, 1.9, 2.3, OU NZ 177418 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 875. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-406.jpg?height=1870&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caledorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Caledorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caledorhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 209","Type_species":"C. caledonica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, rounded triangular to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, strongly inflated to globose, fold and sulcus well defined, uniplication shallow, flattopped, anterior margin may be geniculate, costae few, strong, rounded or angular, after posterior smooth stage, beak prominent, erect, with hypothyrid foramen and pedicle collar. Massive hinge plates with narrow, deep septalium, dorsal median septum long and high, shell thick, muscle scar may be deeply incised.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)-Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"New Zealand, New Caledonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 876, 2a-n. * C. caledonica, middle Temaikan, New Caledonia, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views of bivalved steinkern, OU NZ 17202, x1.5, f-n, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.6, 3.9, 4.7, OU NZ 17491 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 876. rhynchonellidae (p. 1289-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-408.jpg?height=1877&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cuneirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Cuneirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cuneirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 35","Type_species":"Rhynchonella dalmasi DUMORTIER, 1869, p. 331, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Cuneirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)\"","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, depressed subtriangular, convexiplane or convexiconcave, pronounced smooth stage with costae few, blunt anteriorly, uniplicate, but fold slightly developed, if at all, beak small, upright to erect. Dental plates gently convergent ventrally, hinge plates massive, dorsal median septum long and low, crura raduliform. Lower Jurassic (?Hettangian, Sinemurian-Pliensbachian, ?Toarcian): England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, ?Crimea, ?Algeria, Turkey (Anatolia, Taurids), Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Hettangian, Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian, ?Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Hettangian, Sinemurian-Pliensbachian, ?Toarcian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, ?Crimea, ?Algeria, Turkey (Anatolia, Taurids), Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 876, 1a-i. * C. dalmasi (Dumortier), lower Pliensbachian, Somerset, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, HM L.2464, x2, d-i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.2, 1.7, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, J.1202, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ager, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 876. rhynchonellidae (p. 1289-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-408.jpg?height=1877&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paranudirostralina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Paranudirostralina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paranudirostralina Sun & YE, 1982, p. 156","Type_species":"P. bifurcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtriangular to subpentagonal, equibiconvex, with greatest convexity posteriorly, uniplicate, with ventral sulcus and dorsal fold well defined anteriorly, shell surface smooth posteriorly, but with few subangular plicae anteriorly, increasing by bifurcation or intercalation, beak small, slightly incurved to suberect, foramen small, mesothyrid or permesothyrid, delthyrium open. Dental plates long, subparallel, hinge plates flat, merged with socket ridges, median septum high and stout, septalium deep, crural bases triangular, crura raduliform, strongly curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 874, 2a-k. * P. bifurcata, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 67016, \u00d7 1.5, e-k, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.34, 0.6, 0.78, 0.86, 1.04, 1.34, 1.54, NIGP 67018 (Sun & Ye, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nSun & Ye, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 874. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-405.jpg?height=1828&width=1294&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptilorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Ptilorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptilorhynchia CRICKMAY, 1933, p. 877","Type_species":"* P. plumasensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ptylorhynchia Smirnova, 1984, p. 77, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Ptylorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, triangular to subpentagonal, subglobose, dorsibiconvex, uniplication marked with strong, short, marginal plicae, anterior commissure rarely asymmetrical, dorsal fold almost imperceptible, ventral sulcus broad, shallow, linguiform extension trapezoidal. Dental plates long, subparallel, hinge plates horizontal to dorsally deflected, dorsal septum high with well-marked septalium.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Geography":"USA (California), western Canada (British Columbia), northern Siberia, Urals, ?Bajocian, CallovianVolgian; northern Siberia, ? Slovakia, Antarctica, Argentina (mainly circum-Paci\ufb01c), BerriasianAptian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 875, 5a-d. * P. plumasensis, Callovian, California, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, \u00d7 1 (Crickmay, 1933)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 875, 5 e-k. P. anadyrensis Dagys, Bathonian-Callovian, northeastern Siberia, Anadyr basin, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.8 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Crickmay, 1933, \nDagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 875. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).\nfig. 875. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-406.jpg?height=1870&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-406.jpg?height=1870&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rutorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Rutorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rutorhynchia SUN, 1981, p. 201","Type_species":"R. jieshanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Roturhynchia Shi & Grant, 1993, p. 18, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Roturhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval to trigonal, globose, equibiconvex, dorsal fold and ventral sinus low and flat with subquadrate linguiform extension, posterior smooth stage variable, few, stout plicae developed marginally, uniplication bidentate to tetradentate, beak sharp, pointed, and incurved, beak ridges angular, foramen small and mesothyrid to hypothyrid, delthyrium covered with symphytium. Dental plates subparallel, outer hinge plates narrow, dorsal septum reduced to low ridge and short, septalium undeveloped, only rudimentary pendant septalial plates, crura strongly bent, pedicle collar absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 875, 1a-m. *R. jieshanensis, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, NIGP 48427, x1 (new), f-m, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 3.3, 3.6, 4.3, 4.7, 5.0, 5.6, 6.4, NIGP 48429 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nSun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 875. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-406.jpg?height=1870&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sakawairhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Sakawairhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sakawairhynchia Tokuyama, 1957, p. 126","Type_species":"S. tokomboensis Kobayashi & Tokuyama in Tokuyama, 1957, p. 127, OD, Rhynchonella tokomboensis KOBAYASHI, 1931, p. 231, nom. nud.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderate size, subpentagonal or elliptical, dorsibiconvex, moderately to greatly inflated, strongly uniplicate, with fold flattopped and sulcus moderately deep, variable smooth stage posteriorly, few, blunt costae anteriorly, exceptionally noncostate, beak small erect, with poorly developed beak ridges. Hinge plates broad, subhorizontal, with shallow septalium, dorsal median septum long and high, dental plates well developed, raduliform crura long, sharply bent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (lower Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Lower Jurassic (lower Toarcian)","Geography":"New Zealand, New Caledonia,Ladinian\u2013lower Toarcian; Japan, Canada, Siberia, Primorye, Thailand, Hungary, Carnian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 875, 4a-d. *S. tokomboensis Kobayashi & Tokuyama, Carnian, Kochi, Japan, syntype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, x1.5 (Tokuyama, 1957).--Fig. 875, 4e-k. S. zealandica (Trechmann), Ladinian, Kaihikuan, Hokonui, New Zealand, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.3, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 3.0, 3.7, OU NZ 15789 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nTokuyama, 1957, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 875. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).\nfig. 875. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-406.jpg?height=1870&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-406.jpg?height=1870&width=1275&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":179.45,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinuplicorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Sinuplicorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinuplicorhynchia DAGYS, 1965, p. 56","Type_species":"S. kegalensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded-pentagonal, distinctly uniplicate but with low fold. Sulcus and fold with low, rounded costae, lateral surfaces smooth, beak short, suberect, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates thin, subparallel, pedicle collar absent, dorsal septum long, more than one-half valve length, septalium narrow, distinct, outer hinge plates broad, incipiently ventrally convex, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia, ?China, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 876, 3a-l. *S. kegalensis, Ladinian, northeastern Siberia, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, x1 (new), e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.7 , 1.3, 1.7, 2.2, 2.7, 3.2, 3.7, 4.5 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 876. rhynchonellidae (p. 1289-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-408.jpg?height=1877&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tainuirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Tainuirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tainuirhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 233","Type_species":"T. tainuii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtriangular to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, uniplication flattopped, bidentate to pentadentate, fold and sulcus broad and low, posterior part smooth or with faint capillae, anterior with few, strong, round or angular costae, beak prominent, sharp, erect, with small foramen and short pedicle collar. Hinge plates short, thick, with deep, narrow septalium, dorsal median septum long, high, crural bases triangular.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian, Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian, Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"New Zealand, ?New Caledonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 874, 3a-k. *T. tainuii, Oxfordian, middle Heterian, Kawhia, New Zealand, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, AU B254, x1.5, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, 4.6, NZGS BR1791, \u00d72.8 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 874. rhynchonellidae (p. 1285-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-405.jpg?height=1828&width=1294&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Talovkorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Piarorhynchiinae","Genus":"Talovkorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Talovkorhynchia SMIRNOVA, 1994, p. 31","Type_species":"T. pochialajneni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, moderately biconvex with prominent dorsal sulcus, deep ventral sulcus, and extensive trapezoidal linguiform extension, ornamentation of few strong costae with 4 on fold and 3 to 4 in ventral sulcus. Dental plates fused, hinge teeth massive, subquadrate, and slightly inwardly directed, hinge plates short, slender, dorsally concave, dorsal septum reduced to median ridge, crural bases with concave distal ends.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Geography":"northeastern Russia (Kamchatka)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 876, 4a-k. * T. pochialajneni, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 138 \/ 405, X1.5, e-k transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.4, 2.1, 2.8, 3.4, 3.6, 4.5, 5.3, MGU 138\/407, x1.3 (Smirnova, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSmirnova, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 876. rhynchonellidae (p. 1289-1290).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-408.jpg?height=1877&width=1287&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uralorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Uralorhynchiinae","Genus":"Uralorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uralorhynchia Dagys, 1968, p. 54","Type_species":"Terebratula striatissima D'EICHWALD, 1865-1868, p. 313, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to medium size, smooth, strongly dorsibiconvex, oval, with dorsal median fold high, ill defined, ventral valve with broad, shallow extensive sulcus and linguiform extension, uniplicate anterior commissure showing faint marginal plicae. Short hinge plates with inner and outer socket ridges well developed, thickened septalium supported by short median septum, umbonal chambers callus filled.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Volgian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Volgian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (lower Volgian)-Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"northern Urals, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 877, 1 a-t .* U. striatissima (d'Eichwald), upper Volgian, northern Siberia, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 256\/78, x1, e-t, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.4, 1.1, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.7, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 4.8, 5.2, 5.5, 5.9, approximately x1.5 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 877. rhynchonellidae (p. 1290-1292).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-410.jpg?height=1862&width=1281&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Omolonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Uralorhynchiinae","Genus":"Omolonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Omolonella MOISEEV, 1936, p. 39","Type_species":"O. omolonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, oval, unequally biconvex, ventral valve essentially flattened with wide sulcus, fold low or absent, anterior commissure distinctly uniplicate, smooth, with costae few and faint anteriorly, beak short, incurved, ridges rounded, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates, septum, and septalium distinct in young specimens, in adults umbonal chambers filled with callus, crura thick, raduliform, pedicle collar absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia, southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 877, 3a-v. *O. omolonensis, northeastern Siberia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, TsGM 30 \/ 4803, X1 (Moiseev, 1936), e-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, 2.5, 2.7, 3.1, 3.3, 3.6, 4.0, 4.2, 4.5, 4.7 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Moiseev, 1936, \nDagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 877. rhynchonellidae (p. 1290-1292).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-410.jpg?height=1862&width=1281&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Uralorhynchiinae","Genus":"Sulcorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcorhynchia DAGYS, 1974, p. 103","Type_species":"Holcorhynchia borealis DAGYS, 1965, p. 75, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, roundedpentagonal to oval, moderately equibiconvex, posterior with dorsal sulcus, anterior with low, indistinct dorsal fold and matching shallow ventral sulcus, costae few and rounded in anterior part, posteriorly smooth, beak short, incurved, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Young specimens with distinct diverging dental plates, high septum, supporting deep septalium, adults with massive cardinalia, umbonal chambers filled with callus, crura thin, raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia, Himalayas, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 877, 2at. *S. borealis (DAGYS), Norian, northeastern Siberia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 146\/118, x1.5, e-t, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0 , 0.3, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.1 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 877. rhynchonellidae (p. 1290-1292).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-410.jpg?height=1862&width=1281&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ivanoviella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Ivanoviella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ivanoviella MAKRIDIN, 1955, p. 83, non IVANOVA in ABUSHIK & others, 1960, Ostracoda","Type_species":"Rhynchonella alemanica sensu Makridin, 1955, OD, non Rollier, 1917, =Ivanoviella gaetanii Alm\u00e9ras, Benigni, & TINTORI, 1991, p. 431","Synonyms_with_authors":"=Jvanoviella MAKRIDIN, 1955, p. 83 (alternative original spelling, \ufb01rst reviser AGER, 1965, p. 611);  Ivanoviella Makridin, 1954, p. 103, nom. nud., Ivanowiella Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978, p. 65, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Jvanoviella, Ivanoviella, Ivanowiella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, sulcus and fold pronounced in maturity, radial costae numerous, narrow, simple, covering shell, beginning near beak after variable smooth stage, beak slender, short, usually weakly incurved, foramen elliptical, sometimes almost circular, submesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates thin, wide apart, becoming detached around articulation zone, crura short, bladelike, extending ventrally, dorsal septum thin, united with hinge plate margins, ventral muscle scars rounded-rectangular, dorsal anterior adductors pear shaped, dorsal posterior adductors oval.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Geography":"France, Germany, Switzerland, Russian Platform, Poland, Crimea, Caucasus, central Asia, western Himalayas (India, Nepal), China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 878,3a\u2013l. *I.gaetanii A LM\u00c9RAS , B ENIGNI , & T INTORI , Middle Callovian, Ryazan region, Russia; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.7, 2.05, 2.6, 2.75, 3.0, 3.1, 3.5, 3.7 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bihendulirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Bihendulirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bihendulirhynchia MUIR-WOOD, 1935, p. 104","Type_species":"B. afra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bihenidulirhynchia SHI, 1987a, p. 20, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Bihenidulirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsibiconvex, smooth and sulcate posteriorly, uniplicate anteriorly with low fold and about 10 subangular costae (3 to 4 on fold), beak erect, foramen hypothyrid, disjunct deltidial plates. Pedicle collar present, dorsal median septum short and low, septalium shallow, confined to apex, calcariform crura shaped as curved blades.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?lower Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?lower Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Somaliland, ?Kenya, ?Iran, ?India, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 878, 2a-j. *B. afra, ?lower Kimmeridgian, Daghani, Somaliland, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B. 85633, X1, d-j, transverse serial sections, BMNH B. 89276 (Muir-Wood, 1935).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1935","figure_index":"fig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":152.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bradfordirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Bradfordirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bradfordirhynchia Shi & GRANT, 1993, p. 26","Type_species":"Cryptorhynchia bradfordensis BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 228, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Sharpirhynchia, but dental plates gently ventrally divergent, septalium short, pitlike, or pendant (though allegedly absent), and crura with slightly more extended subvertical blades. Distinction between these two closely similar genera requires better substantiation.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 878, 5a-k. *B. bradfordensis (Buckman), Bradford-on-Avon, England, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 104765b, x1, d-k, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.9, 2.2, 2.8, 3.3, 3.7, 3.9, 4.2, 4.6, USNM 104765d (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":80,"beginning_date":165.87,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grasirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Grasirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grasirhynchia OWEN, 1968, p. 19","Type_species":"Rhynchonella grasiana D'ORBIGNY, 1849 in 1848-1851, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, transversely oval to subcircular, almost planoconvex, dorsal valve markedly convex with imperceptible median fold, ventral valve less convex with wide shallow sulcus, anterior commissure broadly arcuate, linguiform extension extensive, umbo short, beak suberect with small foramen and auriculate deltidial plates, interarea triangular, poorly exposed, beak ridges hypothyrid. Crura long.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (upper Albian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (upper Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, ?Poland, Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 879, 1a-k. * G. grasiana (d'Orbigny), Cenomanian, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MNHN 6497, Le Havre, France, x2, detail of apical region showing auriculate deltidial plates, Le Havre, France, BMNH BB. 84908, X6, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.1, 2.6, 3.0, BMNH BB.43909, Sussex, England, x3.5 (Owen, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMNHN, \nOwen, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 879. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-413.jpg?height=191&width=1233&top_left_y=1256&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":106.85,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Himalairhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Himalairhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Himalairhynchia Ching & Sun in Ching, Sun, & RONG, 1976, p. 292","Type_species":"H. media, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, roundly pentagonal, equibiconvex, truncated front and sides steeply sloping, fold and sulcus developed only in anterior half and demarcated clearly from sides, linguiform extension subquadrate, subangular costae starting from beak, furrows between costae projecting beyond margin of valves as slender spines and extending under costae of opposite valve, beak short and slightly incurved, beak ridges obtuse, delthyrium covered by symphytium, foramen circular, permesothyrid. Dental plates short, thin and ventrally convergent, hinge plates flat, subhorizontal, median septum supporting septalium, crura calcariform, distally modified.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai, Tibet), Austria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 880,2a\u2013m. *H. media, Tibet; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, NIGP 28746, \u00d7 1.5 (new); f\u2013m, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.9, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, 3.4, 3.8, 4.3, NIGP 28749 (Ching, Sun, & Rong, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 880. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-414.jpg?height=1454&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lotharingella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Lotharingella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lotharingella LAURIN, 1984, p. 368","Type_species":"L. woevrica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, globose equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, with arcuate uniplication relatively narrow but without raised fold on dorsal valve, fine costae developing after a rather well-marked sulcate stage (6 to 9 on uniplication), beak small, incurved, with rather sharp beak ridges. Septalium apparently absent, crura varying its shape during ontogeny, from calcariform to nearly raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bathonian-lower Callovian)","Geography":"France, England, China (Qinghai, Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 878, 4a-c. *L. woevrica woevrica, Bathonian, Lorraine, France, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Laurin, 1984), Fig. 878, 4d-l. L. woevrica minor Laurin, Bathonian, France, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.9, 2.2, 2.7, 3.1, 3.6, 4.0, 4.3, 4.7 (Laurin, 1984)","Museum_or_author_information":"Laurin, 1984, \nLaurin, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).\nfig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":163.41,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Malwirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Malwirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Malwirhynchia CHIPLONKER, 1938, p. 306","Type_species":"M. transversalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely oval, uniplication low, broadly arcuate, and dorsal fold ill defined, costellae numerous and fine, bifurcating anteriorly, umbo short, beak suberect with relatively large foramen, deltidial plates conjunct, auriculate, dorsal umbo planate. Median septum low, up to one-half the length of dorsal valve, crural bases extended dorsally, crura ventrally deflected.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"India, ?Don basin","Figure_captions":"Fig. 880, 5a-c. * M. transversalis, India, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH unregistered, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 880. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-414.jpg?height=1454&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Microrhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Microrhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Microrhynchia MUIR-WOOD, 1952, p. 124","Type_species":"M. barnackensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rarely sulcoconvex in early stage, becoming biconvex, everted, median fold and sinus often ill defined, shell smooth to finely costate, beak suberect to slightly incurved, deltidial plates conjunct in adult, hypothyrid to just mesothyrid. Dental plates thin, subparallel, median septum extending almost up to midvalve, crura calcariform, hinge plates almost indistinguishable from inner socket ridges and obliquely inclined relative to low median septum.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian, Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian, Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian, Bajocian)","Geography":"England, ?France, ?Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 879, 4a-k. * M. barnackensis, Bajocian, Northamptonshire, England, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH BB.9718, x4, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, BMNH B. 15856 (Muir-Wood, 1952).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMuir-Wood, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 879. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-413.jpg?height=191&width=1233&top_left_y=1256&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Minutulirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Minutulirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Minutulirhynchia SMIRNOVA, 1992, p. 27","Type_species":"M. triangularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sulciphoria Smirnova, 1992, p. 23 (type, S. acutimarginata Smirnova, 1992, p. 24, OD)","Synonyms":"Sulciphoria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, acutely biconvex to cynocephalous, with ventral sulcus deep, and linguiform extension greatly extended, 1 to 2 costae on lateral flanks of sulcus. Dental plates parallel to ventrally divergent, dorsal septum low, ridgelike, septalium almost sessile, crura strongly curved, distally shaped as flat, inclined blades.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk region)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 878,1ak. *M. triangularis, Callovian; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 139\/1311, \u00d72; e\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from \ufb01rst section, 0.7, 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, 2.32, 2.41, 2.53 (Smirnova, 1992).\u2014\u2014Fig . 878,1l\u2013v. M. acutimarginata (S MIRNOVA), Callovian; l\u2013o, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 139\/1673, \u00d72; p\u2013v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from \ufb01rst section, 0.2, 1.0, 1.5, 1.73, 2.46, 2.96, 3.56, MGU 139\/1701 (Smirnova, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).\nfig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptyctorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Ptyctorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptyctorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 47","Type_species":"Rhynchonella pentaptycta BUCKMAN, 1910, p. 103, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ptyctorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957); Ptychtorhynchia Ager, Childs, & Pearson, 1972, p. 163, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Ptychtorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, globose, subequibiconvex, uniplication low and wide and fold indistinct, smooth stage posteriorly and relatively strong, round, costae developed anteriorly (5 to 7 on fold), beak small, suberect, with hypothyrid, slightly rimmed, foramen. Dorsal median septum well developed, septalium variable, crura deflected ventrally as curved blades.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?upper Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?lower Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Toarcian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (?upper Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?lower Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?upper Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian, ?lower Bajocian)","Geography":"England, ?France, ?Spain, ?Morocco, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 879, 3a-j. *P. pentaptycta (Buckman), ?uppermost Toarcian, Aalenian, Dorset, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B. 68376, X1.5 (new), d-j, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.7, 3.1, CDP 7, C. D. Prosser, personal collection (new, courtesy of C. Prosser).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 879. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-413.jpg?height=191&width=1233&top_left_y=1256&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":179.45,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":45,"ending_date":169.67,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchonelloidella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Rhynchonelloidella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchonelloidella MUIR-WOOD, 1936b, p. 49","Type_species":"Rhynchonella varians var. smithii DAVIDSON, 1878, p. 213, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Phynchonelloidella SHI, 1987a, p. 20, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Phynchonelloidella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex to cynocephalous, ventral valve often almost flat, dorsal valve everted, strongly uniplicate, dorsal fold variably raised, costae numerous, fine, subangular (3 to 10 on fold), beak small, suberect to incurved. Dental plates long, umbonal chambers small, dorsal median septum low, supporting septalium, crura calcariform or slight variant thereof.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Russia, Crimea, Caucasus, ?Armenia, China, Argentina, Bajocian\u2013Callovian, ?Oxfordian; Spain, Aalenian; Morocco, Toarcian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 879, 5a-j. *R. smithii (Davidson), Bathonian, Bath, Somerset, England, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 75628a, x1, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9 , 1.6, 2.3, 3.1, 3.4, 4.0, 4.3, USNM 75628d (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 879. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-413.jpg?height=191&width=1233&top_left_y=1256&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rochatorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Rochatorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rochatorhynchia KATS, 1962, p. 132","Type_species":"R. rochatensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, equibiconvex, roundedpentagonal to broadly oval, maximum breadth and thickness at midvalve, sulcus and fold poorly defined, anterior commissure polyplicate with linguiform extension moderately long, beak short, suberect, beak ridges distinct, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid to permesothyrid. Pedicle collar present, dental plates thin, subparallel, dorsal septum low, short with septalium in early stages, hinge plates divided, crural bases often V-shaped.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Tadzhikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 880,4a\u2013l. *R. rochatensis, lower Maastrichtian; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, KHGU 4-787, \u00d71;d\u2013l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 1.6, 2.2, 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, \u00d71 (Kats, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 880. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-414.jpg?height=1454&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sharpirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Sharpirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sharpirhynchia Shi & GRANT, 1993, p. 49","Type_species":"Kallirhynchia sharpi MUIR-WOOD, 1938, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, depressed to moderately dorsibiconvex, subtrigonal to transverse-oval, uniplicate, with low dorsal fold, fully costate, with numerous fine costae and conspicuous, dense growth lines, beak suberect, with rimmed hypothyrid foramen. Dorsal median septum reduced, septalium absent (but if present, tiny, pitlike), relatively narrow calcariform crura.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, lower Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, lower Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, lower Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 879, 2a-k. * S. sharpi (Muir-Wood), lower Bathonian, Kettering, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 429195, x1, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.8, 2.1, 2.8, 3.2, 3.4, 4.0, 4.6, 4.8, USNM 429196 (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 879. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-413.jpg?height=191&width=1233&top_left_y=1256&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thurmannella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Thurmannella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thurmannella LEIDHOLD, 1921, p. 357","Type_species":"Terebratula obtrita Defrance, 1828, p. 161-162, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 124","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thurmanella Wisniewska, 1932, p. 3, unjustified emendation","Synonyms":"Thurmanella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex to almost convexiplane, with uniplication strong and fold slight, linguiform extension high, trapeziform, posterior smooth area variably developed, with numerous simple, subangular costae (4 to 9 on fold), beak small, sharp, suberect. Dorsal median septum short and thick, septalium poorly developed, crura calcariform, strongly curved and expanded ventrally, with distal points directed toward each other.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (middle Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian, ?lower Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (middle Callovian) - Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian, ?lower Tithonian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland, Russian platform, Crimea, Caucasus, China (?Qinghai), Argentina, ?Indonesia, ?Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 880, 1a-l. * T. obtrita (Defrance), lower Oxfordian, Lorraine, France, a- e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, BMNH BB.44154, x1 (new), f-l, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6 (Childs, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nT, \nChilds, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 880. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-414.jpg?height=1454&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":163.41,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":158.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Urbanirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Urbanirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Urbanirhynchia KATS, 1974, p. 252","Type_species":"U. urbani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, subequibiconvex, paucicostate with some intercalations toward the anterior margin, uniplication broad, arcuate. Septalium narrow and buttressed by euseptum, crura well developed, reported as calcariform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)","Geography":"Don basin, Crimea, Caucasus, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 878, 6a-d. *U. urbani, upper Turonian, Don basin, a, dorsal view, x2, b- d, holotype, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Kats, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kats, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waikatorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Waikatorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waikatorhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 243","Type_species":"W. waikatoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate-oval to subcircular outline, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, inflation moderate to great, dorsal valve with flat central part posteriorly and strongly convex lateral slopes, rectimarginate or with arcuate uniplication, fold and sulcus poorly developed, costae even and dense throughout, beak sharp, erect to slightly incurved, with sharp beak ridges and short pedicle collar. Hinge plates short, with small septalium, dorsal median septum high, narrow, dental plates wide apart, umbonal chambers narrow, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian)","Geography":"New Zealand (North Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 880, 3a-d. *W. waikatoensis, Tithonian, Puaroan, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, AU B273, \u00d71 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"MacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 880. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-414.jpg?height=1454&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nucleusorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Nucleusorhynchiinae","Genus":"Nucleusorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nucleusorhynchia Sun & Ye, 1982, p. 159170","Type_species":"N. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, gently biconvex, lenticular, smooth, rectimarginate, beak short and small, foramen permesothyrid, deltidial plates discrete, beak ridges rounded. Dental plates subparallel, septalium wide and shallow, median septum thick and low, crura rodlike proximally, narrow, bladelike, inclined inward distally, and slightly curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 881, 1a-j. *N. typica, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 67026, x2, e-j, holotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.68, 0.94, 1.12, 1.4, 1.58, 2.22, NIGP 67026 (Sun & Ye, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nSun & Ye, 1982","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Murihikurhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Nucleusorhynchiinae","Genus":"Murihikurhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Murihikurhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 131","Type_species":"M. malingi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small subtriangular to subpentagonal, equibiconvex, slightly to moderately inflated, lateral slopes of both valves more strongly convex than central part, dorsal valve flat or sulcate posteriorly, with uniplication broad, shallow anteriorly, fold and sulcus low, costae few, low, blunt, after long posterior smooth stage (exceptionally non-costate), beak small, sharp, erect, with rounded beak ridges, deltidial plates disjunct. Hinge plates thick, flat, often with medially ridged shallow septalium, dorsal median septum long, thin, moderately high.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (upper Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Carnian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, ?Sinemurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (upper Carnian)-Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, ?Sinemurian)","Geography":"New Zealand, New Caledonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 881, 2a-b. *M. malingi, lower Norian, Otamitan, Southland syncline, New Zealand, holotype, dorsal, ventral views, OU NZ 16428, \u00d72 (MacFarlan, 1992), Fig. 881, 2c-e. M. braxtonensis MacFarlan, upper Carnian-Norian, Oretian, Southland syncline, New Zealand, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, OU NZ 16641, \u00d71 (MacFarlan, 1992)","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacFarlan, 1992, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":26.1,"beginning_date":234.47,"ending_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":192.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uniplicatorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Nucleusorhynchiinae","Genus":"Uniplicatorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uniplicatorhynchia Sun & YE, 1982, p. 158","Type_species":"*U. trigona, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtriangular to round pentagonal, equibiconvex, smooth, broad, low ventral sulcus and dorsal fold, commissure uniplicate, flattopped, ventral beak small, incurved, foramen small, permesothyrid, delthyrium open. Dental plates long and parallel, hinge plates flat, subhorizontal, shallow, V-shaped septalium, median septum thin, high, long, crura raduliform, with trigonal crural bases and narrow bladelike distal ends","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai), Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 881, 3a-k. *U. trigona, Anisian, Qinghai, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 67025, x1.5, e-k, holotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.1, 1.5, 1.75, 2.1, 2.35, 2.7, 3.05, NIGP 67025 (Sun & Ye, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nSun & Ye, 1982","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bilaminella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Bilaminellinae","Genus":"Bilaminella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bilaminella BABANOVA, 1964, p. 66","Type_species":"B. inaequicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, depressed dorsibiconvex, broadly uniplicate, radial costae narrow, simple, rounded. Hinge teeth and denticula well developed, alleged radially bifurcated dental plates due to convergence of pouch structure walls with subparallel dental plates, septalium observed only in early stages of shell, crura calcariform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic , Upper Jurassic (Callovian?Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Crimea), central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 882, 2a-s. *B. inaequicostata, upper Callovian, Crimea, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, KHGU 4031\/8, \u00d72 (Babanova, 1964), e-s, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 2.4, 2.8, 3.1, KHGU 2007\/8 (Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Babanova, 1964, \nKamyshan & Babanova, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 882. rhynchonellidae (p. 1298-1299).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-417.jpg?height=1145&width=1288&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saccorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Bilaminellinae","Genus":"Saccorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saccorhynchia Ching, Sun, & Ye in Ching & OTHERS, 1979, p. 154","Type_species":"S. xiangdaica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large size, roundly pentagonal, dorsibiconvex, fold and sulcus low, developed only anteriorly, linguiform extension roundly arched, costae thin, round, beginning from beak and increasing by intercalation or bifurcation, beak short and nearly straight, foramen submesothyrid, delthyrium covered by raised symphytium. Teeth angular, dental plates short, subparallel, pouch structure present anterolaterally of dental plate, dorsal septum high, septalium short and shallow, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai, Xizang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 882, 1 a-p. * S. xiangdaica, Qinghai, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 42830, x1, e-p, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.65, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.9, 2.3, 3.25, 3.55, 3.75, 4.3, 4.8, NIGP 42830 (Ching & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChing & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 882. rhynchonellidae (p. 1298-1299).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-417.jpg?height=1145&width=1288&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Davanirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Davanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Davanirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Davanirhynchia OVCHARENKO, 1983, p. 42","Type_species":"D. davanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shells, rounded-trigonal, costellae numerous and thin posteriorly, passing into fewer rounded plicae anteriorly. Dental plates short, diverging ventrally, hinge plates broad, convex ventrally, inclined dorsally, dorsal median septum reduced to ridge, barely buttressing a nearly sessile, narrow septalium; crura raduliform approaching to spinuliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"southeastern Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 883, 1a\u2013k. *D. davanensis; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MUGT 92\/1266, \u00d7 1; d\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.5, 0.65, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, MUGT 91\/1266 (Ovcharenko, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 883. rhynchonellidae (p. 1300-1301).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-419.jpg?height=1652&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=188)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Akopovorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Davanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Akopovorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Akopovorhynchia Smirnova, 1990b, p. 47","Type_species":"A. akopovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acopovorhynchia Smirnova, 1994, p. 31, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Acopovorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, moderately to strongly dorsibiconvex, with numerous sharp, angular, deeply incised costae, dorsal fold well developed, commissure with fairly extensive trapezoidal linguiform extension, beak massive, incurved. Hinge teeth massive, deeply inserted with lateral secondary denticles, pedicle collar present, dental plates long, subparallel, crura with gently concave distal ends.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Geography":"northwestern Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 883, 3a-j. *A. akopovi, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1, e-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 2.2, 3.0, 3.6, 3.95, 5.12, 5.73, approximately x2.5 (Smirnova, 1990b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 883. rhynchonellidae (p. 1300-1301).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-419.jpg?height=1652&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=188)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cubanirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Davanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Cubanirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cubanirhynchia KAMYSHAN, 1968, p. 57","Type_species":"C. rostovzevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Marginal plicae formed by fusion of 2 thin radial costellae or by further growth of one of them whereas its companion vanishes, Pedicle collar present, dental plates diverging ventrally, septalial plates distinct, parallel to each other or converging dorsally sometimes, sessile in early stages, hanging free in other species, or joining to weakly developed dorsal median septum in later stages, crura calcariform or similar","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)","Geography":"Caucasus, Armenia, Alps, Trans-carpathia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 883, 2a-k. * C. rostovzevi, lower Bajocian, northwestern Caucasus, a, holotype, dorsal view, x1.5 (Kamyshan, 1968), b-c, holotype, lateral, anterior views, KHGU 6\/1485, x1 (Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973), d-k, transverse serial sections, 0.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.2, 3.0, 3.5, 3.8, 4.0, KHGU 6\/1488 (Kamyshan, 1968, text-Fig. 3, not 4).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kamyshan, 1968, \nKamyshan & Babanova, 1973, \nKamyshan, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 883. rhynchonellidae (p. 1300-1301).\n","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-419.jpg?height=1652&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=188)\n","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Furcirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Davanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Furcirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Furcirhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 59","Type_species":"F. furcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Furcirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957); Lineirhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 59 (type, L. cotteswoldiae Upton, 1899, p. 129, OD); Lineirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":"Lineirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, transverse-oval to subtrigonal, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, depressed to subcynocephalous, sharp uniplication and fold, capillate posteriorly, with few strong, sharp costae anteriorly, beak strong, upright, with large, oval foramen. Dorsal median septum long, hinge plates horizontal, with shallow septalium, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian-Toarcian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Slovakia, Italy, Austria, ?Switzerland, western Canada, Siberia, Japan, Indonesia (Seran), New Zealand, New Caledonia, Argentina, ?Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 884, 2a-k. * F. furcata, lower Pliensbachian, Dorset, England, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GSM 31871, x1.5, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 2.3, 2.9, 3.1, 3.4, 4.0, 4.6, 4.9, J.1068\/2, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1959a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 884, 2l-v. F. cotteswoldiae (Upton), Toarcian, Gloucestershire, England, l-n, syntype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, Gloucester Museum, x1.5, o-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.3, J.1157, personal collection, Derek Ager (Ager, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAger, 1959, \nAger, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 884. rhynchonellidae (p. 1301).\nfig. 884. rhynchonellidae (p. 1301).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-421.jpg?height=1216&width=1301&top_left_y=215&top_left_x=191)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-421.jpg?height=1216&width=1301&top_left_y=215&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rimirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Davanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Rimirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rimirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 60","Type_species":"R. rimosiformis, OD, =Rhynchonella anglica ROLLIER, 1917, p. 92","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rimirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, globose dorsibiconvex, subcircular, strong obtuse uniplication and fold, both valves bearing many fine capillae posteriorly giving way to few strong costae anteriorly, beak massive, strongly incurved with submesothyrid foramen. Hinge plates horizontal with deep septalium, crura raduliform, distally transitional to calcariform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (upper Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"England, Scotland, Germany, France, ?Switzerland, ?Crimea, Siberia, northwestern Canada (mainly boreal)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 883, 4a-l. * R. anglica (Rollier), lower Pliensbachian, Somerset, England, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, BMNH B.12282, x1.5, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.9, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3.8, 4.1, 4.7, personal collection, Derek Ager (Ager, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ager, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 883. rhynchonellidae (p. 1300-1301).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-419.jpg?height=1652&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=188)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":196.18,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rimirhynchopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Davanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Rimirhynchopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rimirhynchopsis DAGYS, 1963, p. 71","Type_species":"R. triadicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, laterally ovate or subpentagonal, with distinct sulcus and low fold, fine capillae posteriorly, rare, strong, rounded costae anteriorly, beak low, suberect, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates short, almost fused to wall, no pedicle collar, septum and septalium stout, umbonal chambers small, partly filled with callus, gently curved raduliform crura.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Alps, northwestern Caucasus, China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 884, 1 a-k . * R. triadica, Norian, northwestern Caucasus, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 179\/160, x1, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.6, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.3, 3.7, 4.4 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 884. rhynchonellidae (p. 1301).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-421.jpg?height=1216&width=1301&top_left_y=215&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Striirhynchiinae","Genus":"Striirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 68","Type_species":"S. dorsetensis, OD, =Rhynchonella dorsetiensis DAVIDSON, 1884, p. 277","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Striirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957); Stiirhynchia Ager, 1965, p. 619, unjustified emendation\"","Synonyms":"Stiirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, depressed, uniplicate, with many fine dichotomizing capillae, costae absent, beak small, sharp. Dental plates short, dorsal septum feeble.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bathonian)","Geography":"England, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Sicily, Caspian Basin, Transcarpathia, Caucasus, Armenia, Nakhichevan, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 885,2a\u2013o. *S. dorsetiensis (DAVIDSON), lower Bajocian, Dorset, England; a\u2013b, dorsal, anterior views, GSM 3758, \u00d7 2; c\u2013o, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, BMNH B.70673 (new; courtesy of C. D. Prosser).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 885. rhynchonellidae (p. 1302-1304).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-422.jpg?height=1827&width=1274&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capillirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Striirhynchiinae","Genus":"Capillirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capillirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 58","Type_species":"Rhynchonella wrightii DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 69, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Capillirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, globose, dorsibiconvex, rounded to subpentagonal, broadly uniplicate, with low fold, capillae all over shell, strong, sharp costae anteriorly (3 to 10 on fold), beak strong, suberect","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Poland, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, ?Hungary, ?Russian platform, Crimea, Caucasus, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 885,3a\u2013t. *C. wrightii (DAVIDSON), Aalenian, Cotswolds, England; a\u2013c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GSM 31942, \u00d71; dt, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 1.8, 2.7, 3.2, 3.7, 3.9, 4.5, 4.7, 5.0, 5.2, 5.6, 6.0, 6.2, 6.8, 8.4, 8.7, 9.3, CDP 27, C. D. Prosser, personal collection (new; courtesy of C. D. Prosser).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM","figure_index":"fig. 885. rhynchonellidae (p. 1302-1304).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-422.jpg?height=1827&width=1274&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lirellarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Striirhynchiinae","Genus":"Lirellarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lirellarina COOPER, 1989, p. 49","Type_species":"L. costellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, dorsibiconvex, subpentagonal, strongly uniplicate, narrow, rounded, dorsal fold, strongly raised in anterior third, costellate, with costellae bifurcating on umbones and flanks, beak low, suberect, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen oval, rimmed. Dental plates long, thin, parallel, dorsal median septum long, septalium small, raduliform crura.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 886, 2a-u. * L. costellata, upper Bajocian, Saudi Arabia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380241c, \u00d71.5; f\u2013u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.3, 4.6, 4.9, USNM 380690 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 886. rhynchonellidae (p. 1304-1305).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-423.jpg?height=1376&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neocirpa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Striirhynchiinae","Genus":"Neocirpa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neocirpa PROZOROVSKAIA, 1985, p. 110","Type_species":"N. armenica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, very small beak, uniplicate with fold low, arcuate, smooth or striate posteriorly, costate anteriorly. Entire hinge plates rather thin, septum ridgelike, septalium absent, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Armenia, Nakhichevan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 885,1a\u2013t. *N. armenica, upper Bajocian, Armenia; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, CNIGR 1166a\/ 12282, \u00d71; e\u2013t, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.1, 2.4, 2.8, 3.1, 3.7, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.2, 5.5 (Prozorovskaia, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 885. rhynchonellidae (p. 1302-1304).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-422.jpg?height=1827&width=1274&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trichorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Striirhynchiinae","Genus":"Trichorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trichorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 58","Type_species":"Rhynchonella deslongchampsii DAVIDSON, 1852a, p. 253, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trichorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, trilobate, dorsibiconvex, sometimes nasute, with wide uniplication, strong, flattened, high, narrow, dorsal fold, many fine costellae throughout, sometimes dichotomous or intercalated, beak massive.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France, northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 886, 1a-c. *T. deslongchampsii (Davidson), Liassic, ?Pliensbachian, Normandy, France, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Davidson, 1852a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nDavidson, 1852","figure_index":"fig. 886. rhynchonellidae (p. 1304-1305).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-423.jpg?height=1376&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthothiris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Acanthothirididae","Subfamily":"Acanthothiridinae","Genus":"Acanthothiris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthothiris d'Orbigny, 1850, p. 323","Type_species":"Hemithiris spinosa d'Orbigny, 1850 in 1849-1852, p. 268, SD Buckman & Walker, 1889, p. 43, =Anomia spinosa von Linn\u00e9, 1767, p. 1154","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acanthothyris Bronn, 1862, p. 303, obj.","Synonyms":"Acanthothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, globose, dorsibiconvex to equibiconvex, uniplicate with dorsal fold low, ill defined, fully costate, no smooth stage, with many costae, intercalating, bi- or trifurcating, coarsely spinose throughout, beak small, incurved, pedicle collar may be tubelike. Dorsal median septum low and short, crura raduliform, sometimes with modified distal ends, septalial plates narrow, poorly developed, usually on early growth stages.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Crimea, Caucasus, Morocco, Afghanistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 887, 1a-n. *A. spinosa (von Linn\u00e9), Bajocian, England, a-e, neotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, BMNH BB. 45400, x1, f, enlargement of dorsal view with spines, BMNH B.10617, x1.5 (new), g- n, transverse serial sections through umbo, x4 (Ager, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nAger, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 887. acanthothirididae (p. 1305).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-425.jpg?height=187&width=1271&top_left_y=1726&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kawhiarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Acanthothirididae","Subfamily":"Acanthothiridinae","Genus":"Kawhiarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kawhiarhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 255","Type_species":"Rhynchonella (Cryptorhynchia) kawhiana TRECHMANN, 1923, p. 283, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, rounded to transverse-elliptical outline, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, moderately to well inflated, usually with uniplication broad, arcuate but no definite fold, shell covered with rounded or angular costae, foliaceous growth lamellae, and crescentic or tubular spines, beak broad, suberect to erect with large foramen and pedicle collar thick. Ventral median ridge low, possibly occurring posteriorly, dorsal valve with broad hinge plate, long, low median septum, crura short, with vertical terminations.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian, Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian, Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 887, 3a-m. * K. kawhiana (Trechmann), Oxfordian, middle Heterian, North Island, a-d, dorsal, anterior, ventral, posterior views, NZGS BR2296, x1.5, e, latex mold of dorsal exterior showing spine bases, OU NZ 17239, x1.5, f, lateral view, OU NZ 17235, x1.5, g-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.4, 2.8, 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, 4.6, 4.9, OU NZ 17230 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 887. acanthothirididae (p. 1305).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-425.jpg?height=187&width=1271&top_left_y=1726&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraacanthothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Acanthothirididae","Subfamily":"Acanthothiridinae","Genus":"Paraacanthothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraacanthothyris Kamyshan in Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973, p. 67-68","Type_species":"P. paucicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paraacanthothyris Kamyshan, 1967b, p. 7, unavailable name; Paracanthothyris Kamyshan in Ager, Childs, & Pearson, 1972, p. 163, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Paraacanthothyris, Paracanthothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, with coarse, sparsely spinose costae, subdued on periumbonal region (3 to 7 of them on low dorsal fold), Dental plates ventrally divergent or parallel, dorsal median septum long, well developed, septalial plates wide, almost sessile in early stages, joining the median septum later, more rarely arising from it to form a V- or U-shaped septalium, crura calcariform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)","Geography":"France, northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 887, 2a-j. * P. paucicostata, Bajocian, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, KHGU 6\/ 1925, X1.5, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.4, 3.0 (Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 887. acanthothirididae (p. 1305).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-425.jpg?height=187&width=1271&top_left_y=1726&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Acanthothirididae","Subfamily":"Acanthorhynchiinae","Genus":"Acanthorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 69","Type_species":"Acanthothyris panacanthina Buckman & WALKER, 1889, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acanthorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, transversely oval, very slightly uniplicate, but no proper fold, thin test, very densely and finely costellate, often dichotomously, delicately spinose throughout, beak strong, sharp, suberect to incurved, disjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal median septum feeble, apically confined, crura calcariform or raduliform, cardinal process or small septalium sometimes present, dental plates weak, wide apart.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)-Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"western and eastern Europe, Africa, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 888, 3a-u. *A. panacanthina (Buckman & Walker), upper Bajocian, Dorset, England, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, BMNH B.12082, \u00d71 (new), f-u, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.3, 2.6, 2.9, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 4.0, 4.3, 4.6, 5.0 (Childs, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Childs, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 888. acanthothirididae (p. 1307-1308).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-426.jpg?height=1535&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Acanthothirididae","Subfamily":"Acanthorhynchiinae","Genus":"Acanthothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthothyropsis Kamyshan, 1967b, p. 7, Acanthotnyropsis Kamyshan in Kamyshan & BABANOVA, 1973, p. 64","Type_species":"Rhynchonella crossi WALKER, 1869, p. 215, OD, virtual monotypy","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acanthotnyropsis Kamyshan in Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973, p. 64, obj.","Synonyms":"Acanthotnyropsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, dorsal fold gentle to well marked, bearing 2 to 8 costae, costae simple, effaced posteriorly to smooth stage and bearing few rows of weak, mostly peripheral, spines, beak suberect to incurved, deltidial plates disjunct. Sessile septalial plates parallel or dorsally divergent, separated from myophragm, hinge plates absent, crura thickly based and sharply bent (allegedly calcariform or spinuliform).","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Pliensbachian), Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)","Geography":"England, ?Switzerland, ?France, Caucasus, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 888, 1a-q. *A. crossi (Walker), Bajocian, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1.5, d-q, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95, 1.05, 1.15, 1.35, 1.45, 1.65, 1.75, 1.85, 1.95, 2.05 (Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kamyshan & Babanova, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 888. acanthothirididae (p. 1307-1308).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-426.jpg?height=1535&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Acanthothirididae","Subfamily":"Acanthorhynchiinae","Genus":"Echinirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinirhynchia CHILDS, 1969, p. 73","Type_species":"Terebratulites senticosus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820 in 1820-1823, p. 268, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spinulirhynchia Smirnova, 1972, p. 52, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Spinulirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Acanthorhynchia, but smaller, equibiconvex to ventribiconvex, usually subtriangular, rectimarginate or sulcate. Dental plates and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (lower Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Aptian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)-Lower Cretaceous (lower Aptian)","Geography":"western and eastern Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 888, 2a-i. * E. senticosa (von Schlotheim), Kimmeridgian, Franconia, near Erlangen, Germany, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x1, e-i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.1 (Childs, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Childs, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 888. acanthothirididae (p. 1307-1308).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-426.jpg?height=1535&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":118.69,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Norella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Norellinae","Genus":"Norella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Norella BITTNER, 1890, p. 315","Type_species":"Rhynchonella refractifrons BITTNER, 1890, p. 39, SD ICZN, 1962, Opinion 633, p. 148","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, unequally biconvex, with dorsal valve flattened, anterior commissure unisulcate to plicosulcate, beak short, incurved, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid. Dental plates very short, fused to lateral wall, pedicle collar absent, septum and septalium absent, outer hinge plate narrow, fused with socket ridges, crura short, arcuiform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian), Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 889,2a\u2013d. *N. refractifrons (B ITTNER ), Anisian, Alps, Austria; dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, \u00d71.5 (Bittner, 1890).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bittner, 1890","figure_index":"fig. 889. norellidae (p. 1308-1309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-429.jpg?height=1728&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austriellula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Norellinae","Genus":"Austriellula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austriellula STRAND, 1928, p. 37","Type_species":"Rhynchonella dilatata SUESS, 1855, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Jacobella P\u00e1tte, 1926, p. 125, non Jeannet, 1908, Cephalopoda, nec Passendorfer, 1930; Cephalopoda, nec Mercier, 1935, Echinodermata; Austriellina Schuchert & LeVene, 1929b, p. 119, obj.","Synonyms":"Jacobella, Austriellina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small or medium size, subtrigonal, with anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently unisulcate, some species uniplicate, beak short, suberect, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Internal structures similar to Norella.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian), ?Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian), ?Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Alps, Dinarids, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, Indonesia, ?Vietnam, ?Himalayas, Greece, ?Lower Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 889, 5a-j. *A. dilatata (Suess), Norian, northern Alps, Sandling, Austria, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/209, x1.5 (Dagys, 1974), e-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, 1.0, 1.3, 1.8, MB B233.23 (Sibl\u00edk, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974, \nSibl\u00edk, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 889. norellidae (p. 1308-1309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-429.jpg?height=1728&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kericserella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Norellinae","Genus":"Kericserella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kericserella V\u00d6R\u00d6S, 1983, p. 9","Type_species":"Rhynchonella inversaeformis Schlosser in B\u00f6se & SCHLOSSER, 1900, p. 199, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subtrigonal to rounded, subequibiconvex, broadly sulcate anteriorly, costae few, strong, rounded after short posterior smooth stage, planareas flat, well demarcated by beak ridges, beak small, erect, lateral commissure straight, running in middle of planareas. Dorsal median septum and septalium absent, hinge plates missing, crural bases supported by elevated inner socket ridges, crura reminiscent of falciform but convex toward each other, possibly modified arcuiform, dental plates subparallel. Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian): Apennines, southern Alps, Hungary, ?Greece.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Apennines, southern Alps, Hungary, ?Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 889, 4a-k. *K. inversaeformis (Schlosser), lower Pliensbachian, Kericser, Hungary, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, HNHMB M.98.1, x2 (new), f-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.15, 1.6, HGI J. 9187 (V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 889. norellidae (p. 1308-1309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-429.jpg?height=1728&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pisirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Norellinae","Genus":"Pisirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pisirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 28","Type_species":"Rhynchonella pisoides von ZITTEL, 1869, p. 129, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pisirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, globose, subequibiconvex, sulcate, ventral fold low, possibly with few rounded plicae after long smooth stage. Umbonal callosities absent. Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian): Italy, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, ?southern Spain, Greece.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Italy, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, ?southern Spain, Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 889,1a\u2013e. *P. pisoides (VON ZITTEL), Pliensbachian, Kericser, Hungary; dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, HNHMB M.98.2, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 889. norellidae (p. 1308-1309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-429.jpg?height=1728&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rectirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Norellinae","Genus":"Rectirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rectirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 74","Type_species":"Rhynchonella lopensis MOORE, 1855, p. 114, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, subtrigonal smooth, depressed, gently ventribiconvex, sulcate, with strong ventral fold, short, straight hinge line, beak large, hypothyrid.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"England, Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 889, 3a-b. *R. lopensis (Moore), England, dorsal, ventral views, x4 (Davidson, 1878), Fig. 889, 3c-h. R. camporoverensis Ferrari, Bajocian-Bathonian, Trentino, Italy, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.1, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75 (Ferrari, 1962)","Museum_or_author_information":"Davidson, 1878, \nFerrari, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 889. norellidae (p. 1308-1309).\nfig. 889. norellidae (p. 1308-1309).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-429.jpg?height=1728&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-429.jpg?height=1728&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paranorellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Paranorellininae","Genus":"Paranorellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paranorellina DAGYS, 1974, p. 100","Type_species":"P. parisi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Paxanorellina XU & LiU, 1983, p. 72, nom. null.\"","Synonyms":"Paxanorellina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, thin, equibiconvex, smooth, with distinct sulcus on the anterior half of the dorsal valve, corresponding ventral fold low and flat, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak suberect, ridges sharp, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates short and diverging, pedicle collar absent, septum long, septalium distinct, crura close to spinuliform, allegedly raduliform. Lower Triassic (Scythian): Russia (Far East, Primorye), China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Tibet).","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)","Geography":"Russia (Far East, Primorye), China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 890, 2a-l. * P. parisi, Olenekian, Primorye, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/46, x2, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 2.2, 2.8, IGiG 394\/50 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 890. norellidae (p. 1309-1312).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-430.jpg?height=1844&width=1278&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costinorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Paranorellininae","Genus":"Costinorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costinorella DAGYS, 1974, p. 101","Type_species":"C. zharnikovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, rounded-triangular, thin, equally biconvex, dorsal sulcus shallow and broad, without corresponding fold, anterior commissure weakly unisulcate, multicostate anteriorly and smooth posteriorly, beak short and suberect, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates long and subparallel, pedicle collar absent, septum high, about one-half valve length, septalium shallow, crura spinuliform. Middle Triassic (Anisian): Russia (Far East).","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"Russia (Far East)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 890, 1a-k. * C zharnikovae, Primorye; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/51, \u00d72; e\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from \ufb01rst section, 0.8, 1.05, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, IGiG 394\/ 53 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 890. norellidae (p. 1309-1312).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-430.jpg?height=1844&width=1278&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qilianoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Paranorellininae","Genus":"Qilianoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qilianoconcha Ching, Sun, & Ye in Ching & OTHERS, 1979, p. 166","Type_species":"Q. corcula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subpentagonal to elongate-elliptical, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, commissure sulcateantiplicate, surface smooth, ventral valve axially carinate or with median groove marked by 1 short plica, dorsal sulcus variously developed, gradually merging into lateral slopes and sometimes with median ridge or 2 short plicae anteriorly, beak small and pointed, beak ridges narrow and rounded, foramen epithyrid, delthyrium closed by symphytium. Pedicle collar may be present, dental plates widely divergent ventrally, umbonal chambers narrow, about one-fourth width of delthyrial chamber, outer hinge plates slightly inclining toward dorsal floor, septalium wide and deep, septum attaining one-third length of dorsal valve, crural bases trigonal, crura allegedly prefalciform, also resemble arcuiform, extending horizontally, thinly ridge shaped in proximal part and upright short blades at distal ends.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 890, 3a-j. *Q. corcula, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 42868, \u00d7 1, e-j, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 2.1, 2.8, 3.85, 4.05, 4.75, NIGP 42869 (Ching & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChing & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 890. norellidae (p. 1309-1312).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-430.jpg?height=1844&width=1278&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holcorhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Holcorhynchellinae","Genus":"Holcorhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holcorhynchella Dagys, 1974, p. 110, *Rhynchonella delicatula BITTNER, 1890, p. 17, OD","Type_species":"Rhynchonella delicatula BITTNER, 1890, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, unisulcate young and uniplicate adult, distinct sulcus in posterior half of dorsal valve, posteriorly smooth, costae few, short in anterior part, beak short, incurved, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates subparallel, pedicle collar absent, outer hinge plates broad, ventrally convex on section, dorsal median septum high, more than one-half valve length, septalium distinct, crura as for subfamily.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian)","Geography":"Alps, Dinarids, Carpathians, Hungary, northwestern Caucasus, Turkey, Vietnam, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 890, 5a-u. * H. delicatula (Bittner), Anisian, northwestern Caucasus, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/234, x2, e-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, IGiG 394\/236 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 890. norellidae (p. 1309-1312).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-430.jpg?height=1844&width=1278&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Piarorhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Holcorhynchellinae","Genus":"Piarorhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Piarorhynchella DAGYS, 1974","Type_species":"P. mangyshlakensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Piarorhyncholla XU & LiU, 1983, p. 72, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Piarorhyncholla","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded-pentagonal, strongly uniplicate, posteriorly smooth, costae few and low anteriorly, beak short, suberect, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates subparallel, pedicle collar absent, outer hinge plates horizontal in section, dorsal median septum and septalium distinct, crura curved from cardinalia at right angles.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic-Middle Triassic","Geography":"Alps, Balkans, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, western Kazakhstan, Primorye, ?China, western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 890, 4a-s. * P. mangyshlakensis, Scythian, Olenekian, Mangyshlak, Kazakhstan, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, IGiG 394\/61, \u00d7 2, d-s, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, IGiG 394\/66 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 890. norellidae (p. 1309-1312).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-430.jpg?height=1844&width=1278&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praemonticlarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Praemontichlarellinae","Genus":"Praemonticlarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praemonticlarella Garc\u00eda JORAL, 1993, p. 75, *P. distercica, OD","Type_species":"P. distercica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Praemonticlarella Garc\u00eda Joral, Goy, & Ureta, 1990, p. 58, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Praemonticlarella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, round to subpentagonal, depressed equibiconvex, costae numerous, blunt, and radial, attenuated posteriorly, uniplication subrectangular, but fold not raised, beak short and erect, with sharp beak ridges. Hinge plates oblique inclined, dental plates nearly subparallel, septalium shallow, dorsal median septum long, low, crura arcuiform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (lower Aalenian)","Geography":"Spain, ?France, ?Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 891, 5a-j. * P. distercica, lower Aalenian, Spain, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, DPUCM HT.15.2, x3, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0, 1.1, 1.4, 1.65, 1.85, 2.1, 2.2, DPUCM FZ. 68.17 (Garc\u00eda Joral, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda Joral, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 891. norellidae (p. 1312-1314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-432.jpg?height=550&width=1267&top_left_y=1518&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":172.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aparimarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Praemontichlarellinae","Genus":"Aparimarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aparimarhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 65","Type_species":"A. dunrobinensis MacFarlan, 1992, p. 66, OD, non p. 16, confirmed by first reviser MACFARLAN, 1995, p. 527","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, slightly inflated ventribiconvex, rounded to subtrigonal in outline, rectimarginate or shallowly uniplicate, costae narrow, rounded, sometimes branching, other times with long smooth stage posteriorly, beak large, erect, hypothyrid elliptical foramen with conjunct deltidial plates. Broad, thick hinge plate, no septalial plates, dorsal median septum long, high.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic-Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 891, 2ab. *A. dunrobinensis, Etalian, Southland syncline, holotype, dorsal, ventral views, OU NZ 15533, x2 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 891. norellidae (p. 1312-1314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-432.jpg?height=550&width=1267&top_left_y=1518&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudohalorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Praemontichlarellinae","Genus":"Pseudohalorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudohalorella DAGYS, 1965, p. 66","Type_species":"P. sibirica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, trigonal, moderately equibiconvex, both valves medially flattened, with distinct sulci, beginning from umbonal part, anterior commissure rectimarginate, multicostate, costae sharp, beak short, suberect, ridges rounded, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates slightly ventrally divergent, pedicle collar absent, septum and septalium distinct, crura modified spinuliform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 891, 1 a-k .* P. sibirica, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 135 \/ 118, X3, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.4, 1.8, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, 3.8, 4.2 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 891. norellidae (p. 1312-1314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-432.jpg?height=550&width=1267&top_left_y=1518&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudomonticlarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Praemontichlarellinae","Genus":"Pseudomonticlarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudomonticlarella SMIRNOVA, 1987, p. 30","Type_species":"P. varia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, equibiconvex, striate, somewhat ligate, outline variable from rounded-triangular to rounded or pyriform, maximum width at midvalve, 3 to 5 small lateral folds or plicae, anterior commissure with lateral folds resembling Monticlarella, ventral sulcus broadly arcuate with trapezoidal linguiform extension, ventral umbo long with pointed and slightly incurved beak, foramen small, hypothyrid. Hinge teeth long, deeply inserted, dental plates subparallel to weakly ventrally divergent, strong socket ridges, elongated hinge plates supported by strong, low septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Volgian)","First_Occurrence":"Volgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Volgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Volgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Volgian)","Geography":"Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 891, 3a-p. * P. varia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 139\/570, x3, e-p, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.13 , 0.25, 0.35, 0.48, 0.61, 0.66, 0.76, 0.84, 0.96, 1.0, 1.06, 1.15, MGU 139\/584 (Smirnova, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 891. norellidae (p. 1312-1314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-432.jpg?height=550&width=1267&top_left_y=1518&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":139.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scalpellirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Praemontichlarellinae","Genus":"Scalpellirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scalpellirhynchia MUIR-WOOD, 1936a, p. 477","Type_species":"Terebratula scalpellum QUENSTEDT, 1851 in 1851-1852, p. 453, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, depressed equibiconvex, flattened anteriorly, uniplication low, flattopped, with at least 10 to 16 blunt costae anteriorly (3 to 6 of them on indistinct fold), beak short, erect, deltidial plates disjunct to barely touching. Dental plates short, almost fused to wall, teeth crenulated, dorsal median septum long, supporting wide septalium, oblique hinge plates, inclined dorsally, crura bladelike, nearly to arcuiform, allegedly raduliform or calcariform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (upper Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Bulgaria, ?Switzerland, ?Algeria, ?Turkey, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 891, 4a-i. *S. scalpellum (Quenstedt), lower Pliensbachian, W\u00fcrtenberg, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x2, d-i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, BMNH B. 38460 (Ager, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ager, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 891. norellidae (p. 1312-1314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-432.jpg?height=550&width=1267&top_left_y=1518&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":196.18,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wairakirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Praemontichlarellinae","Genus":"Wairakirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wairakirhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 55","Type_species":"W. etaliana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded to subtriangular, usually longer than wide, equibiconvex depressed to moderately inflated, shallow posterior sulcus and strongly convex lateral slopes on brachial dorsal valve, rectimarginate or uniplicate, costae strong, subangular to rounded, usually after posterior smooth stage, beak short, broad, erect. Hinge plate thick, with shallow septalium, dorsal median septum long, high.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian, ?Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian, ?Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian, ?Ladinian)","Geography":"New Zealand (South Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 891, 6a-j. *W. etaliana, Anisian, upper Etalian, Southland, a-d, holotype, dorsal view, dorsal internal mold, ventral, posterior views, OU NZ 17382, x2, e-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.6, 1.0, 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, OU NZ 15525 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 891. norellidae (p. 1312-1314).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-432.jpg?height=550&width=1267&top_left_y=1518&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diholkorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Diholkorhynchiinae","Genus":"Diholkorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diholkorhynchia Y ANG & X U , 1966, p. 24[99]","Type_species":"Rhynchonella sinensis KOKEN, 1900, p. 206, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dihorhynchia Xu & LiU, 1983, p. 72, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Dihorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, triangular to subpentagonal, with short hinge, biconvex, anterior commissure multiplicate, beak small, straight or strongly incurved, pedicle opening small, oval, deltidial plates conjunct, ventral sulcus well developed and limited to anterior half of shell, dorsal valve regularly convex, but with medial depression starting near umbonal area, widening at slightly anterior of middle of dorsal length, and weakening on fold, shell completely smooth posteriorly and marked only anteriorly and laterally with short plicae, costellae absent. Dental plates almost parallel, muscle scars pear shaped, pallial markings bifurcated in ventral interior. Dorsal interior with well-developed hinge plates, septalium, median septum, muscle scars oval, situated at both sides of median septum, pallial markings bifurcated.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 892, 2a-q. *D. sinensis (Koken), Anisian, Gheizhou, a, syntype, dorsal view, MCMB DDM4, x3, b-d, syntype, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MCMB DDM4, x1, e, syntype, dorsal view of steinkern with muscle scars, \u00d73; f\u2013q, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.9, MCMB DDKC 120 *4-2 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 892. norellidae (p. 1314-1316).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-434.jpg?height=1865&width=1284&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holcorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Diholkorhynchiinae","Genus":"Holcorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holcorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 28","Type_species":"Rhynchonella standishensis BUCKMAN, 1901, p. 245, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Holcorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957), Holochorhynchia Tokuyama, 1957, p. 133, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Holochorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subtriangular, depressed ventribiconvex, posteriorly sulcate, subcarinate ventrally with costae numerous, fine, blunt anteriorly after long smooth stage, beak small, hypothyrid slightly incurved. Persistent dorsal median septum, septalium deep, hinge plates inclined dorsally, arcuiform crura rather than raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"ower Jurassic (Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian-Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian)","Geography":"England, Portugal, Italy, Germany, ? Austria, Anatolia, Algeria, ? Sinemurian, Pliensbachian\u2013Toarcian; ?Siberia, ?Bathonian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 892,1a\u2013c. *H. standishensis (BUCKMAN), lower Toarcian, Gloucestershire, England; dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GSM 31920, \u00d72 (Ager, 1967).\u2014Fig. 892,1d\u2013i. H. yakacikensis AGER, ?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian, Turkey; transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.3, 1.8, J.1076\/3, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1959c).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 892. norellidae (p. 1314-1316).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-434.jpg?height=1865&width=1284&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maxillirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Diholkorhynchiinae","Genus":"Maxillirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maxillirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 55","Type_species":"M. implicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Maxillirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, round subpentagonal, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, fold and uniplication low, rectangular after short early sulcate stage, capillate throughout, few strong costae anteriorly, beak sharp, incurved, hypothyrid. Dental plates ventrally divergent, septalium pendant, dorsal median septum ill developed, crura weakly flared, pedicle collar absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian), Lower Jurassic (?Pliensbachian, Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian, Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian), Lower Jurassic (?Pliensbachian, Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian, Bajocian)","Geography":"Siberia, Norian; England, ?Pliensbachian, Toarcian; Caucasus, ?Italy, ?Aalenian, Bathonian)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 892, 3a-c. *M. implicata, upper Toarcian, Gloucestershire, England, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GSM 31938, x2 (Ager, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAger, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 892. norellidae (p. 1314-1316).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-434.jpg?height=1865&width=1284&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monticlarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Monticlarellinae","Genus":"Monticlarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monticlarella WISNIEWSKA, 1932, p. 55","Type_species":"Rhynchonella czenstochowiensis ROEMER, 1870, p. 247, OD, error pro R. czenstochaviensis","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular to subpentagonal with maximum width anterior to midvalve, slightly ventribiconvex, posteriorly sulcate, umbonally capillate, becoming costellate anteriorly with some intercalation, anterior commissure polyplicate with characteristic lateral enlarged plicae, small, sharp beak, tiny foramen. Dental plates weak to vestigial, dorsal median septum poorly developed, crura arcuiform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Callovian) - Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland, Germany, western Carpathians, Poland, Bulgaria, Crimea, Caucasus, Algeria, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 893, 2a-r. *M. czenstochaviensis (Roemer), Oxfordian, Czestochowa area, Poland, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, x1, e, detail of apical region showing deltidial plates, x5 (Wisniewska, 1932), f-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, J.1219\/2, Derek Ager, personal collection (Childs, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wisniewska, 1932, \nChilds, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 893. norellidae (p. 1316-1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-436.jpg?height=1830&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":162.66,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Batangorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Monticlarellinae","Genus":"Batangorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Batangorhynchia Sun & LI, 1990, p. 108118","Type_species":"B. xiaoleica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, roundly triangular to roundly pentagonal in outline, almost equibiconvex, anterior commissure sulcate, beak small, incurved, pedicle opening small, rounded, and hypothyrid, surface of shell smooth posteriorly and marked by low, rounded costae anteriorly. Pedicle collar and dental plates absent or fused to wall, teeth thin, hinge plates discrete, narrow, and tapering, inner socket ridges high, merged with outer hinge plates, crural base triangular, crura arcuiform, median septum just a ridge, septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Geography":"China (southern Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 894, 3a-r. *B. xiaoleica, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 97336, \u00d71; e\u2013r, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.6, 1.15, 1.4, 1.65, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1, 2.5, 3.1, 3.5, 3.8, 4.6, 4.9, NIGP 97337 (Sun & Li, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 894. norellidae (p. 1316-1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-437.jpg?height=1336&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capillirostra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Monticlarellinae","Genus":"Capillirostra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capillirostra COOPER & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Rhynchonellopsis B \u00d6SE, 1894, p. 78 (footnote), non VINCENT, 1893, Terebratulida, nec D E GREGORIO , 1930b, also Rhynchonellida","Type_species":"Rhynchonellina? \ufb01nkelsteini B\u00d6SE, 1894, p. 77; SD SCHUCHERT & LE VENE, 1929a, p. 107]","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Probably a juvenile form and a subjective synonym of Monticlarella W ISNIEWSKA, 1932, p. 55; cf. AGER,  CHILDS, & PEARSON, 1972, p. 181; SULSER, 1993, p. 32, unless recognizable as subgenus.];   [Capilirostra MAKRIDIN in SARYCHEVA, 1960, p. 257, nom. null.]","Synonyms":"Capilirostra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Monticlarella but rectimarginate; small, depressed, ventribiconvex, with grooves delimiting dorsal muscle scars and short crura.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian, ?Kimmeridgian):","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian, ?Kimmeridgian):","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian, ? Kimmeridgian):","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 893, 1a\u2013d. *C. \ufb01nkelsteini (B\u00d6SE ), Oxfordian or ?Kimmeridgian, Swabia, Germany; dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, \u00d71 (B\u00f6se, 1894).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 893. norellidae (p. 1316-1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-436.jpg?height=1830&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homaliarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Monticlarellinae","Genus":"Homaliarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homaliarhynchia SHI, 1990, p. 306","Type_species":"H. minuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell minute, gently equibiconvex and uniplicate, costate anteriorly after a long smooth stage, no sulcation in dorsal umbo. Dorsal median septum a vestigial ridge, septalium and septalial plates absent, hinge plates not differentiated, rudimentary dental plates fused to wall, crura arcuiform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"China (eastern Tibet), England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 894, 2a-q. * H. minuta, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MCMB M161761, \u00d71.5 (Shi, 1992); d\u2013q, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.2, MCMB L126172 (Shi, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 894. norellidae (p. 1316-1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-437.jpg?height=1336&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oriensellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Monticlarellinae","Genus":"Oriensellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oriensellina Smirnova in Smirnova & KONOVALOV, 1986, p. 75","Type_species":"O. minutalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Oriensirhynchia Smirnova, 1984, p. 116, nom. nud., Eastirhynchia Smirnova, 1984, p. 120, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Oriensirhynchia, Eastirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to triangular or pyriform, equibiconvex, smooth stage occupying half the length of shell, ventral sulcus shallow, dorsal fold moderately developed, beak long, slightly incurved, foramen small. Dental plates parallel to slightly ventrally divergent, sessile septalium developed, hinge plates short, dorsally concave, crura narrow, divergent, approaching spinuliform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Valanginian)","Geography":"Russia (eastern Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 894, 1 a-k. *O. minutalis, Primorye, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 245\/ 141, x2 (Smirnova, 1990), e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.9 , 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.1, 2.5, 3.4, MGU 245 \/ 145, approximately x4 (Smirnova & Konovalov, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990, \nSmirnova & Konovalov, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 894. norellidae (p. 1316-1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-437.jpg?height=1336&width=1294&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Osmarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Monticlarellinae","Genus":"Osmarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Osmarella PEARSON, 1977, p. 58","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Starhembergica ZUGMAYER, 1880, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, ribs numerous, low, rounded, branching occurring posteriorly or may be smooth, beak and area very small, sulcus and fold poorly developed. Dorsal median septum very low and short, hinge plate entire, crural bases bulbous, crura arcuiform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, ?Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)-Lower Jurassic (Hettangian, ?Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Slovakia, northern Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 893, 3a-o. *O. starhembergica (Zugmayer), Rhaetian, Austria, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1.3, d-o, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.6, 0.7, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.5, PC.28, personal collection of D. A. B. Pearson, to be placed in the Natural History Museum of Vienna (Pearson, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pearson, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 893. norellidae (p. 1316-1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-436.jpg?height=1830&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":199.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Suiaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Monticlarellinae","Genus":"Suiaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Suiaella MOISSEEV in WEBER, 1949, p. 109","Type_species":"S. weberi MOISSEEV in WEBER, 1949, p. 110; M","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Possibly a subjective synonym of Monticlarella WISNIEWSKA, 1932, or else a subgenus with sharper costation.]  [=Suiaella MOISEEV in RZHONSNITSKAIA & others, 1956, p. 61, obj.].","Synonyms":"Suiaella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular, depressed equibiconvex; rounded costae throughout, with some bifurcation; beak short, suberect, foramen small, hypothyrid; ventral sulcus broad with shallow trapezoidal linguifom extension bounded by marked lateral plicae. Dental plates ventrally divergent, not attached along full length.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian, Barremian)","Geography":"Crimea, western Carpathians","Figure_captions":"Fig. 893,4a\u2013o. *S. weberi, lower Barremian, Crimea; a\u2013d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 522\/3, \u00d7 2 (Smirnova, 1972); e\u2013o, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.4, CNIGR 299\/4802 (new; courtesy of S. V. Lobacheva).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 893. norellidae (p. 1316-1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-436.jpg?height=1830&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laevirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Laevirhynchiinae","Genus":"Laevirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laevirhynchia DAGYS, 1974, p. 91","Type_species":"Terebratula tricostata von M\u00fcnster in Wissmann & von M\u00dcNSTER, 1841, p. 57, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Levirhynchia Detre, 1972, p. 88, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Levirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular, smooth, moderately biconvex, ventral valve with marked sulcation originating from umbo and broadening anteriorly, dorsal valve with matching, arcuate, median fold, umbo massive, beak slightly produced, suberect, foramen small, deltidial plates absent, beak ridges well defined, permesothyrid. Dental plates absent, hinge teeth deeply inserted, outer socket ridges well developed, hinge plates short, crura wide, deflected ventrally, connected by spicules, dorsal septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"southern Alps, Carpathians","Figure_captions":"Fig. 895, 1 a-x. *L. tricostata (von M\u00fcnster), Hungary, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/219, x2, e-x, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.05, 2.15, IGiG 394\/220 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 895. norellidae (p. 1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-439.jpg?height=1618&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nannirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Laevirhynchiinae","Genus":"Nannirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nannirhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 67","Type_species":"N. subpygmaea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nannirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, globose equibiconvex, sulcate, with well-marked median uniplication and fold rounded to flattopped, with few rounded costae anteriorly, otherwise smooth, beak small, short, incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates weak, subparallel to dorsally divergent, often almost fused to wall, dorsal median septum absent, crura arcuiform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Pliensbachian, Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Pliensbachian, Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France, Portugal, ?Slovakia, ?Austria, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 895, 2a. *N. subpygmaea, upper Bajocian, Somerset, England, holotype, dorsal view, GSM 51308, \u00d7 2.5 (Ager, 1967)., Fig. 895, 2b-t. N. pygmaea (Morris), Toarcian, Peniche, Portugal, b- d, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, FSL 305185, approximately \u00d7 2.5, e-t, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, FSL 307191 (Alm\u00e9ras & others, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAger, 1967, \nAlm\u00e9ras & others, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 895. norellidae (p. 1319).\nfig. 895. norellidae (p. 1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-439.jpg?height=1618&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-439.jpg?height=1618&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ochotorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Ochotorhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ochotorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ochotorhynchia DAGYS, 1968, p. 47","Type_species":"O. omolonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, thin, planoconvex, with few, low, rounded costae, distinct sulcus on dorsal valve, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak suberect, ridges distinct, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates absent. Dental plates and pedicle collar absent, cardinalia massive, fused inner socket ridges and hinge plates similar to brachiophores, crura thick, knoblike, almost reaching ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 896, 1a-r. *O. omolonensis, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 231\/78, x3, e-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 896. ochotorhynchiidae and tethyrhynchiidae (p. 1321-1325).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-441.jpg?height=1028&width=1273&top_left_y=1033&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":192.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tonasirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Ochotorhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tonasirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tonasirhynchia Lobacheva & SMIRNOVA, 1994, p. 131","Type_species":"T. janini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Ventribiconvex, transversely oval in outline with dorsal sulcus and anterior commissure broad, arcuate and ventral fold smooth, umbo low, broad and beak small, valves ornamented by numerous fine plicae developing anteriorly. Pedicle collar present, dental plates undifferentiated, inner socket ridges high, hinge plates strongly inclined toward floor of dorsal valve, crural bases rounded in outline, developing thick, platelike crura fused with socket ridges.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Crimea)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 896, 3a-q. * T. janini, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, CNIGR 1\/12075, x2, e-q, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, CNIGR 5\/12810, approximately x3 (Lobacheva & Smirnova, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCNIGR, \nLobacheva & Smirnova, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 896. ochotorhynchiidae and tethyrhynchiidae (p. 1321-1325).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-441.jpg?height=1028&width=1273&top_left_y=1033&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Frieleia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Frieleiinae","Genus":"Frieleia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Frieleia DALL, 1895, p. 713","Type_species":"F. halli DALL, 1895, p. 714, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-oval to subtrigonal, rectimarginate to ligate, shell surface smooth to faintly costellate, beak short, nearly straight to suberect, hypothyrid, deltidial plates thick, disjunct. Inner hinge plates strongly developed, median dorsal septum supporting short septalium, crura long and divergent.  [Living species range from bathyal to neritic.]","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (?Danian)","First_Occurrence":"Danian","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene), Holocene [Living species range from bathyal to neritic.]","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (?Danian), Neogene (Miocene), Holocene","Geography":"western USA, North Pacific","Figure_captions":"Fig. 897, 3a-l. *F. halli, Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, off Kamchatka, North Pacific, USNM 110830a, x1, d, internal view of ventral valve showing dental plates and foramen, off Kamchatka, North Pacific, USNM 110830b, x2, e, internal view of dorsal valve showing crura, off San Diego, California, USA, USNM 549348b, x4 (Cooper, 1959), f-l, transverse serial sections through dorsal umbo (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959, \nDagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 897. frieleiidae (p. 1321).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-442.jpg?height=149&width=356&top_left_y=1390&top_left_x=960)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Compsothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Frieleiinae","Genus":"Compsothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Compsothyris JACKSON, 1918, p. 188","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Racovitzae JOUBIN, 1901, p. 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Uniplication trigonal, broad, gentle, dorsal fold poorly developed, shell surface with fine radial striae, foramen hypothyrid. Median dorsal septum ridgelike, supporting small septalium, crura somewhat spatulate, flat.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 897, 2a-e. * C. racovitzae (Joubin), McMurdo Sound, a, enlarged dorsal view, x2, b-c, lateral, anterior views, x1, d, ventral umbo showing foramen, deltidial plates, and hinge teeth, x4, e, dorsal umbo showing crura, USNM 549343, x4 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 897. frieleiidae (p. 1321).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-442.jpg?height=149&width=356&top_left_y=1390&top_left_x=960)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grammetaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Frieleiinae","Genus":"Grammetaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grammetaria COOPER, 1959, p. 58","Type_species":"Hemithyris bartschi DALL, 1920, p. 289, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongatetrigonal, rectimarginate, capillate, beak small, suberect, foramen comparatively large, hypothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, auriculate, crura short, dorsal median ridge or septum stout, supporting wide septalium","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Philippines, Molluccas, off Bali, New Caledonia, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 897, 1a-e. * G. bartschi (Dall), Mollucca Pass, a, enlarged dorsal view, x2, b-c, lateral, anterior view, x1, d, detail of ventral umbo, x4, e, holotype, oblique view of dorsal umbo showing cardinalia and crura, USNM 239269, x4 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 897. frieleiidae (p. 1321).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-442.jpg?height=149&width=356&top_left_y=1390&top_left_x=960)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hispanirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Hispanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Hispanirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hispanirhynchia THOMSON, 1927, p. 159","Type_species":"Rhynchonella cornea Fischer (MS) in DAVIDSON, 1887, p. 171, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-triangular with greatest width anterior to midvalve, ventribiconvex, rectimarginate to incipiently uniplicate, beak short, suberect, foramen large, incomplete, hypothyrid, deltidial plates small, disjunct. Ventral valve with well-developed but incomplete pedicle collar and thick teeth supported by short dental plates, dorsal valve with crenulated sockets, small and narrow hinge plates, short bladelike crura and thick median ridge extending to apex of valve.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene), Holocene","Geography":"Cuba, Eocene, Morocco, off Sudan and Canary Islands to Cape Finistere, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 898,1a\u2013e. *H. cornea (FISCHER), Holocene, off Mogador, Morocco; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 130327a, \u00d71; d, dorsal interior showing cardinalia and crura, USNM 130327d, \u00d76; e, ventral umbo, USNM 130327c, \u00d74 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Abyssorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Hispanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Abyssorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Abyssorhynchia Zezina, 1980, p. 16","Type_species":"Hemithyris craneana DALL, 1895, p. 717, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, translucent, rounded-triangular, rectimarginate to broadly sulcate, ventribiconvex, shell smooth to faintly striate, beak short, suberect, foramen open, large, hypothyrid. Dorsal septum very short and low, crura anteriorly enlarged, forming small, flat, spadelike distal ends.\"","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"southeastern Pacific Ocean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 898, 2a-e. *A. craneana (D ALL ), off Cocos Island, Panama; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71; d, detail of beak region, \u00d7 4; e, holotype, cardinalia and crura in dorsal interior, USNM 122861, \u00d74 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Manithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Hispanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Manithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Manithyris FOSTER, 1974, p. 55","Type_species":"M. rossi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subequibiconvex, broadest anterior to midlength, finely capillate shell surface and irregularly ligate anterior commissure. Widely spaced crura spatulate, with outer surfaces strongly convex and inner surfaces concave, transitional between spinuliform and arcuiform, low dorsal median ridge, outer hinge plate narrow, no inner hinge plate.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Antarctica (Ross Sea)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 898, 3a-f. *M. rossi, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, x1.5, e, dorsal interior, x5, f, holotype, oblique view of cardinalia, USNM 549997, x5 (Foster, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nFoster, 1974","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphenarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Hispanirhynchiinae","Genus":"Sphenarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphenarina COOPER, 1959, p. 62","Type_species":"Rhynchonella sicula Seguenza in DAVIDSON, 1870, p. 461, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Triangular in outline with greatest width anterior to midvalve, slightly ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, shell surface with fine radial striae. Similar in general character to Hispanirhynchia but without dorsal ridge or low septum. Living species are bathyal.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene),","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene), Holocene","Geography":"Mediterranean region, Pliocene, Flores Sea, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 898, 4a-f. *S. sicula (Seguenza), Pliocene, Messina, Sicily, a, enlarged dorsal view, x2, b-e, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior view, USNM 173728s, x1, f, interior of dorsal umbo showing cardinalia and crura, USNM 549318a, x10 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Neorhynchiinae","Genus":"Neorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neorhynchia THOMSON, 1915, p. 388","Type_species":"Hemithyris strebeli DALL, 1908, p. 441, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Suboval to pentagonal, gently ventribiconvex, typically sulcate, smooth, broad but deep, arcuate anterior commissure, beak short, hypothyrid, foramen moderate, deltidial plates disjunct. Crura short, gently arcuiform.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Pacific Ocean, abyssal, shallower in Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 898, 5a-f. * N. strebeli (DALL), mid-Pacific, a-d, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, USNM 110741a, x2, e, oblique view of crura, x4, f, holotype, detail of ventral umbo, USNM 110741, X4 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tethyrhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Tethyrhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tethyrhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tethyrhynchia Logan in Logan & ZIBROWIUS, 1994, p. 79","Type_species":"T. mediterranea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, smooth, translucent to transparent, subcircular, rectimarginate, almost equibiconvex with ventral valve barely deeper than dorsal, beak large, produced, slightly incurved, deltidium incomplete, deltidial plates disjunct, foramen comparatively large.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"southern France, off Tunisia, Croatia (in submarine caves)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 896, 2a-f. * T. mediterranea, paratype, Marseille region, French coast, a, dorsal view, USNM 477119, x25, b, lateral view, USNM 477121, x25, c, anterior view, USNM 477120, x25, d, ventral interior, USNM 477123, x36, e, detail of apical region showing deltidium and foramen, USNM 477119, x50, f, dorsal interior showing flared arcuiform crura, USNM 477125, \u00d736 (Logan & Zibrowius, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nLogan & Zibrowius, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 896. ochotorhynchiidae and tethyrhynchiidae (p. 1321-1325).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-441.jpg?height=1028&width=1273&top_left_y=1033&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemithiris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Hemithirididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hemithiris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemithiris D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 268","Type_species":"Anomia psittacea Gmelin, 1790, p. 3348, SD DAVIDSON, 1852a, p. 252","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hemithyris Bronn, 1848, p. 246, obj., unjustified emendation","Synonyms":"Hemithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, trigonal, uniplicate, finely costellate, finely striate to smooth, beak long, suberect, hypothyrid. Ventral median ridge posteriorly, dorsal median ridge low, crura long, flattened posteriorly, and with moderate concave surfaces dorsally becoming more acute at the distal ends.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene) - Holocene","Geography":"England, Belgium, Japan, Alaska, Canada, Sicily, Pliocene\u2013Pleistocene; from Alaska to Japan via European Mediterranean and North Atlantic to North Paci\ufb01c, Holocene; Antarctica (Cockburn and Seymour Islands), EoceneOligocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 899, 2a-f. *H. psittacea (Gmelin), Holocene, Alaska, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 111004a, x1, d, internal view of dorsal valve showing crura and low median ridge, x2, e, ventral interior showing dental plates and teeth, x2, f, dorsal interior showing crura, USNM 111004b, x3 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 899. hemithirididae (p. 1326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-446.jpg?height=1435&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Patagorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Hemithirididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Patagorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Patagorhynchia ALLAN, 1938, p. 199","Type_species":"Rhynchonella patagonica von IHERING, 1903, p. 334, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular to subpentagonal, uniplicate, finely costate with growth lines prominent anteriorly, dorsal fold well defined, ventral sulcus shallow, broadly trapezoidal. Beak small, nearly straight, foramen submesothyrid.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"Argentina, Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 899, 1a-e. *P. patagonica (von Ihering), Santa Cruz province, Argentina, dorsal, ventral interior, lateral, anterior, dorsal interior showing thickened cardinalia and crura, x1 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 899. hemithirididae (p. 1326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-446.jpg?height=1435&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pemphixina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Hemithirididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pemphixina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pemphixina COOPER, 1981, p. 13-14","Type_species":"Rhynchonella nigricans var. pyxidata DAVIDSON, 1880, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, moderately dorsibiconvex, rounded to globular, strongly uniplicate, but dorsal fold scarcely raised, beak short, erect, foramen hypothyrid, elongate-oval, small, deltidial plates disjunct, shell surface multicostellate, costellae rounded, interrupted by numerous concentric growth lines. Hinge teeth thick, buttressed by short dental plates, crura short, crescentic in cross section, incipiently canaliform, dorsal median septum short but rising to crest just anterior to crura.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"southern Indian Ocean (Kerguelen and Amsterdam Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 899, 3a-f. *P. pyxidata (Davidson), off Kerguelen Island, a, dorsal view, MNHN BRA-78-15d, x2, b-c, lateral, anterior views, MNHN BRA-78-15h, x1, d, oblique view of crura and cardinalium, MNHN BRA-78-15f, x2, e, ventral interior, x2, f, dorsal interior showing septum and cardinalia, MNHN BRA-78-15i, x2 (Cooper, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"MNHN, \nCooper, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 899. hemithirididae (p. 1326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-446.jpg?height=1435&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyclothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Cyclothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyclothyris M'COR, 1844, p. 103","Type_species":"Terebratula latissima J. de C. Sowerby, 1840 in 1840-1846, index, p. 7, SD Buckman, 1906, p. 326, =T. lata J. de C. Sowerby, 1825 in 1823-1825, p. 165, non J. SOWERBY, 1815","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Cyclothiris d'Orbigny, 1850, p. 323, nom. null.\"","Synonyms":"Cyclothiris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, wide, with uniplication low, arcuate, commonly asymmetrical, costellae numerous, fine posteriorly, given to bifurcation and antidichotomy anteriorly, beak erect, foramen large, auriculate, deltidial plates conjunct, well exposed. Dorsal septum short or absent, hinge plates distally concave, crura long, dorsally concave.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)-Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Spain, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Russia, Morocco, South Africa, Madagascar, ?Pakistan, India, Turkmenistan, USA, Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 900, 1a-q. * C. latissima (J. de C. Sowerby), upper Aptian, Berkshire, England, a- c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH BB.41494, x1 (new), d-q, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.3, 1.7, 2.3, 2.7, 3.2, 3.6, 3.9, 4.1, 4.4, 4.8, 5.1, 5.3, 5.6, 5.8, BMNH BB. 5482 (Owen, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nOwen, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 900. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-448.jpg?height=1783&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Almerarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Almerarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Almerarhynchia Calzada BADIA, 1974, p. 94","Type_species":"A. virgiliana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, equibiconvex, nearly as wide as long, median dorsal fold poorly developed, umbo short, massive, truncated by large foramen, costae rounded, deeply incised (4 to 8 on fold). Dental plates short, subparallel, hinge plates moderately long, ventrally deflected in early stages to horizontal, dorsal myophragm ridgelike to indistinct, crura incurved, distally canaliform.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Spain, ?eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 900, 2a-j. *A. virgiliana, Maastrichtian, Catalonian pre-Pyrenees, Spain, a-c, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MGSB 11789, x1, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.6, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9, 4.6, 5.8, 6.2 (Calzada Badia, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada Badia, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 900. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-448.jpg?height=1783&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aucklandirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Aucklandirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aucklandirhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 217","Type_species":"A. aucklandica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to moderate size, rounded to subpentagonal, well inflated, uniplicate, may be asymmetrical, fold ill defined and sulcus distinct, rounded, costae strong, narrow, subangular to rounded, sometimes with posterior smooth stage, beak large, foramen large, circular and pedicle collar. Dorsal median septum moderately short, usually low, septalium broad, dental plates wide apart, slightly dorsally divergent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 900, 3a\u2013k. *A. aucklandica, Temaikan, North Island; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NZGS BR1874, \u00d72; ek, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, OU NZ 17309 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 900. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-448.jpg?height=1783&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bicepsirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Bicepsirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bicepsirhynchia SHI, 1990, p. 310","Type_species":"B. asperata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, suboval to pyriform, fully costate, beak relatively strong, foramen hypothyrid to mesothyrid with deltidial plates conjunct and thickened. Dorsal median septum and septalial plates extremely reduced, no septalium, crura canaliform, incurved abruptly toward ventral valve. Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian): China (southern Qinghai), France.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"China (southern Qinghai), France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 900, 4a-j. *B. asperata, lower Oxfordian, southern Qinghai, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, MCMB Y154193, x1 (Shi, 1992), d-j, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 4.0, 4.2, 4.7, 5.4, 5.8, 6.0, 6.2, MCMB Y154192 (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shi, 1992, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 900. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-448.jpg?height=1783&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costirhynchopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Costirhynchopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costirhynchopsis DAGYS, 1977, p. 387","Type_species":"Costirhynchia spatiosa DAGYS, 1974, p. 106, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, laterally oval to wide subpentagonal, uniplicate, with fold low or absent, thickest near front, strongly costate throughout, beak suberect, ridges distinct, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates ventrally divergent, septalium short, supported by low septum, crura raduliform, pedicle collar absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Alps, Balkans, central Europe, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, northeastern Iran, China, ?New Guinea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 901, 1a-k. * C. spatiosa (DAGYS), Carnian, northwestern Caucasus, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 394\/55, x2, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.2, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.2, 2.6, 3.1, IGiG 394\/58 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 901. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328-1331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-449.jpg?height=1869&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fissirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Fissirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fissirhynchia PEARSON, 1977, p. 48","Type_species":"Rhynchonella fissicostata SUESS, 1854, p. 30, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, laterally oval to subpentagonal, uniplicate, sinus broad, corresponding fold low or absent, fully costate, costae sharp, branching prominently near umbones, beak acuminate, incurved to erect, ridges indistinct, foramen submesothyrid. Dental plates long, subparallel, pedicle collar absent, outer hinge plates arched, septalium deep, supported by high median septum, crura canaliform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (?upper Carnian, Norian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Carnian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (?upper Carnian, Norian)-Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Alps (Austria), Balkans (Bulgaria, Greece), Carpathians (Slovakia), central Italy, Hungary, northwestern Romania, Yugoslavia, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, New Zealand, New Caledonia, ? Himalayas, ? Peru, ? upper Carnian, NorianRhaetian; northern Alps (Austria, Switzerland), Sicily, Hungary, ?Indonesia, Argentina, HettangianPliensbachian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 901, 2a-k. * F. fissicostata (S UESS ), Rhaetian, Piesting-Tal, Austria; a\u2013d, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, \u00d71.3; e\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.7, 3.0, 3.15, 3.65, 4.05, 5.05, 5.75, PC 2, D. A. B. Pearson, personal collection, to be placed in the Natural History Museum of Vienna (Pearson, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 901. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328-1331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-449.jpg?height=1869&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":26.1,"beginning_date":234.47,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Globirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 48","Type_species":"Rhynchonella subobsoleta DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Globirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, globose subequibiconvex, uniplication arcuate and dorsal fold low, indistinct, costae numerous, simple, coarse subangular, no smooth stage, beak massive, suberect, foramen rimmed, hypothyrid. Dorsal septum long and low, septalium variable, may be pitlike to deep V-shaped, hinge plates broad, subhorizontal, canaliform crura strongly incurved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian, ?Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian, ?Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Spain, Austria, Italy, Transcarpathia, northwestern Caucasus, Arabia, Egypt (Sinai), Thailand, USA (?California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 901, 3a-m. *G. subobsoleta (Davidson), Aalenian, Cotswolds, England, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, BMNH B.31698, x1.5 (new), e-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.5, 3.8, 4.4, 4.6, 5.0, 5.3, USNM 429428 (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 901. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328-1331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-449.jpg?height=1869&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Granulirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Granulirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Granulirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 64","Type_species":"Rhynchonella granulata UPTON, 1905, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Granulirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtrigonal, wide, depressed, dorsibiconvex, fold low, wide and uniplication strong, costae numerous, complete, simple, sharp, covered with fine granules, beak strong, suberect to nearly straight, foramen large, rimmed, with conjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal median septum strong, hinge plates broad, crura canaliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 901, 4a-l. *G. granulata (Upton), Cotswolds, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.68633, x1 (new), d-l, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.8, 2.9, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 4.4, 4.9, 5.7, 5.9, USNM 104770d (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 901. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328-1331).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-449.jpg?height=1869&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Halorellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Halorellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Halorellina XU , 1978, p. 276","Type_species":"H. zhonghuaensis; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Possibly a junior subjective synonym of Fissirhynchia; differences, such as special gabled inner hinge plates and chiselled crura, attributable to tilted sectioning.]","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size; pentagonal to transverse elliptical in outline; beak stout, short, and nearly straight; beak ridges angular; palintrope wide and \ufb02attened; delthyrium open; sulci commonly developed on both valves; commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate; surface ornamented with angular plicae increasing by bifurcation or intercalation. Dental plates present; teeth strongly developed; dorsal interior with septum high and narrow, septalium very short, and crura short.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"southeastern China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 902,4a\u2013i. *H. zhonghuaensis; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, \u00d71; e, detail of apical region, CIGMR SCSb 6036, \u00d7 4; f\u2013i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 2.15, 2.65, 3.15 (Xu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 902. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-451.jpg?height=1822&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Hesperorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperorhynchia WARREN, 1937, p. 2","Type_species":"H. superba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subtriangular to subcircular, semiglobose with uniplication moderate, wide, arcuate, and dorsal fold low, inconspicuous, costae few, strong, subangular (3 to 4 on fold), beak small, incurved. Dorsal septum and septalium reported as absent, dental plates short and weak. Very similar to Almerarhynchia. Upper Cretaceous: Canada, western USA.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Canada, western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 903, 3a-d. * H. superba, upper Senonian, Saskatchewan, Canada, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, UA H160 ct809, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 903. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-452.jpg?height=1797&width=1291&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lacunaerhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Lacunaerhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lacunaerhynchia ALM\u00c9RAS, 1966, p. 97","Type_species":"L. vergissonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Septulirhynchia Alm\u00e9ras, 1966, p. 110 (type, S. davidi, OD); Nyalamurhynchia Ching, Rong, & Sun in Ching, Sun, & Rong, 1976, p. 300 (type, N. mirifica Ching, Rong, & Sun in Ching, Sun, & Rong, 1976, p. 301, OD)","Synonyms":"Septulirhynchia, Nyalamurhynchia,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subtrigonal, subcircular to subpentagonal, depressed equibiconvex, uniplication shallow, arcuate to flattopped, but median fold barely raised, costae numerous, subangular, 5 to 8 on fold, beak short, suberect to incurved, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct to subconjunct. Dental plates thin, subparallel, dorsal median septum well developed and septalium deep, crura raduliform, long.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"France, Poland, Romania, China (Himalayas), Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 903, 1a-k. * L. vergissonensis, lower Bajocian, Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire, France, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, ventral views, FSL 45737, x1, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 2.75, 2.9, 3.55, 4.6, 4.9, 5.8, 6.2, FSL 45736 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1966).   Fig. 903, 1l-u. L. davidi (Alm\u00e9ras), lower Bajocian, Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire, France, l-n, dorsal, anterior, ventral views, FSL 45750, x1, o-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0, 2.45, 2.55, 2.75, 3.3, 3.5, 4.6, FSL 45745 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1966).   Fig. 903, 1v-gg. L. mirifica (Ching, Rong, & Sun), Bajocian, Tibet, v y, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 28762, x1, z-gg, holotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 3.3, 3.8, 4.8, NIGP 28762 (Ching, Sun, & Rong, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nAlm\u00e9ras, 1966, \nAlm\u00e9ras, 1966, \nChing, Sun, & Rong, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 903. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1337).\nfig. 903. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1337).\nfig. 903. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-452.jpg?height=1797&width=1291&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-452.jpg?height=1797&width=1291&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-452.jpg?height=1797&width=1291&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamellaerhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Lamellaerhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamellaerhynchia Burri, 1953, p. 274","Type_species":"Terebratula rostriformis Roemer, 1836, p. 40, OD, =T. multiformis ROEMER, 1839, p. 19, partim","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, multicostate, uniplicate, rectimarginate or asymmetrical, beak strong, suberect, dorsal septum ridgelike, strong, varying in length, crura long, dorsally concave with acutely concave distal ends giving rise to diabolo appearance when serial sectioned.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (?Berriasian, Valanginian","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian, ?Aptian, Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (?Berriasian, Valanginian-Barremian, ?Aptian, Albian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Caucasus, Morocco, USA, Mexico, Turkmenistan, ?Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 902, 1 a-j . *L. rostriformis (Roemer), a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, lowest Hauterivian, St. Croix, Swiss Jura, NHMB 6, x1 (Burri, 1953), d-j, transverse serial sections of umbo, 3.8, 4.4, 4.8, 5.1, 5.8, 6.4, 6.9, Neocomian, northwestern Germany, BMNH B.35703, approximately x2 (Owen & Thurrell, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Burri, 1953, \nOwen & Thurrell, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 902. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-451.jpg?height=1822&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepidorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Lepidorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepidorhynchia BURRI, 1957, p. 689","Type_species":"L. dichotoma, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, equibiconvex, with numerous, fine, rounded costellae given to marginal dichotomy, rectimarginate, faintly bisulcate, beak long with large circular foramen. Dental plates short, median septum poorly developed or low ridge in dorsal valve, hinge plates horizontal to dorsally deflected, crural bases with concave distal ends. General appearance similar to young Cyclothyris.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (lower Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Barremian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Hauterivian-lower Barremian)","Geography":"France, Switzerland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 902, 3a-k. *L. dichotoma, lower Barremian, Switzerland, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, NHMB 25a, x2, d-k, transverse serial sections, cumulative distances in mm from first section, 0.5 , 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.4, 2.9, 3.3, x2 (Burri, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Burri, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 902. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-451.jpg?height=1822&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":129.86,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":123.95,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Owenirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Owenirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Owenirhynchia C ALZADA in C ALZADA & P OCOV\u00cd , 1980, p. 14","Type_species":"O. rubra; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Possibly a subgenus or a subjective synonym of Cyclothyris.]","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, oval-subtriangular, equibiconvex, wider than long, similar to Cyclothyris, rather more densely multicostate; anterior commissure broadly arcuate, rectimarginate but given to slight asymmetry. Dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally divergent, supporting deeply inserted subquadrate hinge teeth; hinge plates long, ventrally de\ufb02ected, distally concave; inner and outer socket ridges well developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian\u2013upper Campanian)","Geography":"Spain, ? France, ? Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 902, 2a\u2013i. *O. rubra, upper Campanian, L\u00e9rida, Spain; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MGSB 30294, \u00d71.3; d\u2013i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.3, 3.7, 4.3, 4.7, 5.3, 5.9 (Calzada & Pocov\u00ed, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 902. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-451.jpg?height=1822&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pararhactorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Pararhactorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pararhactorhynchia SHI, 1990, p. 311","Type_species":"P. trigona, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subtrigonal to subpentagonal, uniplicate, strong ribs, inequivalve, weakly subcynocephalous in profile. Dorsal median septum and septalium well developed, crura canaliform, incurved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"southern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 904, 4a-l. * P. trigona, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MCMB N124051-1, x1, e-l, holotype, transverse serial sections, 2.6, 3.1, 3.7, 4.3, 4.7, 5.8, 6.4, 6.8, distances in mm from ventral umbo, MCMB N124050-1 (Shi, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shi, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 904. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-454.jpg?height=1828&width=1299&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicarostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Plicarostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicarostrum BURRI, 1953, p. 281","Type_species":"P. hauteriviense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, with costae numerous, sharp, or angular, deeply incised, cynocephalous, nearly convexoplane, beak projecting. Thick dental plates almost fused to shell wall, median septum or low ridge rising late, crura distally concave. Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian): Switzerland.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Geography":"Switzerland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 904, 2 a-l. * P. miquihuanensis (Imlay), Valanginian, Tamaulipas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, UM 18738, \u00d7 1 (Imlay, 1937), d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 1.6, 2.0, 2.6, 3.0, 3.5, 3.8, 4.4, 4.8, \u00d7 2 (Owen, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"UM, \nImlay, 1937, \nOwen, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 904. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-454.jpg?height=1828&width=1299&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proteorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Proteorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proteorhynchia OWEN, 1981, p. 307","Type_species":"Rhynchonella miquihuanensis IMLAY, 1937, p. 570, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, poorly biconvex, broadly oval-subtrigonal, dorsal fold well defined, ventral sulcus shallow, linguiform extension trapezoidal, ornament of strong angular costae, beak slightly incurved, interarea poorly demarcated. Subparallel dental plates support elongate, deeply inserted hinge teeth, dorsal septum high, supporting deep septalium, concave distal ends of hinge plates developing long crura. Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian-Aptian): Mexico.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian-Aptian)","Geography":"Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 904, 2 a-l. * P. miquihuanensis (Imlay), Valanginian, Tamaulipas, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, UM 18738, \u00d7 1 (Imlay, 1937), d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 1.6, 2.0, 2.6, 3.0, 3.5, 3.8, 4.4, 4.8, \u00d7 2 (Owen, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"UM, \nImlay, 1937, \nOwen, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 904. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-454.jpg?height=1828&width=1299&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rudirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Rudirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rudirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 44","Type_species":"R. rudis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rudirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957), Mediterranirhynchia Sucic-Protic, 1969, p. 53-54 (type, M. mediterranea Sucic-Protic, 1969, p. 54, OD)","Synonyms":"Mediterranirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subtriangular to subpentagonal, depressed dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, dorsal fold low, smooth posteriorly, with costae numerous, strong, fairly sharp (2 to 6 on fold), beak strong, sharp, projecting, upright to slightly incurved, with large elongate rimmed foramen and disjunct deltidial plates. Dental plates thin, becoming subparallel, teeth crenulated, dorsal median septum and septalium well developed, crura raduliform, perhaps developing concave distal ends, pedicle collar usually present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian, ?lower Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian, ?lower Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian, ?lower Toarcian)","Geography":"England, Scotland, France, Germany, ?Portugal, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Italy, ?Bulgaria, Caucasus, Siberia, ?Algeria, Argentina, Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 905, 3a-k. * R. rudis, lower Pliensbachian, Cotswolds, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GSM 31867, x1.5, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.7, 2.9, 3.1, 3.4, 4.1, 4.7, 5.5, 6.0, J.922\/1, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1959a)., Fig. 905, 3l-v. R. mediterranea (Sucic-Protic), middle Lias, Carpatho-Balkanids, Yugoslavia, l-n, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MFMGB 1 \/ 64, X1, o-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.3, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 3.2, 3.7, 3.95 (Sucic-Protic, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAger, 1959, \nSucic-Protic, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 905. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1340).\nfig. 905. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-455.jpg?height=1853&width=1292&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-455.jpg?height=1853&width=1292&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":179.45,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septaliphoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Septaliphoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septaliphoria Leidhold, 1921, p. 354","Type_species":"Rhynchonella arduennensis Oppel, 1857 in 1856-1858, p. 608p. 310 of 2 nd part, OD, =R. inconstans d'Orbigny, 1850 in 1849-1852, p. 24, non SOWERBY, 1821","Synonyms_with_authors":"Praecyclothyris Makridin, 1955, p. 84 (type, Rhynchonella moeschi donetziana Makridin, 1952, p. 74, OD), Septaliaphoria MacFarlan, 1992, p. 191, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Praecyclothyris, Septaliaphoria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, dorsibiconvex, subpentagonal to oval, uniplicate, or slightly asymmetrical, dorsal fold wide, conspicuous to indistinct, posterior smooth area absent, with costae numerous, coarse, simple, subangular (3 to 7 on fold), beak strong, high, with foramen large, rimmed, hypothyrid, deltidial plates usually conjunct. Septalium raised on reduced median septum, or sessile, crura strongly curved, concave dorsally, canaliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian, ?Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian, ?Aptian)","Geography":"England, Scotland, France, ?Portugal, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, ?Crimea, Caucasus, Morocco, Algeria, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, southwestern and eastern China, India, Mexico, ?South America, Callovian-Volgian, Russian platform, Caspian basin, Crimea, Caucasus, Slovakia, Germany, Turkmenistan, Berriasian-Barremian, ?Aptian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 906, 1a-k. *S. arduennensis (Oppel), Oxfordian, Lorraine, France, a-d, neotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, BMNH BB. 44173, X1, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.1, 3.3, 3.6, 4.3, 5.0, 6.1, 6.5 (Childs, 1969)., Fig. 906, 1l-v. S. donetziana (Makridin), upper Oxfordian, Russian Platform, l-n, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, KHGU 196\/102, x1, o-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.7, 3.1, 3.3, 4.5, 5.4, 6.2, 6.7, 6.8 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nChilds, 1969, \nMakridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 906. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1337).\nfig. 906. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-457.jpg?height=1884&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=190)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-457.jpg?height=1884&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septocyclothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Septocyclothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septocyclothyris XU, 1978, p. 282","Type_species":"S. markamensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, trigonal to pentagonal, inequibiconvex to convexoplane, beak small and slightly incurved, foramen circular, submesothyrid-hypothyrid with short tubular rim produced by raised deltidial plates, sulcus and fold present, surface marked by simple costae starting from beak. Dental plates well developed and long, teeth stout, hooked, crenulated, dorsal septum well developed, septalium small and short, hinge plates subhorizontal, crural bases triangular.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 906, 2a-l. *S. markamensis, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, ventral views, x1, detail of apical region and conjunct deltidial plates, CIGMR SCSb 6039, x4, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.35, 0.45, 0.9, 1.3, 1.45, 1.55, 1.65, 1.75 (Xu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 906. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-457.jpg?height=1884&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Squamirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Squamirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Squamirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 63","Type_species":"Terebratula triplicata squamiplex QUENSTEDT, 1871 in 18681871, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Squamirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, depressed equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, dorsal valve nearly flat, with uniplication and fold low, costae strong (3 to 6 on central fold) showing early branching and no smooth stage, beak strong, upright, with large foramen. Septum low, persistent, septalium shallow, crura canaliform-like, concave dorsally, or diabolo shaped at distal ends, possibly buttressed deltidial plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"England, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 906, 3a-k. *S. squamiplex (Quenstedt), lower Pliensbachian, W\u00fcrtenberg, Germany, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, GPIT, approximately x2, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, BMNH B. 38425 (Ager, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"GPIT, \nAger, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 906. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-457.jpg?height=1884&width=1298&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Sulcirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcirhynchia BURRI, 1953, p. 272","Type_species":"Rhynchonella valangiensis de LORIOL, 1864, p. 442, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size with many sharp or angular costae, slight sulcus in dorsal fold anterior to midvalve, anterior commissure with ventral sulcus deep, trapezoidal, meeting slight sulcus on dorsal valve and developing well-defined ligation, beak strong, sharp, and slightly projecting, suberect. Median septum low, diminishing to low ridge, crura slightly concave distally, dental plates subparallel, supporting strong, subquadrate hinge teeth, hinge plates short, slightly concave dorsally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Valanginian-Hauterivian, ?lower Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Aptian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Valanginian-Hauterivian, ?lower Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Valanginian-Hauterivian, ?lower Aptian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 905, 1a-k. * S. valangiensis (de Loriol), upper Valanginian, Switzerland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1.5 (new), d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 2.25, 2.5, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.95, 4.7, 7.2 (Burri, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Burri, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 905. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-455.jpg?height=1853&width=1292&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":118.69,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Timorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Timorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Timorhynchia AGER, 1968, p. 58","Type_species":"Halorella nimassica KRUMBECK, 1924, p. 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtrigonal to transverse-oval to subpentagonal, equibiconvex to depressed dorsibiconvex, dorsal valve flattened or sulcate posteriorly, with uniplication broad, low, flattopped, but fold scarcely raised, multicostate throughout, costae low posteriorly, may become strong and angular anteriorly, beak small, incurved with submesothyrid foramen. Dental plates diverging, dorsal median septum high, long, supporting short septalium, canaliform crura projecting into ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic , Ladinian-lower Norian, ?Carnian, Norian (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Norian), Ladinian-lower Norian, ?Carnian, Norian","Geography":"New Zealand, New Caledonia, Ladinian-lower Norian, Timor, China, ?Carnian, Norian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 903, 2a-j. *T. nimassica (Krumbeck), Upper Triassic, Alianbata, eastern Timor, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, Derek Ager, personal collection, \u00d7 1.5, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.6, 2.8, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nAger, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 903. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-452.jpg?height=1797&width=1291&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Torquirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Torquirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Torquirhynchia Childs, 1969, p. 95","Type_species":"Terebratula inconstans J. SOWERBY, 1821 in 1818-1821, p. 137, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Serbiorhynchia Radulovic, 1991, p. 16 (type, S. asymmetrica, OD)","Synonyms":"Serbiorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, subtriangular to suboval, bilobate, asymmetrical, indiscriminately twisted either side, but uniplication and fold never developed, costae coarse, subangular, simple beginning from umbones, beak suberect to incurved with foramen circular, deltidial plates disjunct or conjunct. Teeth strong, crenulated, dorsal median septum low and relatively long, septalium poorly developed, often reduced to pendant septalial plates, crura basically raduliform, showing channelling and other variations toward distal ends.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous , ?upper Bajocian, Bathonian-Volgian, Berriasian-Valanginian (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, Bathonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian), ?upper Bajocian, Bathonian-Volgian, Berriasian-Valanginian","Geography":"Great Britain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania, Russian Platform, ?Crimea, ?Caucasus, Algeria, Somalia, Madagascar, India, China, Iran, Argentina, ?Chile, ?upper Bajocian, Bathonian-Volgian, France, ?Switzerland, ?Caucasus, Caspian depression, Berriasian-Valanginian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 907a-j. *T. inconstans (J. Sowerby), Kimmeridgian, Dorset, England, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH 67671, \u00d7 1 (new), d-j, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 5.2, 5.9, 6.8, 7.6, 8.4, 9.4, 10.0 (Childs, 1969)., Fig. 907k-u. T. asymmetrica (Radulovic), ?upper Bajocian, Bathonian, Carpatho-Balkanids, Yugoslavia, k-n, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, L 1 \/ 319, \u00d7 1, o-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.1, 3.6, 4.8, 5.2, 5.7, 6.0, 6.2, L 1\/326 (Radulovic, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nChilds, 1969, \nRadulovic, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 907. cyclothyrididae (p. 1337-1339).\nfig. 907. cyclothyrididae (p. 1337-1339).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-458.jpg?height=1271&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-458.jpg?height=1271&width=1289&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yidunella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Yidunella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yidunella Ching, Sun, & Ye in Ching & OTHERS, 1979, p. 148","Type_species":"Y. magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, asymmetrical, nearly convexoplane in lateral view, fold and sulcus starting from umbones, but more marked anteriorly, plicae simple, appearing near beak, round-subangular, posterior smooth area obscure or absent, beak short, slightly incurved, beak ridges angular, planarea concave, foramen hypothyrid, delthyrium covered by thickened symphytium. Dental plates subparallel or ventrally convergent, dorsal septum high and long, septalium wide, crura canaliform, extending along plane of commissure, bladelike proximally, passing distally to semicircular canal.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"southwestern China (Tibet, Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 905, 2a-l. *Y. magna, Sichuan, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, NIGP 42862, x1, d-l, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.25, 0.85, 0.95, 1.15, 1.25, 1.85, 2.45, 3.25, 3.95, NIGP 42859 (Ching & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChing & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 905. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-455.jpg?height=1853&width=1292&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yulongella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Yulongella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yulongella SUN, 1981, p. 191","Type_species":"Y. bolilaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, roundly trigonal and transversely widened, convexoplane to convexoconcave, thickest anteriorly, ventral sulcus wide, deeply concave and dorsally geniculated anteriorly, dorsal fold wide and flattened, linguiform extension transverse rectangular, commissure uniplicate, angular plicae starting from beak, 4 to 5 on fold and 5 to 6 on lateral slopes, ventral beak pointed and nearly straight, foramen circular and permesothyrid, delthyrium open. Dental plates long, slightly ventrally divergent to subparallel, subhorizontal hinge plates narrow, divided, crura with triangular crural bases, and distally forming subvertical short blades, dorsal median ridge low near umbo, elevated anteriorly, and extending to midvalve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 904, 3 a-k . * Y. bolilaensis, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP 48396, \u00d7 1, e-k, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, NIGP 48541, \u00d7 2.5 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nSun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 904. cyclothyrididae (p. 1334-1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-454.jpg?height=1828&width=1299&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cardinirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cardinirhynchiinae","Genus":"Cardinirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cardinirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 74","Type_species":"Terebratula acuticosta Hehl, 1832, in von ZIETEN, 1830-1833, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large size, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, flabelliform to semicircular, widest at nearly straight hinge line, sharply multicostate throughout, uniplication incipient to acuminate, central fold variably raised, often high, broad suberect to erect beak with large foramen, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Teeth broad, crenulated, hinge plates massive, narrow, dorsal median septum well developed, septalium ill developed, crura canaliform, commissural grooves sometimes present.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?lower Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?lower Oxfordian)","Geography":"Germany, ?Switzerland, Poland, Romania, Russia, Crimea, ?India, Russian platform, ?lower Oxfordian","Figure_captions":"Fig . 908,1a\u2013q. *C. acuticosta (H EHL ), upper Bajocian, Suabia, Germany; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71.5; d, detail of hinge area, BMNH B.38123, \u00d74 (new); e\u2013q, paratype, transverse serial sections through umbo (Seifert, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 908. cyclothyrididae (p. 1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-460.jpg?height=378&width=1262&top_left_y=1390&top_left_x=212)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":158.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eurysites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cardinirhynchiinae","Genus":"Eurysites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eurysites COOPER, 1989, p. 32","Type_species":"E. transversus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsibiconvex, transversely elliptical to subtriangular, commissure gently uniplicate, but dorsal fold and ventral sulcus mostly indistinct, strong, narrowly rounded costae throughout, beak long, straight to suberect, deltidial plates disjunct, large foramen. Dental plates long, septalium small, dorsal median septum weak, raduliform crura.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia, ?China, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 909, 2a-t. * E. transversus, Bathonian, Saudi Arabia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380232, x1.5, f-t, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 1.1, 1.8, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, USNM 380680 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 909. cyclothyrididae (p. 1340-1341).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-461.jpg?height=1308&width=1301&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Flabellirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cardinirhynchiinae","Genus":"Flabellirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Flabellirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 65","Type_species":"Rhynchonella lycettii DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Flabellirhynchia \u0412uckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, wide subtrigonal, depressed subequibiconvex, with fold low and costae numerous, strong, sharp, anterior margin thickened, growth lines lamellose, beak strong, upright, with foramen large, rimmed, deltidial plates conjunct to disjunct, thickened. Dorsal median septum feeble, crura canaliform, septalium pitlike.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian, ?Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian, ?Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, USA (California), Argentina, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 908, 2a-s. *F. lycettii (Davidson), Aalenian, Cotswolds, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 75591, x1 (Shi & Grant, 1993), d, detail of hinge area, BMNH B.32284, x3 (new), e- s, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.7, 2.1, 2.5, 2.9, 3.2, 3.4, 3.8, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 5.0, 5.4, 6.0, 6.6, CDP 28, C. D. Prosser, personal collection (new, courtesy of C. D. Prosser).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 908. cyclothyrididae (p. 1340).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-460.jpg?height=378&width=1262&top_left_y=1390&top_left_x=212)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parvirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cardinirhynchiinae","Genus":"Parvirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parvirhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 56","Type_species":"Rhynchonella parvula EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1862, p. 276, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parvirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, depressed equibiconvex, round subpentagonal, with low fold and uniplication almost flattopped, fully costate, costae few, strong, blunt, widely spaced over whole surface (2 to 6 on fold), bifurcations or intercalations rare, beak small, pointed, erect to straight, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct, foramen rimmed, submesothyrid, short pedicle collar. Dental plates dorsally divergent, hinge plates subhorizontal, dorsal median septum low, short, crura canaliform, cardinal furrows and commissural grooves present.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)-Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Romania, Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Spain, ?Italy, Morocco, Argentina, Aalenian-Callovian, France, ?Japan, Oxfordian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 909, 1a-s. *P. parvula (Eudes-Deslongchamps), lower Bajocian, France, a-d, neotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, FSL 305425, x1, e, detail of hinge area of ventral valve, FSL 305456, x5, f-s, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, 1.55, 1.7, 1.85, 2.0, 2.15, 2.3, 2.45, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, FSL 305458 (Alm\u00e9ras & Lathuili\u00e8re, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras & Lathuili\u00e8re, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 909. cyclothyrididae (p. 1340-1341).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-461.jpg?height=1308&width=1301&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Indorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Indorhynchiinae","Genus":"Indorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Indorhynchia OVCHARENKO, 1975, p. 124","Type_species":"I. subtrigonalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, often asymmetrical shells, covered with numerous dichotomizing costae, fold weakly raised, Dental plates thin, rather short, from parallel to ventrally divergent, hinge teeth simple, massive, sometimes with short denticula, hinge plates ventrally convex, septalial plates variously developed, sessile or pendant, oriented dorsoventrally or slightly diverging dorsally, crura short, ventrally deflected, may be flared distally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?lower Callovian, middle Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?lower Callovian, middle Callovian-upper Callovian)","Geography":"Tadjikistan, southeastern Pamirs, India, ?Arabia, ?Sinai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 910, 4a-n. *I. subtrigonalis, middle Callovian, southeastern Pamirs, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MUGT 12\/1184, x1, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.7, 1.2, 1.8, 2.5, 3.1, 3.4, approximately x1.25, k-n, enlarged details of dorsal umbo, 1.1, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, MUGT 16\/1184, approximately x5 (Ovcharenko, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovcharenko, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 910. cyclothyrididae (p. 1342-1344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-462.jpg?height=1773&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moquellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Indorhynchiinae","Genus":"Moquellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moquellina Ching, Sun, & Ye in Ching & OTHERS, 1979, p. 141","Type_species":"M. arcuata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, cu-neiform-elongate oval, dorsibiconvex, fold and sulcus only anteriorly, commissure subrectimarginate or slightly uniplicate, costae subangular or rounded, developed anteriorly to fully costate, beak nearly straight to suberect, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, rimmed. Pedicle collar short, dental plates long, subparallel, hinge plates discrete","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig . 910,2a\u2013l. *M. arcuata, upper Bathonian\u2013lower Callovian, Qinghai; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral,anterior, ventral views, NIGP 42893, \u00d7 1; e\u2013l, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.9, 2.4, 2.9, 3.55, 4.4, 4.95, 5.35, NIGP 42894 (Ching & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChing & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 910. cyclothyrididae (p. 1342-1344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-462.jpg?height=1773&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strongyloria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Indorhynchiinae","Genus":"Strongyloria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strongyloria COOPER, 1989, p. 63","Type_species":"S. circularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, moderately equibiconvex, round, with uniplication gently arcuate, dorsal fold subdued, costae numerous, low, rounded, with intercalation and bifurcation on umbones (7 to 10 on fold), beak low, incurved, deltidial plates disjunct, rimmed, foramen small. Dental plates well developed, dorsal median septum moderate, septalium short, may be pendant, raduliform to canaliform crura.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 910, 1a-n. *S. circularis, upper Bajocian, Saudi Arabia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380200a, x1, f-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.6, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 2.5, 3.3, 3.7, 4.0, 4.3, USNM 400917 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 910. cyclothyrididae (p. 1342-1344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-462.jpg?height=1773&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tanggularella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Indorhynchiinae","Genus":"Tanggularella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tanggularella SHI, 1990, p. 308-309","Type_species":"T. feraxa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded subtrigonal to subpentagonal, inequibiconvex, uniplicate and fully multicostate, fold and sulcus generally weak, costae simple. Dorsal median septum very short or reduced, pendant septalial plates, incurved canaliform crura, dorsally concave.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, ?lower Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, ?lower Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, ?lower Callovian)","Geography":"China (northern Tibet, southern Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 910, 3a-l. * T. feraxa, upper Bathonian, southern Qinghai, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MCMB Y 152164, x1 (Shi, 1992), d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 2.5, 3.4, 3.8, 4.9, 5.2, MCMB Y152167 (Shi, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nShi, 1992, \nShi, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 910. cyclothyrididae (p. 1342-1344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-462.jpg?height=1773&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":163.41,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triasorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Triasorhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Triasorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triasorhynchia Xu & LIU, 1983, p. 90","Type_species":"T. subglobulina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, subglobular, dorsibiconvex, uniplication arcuate, ventral sulcus wide and shallow, starting slightly anterior to midlength, dorsal fold low, beginning from slightly posterior to midlength, plicae angular starting from umbonal area, plicae arranged with 3 within sulcus, 4 on fold, 3 or 4 on each side, ventral beak short, pedicle opening relatively large, permesothyrid, delthyrium completely covered by dorsal beak. Dental plates and pedicle collar absent, dorsal hinge plates discrete and narrow, septalium shallow, septum extending over two-fifths of dorsal length, crura triangular-ridge form.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China (Qilian Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 911, 1a-t. *T. subglobulina, Qinghai, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, QIGX DDY010, x1, f-t, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, QIGX DDY011 (Xu & Liu, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nXu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 911. triasorhynchiidae (p. 1344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-464.jpg?height=883&width=1286&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Multicorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Triasorhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Multicorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Multicorhynchia Chen YONGMING, 1983, p. 152","Type_species":"M. tulungensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, roundly triangular to pentagonal in outline, shell length nearly equal to shell width, depressed dorsibiconvex, subrectimarginate commissure, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus subdued and only appearing anteriorly, costae thin and round, 6 to 7 in sulcus, 7 to 8 on fold, 7 to 8 at each lateral region, beak small, foramen circular, submesothyrid. Teeth short, dental plates absent, pedicle collar undeveloped, dorsal septum high and thin, septalium narrow and deep.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Tibet, ?southern Qilian Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 911, 2a-m. *M. tulungensis, Tibet, Tulung, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, CIGMR SC22-2, x1, e-m, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9, 2.3, 2.8, CIGMR SC22-2 (Chen Yongming, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen Yongming, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 911. triasorhynchiidae (p. 1344).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-464.jpg?height=883&width=1286&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetrarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Tetrarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetrarhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 41","Type_species":"Terebratula tetra\u00ebdra J. Sowerby, 1812 in 1812-1815, p. 191, OD, =Tetrarhynchia tetrahedra J. Sowerby, 1812 in 1812-1815, p. 191, nom. correct. Ager, 1956, p. 7, prevailing spelling preserved under Article 33.3.1 of ICZN (1999)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, laterally expanded, rounded subtriangular, dorsibiconvex, arcuate uniplication well developed, costae numerous, fairly sharp, short smooth stage posteriorly, beak small, incurved. Dorsal median septum short, septalium deep, crura raduliform, possibly widening distally, subparallel dental plates separating subrectangular delthyrial cavity from triangular lateral umbonal chambers.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic, Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic, Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic, Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian)","Geography":"Eurasia, northern Africa, North and South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 912,1a\u2013k. *T. (T.) tetrahedra (J. SOWERBY), upper Pliensbachian, Northamptonshire, England; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.71566, \u00d71; d\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.8, 5.2, Warwickshire, J.500\/105, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1956). \u2014\u2014Fig . 912, 1l\u2013u. T. (T.) makridini (S UCIC PROTIC), middle Lias, Carpatho-Balkanids, Yugoslavia; l\u2013n, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MFMGB 1\/10, \u00d71; o\u2013u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from \ufb01rst section, 1.2, 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, 3.3 (Sucic-Protic, 1969)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 912. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1345-1347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-465.jpg?height=1872&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"T. (Tetrarhynchia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"T. (Tetrarhynchia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"T. (Tetrarhynchia) BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 41","Type_species":"Terebratula tetra\u00ebdra J. Sowerby, 1812 in 1812-1815, p. 191, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell becoming gibbous, everted with age; strong dorsal fold with subangular top. [Differences in internal structure attributable to tilted sectioning.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian\u2013Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian)","Geography":"England, Scotland, France, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Morocco, Algeria, Turkey, Siberia, northwestern Canada, Argentina, Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 912,1a\u2013k. *T. (T.) tetrahedra (J. SOWERBY), upper Pliensbachian, Northamptonshire, England; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.71566, \u00d71; d\u2013k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.8, 5.2, Warwickshire, J.500\/105, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1956). \u2014\u2014Fig . 912, 1l\u2013u. T. (T.) makridini (S UCIC PROTIC), middle Lias, Carpatho-Balkanids, Yugoslavia; l\u2013n, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MFMGB 1\/10, \u00d71; o\u2013u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from \ufb01rst section, 1.2, 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, 3.3 (Sucic-Protic, 1969)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 912. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1345-1347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-465.jpg?height=1872&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"T. (Rostrirhynchia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"T. (Rostrirhynchia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"T. (Rostrirhynchia) SUCIC-PROTIC, 1969, p. 47","Type_species":"R. rostrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Depressed subtriangular shape persisting in adult, dorsal fold little raised, uniplication broadly arcuate, reduced linguiform extension, costation may be denser.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Toarcian)","Geography":"Great Britain, France, Spain, Yugoslavia, Romania, ?Crimea, Algeria, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 912, 2a-k. * T. (R.) rostrata, middle Lias, Carpatho-Balkanids, Yugoslavia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MFMGB 1 \/ 961, X1, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.7, 3.2, 3.8 (Sucic-Protic, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSucic-Protic, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 912. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1345-1347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-465.jpg?height=1872&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Baeorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Baeorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Baeorhynchia COOPER, 1989, p. 12","Type_species":"B. nucleata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsibiconvex, subtriangular, narrowly uniplicate, rounded dorsal fold starting anterior to umbo and bearing 3 to 6 costae, completely costate, subangular, beak long, erect to suberect, deltidial plates disjunct to almost conjunct. Dental plates short, dorsal median septum long, septalium small, narrow, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 913, 1a-n. * B. nucleata, Bathonian, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380264a, x1.5, f-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.1, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, 3.2, 3.7, USNM 380675 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 913. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1351).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-467.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Belbekella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Belbekella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Belbekella MOISEEV, 1939, p. 195","Type_species":"B. airgulensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Belbekella Moiseev in Rzhonsnitskaia & others, 1956, p. 62, obj.\"","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtriangular to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, globose, uniplicate, dorsal fold poorly developed, ventral sulcus shallow, trapezoidal, costae sharp, angular, radiating from umbo, beak massive, erect. Dental plates slightly ventrally convergent, teeth subquadrate, strong, dorsal median septum weak to absent, septalium not developed or pitlike, raduliform crura gently concave distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Aptian)","Geography":"Crimea, Caucasus, Turkmenistan, France, Sardinia, Romania, Russia (Caspian Basin), ?eastern China (Heilongjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 912, 3a-j. *B. airgulensis, Hauterivian, Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1.5 (new), d-j, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 2.4, 3.0, 3.3, 4.1, 4.6, 5.2 (Dieni, Middlemiss, & Owen, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dieni, Middlemiss, & Owen, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 912. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1345-1347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-465.jpg?height=1872&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymatorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Cymatorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymatorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 53","Type_species":"Rhynchonella cymatophorina Buckman, 1910, p. 105, OD, = R. cymatophora Buckman, 1895, p. 447, non ROTHPLETZ, 1886","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Cymatorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957); Formosarhynchia Seifert, 1963, p. 177 (type, F. formosa, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Formosarhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size to large, subpentagonal to transverse-oval, depressed equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, with strong uniplication and dorsal fold broad, gently raised, many (10 to 24) sharp costae (4 to 10 on fold), no smooth stage, beak small, erect to incurved, foramen hypothyrid, conjunct or disjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal median septum strong, septalium deep, straight, subhorizontal hinge plates, crura raduliform, with concave distal ends, crenulated teeth.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-lower Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Spain, ?Caucasus, Morocco, Algeria, Madagascar, Arabia, Israel, ?Jordan, southwestern China (Tibet, Himalayas), Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig . 914,1a\u2013j. *C. cymatophorina (B UCKMAN ), Aalenian, Dorset, England; a\u2013c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.11981, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013j, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.9, 4.2, 4.7, 5.5, 6.3, 6.8, 7.3, BMNH B.68374 (new; courtesy of C. D. Prosser).\u2014\u2014Fig . 914,1k. C. quadriplicata (ZIETEN), Bajocian; interior showing raduliform crura and cardinalia of silici\ufb01ed specimen, BMNH B.69919, \u00d72 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 914,1l\u2013 u. C. formosa (SEIFERT), lower Bajocian, Swabian Alb, Germany; l\u2013n, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GPIT Br 3\/38\/42, \u00d71; o\u2013u, paratype, transverse serial sections through umbo (Seifert, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 914. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-468.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":167.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Daghanirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Daghanirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Daghanirhynchia MUIR-WOOD, 1935, p. 82","Type_species":"D. daghaniensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, subglobose dorsibiconvex, often nasute, uniplicate, with distinct dorsal fold, costae few (3 to 6 on fold), linguiform extension high, trapezoidal, beak acute, erect to incurved. Dental plates strong, dorsal median septum weak, persistent, divided hinge plates, septalium usually pendant, crura nearly horizontal, raduliform slightly incurved ventrally.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Geography":"Morocco, Tunisia, Somalia, Kenya, ?Ethiopia, Egypt (Sinai), Arabia, Israel, Syria, China, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 912, 4al. *D. daghaniensis, lower Callovian, Daghani, Somalia, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 75666b, x1, d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.1, 3.4, 3.8, 4.0, 4.9, 5.1, 5.5, 5.9, 6.4, USNM 75666 a (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 912. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1345-1347).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-465.jpg?height=1872&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Deltarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Deltarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Deltarhynchia COOPER, 1989, p. 29","Type_species":"D. triangulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, inequivalve dorsibiconvex, subtriangular, strongly uniplicate, with dorsal fold conspicuous, narrow, subcarinate, costae thick, angular, 3 to 5 on fold, beak narrow, short, suberect to erect, deltidial plates disjunct, thick, foramen small, hypothyrid. Dental plates very long, divergent, dorsal median septum high, reaching midvalve, teeth and sockets corrugated, septalium fairly large, raduliform crura.  [Very similar to Daghanirhynchia]","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 913, 2a-n. * D. triangulata, lower Bathonian, a-e, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380217a, x1, f-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.6, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 3.5, 4.1, 4.8, USNM 380679 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 913. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1351).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-467.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Druganirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Druganirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Druganirhynchia TCHOUMATCHENKO, 1983, p. 70","Type_species":"D. nevelinae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large size, with rounded subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex spherical in adult specimens, uniplicate, sinus and fold rather distinct, costae sharp numerous, beak small, of medium height, erect. Hinge plates massive, overgrown ventrally convergent, dorsal median septum short, septalium lacking, crura radulifer, hinge teeth crenulated.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"Bulgaria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 915, 1a-k. *D. nevelinae, southwestern Bulgaria, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GIBAS Br.465\/1, x1, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.6, 2.45, 3.85, 4.85, 5.3, 6.95, 9.2, 9.9, GIBAS Br.465\/9 (Tchoumatchenko, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchoumatchenko, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 915. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-469.jpg?height=1857&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echyrosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Echyrosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echyrosia COOPER, 1989, p. 30","Type_species":"E. costata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, inequivalve dorsibiconvex, subtriangular in outline, uniplicate, dorsal fold narrow, low posteriorly, well elevated in anterior half, costae few, strong, subangular, with 3 to 5 on fold, beak erect, deltidial plates narrow, thick, disjunct, foramen small. Dental plates long, dorsal median septum short, septalium narrow, no cardinal process, crura thin, raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia, ?Israel","Figure_captions":"Fig. 916, 1a-l. * E. costata, upper Bajocian, Saudi Arabia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380195a, x1, f-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.0, 2.8, 3.1, 3.4, 3.9, 4.5, 5.2, USNM 380650 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 916. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1351).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-471.jpg?height=1891&width=1308&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoseptaliphoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Eoseptaliphoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoseptaliphoria Ching & Sun in Ching, Sun, & RONG, 1976, p. 294","Type_species":"E. tulungensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate pentagonal or oval, subequibiconvex and subspherical, maximum width slightly anterior to midvalve, uniplication multidentate, linguiform extension prominent, semicircular, with ribs simple, subangular, starting from umbo, beak short, slightly incurved, delthyrium open, foramen permesothyrid. Dental plates short and subparallel, hinge plates disjunct and fused with inner socket ridges, median septum long, thin, high, supporting deep, narrow septalium, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Tibet, Qinghai), ?Alps, ?Cau-casus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 917, 3a-m. * E. tulungensis, Norian, Tibet, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, NIGP 28751, x1.5 (new), f m, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, NIGP 28752 (Ching, Sun, & Rong, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nChing, Sun, & Rong, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 917. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1351-1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-472.jpg?height=1560&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goniorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Goniorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goniorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 52","Type_species":"G. goniaea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Goniorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, wide subtrigonal to transversely subpentagonal, markedly dorsibiconvex, trilobate, with uniplication strong and dorsal fold conspicuous, costae numerous, strong, sharp, not smooth posteriorly, beak short, suberect with small, circular, hypo- to submesothyrid foramen, conjunct deltidial plates. Strong, crenulated teeth, dorsal median septum low, persistent, small, pitlike septalium, crura raduliform, much internal secondary thickening.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 916, 3a-n. * G. boueti goniaea, upper Bathonian, Dorset, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.27527, x1 (new), d-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.5, 2.2, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 4.0, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2 (Laurin, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Laurin, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 916. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1351).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-471.jpg?height=1891&width=1308&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grandirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Grandirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grandirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 40","Type_species":"G. grandis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Grandirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval to subtrigonal, laterally expanded, uniplicate, depressed equibiconvex to gibbous dorsibiconvex, uniplication slight to strongly arcuate, with few (10 to 16) strong blunt costae (3 to 5 on central fold) and pronounced smooth stage posteriorly, beak large, suberect, sharp beak ridges, foramen large. Septalium very deep, median septum long, crura long, raduliform, strongly divergent distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Scotland, England, Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 915, 3a-j. *G. grandis, upper Pliensbachian, Hebrides, Scotland, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MKH J44324, x1, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5, 5.1, 5.8, 7.3, 8.1, MKH R. 112 (Ager, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ager, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 915. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-469.jpg?height=1857&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Korjakirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Korjakirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Korjakirhynchia Smirnova, 1990a, p. 23","Type_species":"K. vodopadica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Korjakirhynchia Smirnova, 1984, p. 116, nom. nud.; Snezhnorhynchia Smirnova, 1990a, p. 26 (type, S. dvorjankini, OD), Snezhnorhynchia Smirnova, 1984, p. 116, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Snezhnorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, acutely dorsibiconvex, broad with deep ventral sulcus and trapeziform linguiform extension, smooth posteriorly, with costae few, strong, and angular, developed marginally, beak short, broad, strongly incurved, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen small. Dental plates wide apart, subparallel or divergent, dorsal median septum high, supporting septalium, crura moderately long, elongated ventrally, posterior diductor scars with strongly divergent anterior ends, adductor scars horseshoe shaped.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Geography":"northeastern Russia (Koryakiya), Slovakia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 913, 3a-l. * K. vodopadica, Koryakiya, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 138\/278, x1, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.8, 1.4, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.6, 4.3, 4.6 (Smirnova, 1990a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 913, 3m-w. K. dvorjankini (Smirnova), Koryakiya, m-p, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, MGU 138\/276, x1.5, q-w, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 1.6, 1.8, 2.3, 2.9, 3.3, 4.15, 4.3, X1 (Smirnova, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990, \nSmirnova, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 913. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1351).\nfig. 913. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1351).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-467.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-467.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orlovirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Orlovirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orlovirhynchia DAGYS, 1968, p. 75","Type_species":"Septaliphoria viligaensis MOISEEV, 1947b, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, oval to rounded-pentagonal, sulcus broad, corresponding fold low or not developed, anterior commissure uniplicate, costae strong, beak short, incurved, ridges distinct, foramen hypothyrid. Dental plates long, subparallel, pedicle collar absent, septum high and long (about two-fifths valve length), septalium narrow, deep, crura raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 916, 2a-k. * O. viligaensis (Moiseev), a-c, dorsal, anterior, ventral views, IGiG 318\/78, x1, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 3.2, 4.1, 4.7, 5.8, 6.8, 7.9, 9.7, 10.9 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 916. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1351).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-471.jpg?height=1891&width=1308&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pontaltorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Pontaltorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pontaltorhynchia Owen & ROSE, 1997, p. 505","Type_species":"*P. magna","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transversely oval, equibiconvex, multicostate, broadly uniplicate with linguiform extension moderate, trapezoidal, and dorsal fold poorly developed, umbo massive, beak short, long, septalium small, raduliform crura, both valves thickened by adventitious shell.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia, Sinai, Israel, ?Somalia, ?Tunisia, ?southern France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 917, 1a-u. *P. magna, Saudi Arabia, a-e, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380565a, x1, f-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.6, 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.0, 4.3, 4.6, 4.8, 5.1, USNM 380648, o-u, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.5, 0.9, 1.2, 1.8, 2.1, 2.6, USNM 380678 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 917. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1351-1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-472.jpg?height=1560&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pycnoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Pycnoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pycnoria COOPER, 1989, p. 51","Type_species":"P. magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, subtriangular to subpentagonal, narrowly uniplicate, dorsal fold gently elevated above steep, rounded lateral slopes, strong, subangular costae (3 to 5 on fold), beak small, low, erect to incurved, deltidial plates conjunct, rimmed, foramen small. Dental plates long, thick, dorsal median ridge low, thick, moderately long, septalium small, raduliform crura, both valves thickened by adventitious shell.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia, Sinai, Israel, ?Somalia, ?Tunisia, ?southern France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 917, 1a-u. *P. magna, Saudi Arabia, a-e, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380565a, x1, f-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.6, 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.0, 4.3, 4.6, 4.8, 5.1, USNM 380648, o-u, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.5, 0.9, 1.2, 1.8, 2.1, 2.6, USNM 380678 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 917. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1351-1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-472.jpg?height=1560&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadratirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Quadratirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadratirhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 42-43","Type_species":"Q. quadrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Quadratirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, oval to subtrigonal, laterally expanded, depressed equibiconvex to gibbous dorsibiconvex, everted, uniplication strong, wide, flattopped, with costae numerous, very sharp (5 to 10 or 15 on fold), no smooth stage, beak small, incurved, foramen small, submesothyrid. Pedicle collar present, dorsal median septum very short, septalial plates short, crura raduliform. Dorsal muscle scars elliptical, separated, equidimensional, ventral muscle scar area U-shaped or elliptical.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (upper Sinemurian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"England, France, Spain, Portugal, ?Germany, Morocco, Algeria, Argentina, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 914, 2a-l. *Q. quadrata, upper Pliensbachian, Somerset, England, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, GSM 31864, x1, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0 , 1.6, 1.9, 2.5, 2.9, 3.7, 4.7, 5.0, J.953\/1, Derek Ager, personal collection (Ager, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAger, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 914. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-468.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":196.18,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Robustirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Robustirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Robustirhynchia Seifert, 1963, p. 174-175","Type_species":"Terebratula Ehningensis Quenstedt, 1857 in 18561857, p. 497, OD,  =R. kurri OPPEL, 1857 in 18561858, p. 577 (p. 279 in 2nd part), subj.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Goniorhynchia but very wide, with uniplication broad, flattopped, and shell thinner, Large, depressed dorsibiconvex, wide subrectangular, transversely elongate, sinus anteriorly flattened and fold strong, costae few (12 to 15), sharp, simple, beginning at apex (4 to 6 on fold), apical region massive, foramen oval to circular, deltidial plates disjunct, apex suberect to weakly incurved, Dental plates thin, strongly divergent, teeth long, tongue shaped, not completely filling wide sockets, dorsal median septum strong but low reaching beyond midvalve, hinge plates straight or slightly concave ventrally, crura not fully preserved.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Germany, Poland (extra-Alpine)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 915, 2a-i. * R. ehningensis (Quenstedt), Swabian Alb, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B. 12005, X1.5 (new), d-i, paratype, transverse serial sections through umbo (Seifert, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Seifert, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 915. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1347-1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-469.jpg?height=1857&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Somalirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Tetrarhynchiinae","Genus":"Somalirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Somalirhynchia WEIR, 1925, p. 79","Type_species":"S. africana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Somolirhynchia Gacovic & Tchoumatchenco, 1994, p. 20, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Somolirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, roundly subtrigonal to broadly subpentagonal, trilobate, dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, dorsal fold low, distinct, 20 to 38 multicostate, coarse, simple, subangular costae (5 to 12 on fold), beak strong, suberect to incurved, with small hypothyrid foramen, muscle scars well marked. Dorsal median septum long, septalium strong, pitlike, hinge plates subhorizontal, crura raduliform, enlarged distally, teeth crenulated.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Callovian), Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Callovian), Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Scotland, France, Spain, Switzerland, Russia, Caucasus, ?Poland, ?Yugoslavia, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Nepal, India, ?Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 918a-q. *S. africana, Oxfordian, Bihendula, Somalia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 429404, x1 (Shi & Grant, 1993), d-q, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.1, 1.4, 2.3, 3.8, 4.2, 4.8, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 5.9, 6.4, 6.7, 7.0, 7.2, BMNH B. 46172, X1.4 (Muir-Wood, 1935).\u2014 Fig. 918 r. S. arabica Cooper, Kimmeridgian, Saudi Arabia, paratype, interior showing septalium and raduliform crus, USNM 380514, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993, \nMuir-Wood, 1935, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 918. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1354).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-474.jpg?height=885&width=1287&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibbirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"Gibbirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibbirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 43","Type_species":"G. gibbosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gibbirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, globose, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, with uniplication strong, arched topped, multicostate, 11 to 38 costae (3 to 9 on fold), beak small, incurved, with 2 deep, narrow muscle impressions. Crura raduliform short, rodlike.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), [Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian) records of Arabia as in Cooper, 1989, are probably referable to Nastosia]","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian) records of Arabia as in Cooper, 1989, are probably referable to Nastosia","Geography":"England, Scotland, France, Belgium, Germany, ?Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar, Switzerland, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, ?Bulgaria, Morocco, Algeria, Anatolia, Israel, Iran, Argentina, ?Peru, western USA (?Nevada), Canada, ?Indonesia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 919, 3a-i. *G. gibbosa, upper Pliensbachian, Somerset, England, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GSM 31866, X1.5, d-i, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.7, BMNH B. 64700 (Ager, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAger, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 919. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1354-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-475.jpg?height=1879&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amydroptychus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"Amydroptychus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amydroptychus COOPER, 1989, p. 10","Type_species":"A. formosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, dorsibiconvex to equibiconvex, widely, roundly subtriangular, rectimarginate or with slight, faint arcuate uniplication, but dorsal fold barely perceptible, costae full length, subangular, with occasional intercalations on umbones, long, erect beak with small, tubular, hypothyrid foramen, deltidial plates disjunct rimmed. Dorsal median septum short, supporting small septalium, dental plates short, wide apart, raduliform crura, laterally expanded distally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia, ?Israel","Figure_captions":"Fig. 920, 1am. *A. formosus, Saudi Arabia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380223c, \u00d71, f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.8, 3.2, 3.5, 3.7, 4.2, 4.7, 5.1, 5.4, USNM 380683 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 920. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1355-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-476.jpg?height=259&width=1258&top_left_y=1838&top_left_x=222)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Burmirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"Burmirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Burmirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 49","Type_species":"B. gutta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, globose, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, thickest at midvalve, convex anteriorly, uniplication distinct, but dorsal fold indistinct to gently prominent, linguiform extension always neat, deflected dorsally, costae numerous, simple, smooth posterior area not present, beak massive, incurved to suberect, sub- dued beak ridges, foramen small, hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct to barely conjunct. Dental plates ventrally divergent, dorsal median septum strong, septalium variable, crura slender, strongly incurved, raduliform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian\u2013Callovian)","Geography":"Europe, Africa, Asia, ?Australasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 919, 1a\u2013k. *B. (B.) gutta, Bathonian, northern Shan States, Myanmar; ac, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 123602, \u00d71; d\u2013k, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.7, USNM 123602 (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 919. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1354-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-475.jpg?height=1879&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Burmirhynchia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"B. (Burmirhynchia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Burmirhynchia) BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 49","Type_species":"B. gutta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"More subspherical, both valves in\ufb02ated, dorsal fold undifferentiated, and costae rounder. Dorsal septum and septalium may be reduced; secondary thickenings not noticeable on the interior.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian\u2013Callovian)","Geography":"Europe, Somalia, Middle East, Afghanistan, India, Myanmar (Burma), China, ? Japan, ? New Zealand.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 919, 1a\u2013k. *B. (B.) gutta, Bathonian, northern Shan States, Myanmar; ac, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 123602, \u00d71; d\u2013k, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.7, USNM 123602 (Shi & Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 919. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1354-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-475.jpg?height=1879&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Hopkinsirhynchia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"B. (Hopkinsirhynchia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Hopkinsirhynchia) Shi & Grant, 1993, p. 63","Type_species":"Rhynchonella hopkinsi DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hopkinsirhynchia Shi & Yang, 1992, p. 555, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Hopkinsirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"More dorsibiconvex, and somewhat trilobate, fold and sulcus well developed, linguiform extension high, trapezoidal, costae rather coarser, subangular. Dorsal median septum stout, septalium generally V-shaped, secondary thickenings frequently developed inside both valves.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (middle Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (middle Bathonian-lower Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Middle East, Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 919, 2a-l. *B. (H.) hopkinsi (Davidson), middle Bathonian, northwestern France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 104676a, x1 (Shi & Grant, 1993), d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.6, 2.2, 3.1, 3.6, 4.1, 4.4, 5.0, 5.7, 6.6 (Laurin, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993, \nLaurin, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 919. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1354-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-475.jpg?height=1879&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":167.02,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":163.41,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Colpotoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"Colpotoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Colpotoria COOPER, 1989, p. 18","Type_species":"C. plicatilis, OD, =Burmirhynchia nazeri ALM\u00c9RAS, 1987, p. 177, subj.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, dorsibiconvex, elongate subtriangular, anteriorly quadrilobate, dorsal fold with anterior sulcus, costae numerous, narrow, flattened, crowded, separated by striae narrower than costae, beak narrow pointed, straight to erect, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct, foramen small, hypothyrid. Dental plates long, divergent, dorsal median septum long, thick, cardinalia thickened, septalium small, shallow, cardinal process absent, crura raduliform, distally concave.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 919, 4a-u. * C. nazeri plicatilis, Bathonian, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380208a, x1, f-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.9, 2.1, 2.7, 3.0, 4.0, 4.7, 5.0, 5.4, 5.6, 6.0, 6.4, 6.7, 7.0, 7.3, 7.7, 8.1, USNM 380654 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 919. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1354-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-475.jpg?height=1879&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Conarosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"Conarosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Conarosia COOPER, 1989, p. 20","Type_species":"C. rotundata, OD,  =Burmirhynchia moulani ALM\u00c9RAS, 1987, p. 177, subj.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Often large, strongly dorsibiconvex, roundly oval in outline and side view, uniplicate, but with indistinct dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, costae numerous, narrow, rounded to flattened, separated by striae narrower than costae, beak massive, rounded, strongly incurved, almost touching umbo of dorsal valve, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct, foramen small, hypothyrid. Dental plates long, dorsal median septum long, septalium small, cardinal process absent, crura raduliform, widening distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 920, 2a-l. * C. moulani rotundata, upper Bajocian-Bathonian, a-e, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380379, x1, f-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.0, 3.7, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.5, 7.6, USNM 380663 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 920. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1355-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-476.jpg?height=259&width=1258&top_left_y=1838&top_left_x=222)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nastosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"Nastosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nastosia COOPER, 1989, p. 50","Type_species":"N. coangustata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, nearly equibiconvex, roundly ovate, moderately uniplicate, but dorsal fold and sulcus subdued, strongly costate, beak erect, deltidial plates disjunct, marginally rimmed, foramen a minute, narrow slit. Dental plates long, thin, very closely positioned and nearly parallel, dorsal median septum thin, persistent, septalium thin, raduliform crura.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","Geography":"Arabia","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig. 920,3a\u2013l. *N. coangustata, Saudi Arabia; a\u2013e, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, USNM 380279, \u00d7 1; f\u2013l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.3, 3.7, 4.0, 4.5, 4.8, 5.7, 6.2, USNM 380656 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 920. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1355-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-476.jpg?height=259&width=1258&top_left_y=1838&top_left_x=222)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schizoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Gibbirhynchiinae","Genus":"Schizoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schizoria COOPER, 1989, p. 54","Type_species":"S. elongata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex, subtriangular, subpentagonal to subcircular, narrowly uniplicate, dorsal fold poorly defined, costae numerous, subangular, bifurcated and intercalated especially on umbones, 3 to 8 on fold, beak suberect to strongly incurved, deltidial plates disjunct, foramen small, narrow, tubular hypothyrid. Dental plates long, subparallel, dorsal median septum long, septalium small, short, crura raduliform.  [Also shows affinities with Indorhynchiinae but placed here due to its deep, Y-shaped septalium.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Arabia, Sinai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 920, 4a-m. *S. elongata, a-e, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, Saudi Arabia, USNM 380260b, x2 (Cooper, 1989), f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.9, 4.2, 4.7, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.3, 8.8, Sinai, GSI M6823 (Feldman, Owen, & Hirsch, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989, \nFeldman, Owen, & Hirsch, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 920. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1355-1358).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-476.jpg?height=259&width=1258&top_left_y=1838&top_left_x=222)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kallirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Kallirhynchiinae","Genus":"Kallirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kallirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 31","Type_species":"Rhynchonella concinna var. yaxleyensis DAVIDSON, 1878, p. 206, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kallirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, globose, almost convexiplane, thickest anteriorly, subpentagonal, anteriorly flat to gently indented, uniplication prominent, subrectangular, but fold indistinct, linguiform extension shallowly concave, flattopped, strongly bent and rising above midheight, multicostate (24 to 32) after short posterior smooth stage (5 to 8 on fold), beak hypothyrid, suberect, deltidial plates disjunct or barely conjunct. Dorsal septum short, low, septalium almost sessile or pendant, crura long, allegedly calcariform to possibly falciform, in fact raduliform with concave distal ends.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, ?Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian, ?Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, ?Germany, ?Switzerland, ?Poland, ?Egypt, Saudi Arabia, ?Jordan, Pamirs, India, China, ?Japan, ?USA, Canada, ?Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 921, 2a-j. *K. yaxleyensis (Davidson), upper Bathonian, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, Cambridgeshire, England, USNM 429303, x1 (Shi & Grant, 1993), d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.0, 2.2, 3.4, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, Lorraine, France (Laurin, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993, \nLaurin, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 921. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1358-1359).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-479.jpg?height=595&width=1267&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kutchirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Kallirhynchiinae","Genus":"Kutchirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kutchirhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 54","Type_species":"Rhynchonella concinna var. kutchensis KITCHIN, 1897, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kutchirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957), Karakulirhynchia Ovcharenko, 1991, p. 18 (type, K. karakulensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Karakulirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subglobose, moderately dorsibiconvex, roundly subpentagonal, uniplication broad, strong and dorsal fold little raised, smooth stage absent, costae numerous, simple, sharp, beak short, suberect to erect, foramen large, deltidial plates disjunct or conjunct. Dental plates long, subparallel, teeth massive, expanded, crenulated, dorsal median septum stout but short, low, hinge plates subhorizontal, septalium variable, slender raduliform crura, strongly curved ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-lower Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Romania, ?Morocco, ?Tunisia, ?Somalia, Saudi Arabia, India, Uzbekistan, Pamirs, ?Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 921, 3a-j. *K. kutchensis (Kitchin), upper Bathonian, Kutch, India, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 75997, x1 (Shi & Grant, 1993), d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 5.45, 5.8, 6.0, 7.2, 8.2, 9.0, 9.5, BMNH B.52574, x1 (new)., Fig. 921, 3k-u. K. karakulensis (Ovcharenko), lower Callovian, Pamirs, k-m, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1, n-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 2.6, 3.5, 3.9, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, 5.5, 6.5 (Ovcharenko, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993, \nOvcharenko, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 921. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1358-1359).\nfig. 921. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1358-1359).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-479.jpg?height=595&width=1267&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=208)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-479.jpg?height=595&width=1267&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":163.41,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obsoletirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Kallirhynchiinae","Genus":"Obsoletirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obsoletirhynchia SHI, 1992, p. 143","Type_species":"Terebratula obsoleta J. SOWERBY, 1815 in 1812-1815, p. 192, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Obsoletirhynchia Yang & Shi, 1990, p. 18, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Obsoletirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Kutchirhynchia but with beak substraight to suberect, foramen rimmed, fold and sulcus less developed, occasionally given to slight asymmetry, septalium rudimentary, pendant.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 921, 1a-k. *O. obsoleta (Sowerby), upper Bathonian, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, Bradford-on-Avon, England, USNM 31006a, \u00d71 (Shi & Grant, 1993), d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.67, 2.5, 3.0, 3.7, 4.2, 4.6, 6.0, 8.5, France (Laurin, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993, \nLaurin, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 921. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1358-1359).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-479.jpg?height=595&width=1267&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhactorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Kallirhynchiinae","Genus":"Rhactorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhactorhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 50","Type_species":"R. rhacta, OD, =Rhynchonella subtetrahedra DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 95, subj.  [Species name was originally spelled subtetra\u00ebdra. Prevailing spelling adopted by BUCKMAN (1918, p. 226), preserved under Article 33.3.1 of ICZN (1999).]","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhactorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957); Rhactarhynchia Wisniewska-Zelichowska, 1978, p. 65, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Rhactarhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, dorsibiconvex, oval to round subtrigonal, subglobose to globose, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus generally weak, sometimes asymmetrical, costae numerous, strong, sharp, beak strong, slightly incurved, foramen rimmed, hypothyrid, conjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal median septum strong, septalium brief, pitlike, crura raduliform, transitional to canaliform distally, muscle scars expanded.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian, Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, ?Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian, Bajocian-Bathonian, ?Callovian), Upper Jurassic (?Oxfordian)","Geography":"England, France, ?Switzerland, ?Austria, ?Poland, ?Yugoslavia, Russia, Caucasus, ?Morocco, ?Israel, India, China, ?USA, ?Canada, ?Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 922a-p. *R. subtetrahedra (Davidson), upper Bajocian, Cotswolds, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 88731, x1 (Shi & Grant, 1993), d-p, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0, 1.8, 2.5, 3.7, 4.4, 5.2, 5.5, 6.2, 6.7, 7.5, 8.2, 9.1, 9.4, BUM 5029 (3) (new, courtesy of C. D. Prosser).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nShi & Grant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 922. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1359).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-480.jpg?height=730&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isjuminella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Isjuminellinae","Genus":"Isjuminella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isjuminella Makridin, 1955, p. 85, pars","Type_species":"Rhynchonella decorata BUCH [sic]; OD; =Terebratulites decoratus VON SCHLOTHEIM, 1820 in 1820\u20131823, p. 264; DROT & FISCHER, 1966, p. 53]","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sardorhynchia TADDEI -RUGGIERO & UNGARO, 1984, p. 228 (type, S. crassa TADDEI-RUGGIERO & UNGARO, 1984, p. 232, OD)","Synonyms":"Sardorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, pentagonal, strongly folded, and highly uniplicate; costae few, very strong, sharp, posterior smooth areas absent; beak massive, incurved; foramen small, hypothyrid, conjunct deltidial plates. Dental plates very short, ill-de\ufb01ned posteriorly; dorsal median septum reduced, thin, bulging in middle; hinge plates narrow, divided, septalium present; crura raduliform, short, incurved ventrally; shell thick, with marked secondary thickenings and callus inside both valves.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 923a\u2013n. *I. decorata (VON SCHLOTHEIM), Bathonian, Ardennes,France; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 31331b, \u00d71 (Shi & Grant, 1993); d\u2013n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.9, 4.3, 6.5, 6.8, 8.1, 8.6, 9.4, 9.9, 10.5, 11.5, 13.3 (Drot & Fischer, 1966).\u2014\u2014Fig. 923o\u2013cc. I. crassa (T ADDEI -R UGGIERO & U NGARO ), upper Bathonian\u2013Callovian, northwestern Sardinia; o\u2013r, holotype, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, T187, Paleontological Museum, University of Naples, Naples, Italy, \u00d71; s\u2013cc, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 3.5, 4.8, 5.4, 5.7, 6.6, 7.3, 7.9, 8.1, 8.4, 8.8, T164, Paleontological Museum, University of Naples, Naples, Italy (Taddei-Ruggiero & Ungaro, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Isjuminellinae","Genus":"Costirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 39","Type_species":"C. costigera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Costirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, globose, dorsibiconvex, with fold high, bi- or tridentate and costae few, coarse, dorsal flanking costae often branching at least once quite early, beak small, short, suberect to incurved with foramen slitlike, squama and glotta present. Shell thick, dental plates short, convex, dorsal median septum high and long, hinge plates narrow, septalium pitlike.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)","Geography":"England, Italy, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 924, 1 a-j . * C. costigera, Aalenian, Cotswolds, England, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B. 86314, X1.5 (new), d-j, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.4, 4.5, CDP 10, C. D. Prosser, personal collection (new, courtesy of C. D. Prosser).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 924. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1361-1364).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-482.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mosquella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Isjuminellinae","Genus":"Mosquella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mosquella MAKRIDIN, 1955, p. 86","Type_species":"Rhynchonella oxyoptycha Fischer Waldheim (sic), 1843, p. 118, OD, = Terebratula oxyoptycha Fischer de Wald- HEIM, 1843, p. 118, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Moscvella Makridin, 1954, p. 103, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Moscvella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large and medium size, oval or rounded-trigonal, covered with costae, simple, coarse, radial (6 to 7 on fold), sulcus and fold wide and well developed. Dorsal septum in young specimens wedge shaped, dental plates crescentic, crura slender, short, bladelike, almost straight, distal end of septum in mature specimens indistinctly overgrown and filling cavity in beak region, septum buttressing disjunct parts of hinge plate, crura gradually becoming hook shaped, ventral muscle scars slender, deep, demarcated with distinct ridges, diverging anteriorly from bases of dental plates, dorsal anterior adductors small, rounded-trigonal near anterior part of septum, adjustors punctae shaped near crural bases. Upper Jurassic (Volgian): Russian Platform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Volgian)","First_Occurrence":"Volgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Volgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Volgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Volgian)","Geography":"Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 924, 2am. *M. oxyoptycha (Fischer de Waldheim), lower Volgian, Moscow basin, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1, d-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.1, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.9, 3.6, 4.7, 5.7, 6.5 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 924. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1361-1364).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-482.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":139.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Russirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Isjuminellinae","Genus":"Russirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Russirhynchia BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 52","Type_species":"Terebratula (Rhynchonella) Fischeri Rouillier, 1847 in Rouillier & VOSINSKY, 1847-1848, p. 394, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Russirhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 2, and 1915, p. 77, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, globose, round subpentagonal to subtrigonal, depressed dorsibiconvex to almost convexoplane, uniplication strong, dorsal fold, costae numerous, very strong (3 to 7 on fold), beak short, suberect, foramen round, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates subparallel, teeth stout, dorsal septum strong, low, septalium distinct in juveniles, extremely narrow and sessile in adults, crura raduliform, with much internal secondary thickening.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Volgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Volgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Volgian)","Geography":"Russia, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 924, 3a-r. *R. fischeri fischeri (Rouillier), lower Volgian, Moscow Basin, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1, d-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.5, 4.8, 5.7, 6.5, 6.9, 7.1, 7.3, 7.4, 7.6, 7.9, 8.5, 9.4, 9.9, 10.2, 10.3 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 924. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1361-1364).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-482.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":139.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Viarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Viarhynchiinae","Genus":"Viarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Viarhynchia Calzada BADIA, 1975, p. 170","Type_species":"Rhynchonella cerdanyolae Bataller, 1947, p. 195, OD,  =Rhynchonella sardanyolae Bataller, 1947, p. 195, prevailing spelling is preserved under Article 33.3.1 of ICZN (1999)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, equibiconvex, globulose, costae numerous, strong, rounded, umbo massive, beak slightly incurved, foramen relatively small, uniplicate with dorsal fold poorly developed, ventral sulcus high, shallow with linguiform extension extensive. Dental plates short, ventrally divergent, hinge plates long, dorsally directed, raduliform crura with concave distal ends. Septum reduced to low, median ridge persistent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"northeastern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 925, 1 a-j . *V. cerdanyolae (Bataller), upper Campanian, Catalonian prePyrenees, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, MGSB 6605, x1, d, lateral view, x1, e-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.8, 4.4, 4.8, 5.9, 6.6, 7.0 (Calzada Badia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada Badia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 925. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1364-1365).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-483.jpg?height=1167&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemithyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Viarhynchiinae","Genus":"Hemithyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemithyropsis KATS, 1974, p. 254","Type_species":"H. globulosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell variable in outline, usually elongate with fold and sulcus weakly developed and beak high, suberect, Hinge plates and socket ridges fused, forming cardinalium, often protruding near cardinal margin, producing muscle platform","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"north of Don basin, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 925, 2a-c. *H. globulosa, lower Maastrichtian, Russia, a, holotype, dorsal view, x2, b-c, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Kats, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kats, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 925. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1364-1365).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-483.jpg?height=1167&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septatoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Viarhynchiinae","Genus":"Septatoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septatoechia Lobacheva & TITOVA, 1977, p. 102","Type_species":"S. inflata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subtrigonal to subcircular, acutely biconvex, fold and sulcus well developed, costae numerous, rounded, originating from umbonal area, becoming more angular anteriorly, umbo short, beak massive, small, slightly incurved, foramen small, epithyrid, sometimes obscured by deltidial plates. Dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally convergent, hinge plates short, dorsal septum high, long, crural bases ventrally deflected. Anterior commissure with sulcus high, arcuate, and dorsal fold well defined.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian), Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"France, Spain, Bulgaria, Crimea, Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 925, 3a-l. * S. inflata, upper Maastrichtian, Tuarkyr, Turkmenistan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, CNIGR 1 \/ 10153, X1, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.2, 3.2, 3.4, 3.85, 4.35, 4.7, 5.6, 6.0, \u00d72.7 (Lobacheva & Titova, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nLobacheva & Titova, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 925. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1364-1365).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-483.jpg?height=1167&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cretirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Cretirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cretirhynchia PETTITT, 1950, p. 1","Type_species":"Terebratula plicatilis J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Crettirhynchia Makridin in Sarycheva, 1960, p. 257, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Crettirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, transversely oval to subpentagonal, acutely dorsibiconvex, dorsal fold low, broad, flattened, developed anteriorly, well-marked shallow trapezoidal linguiform extension of ventral sulcus dorsally directed, ornament of rounded costellae, umbo small, beak erect. Hinge teeth subquadrate, deeply inserted, dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally convergent, hinge plates short, triangular, median septum and septalium developed, crura long.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, ?Kazakhstan, ?Turkey, ?Turkmenistan, ?Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 926, 1a-l. *C. plicatilis (J. Sowerby), upper Chalk, lower Senonian, Northfleet, Kent, England, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.79814, x1 (new), d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 2.4, 3.3, 3.5, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4, 6.0, 6.7, x1 (Pettitt, 1950).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pettitt, 1950","figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Begiarslania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Begiarslania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Begiarslania TITOVA, 1992, p. 142","Type_species":"Cretirhynchia begiarslanensis NEKHRIKOVA, 1967, p. 32, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subpentagonal, moderately dorsibiconvex, dorsal valve with slight umbonal inflation and median fold poorly developed, anteriorly sulcate, ventral valve with broad but shallow sulcus and linguiform extension trapezoidal, umbo short, beak slightly incurved. Pedicle collar present, dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally convergent, teeth subquadrate, inner and outer socket ridges well developed, hinge plates short, horizontal to slightly ventrally deflected, crura distally concave, median septum or septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 926, 2a-u. *B. begiarslanensis (Nekhrikova), upper Maastrichtian, Tuarkyr, Turkmenistan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, CNIGR 34\/10445, x1, e-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.75, 1.4, 2.1, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, approximately x1.5 (Titova, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nTitova, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bohemirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Bohemirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bohemirhynchia NEKVASILOV\u00c1, 1973, p. 78","Type_species":"B. soukupi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, heart-shaped, dorsibiconvex to almost convexoplane, broadly oval to subpentagonal, uniplicate, bisulcate, multicostate with some bifurcation, beak short, suberect, foramen small, submesothyrid, deltidial plates auriculate. Dental plates ventrally convergent, teeth massive, crenulated, median septum low, thick shelled, crura slightly concave dorsally.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Slovakia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 926, 4a-k. * B. soukupi, upper Cenomanian, Miscovice, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, CGS ON 12\/2, x1.5, d-k, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.4, 2.85, 3.25, 3.65, 4.1, 4.7, 5.3, 5.7, CGS ON 12 \/ 35, X1.5 (Nekvasilov\u00e1, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"CGS, \nNekvasilov\u00e1, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Burrirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Burrirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Burrirhynchia OWEN, 1962, p. 58","Type_species":"Rhynchonella leightonensis Lamplugh & WALKER, 1903, p. 261, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex, elongatetriangular to subquadrate. Similar to Cretirhynchia but deltidial plates disjunct, hinge plates thinner and longer, and dorsal fold almost imperceptible, broadly uniplicate with linguiform extension extensive, trapezoidal, shell ornament fine, costellate. Dental plates subparallel to slightly convergent, median septum variable, crura moderately long.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (?Barremian, Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Barremian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (?Barremian, Aptian)-Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, Poland, Romania, Caucasus, Morocco, Donets basin, Turkmenistan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 926,3a\u2013j. *B. leightonensis (LAMPLUGH & WALKER), lower Albian, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire,United Kingdom; a, dorsal view, BMNH B.26573, \u00d71.5; b\u2013c, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.26573, \u00d71.65 (new); d\u2013j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 2.5, 2.9, 3.1, 3.4, 4.0, 4.5, \u00d71.5 (Owen, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":126.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notosaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Notosariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Notosaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notosaria COOPER, 1959, p. 48","Type_species":"Terebratula nigricans G. B. SOWERBY, 1846, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal, uniplicate, dorsal fold low, costate, growth lines developing anteriorly, beak nearly straight to suberect, large hypothyrid foramen, deltidial plates disjunct. Median dorsal ridge low, cardinal process wide, transversely triangular.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene","Geography":"New Zealand, lower OligoceneHolocene; Poland, middle Miocene; Belgium, Pliocene; Antarctica (Seymour Island), Eocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 927, 4a-e. *N. nigricans nigricans (Sowerby), Holocene, New Zealand, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior, USNM 111018b, x1, d, ventral interior showing large foramen and massive teeth, e, dorsal interior showing bilobed cardinal process and crura, USNM 111018a, x4 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 927. notosariidae (p. 1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-487.jpg?height=1883&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraplicirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Notosariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paraplicirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraplicirhynchia BITNER, 1996, p. 76","Type_species":"P. gazdzickii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular to broadly oval, nearly equibiconvex, weakly uniplicate, marginal costae, many developing anteriorly after distinctive smooth stage, beak prominent, foramen large, hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Transverse, bilobed cardinal process, short, low median dorsal ridge, dental plates reduced in adults.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"Antarctica (Seymour Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 927, 1a-e. * P. gazdzickii, ?lower Eocene, middle Eocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, ventral views, x1.5, d, ventral interior, x3, e, holotype, dorsal interior, ZPAL Bp.XXXVII\/107, \u00d73 (Bitner, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"ZPAL, \nBitner, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 927. notosariidae (p. 1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-487.jpg?height=1883&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Notosariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plicirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicirhynchia ALLAN, 1947b, p. 493","Type_species":"Rhynchonella plicigera von IHERING, 1897, p. 270, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal-subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, uniplicate, striate posteriorly, marginal costae developing anteriorly, beak long, pointed, foramen large, hypothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Bilobed cardinal process, short, low median dorsal ridge.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"Argentina, ?Antarctica (Seymour and Cockburn Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 927,3a\u2013e. *P. plicigera (VON IHERING), Argentina; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71; d, umbonal detail showing foramen, thick deltidial plates, and faint umbonal striation, USNM 549346a, \u00d7 4; e, oblique dorsal interior showing crura and bilobed cardinal process, USNM 549346c, \u00d74 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 927. notosariidae (p. 1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-487.jpg?height=1883&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protegulorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Notosariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protegulorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protegulorhynchia OWEN, 1980, p. 129","Type_species":"P. meridionalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to broadly oval, uniplicate, dorsal fold poorly developed, shell ornament costellate with marked concentric growth lines becoming more lamellose anteriorly, ventral sulcus shallow with narrow but acutely arcuate anterior commissure and poorly defined linguiform extension, beak sharp, short, suberect, beak ridges distinct, foramen small","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Geography":"Antarctica, southern India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 927, 2a-c. * P. meridionalis, lower Campanian, James Ross Island, Antarctica, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH BB.76770, x1.5 (Owen, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nOwen, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 927. notosariidae (p. 1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-487.jpg?height=1883&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tegulorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Notosariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tegulorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tegulorhynchia Chapman & CRESPIN, 1923, p. 175","Type_species":"Rhynchonella squamosa HUTTON, 1873, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Trigonal to subpentagonal, uniplicate, dorsal fold low, ornament of strong costae that are lamellose and often with hollow spines, beak long, straight, foramen large, hypothyrid, deltidial plates usually conjunct. Crura short, dorsal median septum short, low. Paleogene (lower Paleocene)-Neogene (Miocene): Australasia, Antarctica.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (lower Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Paleocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (lower Paleocene)-Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Australasia, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 927, 5ac. * T. squamosa (Hutton), upper Oligocene, Duntroonian, northern Otago, New Zealand, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, OU NZ DL20, x2 (Lee, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nT, \nLee, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 927. notosariidae (p. 1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-487.jpg?height=1883&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Septirhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septirhynchia MUIR-WOOD, 1935, p. 106","Type_species":"Rhynchonella azaisi COTTREAU, 1925, p. 581, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, equibiconvex, with low dorsal fold, fully costate, with many coarse unbranching costae, planareas smooth, lateral, increasing at the expense of lateral costae, uniplication broad, multidentate anteriorly, beak prominent, greatly incurved in adult, concealing minute foramen and deltidial plates (disjunct in juvenile, later fused). Strong dental plates, ventral median septum well developed in adult, but absent or low ridge in juvenile, dorsal median septum of similar height and length throughout ontogeny, septalium present in juvenile then overturned and concealed by adult cardinal process, formed by recurved calcite sheets partly enveloping dorsal umbo and septalium, crura simple raduliform, sometimes depressed in cross section, teeth and sockets smooth.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bathonian, Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bathonian, Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bathonian, Callovian)","Geography":"Tunisia, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sinai, Syria, Oman, ?Iran, ?Madagascar, ?Lebanon","Figure_captions":"Fig. 928a-b. *S. azaisi (Cottreau), ? Callovian (rather than Kimmeridgian), Somalia, a, dorsal view, BMNH B.46235, x1 (Feldman, 1987), b, holotype, sagittal section, Harrar, Ethiopia, MNHN, x1 (Cottreau, 1925). - Fig. 928c-v. S. numidiensis Mance\u00f1ido & Walley, Callovian, Tunisia, c-g, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, BMNH BB.76530, x1, h-m, paratype, transverse serial sections extending from 0.0 to 3.5 mm from ventral umbo, n-v, paratype, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.1, 4.7, 7.2, 8.8, 10.2, 11.8, 12.8, 14.2, 15.0 (Mance\u00f1ido & Walley, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMNHN, \nFeldman, 1987, \nCottreau, 1925, \nMance\u00f1ido & Walley, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 928. septirhynchiidae (p. 1367-1369).\nfig. 928. septirhynchiidae (p. 1367-1369).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-489.jpg?height=1891&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-489.jpg?height=1891&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":80,"beginning_date":165.87,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heteromychus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Septirhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heteromychus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heteromychus COOPER, 1989, p. 41-42","Type_species":"*H. magnificus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval, subequibiconvex, uniplicate, with median sulcus shallow and dorsal fold low, ill-defined, steep, rounded lateral slopes, beak small, closely appressed on dorsal umbo, lateral planareas present, fully costate, with numerous, dense, blunt costae. Long, strong dental plates, ventral median septum not developed, or just a ridge in adult, with dorsal median septum long, septalium small, shallow, and cardinal process large, backward growing.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian-Callovian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia, ?Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 929, 1a-v. *H. magnificus, Saudi Arabia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, USNM 380576, x1, d-v, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4 , 1.3, 1.9, 2.1, 2.5, 3.4, 3.7, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.9, 5.3, 5.6, 6.1, 6.5, 7.3, 8.1, 8.4, USNM 380655 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 929. septirhynchiidae (p. 1369).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-490.jpg?height=1876&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":80,"beginning_date":165.87,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lessinirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Septirhynchiidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lessinirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lessinirhynchia V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1995, p. 55, nom. nov. pro Lessiniella V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1993, p. 52, non Pavan, 1941, Insecta, *Lessiniella benettii V\u00d6R\u00d6S, 1993, p. 53, OD","Type_species":"Lessiniella benettii V\u00d6R\u00d6S, 1993, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, equibiconvex, strongly gibbose, pyriform, umbones massive, beaks strongly incurved, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus weak, anterior commissure round uniplicate to parasulcate, planareas well developed, deltidial plates fused. Dental plates and pedicle collar present, cardinal process formed by bladelike extension of dorsal umbo, septalium slightly overturned, dorsal median septum well developed, long, crura raduliform, crural bases emerge dorsally, teeth and sockets crenulated, ventral median septum absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"southern Alps (northern Italy)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 929, 2a-o. * L. benettii (V\u00f6r\u00f6s), Verona, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, posterior, ventral views, MFLV CC100 CvB, x1, e-o, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 4.7, 6.4, 7.9, 8.2, 8.8, 9.1, 9.5, 10.8, 11.4, 12.2, 13.2, MFLV CC99 Cv-B (V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 929. septirhynchiidae (p. 1369).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-490.jpg?height=1876&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barzellinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Barzellinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barzellinia DE GREGORIO, 1930b, p. 8","Type_species":"B. primogenita; M","Synonyms_with_authors":"[This genus has been regarded as a subjective synonym of Halorella BITTNER, 1884, p. 107, yet it seems advisable to stress its uncertain systematic af\ufb01nities.]","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell tumid, equilateral, rounded, equibiconvex, terebratuliform; ornamented with very \ufb01ne, radial, equidistant striae; ventral umbo very small, incurved.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic or ?Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic or ?Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic or ?Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Italy (Sicily)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 930, 5a\u2013d. *B. primogenita; dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, \u00d7 1 (de Gregorio, 1930b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 930. uncertain (p. 1369-1373).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-492.jpg?height=376&width=1263&top_left_y=1131&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isjuminelina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Isjuminelina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isjuminelina MAKRIDIN in SARYCHEVA, 1960, p. 254","Type_species":"Rhynchonella pseudodecorata R OLLIER , 1917, p. 139, sensu MAKRIDIN, 1964, p. 176, non ROLLIER, 1917; =Isjuminella isjumica MAKRIDIN, 1955, facing p. 86, \ufb01g. 4]","Synonyms_with_authors":"Isjuminella MAKRIDIN, 1955, p. 85, partim]","Synonyms":"Isjuminella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded-pentagonal, medium size with costae radial; sulcus and fold not strong. Median dorsal septum high, comparably short, strongly fused with massive crural bases, pseudodeltidium possibly present; crura very short, thick, hook shaped, sometimes with disjunct septalium; hinge teeth large, crenulated, on very short thick dental plates, fused to valve almost along its whole length; teeth sockets deep with strong crenulations, delimited by massive, almost parallel inner socket ridges. Muscle scars occupying about one-third inner surface of dorsal valve; anterior adductors deep, transverse-elongated or semioval, converging to anterior part of septum; ventral muscle scars pear shaped, wide, occupying one-half its inner surface.   [Family allocation has been dependent upon dual interpretation of misidenti\ufb01ed type species. Preferred action for stability is to \ufb01x taxonomic species actually involved in the misidenti\ufb01cation under ICZN, 1999, Article 70.30.2. This would allow inclusion among Isjuminellinae.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Europe, Russia (Donetz basin, ?Crimea ?Caucasus)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 930, 4a\u2013c. *I. isjumica (M AKRIDIN ), upper Oxfordian, Kharkov, Russia; dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 930. uncertain (p. 1369-1373).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-492.jpg?height=376&width=1263&top_left_y=1131&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sacothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sacothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sacothyropsis Chen & OTHERS, 1986, p. 76","Type_species":"S. jiangdaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Isjuminella Makridin, 1955, p. 85, partim","Synonyms":"Isjuminella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate, rounded triangular, moderately dorsibiconvex, smooth, thickest just beyond midlength, widest anteriorly, carinate ventral valve, ventral beak small, incurved, foramen permesothyrid, beak ridges angular, anterior commissure plicosulcate, dorsal sulcus shallow, widening anteriorly and split by blunt median fold. Pedicle collar present, hinge plates divided, extending horizontally, dental plates, septum, and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 930, 3a-i. *S. jiangdaensis, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, CIGMR SC 248, \u00d72, e-i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.7, 1.0, 1.7, 2.2 (Chen & others, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 930. uncertain (p. 1369-1373).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-492.jpg?height=376&width=1263&top_left_y=1131&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yunshannella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yunshannella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yunshannella Li & GU, 1982, p. 54","Type_species":"Y. triphylla, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Yunshanella Li & Gu, 1982, p. 57, nom. null., Yunnshanella Shi & Grant, 1993, p. 18, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Yunshanella, Yunnshanella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium size, nearly flabelliform in outline, apical angle about 90^{\\\\circ}, feebly biconvex in profile, fold low, sulcus shallow, plicae rounded and ornamented with dense, radial, elongate, thin tubercles, other characters as in Septaliphoria","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 930, 2a-b. *Y. triphylla, Lower Cretaceous (rather than Callovian or Oxfordian), Heilongjiang, a, paratype, dorsal view, SIGM MBr 77009, x2, b, holotype, ventral view, SIGM MBr 81009, x1 (Li & Gu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Gu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 930. uncertain (p. 1369-1373).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-492.jpg?height=376&width=1263&top_left_y=1131&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ancorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ancorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ancorhynchia Jin & YE, 1979, p. 101","Type_species":"A. madoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor description and poor figures. Best considered nomen dubium until better data available.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Areella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Areella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Areella ERLANGER, 1992, p. 51","Type_species":"A. burunica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor photographs. Single, very poor interior section. Best considered nomen dubium until additional data available.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asiarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Asiarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asiarhynchia SU, 1980, p. 294","Type_species":"Zlichorhynchus asiaticus HAMADA, 1971, p. 63, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor material and single schematic section. Best considered nomen dubium until additional data available.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Beichuanrhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Beichuanrhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Beichuanrhynchus CHEN, 1990, p. 7","Type_species":"Kwangsirhynchus beichuanensis CHEN, 1979, p. 7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subpentagonal, strongly biconvex, strong fold and sulcus anteriorly, pronounced, rounded tongue, costae simple, restricted to anterior half of shell, dental plates short, merge with shell wall, hinge plates divided, median septum, septalium, cardinal process absent, crura unknown. Poor photographs and poor sections. Best considered nomem dubium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Borealirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Borealirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Borealirhynchia SU, 1976, p. 194","Type_species":"B. delerensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with outline subtriangular to subpentagonal, moderately biconvex with lateral and anterior margins not vertical, beak suberect, fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, high, plicae strong, extending from umbones, covering flanks as well as fold and sulcus, dental plates long, strong, ventral muscle field broad, lachrymal outline, dorsal median septum strong, extending about one-third valve length, septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"northern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarotoechioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Camarotoechioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarotoechioides RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1978, p. 178","Type_species":"Camarotoechia lazutkini RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1955, p. 246, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor figures. No internal information, no sections. Best considered nomen dubium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"central Asia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chivatschella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chivatschella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chivatschella ZAVODOWSKY, 1968, p. 125","Type_species":"C. orotchensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"The material is unlikely to be adequate to justify the diagnosis of a new genus. Best considered nomen dubium. Assigned to Wellerellidae by Zavodowsky, 1968, p. 125.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"northeastern Asia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Corrugatimediorostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Corrugatimediorostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Corrugatimediorostrum SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 23","Type_species":"Terebratula rocky-montana MARCOU, 1858, p. 50, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"The holotype is poorly illustrated and the interior is uncertain, making it difficult to assign to a family or genus. It is best considered a nomen dubium. Found in the Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) period in North America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian)","First_Occurrence":"Westphalian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian)","Last_Occurrence":"Westphalian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":48.4,"beginning_date":319.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Donella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Donella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Donella ROTAI, 1931, p. 21","Type_species":"D. minima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, outline rounded, elongate oval, dorsibiconvex, dorsal valve slightly inflated anteriorly, beak erect, foramen closed by dorsal beak, fold and sulcus weak, broad, with short sinus in anterior part of fold, otherwise surface smooth. Best considered nomen dubium. Lower Carboniferous: central Asia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"central Asia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dorsisinus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dorsisinus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dorsisinus SANDERS, 1958, p. 53","Type_species":"Centronella louisianensis WELLER, 1914, p. 241, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small with outline elongate oval and profile equibi- convex. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium triangular, incipient deltidial plates present anteriorly, leaving small foramen. Ventral fold and dorsal sulcus gentle, from umbones, anterior commissure sulcate. Shell surface smooth. Dental plates vertical, moderately long. Septalium short, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum high, extending to midlength, crura long.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA (Mississippi Valley), Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 930, 1a-d, *D. louisianensis (Weller), a-b, dorsal and ventral views, Kinderhookian, Louisiana Limestone, USA, x4 (Weller, 1914), c, dorsal valve interior, lower Mississippian, Sonora, Mexico, x3, d, interior of conjoined posterior fragment, lower Mississippian, Sonora, Mexico, x4 (Sanders, 1958)","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914, \nSanders, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 930. uncertain (p. 1369-1373).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-492.jpg?height=376&width=1263&top_left_y=1131&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ferganotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ferganotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ferganotoechia RZHONSNITSKAIA in RZHONSNITSKAIA, KULIKOVA , & PETROSYAN , 1978, p. 68","Type_species":"Camerotoechia (?) ferganica NALIVKIN, 1930b, p. 72; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Mentioned by RZHONSNITSKAIA as new genus based on C. (?) ferganica but not described. Original photographs of NALIVKIN inadequate for type species; also there are no internals or sections. Best considered nomen dubium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian:","Geography":"central Asia, Urals","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globidorsum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Globidorsum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globidorsum JIN, 1988, p. 215","Type_species":"G. basale, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No interior figures. Only single specimen figured to show exterior. Best considered nomen dubium until additional data available.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glyptorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptorhynchia Shen & HE, 1994, p. 449","Type_species":"G. lens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, transversely ovate, Fold and sulcus from about midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, Costae numerous, simple, arising at umbones, Dental plates short, Hinge plates reported to be divided,   [The interior of the genus is uncertain, therefore it is difficult to assign to a family or a genus. This genus is best considered as a nomen dubium.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1817, 1a-e. *G. lens, Changhsing Formation, Guiding, Guizhou, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, c-e, paratype, anterior, ventral, and dorsal views, x2 (Shen & He, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shen & He, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1817. nomina dubia (p. 2724-2726).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-455.jpg?height=1267&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypoleiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hypoleiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypoleiorhynchus LINNIK, 1976, p. 64","Type_species":"Hypothyridina (?) schelonica NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Need topotype material for sectioning because published sections very inadequate. Interiors unknown. Best considered nomen dubium until better data available.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Belorus, European Russia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Langkawia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Langkawia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Langkawia HAMADA, 1969b, p. 261","Type_species":"L. jonesae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor mold material comprising only 2 dorsal valves, poorly described and figured, best considered nomen dubium until more data is available. Found in the Upper Devonian or Lower Carboniferous of the Malay Peninsula.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian or Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian or Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian or Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Malay Peninsula","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Laosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laosia MANSUY, 1913, p. 83","Type_species":"L. dussaulti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No sections or other internal figures have been published. Best regarded as nomen dubium. Assigned to family Uncertain in 1965 Treatise (Moore, 1965).","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Indo-China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leiorhynchoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leiorhynchoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leiorhynchoides DOVGAL, 1953, p. 140","Type_species":"L. gratianovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No sections or other internal figures have been published. Best regarded as nomen dubium. Assigned to family Uncertain in 1965 Treatise (Moore, 1965).","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Altai","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linxiangxiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Linxiangxiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linxiangxiella YANG, 1984, p. 230","Type_species":"L. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor photographs. Only 2 transverse sections. May not be rhynchonellid. Best considered nomen dubium until more data available. Assigned to family Uncertain by Yang, 1984, p. 230, but assigned to Hypothyridininae by Yang in English translation sent in letter. Does not seem to be a genus of Uncinulinae or Uncinulidae.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Miaohuangrhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Miaohuangrhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Miaohuangrhynchus Yang in Yang & OTHERS, 1977, p. 374","Type_species":"M. uncinuliformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, foramen small, circular, marginal spines not evident, dental plates perhaps close to shell walls, septalium perhaps not present, hinge plate may be divided, dorsal median septum short, possibly stout, cardinal process may be absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongolirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mongolirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongolirhynchia Hou & ZHAO, 1976, p. 191","Type_species":"M. delitescens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor photographs. No figures of interior of type species. Descriptions based on interior of different species (M. simplex) from different formation and different region (West Qinling, Fu, 1983b). Best considered nomen dubium until better data available to justify genus status. Assigned to Uncinulidae (Hou & Zhao, 1976, p. 191).","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Mongolia, northern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nantanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nantanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nantanella GRABAU, 1936, p. 70","Type_species":"N. mapingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor photographs and section, Assigned to Stenoscismatacea by Grabau, 1936, and by Tong, 1978, Regard as nomen dubium until better data available, otherwise as Stenoscismatoidea, Assigned to family Uncertain in 1965 Treatise (Moore, 1965).","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neimongolella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neimongolella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neimongolella Zhang YAN, 1981a, p. 385","Type_species":"N. paraplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium size, weakly biconvex, foramen present, fold and sulcus very weak, anterior commissure almost rectimarginate, straight plications extending from beak to commissure, dental plates straight, vertical, distinct, septalium perhaps absent, hinge plates may be divided, dorsal septum absent, cardinal process may be absent, crura long, laterally flattened.  [Photographs and sections quite good but HOU Hong-fei (unpublished manuscript, 1993) stated: \u201cNeimongolella is similar to Kwangsirhynchus HOU & XIAN , 1975, . . . because specimens of Neimongolella are too few and have been poorly preserved, it is not enough that has been established a new genus at condition. Thus, Neimongolella should be abandoned and to have assigned in nomen dubium.\u201d Because of this it seems best to consider the genus a nomen dubium until better data available or (less acceptably) as a synonym of the coeval Kwangsirhunchus. Assigned to Pugnacidae by ZHANG Yan, 1981a, p. 385.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northern China","Figure_captions":"Photographs and sections quite good but Hou Hong-fei (unpublished manuscript, 1993) stated: \"Neimongolella is similar to Kwangsirhynchus Hou & Xian, 1975, . . . because specimens of Neimongolella are too few and have been poorly preserved, it is not enough that has been established a new genus at condition. Thus, Neimongolella should be abandoned and to have assigned in nomen dubium.\" Because of this it seems best to consider the genus a nomen dubium until better data available or (less acceptably) as a synonym of the coeval Kwangsirhunchus. Assigned to Pugnacidae by Zhang Yan, 1981a, p. 385.","Museum_or_author_information":"unpublished manuscript, 1993","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paratetratomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paratetratomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paratetratomia Yang in Yang & OTHERS, 1977, p. 394","Type_species":"P. xiangzhouensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor photographs. Only single poor transverse section. Genus not used. Best considered nomen dubium until better data available. Assigned to family Uncertain by Yang in Yang & others, 1977, p. 394.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paryphorhynchopora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paryphorhynchopora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paryphorhynchopora SIMORIN, 1956, p. 245","Type_species":"Pugnoides korsakpaica NALIVKIN, 1937, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium, outline subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex profile with inflated anterior, beak suberect, anterior commissure uniplicate, high, rounded, plicae angular, from umbones, shell surface with radial striae, dental plates present, septalium deep, V-shaped, dorsal median septum short.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Payuella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Payuella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Payuella GRABAU, 1934, p. 150","Type_species":"P. obscura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Only holotype figured. No description or figures of interior. Best considered a nomen dubium until better data available. Assigned to family Uncertain in 1965 Treatise (Moore, 1965). Lower Permian: southern China.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perakia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Perakia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perakia HAMADA, 1969a, p. 7","Type_species":"P. undulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Type material poorly preserved and insufficient for generic or even superfamily assignment. Best considered nomen dubium until better data available.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian (Emsian-Eifelian)","Geography":"Malaya","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platyglossariorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Platyglossariorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platyglossariorhynchus SARTENAER, 1970a, p. 8","Type_species":"Pugnax proteus TORLEY, 1934, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Exterior photographs of Torley (1934) suitable but interior features unknown, Only reference seems to be original publication of Sartenaer, 1970a, who stated interior imperfectly known and did not provide sections or other figures, Best considered nomen dubium until better data available","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (middle Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (middle Givetian-upper Givetian)","Geography":"Germany, North America","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":35,"beginning_date":383.06,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plekonina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plekonina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plekonina WATERHOUSE, 1986a, p. 65","Type_species":"P. spissatella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Material insufficiently figured for genus description. Only 2 views of crushed holotype. Interior unknown. Best considered nomen dubium until better data available. Assigned to Wellerellidae by Waterhouse, 1986a, p. 64.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous or Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous or Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous or Lower Permian","Geography":"Dresden Formation, eastern Australia (Bowen Basin, Queensland)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protorhyncha Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 180","Type_species":"Atrypa dubia HALL, 1947, p. 21, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Probably not a rhynchonellid (see Cooper, 1956a, p. 618, also 1965 Treatise Moore, 1965, p. 597). Types lost. Interior unknown. Best considered nomen dubium until better data available.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Champlainian)","First_Occurrence":"Champlainian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Champlainian)","Last_Occurrence":"Champlainian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Champlainian)","Geography":"eastern USA (New York)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":17.6,"ending_date":451.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudopugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudopugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudopugnax LICHAREW, 1956, p. 56","Type_species":"P. planissima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Assigned to Septalariinae in 1965 Treatise (Moore, 1965) but occurs in Upper Permian, whereas there are no known septalariids after Devonian","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor exterior photographs, Poor sections, Surface appears to be weakly costate or even spinose, Cannot be placed into superfamily, Genus name used in original publication in 1956 but no other use since then, Best considered nomen dubium until better data available.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"northern Caucasus","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pugnacina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pugnacina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pugnacina Zuong & Rzhonsnitskaia in Zuong & Rzhonsnitskaia & OTHERS, 1968, p. 43","Type_species":"P. baoi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Assigned to Uncinulidae by Zuong and Rzhonsnitskaia, 1968, p. 41.","Synonyms":"Uncinulidae","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Only single specimen (holotype) figured showing exterior. No interiors figured. No basis for erecting new genus. Best considered nomen dubium until additional data available.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian, ?Middle Devonian (?lower Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian, ?Middle Devonian (?lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian, ?Middle Devonian (?lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Vietnam","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchotretaoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchotretaoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchotretaoides SEVERGINA, 1967, p. 136","Type_species":"R. aincus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Severgina (1967, p. 136-137) described and illustrated the exterior of the type species. No illustrations of interior then or subsequently. Rozman (1981, p. 158) illustrated interior of species he called Rhynchotretaoides bairimicus sp. nov. There is no way to decide whether this is same genus without interior information of type species. Best treated as nomen dubium until more information available.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician","Geography":"central Asia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchotretina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchotretina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchotretina KHALFIN, 1948, p. 175","Type_species":"R. aequivalvis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Assigned to Camarotoechiinae in 1965 Treatise (MOORE , 1965).","Synonyms":"Camarotoechiinae","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subtriangular elongate with angle acute apical, almost equibiconvex, fold or sulcus absent, rectimarginate, beak short, straight, plicae weak, from midlength, dental plates short, convergent ventrally, septalium may be absent, hinge plates may be divided, dorsal median septum long.  [Letter from GRATSIANOVA (March 16, 1994) said she is is sure this genus is invalid because of insuf\ufb01cient material\u2014KHALFIN had only 2 conjoined shells, 1 of which was broken posteriorly and what was left of it was used for the few serials sections. The other is the holotype. Regard it as a nomen dubium. ]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Altai","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynoleichus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynoleichus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynoleichus Abramov & GRIGORJEWA, 1983, p. 95","Type_species":"R. delenjaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subpentagonal to transversely ovate, dorsibiconvex with lateral and anterior slopes gentle, beak erect, fold and sulcus very wide, anterior commissure uniplicate, rounded, very wide, resulting in narrow alate flanks, plicae wide, rounded, weak on fold and sulcus, very weak on flanks, dental plates very short, strongly divergent ventrally, septalium short, hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum short, low.  [Only 7 specimens total assigned to type species, only 3 poorly preserved specimens from type locality. Serial sections poor. Similar to Leiorhynchoidea, but material too poor to determine features. Best treated as nomen dubium at present.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"Taimyr, Russia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Salairotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Salairotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Salairotoechia RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1968d, p. 123","Type_species":"Nudirostra? pseudocarens KULKOV, 1960, p. 174, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No figures of interior of type species. Not enough information to warrant new genus. Best treated as nomen dubium at present.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Kuznets Basin","Figure_captions":"No figures of interior of type species. Not enough information to warrant new genus. Best treated as nomen dubium at present.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sichuanrhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sichuanrhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sichuanrhynchus TONG, 1978, p. 243","Type_species":"S. sulcatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, subpentagonal to subcircular, strongly inflated and subtetrahedral, beak incurved, fold and sulcus strong, uniplicate tongue, surface smooth, interior uncertain.  No figures of interiors. Best treated as nomen dubium at present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Straelenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Straelenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Straelenia MAILLIEUX, 1935, p. 10","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Dunensis Drevermann, 1902, p. 108, OD, =Rhynchonella Dannenbergi KaySER mut. nov. minor DREVERMANN, 1902, p. 107","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhynchonella Dannenbergi KaySER mut. nov. minor Drevermann, 1902, p. 107, Dinapophysia Maillieux, 1935, p. 5 (type, Orthis papilio Krantz, 1857, p. 156, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Material poorly preserved. Could be genus of Camarotoechioidea. Need fuller description and better topotype specimens. Probably best treated as nomen dubium until additional work done.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"western Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tanerhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tanerhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tanerhynchia ALLAN, 1947a, p. 442","Type_species":"Eatonia parki ALLAN, 1935, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known, size medium, outline transversely subcircular, profile weakly biconvex, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus weak posteriorly, moderately strong anteriorly, costae poorly known, appearing simple and low, dental plates not evident, ventral muscle area weakly impressed, myophragm weak, dorsal median septum short and stout, cardinal process with erect shaft and rugose myophore.  [Type material inadequate to base new genus. Probably belongs to Eatoniidae. Best treated as nomen dubium until better material described.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"New Zealand, Antarctica","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Togaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Togaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Togaella SEVERGINA, 1960b, p. 409","Type_species":"T. grandis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor material. Unless better topotype material becomes available, best regarded as a nomen dubium. Also see Kulkov & Severgina, 1989, for additional (poor) illustrations of internal and external molds, they assigned the genus to the Rhynchotrematidae.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Ending_age":"Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Ordovician","Geography":"Altai, Mongolia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trilobatoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trilobatoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trilobatoechia XIAN, 1990, p. 44","Type_species":"T. daxinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poor material, no sections. Unless better topotype material becomes available, best regarded as a nomen dubium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uralotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Uralotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uralotoechia SAPELNIKOV, 1963b, p. 17","Type_species":"U. vagranensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Assigned to Hypothyridinidae by Sapelnikov, 1963b, p. 17 but seems an unlikely age for members of that group. Photographs and sections not adequate to warrant new genus. Probably best regarded as nomen dubium until new topotype sections available.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)","Geography":"Northern Urals","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":425.01,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wulungguia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wulungguia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wulungguia Zhang YAN, 1981b, p. 91","Type_species":"W. wulungguensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline elongate, margins of fold and sulcus sudden, dental plates very short, septalium very short, without cover","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yanbianella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yanbianella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yanbianella TONG, 1978, p. 238","Type_species":"Y. dorsiconvexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size small, outline transversely subovate, moderately biconvex, ventral beak erect to incurved, costae strong anteriorly, umbones smooth, short septalium without cover.  [Assigned to Trigonirhynchiidae by TONG, 1978, p. 239. Photographs and sections of type material very poor.]","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yarirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yarirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yarirhynchia Jin & SUN, 1981, p. 147","Type_species":"Y. concava, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, outline subcircular, profile weakly biconvex, fold and sulcus not evident, short septalium without cover","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yingtangella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yingtangella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yingtangella Bai & Ying in YoH & BAI, 1978, p. 54","Type_species":"Y. sulcatilis (HOU), 1963, p. 417, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Assigned to Rhynchoporidae by Bai & Ying in Yang & others, 1977, p. 397, nomen nudum. Poor illustrations. Inadequate information for new genus. Best treated as nomen dubium until more data available. May be terebratulid.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Almogilabinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Almogilabinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Almogilabinella GEORGESCU (in press) in GEORGESCU, 1993, p. 43","Type_species":"type species A. almogilabini GEORGESCU (in press).","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crurirhynchella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Crurirhynchella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crurirhynchella XU & LIU, 1983, p. 83","Type_species":"Crurirhynchia\u201d sub\ufb01ssicostata YANG & XU, 1966, p. 27","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Possibly referable to Caucasorhynchia DAGYS, 1963, p. 66].","Synonyms":"Caucasorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dingleirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dingleirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dingleirhynchia GEORGESCU (in press), in GEORGESCU, 1993, p. 43","Type_species":"type species D. dinglei GEORGESCU (in press).","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holcothyroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Holcothyroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holcothyroides DAGYS, 1974, p. 89","Type_species":"Rhynchonella delicatula BITTNER, 1890, p. 17 and Rhynchonella deliciosa BITTNER, 1890, p. 155","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Probably a lapsus pro Holcorhynchella DAGYS, 1974, p. 110.]","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbignyrhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orbignyrhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":"Orbignyrhynchia MICHAL\u00cdK, 1992, p. 61 [nom. null., personal communication, 1995].","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[further details unknown; might refer to Neocirpa PROZOROVSKAIA, 1985, p. 110]","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","First_Occurrence":"Danian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septalirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septalirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septalirhynchia XU & LIU, 1980, p. 37, further in XU & LIU, 1983, p. 83","Type_species":"\u201cSeptaliphoria\u201d tienchungensis YANG & YIN , 1962, p. 93 and \u201cS.\u201d rhomba YANG & YIN , 1962, p. 95","Synonyms_with_authors":"Possibly referable to Costirhynchopsis or Eoseptaliphoria.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuwaiqirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tuwaiqirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuwaiqirhynchia NAZER [1970, unpublished manuscript deposited in a library], p. 45, in ALM\u00c9RAS , 1987, p. 177","Type_species":"type species T. arabiensis NAZER [1970, unpublished manuscript deposited in a library","Synonyms_with_authors":"Most likely a synonym of Conarosia COOPER, 1989, p. 20","Synonyms":"Conarosia","Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vindobonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vindobonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vindobonella P EARSON [1967, unpublished manuscript deposited in a library], in SIBL\u00cdK, 1988, p. 51","Type_species":"type species V. katzeri PEARSON [1967, unpublished manuscript deposited in a library; SIBL\u00cdK also mentions \"museum labels.\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic [in need of proper validation]","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic [in need of proper validation]","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic [in need of proper validation]","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Atrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atrypa DALMAN, 1828, p. 127","Type_species":"Anomia reticularis LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 702, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"medium to large, broadly convexoplane to dorsibiconvex adult shell, ventral valve from very weakly convex apically, dorsal valve usually strongly convex, area generally absent, beak adpressed, foramen transapical or obscured, deltidial plates absent, ribs medium to coarse, regular, concentric, undulose to wavelike growth lamellae, usually expanded as prominent, multiple frills, commissure rectimarginate to plicate, thick pedicle callist, teeth massive, with dental nuclei, accessory lobes (dental cavities in neanic shells), muscle field depressed, vascular ridges weakly to strongly developed around muscle areas, hinge socket plates strong, comblike cardinal process lining cardinal pit, sockets with accessory ridges, crural bases large, bulbous, crura commonly feathered, spiralia dorsal, up to 20 whorls in large shells, jugal processes thick, terminating in long, dorsally directed spatulate jugal plates, differs from ancestral Gotatrypa in convexoplane shell, development of frills, from Atryparia in more imbricate ribs, lack of dental nuclei in adult teeth","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 939 a\u2013d. *A. (A.) reticularis (LINNAEUS), lower Ludlow, Gotland; a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, posterior views, \u00d72; d, SEM detail of macroornament, \u00d712 (new).\u2014\u2014FIG. 940 a\u2013d. *A. (A.) reticularis (L INNAEUS), lower Ludlow, Gotland; a\u2013c, serial sections, \u00d74; d, reconstruction from serial sections, \u00d73.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Atrypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"A. (Atrypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Atrypa) DALMAN, 1828, p. 127","Type_species":"Anomia reticularis LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 702, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for genus. Medium to large, broadly convexoplane shell, with ventral valve from very weakly convex apically, to planar, to resupinate; area absent or minute; foramen obscured; deltidial plates absent except in earliest growth stages; ribs \ufb01ne to medium sized; multiple frills sometimes broken during life by seam of perforations; commissure plicate.   [Differs from A. (Planatrypa) in weakly convex ventral umbo, possessing numerous frills, dental nuclei (and dental cavities in neanic stages).]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)\u2013Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 939a\u2013d. *A. (A.) reticularis (LINNAEUS), lower Ludlow, Gotland; a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, posterior views, \u00d72; d, SEM detail of macroornament, \u00d712 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 940a\u2013d. *A. (A.) reticularis (L INNAEUS), lower Ludlow, Gotland; a\u2013c, serial sections, \u00d74; d, reconstruction from serial sections, \u00d73.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Planatrypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"A. (Planatrypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Planatrypa) STRUVE, 1966, p. 143","Type_species":"A. (P.) collega, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mikrothyris Quenstedt, 1871 in 1868-1871, p. 30, nom. oblit., no type designated;  Planatrypa Copper, 1967a, p. 237 (type, A. (P.) petasa, OD)","Synonyms":"Mikrothyris, Planatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, convexoplane; beak adpressed; foramen transapical or obscured; deltidial plates absent; ribs medium size, interrupted by numerous, \ufb02at, weakly imbricate growth lamellae; frills absent; anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate; prominent pedicle callist; cardinal process in cardinal pit; solid large teeth, lacking dental nuclei; hinge, socket plates stout; cardinal pit, inner socket ridges with bushy cardinal process; crura curved, feathery; spiralia with more than 8 whorls; posteroventral jugal processes terminating in curved, short, spatulate jugal plates.  [Similar to A. (Atrypa), except that in early mature shell, the pedicle valve is \ufb02at, anterior fold weakly developed to absent, frills not known to be present, jugal processes more ventrally located. QUENSTEDT stated for Atrypa, \u201cund Atrypa (besser w\u00e4re es Mikrothyris),\u201d but no type was designated].","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-lower Givetian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 941a-h. *A. (P.) collega, middle Eifelian, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x2, f- b, serial sections, x5 (Copper, 1967b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 941 i-k. A. (P.) petasa Copper, upper Eifelian, Germany, i, ventral interior, x2, j, dorsal interior, x4, k, reconstruction of brachidia, x3 (Copper, 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967, \nCopper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 941. atrypidae (p. 1390-1391).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-511.jpg?height=1738&width=1275&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atryparia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Atryparia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atryparia COPPER, 1966a, p. 982","Type_species":"A. instita COPPER, 1966a, p. 983, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hyponeatrypa Struve, 1966, p. 137 (type, Atrypa (Hyponeatrypa) aureolata Struve, 1966, p. 140, OD)","Synonyms":"Hyponeatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large, dorsibiconvex-convexoplane, ventral valve inflated posteriorly, commonly keel-like, very coarse to fading ribs intersected by flat, relatively widely spaced growth lamellae extended into broad, multiple overlapping frills, thick, wide pedicle callist, commonly with narrow central groove, teeth possessing dental nuclei, fewer than 15 relatively widely spaced spiral whorls, jugal processes terminating in long, downturned plates.  [Distinguished from Atrypa and Kyrtatrypa by coarse, flattened ribs and growth lamellae showing smoothed, distally expanding ribs, wide multiple frills, internally in having dental nuclei.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 942 a\u2013i. *A. (A.) instita, upper Eifelian, Germany; a\u2013e, dorsal, posterior, ventral, lateral, interior of ventral valve, \u00d72; f\u2013i, serial sections, \u00d75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Atryparia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"A. (Atryparia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Atryparia) COPPER, 1966a, p. 982","Type_species":"A. instita COPPER, 1966a, p. 983, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for genus, but medium to very large, dorsibiconvex.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)\u2013Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 942 a\u2013i. *A. (A.) instita, upper Eifelian, Germany; a\u2013e, dorsal, posterior, ventral, lateral, interior of ventral valve, \u00d72; f\u2013i, serial sections, \u00d75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Costatrypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"A. (Costatrypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Costatrypa) COPPER , 1973c, p. 494","Type_species":"Atrypa varicostata STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 47; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex-convexoplane, shield shaped to subquadrate; generally relatively long hinge; adpressed area; small beak, lacking apical foramen; ribs shallow, medium size, coarser ribs on frills; prominent frills up to about 15 mm long; moderate to strongly plicate commissure; moderate pedicle callist; large teeth; minute dental nuclei; crural bases thick, rounded; crura feathered; dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 15 whorls; curved jugal processes terminating in hook-shaped plates.  [Differentiated from A. (Atryparia) by more clearly de\ufb01ned ribs, \ufb02atter, wider, shield-shaped shell, less prominent frills.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 943a-c. *A. (C.) varicostata (Stainbrook), Iowa, USA, dorsal, posterior, lateral views, x2 (Copper, 1973c)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 943d-f. A. (C.) variabilis Godefroid, Belgium, serial sections, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 943. atrypidae (p. 1394)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-513.jpg?height=1169&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dihelictera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Dihelictera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dihelictera COPPER, 1995, p. 855","Type_species":"D. acrolopha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, planar to weakly biconvex, posterior ventral valve weakly carinate, small, orthocline area, apical foramen flanked by deltidial plates, relatively straight ribs posteriorly, short growth interruptions or lamellae anteriorly, regular concentric filae, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, pedicle callist absent, teeth with moderate dental cavities, small, distinct cardinal pit lined by minute cardinal process, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 6 whorls, jugal processes simple, terminating in small, hooklike jugal plates.  [Similar externally to Procarinatina but differs in its fine, concentric filae, straight to tubular posterior ribs, and lack of wavelike imbrication, differs from Protatrypa in the nature of the hinge plate, ornamentation, and teeth with dental cavities.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery-upper Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 944, 1a-b. *D. acrolopha, Aeronian, Anticosti, Canada, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, x3, e, SEM detail of ornament, x13, f-b, serial sections and reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 944. atrypidae (p. 1394-1400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-514.jpg?height=1860&width=1283&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Endrea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Endrea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Endrea COPPER, 1996b, p. 919","Type_species":"E. echoica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex-dorsibiconvex, shield shaped, small orthocline-anacline area, apical foramen surrounding small deltidial plates even in adult shells, highly arched, tubular-imbricate ribs, short frills or frills lacking, fine concentric filose microornament, commissure weakly to strongly folded, pedicle callist very thin to lacking, teeth with small dental cavities, spiralia with fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes terminating in small, weakly curved jugal plates.  [Distinguished from Atrypa by tubular-imbricate ribs, very short frills or no frills, filose microornament (where preserved), small deltidial plates, dental cavities, lack of pedicle callist, rib structure Spinatrypinalike, but shells have short frills, Rugosatrypa is most similar, but has finer, more Atrypa-like, flatter ribs, convexoplane shell.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"western Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 945, 2ad. * E. echoica, lower Wenlock, Gotland, a-b, ventral, lateral views, x2, c-d, serial sections, x5 (Copper, 1996b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 945. atrypidae (p. 1396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-516.jpg?height=1849&width=1279&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gotatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Gotatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gotatrypa STRUVE, 1966, p. 130","Type_species":"Atrypa (Gotatrypa) hedei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, globose, ventribiconvex to biconvex to weakly dorsibiconvex; minute, adpressed area; foramen transapical or obscured; deltidial plates absent, except in neanic stages; \ufb01ne ribs intersected by closely spaced, weak, wavelike growth lamellae, projected less than 2 to 3 mm, commonly pointed as spines and longer in rib troughs; frills absent; pedicle callist moderate; teeth with dental nuclei; crura thin, rarely bushy; spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 8 to 12 whorls; short, centroposterior jugal processes with small jugal plates. [ Differs from Atrypa in convexity, globose shape, closely spaced, overlapping growth lamellae, lack of frills, Distinguished from Oglupes by small size, very fine ribs, very short frills]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian, ?Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian-Telychian, ?Wenlock)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 945, 1a\u2013g. *G. hedei, Telychian, Gotland; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, \u00d72; e\u2013g, serial sections, \u00d75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 945. atrypidae (p. 1396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-516.jpg?height=1849&width=1279&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Joviatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Joviatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Joviatrypa COPPER, 1995, p. 858","Type_species":"J. brabyla COPPER, 1995, p. 859, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ovoid, globose, ventribiconvex-biconvex; small, hypercline area; foramen transapical-apical; deltidial plates absent; ribs \ufb01ne to medium, interrupted by numerous, closely spaced (less than 1 mm), short growth interruptions, projecting growth lamellae; frills lacking; weakly plicate commissure; thick pedicle callist bisected by narrow groove; strong teeth with minute dental nuclei; rounded cardinal pit; weak cardinal process on bulbous inner socket ridges; crura stout, \ufb01brous; dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 15 whorls; jugal processes terminated in thick, blocky jugal plates.  [Differs from Gotatrypa and Atrypa in lacking growth lamellae and frills, presence of anteriorly raised, ventral muscle platform, resembles Nalivkinia externally, but lacks dental cavities, dental plates, has ventral muscle platform.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery-upper Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, ?Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 946a-i. *J. brabyla, Aeronian, Anticosti, Canada, a-e, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, internal of ventral valve, x2, f-h, serial sections, x3.5, i, reconstruction of serial sections, x2.5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 946. atrypidae (p. 1396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-517.jpg?height=1886&width=1284&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kyrtatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Kyrtatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kyrtatrypa STRUVE, 1966, p. 133","Type_species":"Atrypa (Kyrtatrypa) culminigera STRUVE, 1966, p. 135, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Anulatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 73 (type, A. anulata, OD)","Synonyms":"Anulatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, biconvex to strongly dorsibiconvex, globose; narrow, hypercline to adpressed area; transapical foramen; deltidial plates lacking, except possibly in some neanic specimens; ribs medium size, intersected by numerous overlapping growth lamellae, commonly expanded into long, wide frills; moderately to strongly plicate commissure; thick pedicle callist, with deep central groove; pedicle collar common; prominent, large, solid teeth; hinge plates bulbous; crural bases round, large; spiralia with fewer than 20 whorls, dorsomedially directed; jugal processes tipped by small jugal plates.  [Differs from Atrypa in strong biconvexity, presence of wide frills over shell surface, plicate commissure, differs from Atryparia in finer, rounded, wavelike ribs, absence of ventral keel, thick pedicle callist.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian, ?upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian, ?upper Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 947 a-g . * K. culminigera, middle Eifelian, Germany, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior views, x2, e-g, serial sections, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 947. atrypidae (p. 1396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-518.jpg?height=1876&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oglupes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Oglupes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oglupes HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987b, p. 239","Type_species":"O. scarabeus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987b, p. 240; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kantinatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1995, p. 58 (type, K. gambrina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1995, p. 59, OD","Synonyms":"Kantinatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, biconvex-dorsibiconvex; hypercline-adpressed, obscured area; small beak; foramen absent; ribs relatively coarse; surface bearing distinctive, \ufb01ne concentric \ufb01lae, with concentric growth lamellae, frills, or trail; anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate; pedicle callist moderate; deltidial plates absent; teeth with possible dental nuclei; cardinal process minute to absent; socket plates thin, with strong inner socket ridges; spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Distinguished from Gotatrypa by coarser ribs, distinct concentric \ufb01lae, commonly prominent growth lamellae, frills.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery\u2013Wenlock)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 945, 3a\u2013c. *O. scarabeus, Wenlock, Czech Republic; dorsal, ventral, posterior views, \u00d72.6 (Havl\u00edcek, 1987b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 945. atrypidae (p. 1396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-516.jpg?height=1849&width=1279&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Omnutakhella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Omnutakhella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Omnutakhella LOPUSHINSKAYA , 1976, p. 66","Type_species":"O. bazhenovae; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded, dorsibiconvex, noncarinate; protruding beak; small, orthocline area; transapical foramen; possible deltidial plates; weak, broadly plicate commissure; ribs \ufb01ne to medium, weakly undulose; growth lamellae, frills absent; small teeth with dental cavities; delicate hinge plate with cardinal pit; thin socket plates; fewer  than 5 to 6 dorsomedial spiralial whorls; crura, jugal processes undescribed.  [Possible synonym of Gotatrypa, but for prominent dental cavities, lack of pedicle callist; similar to Procarinatina and Dihelictera, except in rounded shell, short hinge, weakly undulate ribs, lacking carination; differs from Protatrypa in small size, round outline, dorsibiconvex shape, dental cavities, short hinge, lacking carination; differs from Sypharatrypa in lacking growth lamellae, strong anterior fold.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Siberian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 944, 3a\u2013d. *O. bazhenovae, northern Siberia; a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, \u00d73; d, serial section, \u00d77 (Lopushinskaya, 1976)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 944. atrypidae (p. 1394-1400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-514.jpg?height=1860&width=1283&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Procarinatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Procarinatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Procarinatina Mizens & SAPELNIKOV, 1982, p. 18","Type_species":"Carinatina silurica SAPELNIKOV, 1964, p. 9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, shield shaped to somewhat wide, flat, ventral valve strongly carinate, dorsal valve with widening median groove, protruding beak, small, apsacline-orthocline area, apical foramen, small deltidial plates, ribs fine to medium, ventral midribs raised, ribs interrupted by wavelike, closely spaced, short growth lamellae or interruptions, commissure rectimarginate to bilobate, or weakly sulciplicate, pedicle callist absent, short, wide teeth, relatively large dental cavities, hinge plate thick, crura, jugal processes, and spiralia undescribed.  [Similar to Protatrypa in carination, but differing in having dental cavities, thin hinge plate with cardinal pit, sulciplicate commissure, differs from Dihelictera in strong carination, nature of growth lamellae, sulciplicate commissure.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 944, 2a-e. *P. silurica (Sapelnikov), lower Ludlow, eastern Urals, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1, e, serial section, x6.5 (Mizens & Sapelnikov, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens & Sapelnikov, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 944. atrypidae (p. 1394-1400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-514.jpg?height=1860&width=1283&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Protatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protatrypa Boucot, Johnson, & STATON, 1964, p. 809","Type_species":"P. malmoeyensis Boucot, Johnson, & STATON, 1964, p. 810, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvexventribiconvex, relatively flat, carinate ventral valve, small, distinct orthocline area, apical foramen, small deltidial plates, ribs weakly undulate to continuous, absent or very short growth lamellae, frills absent, commissure broadly rectimarginate, internally lacking thick pedicle callist, strong teeth with dental nucleus or minute dental cavities, hinge plates thick, low, cardinal pit lacking, prominent, bushy cardinal process in center of hinge plate, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes tipped by small jugal plates.  [Differs from Atrypa in flat, wide shape, orthocline area, strong cardinal process, and lacking frills, pedicle callist, and cardinal pit.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 948, 2a-g. * P. malmoeyensis, Rhuddanian, Norway, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, x2, e-f, serial sections, g, reconstruction of brachidia, x2.5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 948. atrypidae (p. 1400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-520.jpg?height=1853&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":440.49,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugosatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Rugosatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugosatrypa Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975, p. 98","Type_species":"R. tschernyschewi Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975, p. 99, OD, vid. Spinatrypina tschernyschewi RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1964, p. 101, nom. nud., no description","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, usually shield-shaped, dorsibiconvex to convexoplane, small, distinct orthocline area, protruding beak, apical foramen, deltidial plates in all growth stages, ribs relatively fine, Atrypa-like with undulose, short, growth lamellae in regular concentric rows, frills absent, commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate, shell relatively thin, pedicle callist thin to absent, teeth moderately strong, prominent dental cavities, hinge plate modest, socket plates thin, crura delicate, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Shell generally Atrypa-like in shape, rib structure, growth lamellae, but possessing orthocline area, deltidial plates, dental cavities, lacking thick pedicle callist, frills; similar to Endrea externally, but more \ufb01nely ribbed, smaller sized.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Ludlow), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Ludlow), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 948, 1a-e. *R. tschernyschewi, Emsian, southern Siberia, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2, e, detail of ornamentation, x4 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 948. atrypidae (p. 1400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-520.jpg?height=1853&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Togatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Togatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Togatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987a, p. 76","Type_species":"T. fantomas, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, moderately dorsibiconvex, beak adpressed, area absent, foramen transapical or absent, deltidial plates lacking, ribs coarse, undulose, Spinatrypa-like, interrupted by wavelike concentric lamellae extended as less than 5-mm wide commissural frills, rectimarginate commissure, thick pedicle callist, short, solid teeth with lateral processes, lacking nuclei or cavities, socket plates thin, subvertically oriented, crura small, spiralia and jugal processes undescribed.  [Possibly synonymous with or ancestral to Atryparia; may be mistaken for Spinatrypa, but spines absent, with short frills, pedicle callist; similar to Atrypa and Gotatrypa internally, especially in pedicle callist, hinge plate, teeth, but with very coarse ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 948, 3a-f. * T. fantomas, Lochkovian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x5 (Havli\u010dek, 1987a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavli\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 948. atrypidae (p. 1400).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-520.jpg?height=1853&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zygospiraella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinae","Genus":"Zygospiraella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zygospiraella Nikiforova, 1961, p. 237","Type_species":"Terebratula duboisi de VERNEUL, 1845, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Megumatrypa Harper, 1973, p. 72 (type, M. glencoensis, OD); Cryptospira Laurie, 1991, p. 100 (type, C. intraplicata Laurie, 1991, p. 101, OD)","Synonyms":"Megumatrypa, Cryptospira","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, lacking distinct carination, small orthocline area, apical-transapical foramen, ribs continuous, anteriorly interrupted by short growth interruptions, frills absent, rectimarginate to weakly sulcate commissure, short teeth, small dental cavities, hinge plate shallow, wide cardinal pit, small crural bases, partly feathered crura, mediodorsal spiralia with fewer than 6 whorls, jugal processes tipped by small jugal plates. [Hinge plates, jugal processes, and crura as in Protatrypa, but differing in small size, convexity, lack of carination, presence of cardinal pit.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America, Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 949a-d. *Z. duboisi (de Verneuil), Rhuddanian, Estonia, serial sections, and reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1982)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 949 e-j. Z. planoconvexa (Hall), Rhuddanian, eastern Canada, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior views, internal ventral valve, x2 (Copper, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1982, \nCopper, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 949. atrypidae (p. 1400-1402).\nfig. 949. atrypidae (p. 1400-1402).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-521.jpg?height=1159&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-521.jpg?height=1159&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":440.49,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Invertina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Invertininae","Genus":"Invertina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Invertina Copper & CHEN, 1995, p. 254","Type_species":"Atrypa aspera var. sinensis von RICHTHOFEN, 1883, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate, planoconvexventribiconvex (weakly convex ventral valve), orthocline-anacline area, apical-transapical foramen, small deltidial plates, ribs fine to medium, imbricate, intersected by numerous, closely spaced, short growth lamellae (spines absent), internally moderate pedicle callist integrated with deltidial plates, teeth solid, strong, with lateral lobes, small cardinal process in cardinal pit overlapping inner socket ridges, crura short, partly fibrous, extended from long inner socket ridges, dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 8 whorls, jugal processes terminating in small, stubby jugal plates. [Externally similar to Spinatrypina but planoconvex, with solid teeth, pedicle callist, lacking dental cavities; differs from Falsatrypa and Kerpina in normal bilateral symmetry, smaller area, coarser ribs; differs from Iowatrypa.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"China, North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 950, 1a-f. *I. sinensis (von Richthofen), lower Givetian, Sichuan, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 950. atrypidae (p. 1402-1404).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-522.jpg?height=1874&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Falsatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Invertininae","Genus":"Falsatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Falsatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 584","Type_species":"F. admiranda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, usually asymmetric (possibly \ufb01xosessile), ventribiconvex-planoconvex; wide, deformed orthocline-apsacline area; apical foramen; deltidial plates; \ufb01ne, tubular-imbricate ribs; rectimarginate commissure; short, overlapping growth lamellae; teeth solid, lacking dental cavities; crura, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed. [Poorly preserved, rare genus of problematic af\ufb01nity (vid. HAVL\u00cdCEK \u02c7 , 1967a), assigned by HAVL\u00cdCEK \u02c7 (1987a) to Lissatrypidae; possibly synonymous with Kerpina, but more \ufb01nely ribbed, smaller.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 951a-d. *F. admiranda, Emsian, a- c, ventral external, internal, internal views, approximately x4, d, dorsal internal view, approximately x6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 951. atrypidae (p. 1404).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-523.jpg?height=1529&width=624&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kerpina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Invertininae","Genus":"Kerpina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kerpina STRUVE, 1961, p. 333","Type_species":"K. vineta vineta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Adaptatrypa Struve, 1980, p. 412 (type, A. heckeri, OD)","Synonyms":"Adaptatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, usually with asymmetric growth (commonly fixosessile), variable convexity from ventribiconvex-concavoconvex, proportionally large, very wide, sharp edged, often twisted, procline-orthocline area, large apical foramen, relatively wide deltidial plates, fine to medium tubular-imbricate ribs, overlapping, short growth lamellae, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, pedicle collar conjunct to thick deltidial plates, teeth solid, lacking dental cavities, spiralia dorsomedial, with fewer than 8 whorls, jugal processes curved together in V-shape, tipped by jugal plates. [Possibly synonymous with Falsatrypa, but brachidia for Falsatrypa undescribed.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian, ?lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian, ?lower Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe, Urals (western slopes)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 950, 2a-i. * K. vineta vineta, upper Eifelian, Germany, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x2, d, enlarged detail ornament, x8, e, specimen fixed to alveolitid coral, x2, f-i, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1967e).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 950. atrypidae (p. 1402-1404).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-522.jpg?height=1874&width=1297&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudogruenewaldtia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Pseudogruenewaldtiinae","Genus":"Pseudogruenewaldtia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudogruenewaldtia RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1960b, p. 48","Type_species":"* P. tschernyschewi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, in\ufb02ated ventribiconvex-biconvex, rounded to elongate; small, hypercline area, obscuring deltidial plates; large transapical foramen, beak anacline-hypercline; ribs \ufb01ne, interrupted by numerous, closely spaced growth lamellae; shell wall thick; pedicle callist divided by central groove; hinge plate strong; cardinal pit small; socket plates thin; spiralia mediodorsal; crura, jugal processes undescribed.  [Differs from closely related Iowatrypa in larger shell, hypercline area with large transapical foramen, lack of deltidial plates, raised muscle platform, distinguished from Anatrypa by microornament of overlapping growth lamellae, distinguished from Gruenewaldtia by lack of septally raised muscle platform.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"northern Urals, Poland, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 952, 1a-e. *P. tschernyschewi, Timan, Russia, a- d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1, e, detail of macroornament, x4 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 952. atrypidae (p. 1404-1405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-524.jpg?height=1291&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iowatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Pseudogruenewaldtiinae","Genus":"Iowatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iowatrypa COPPER, 1973c, p. 495","Type_species":"*Atrypa owenensis WEBSTER, 1921, p. 14, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate to equidimensional, planoconvex-ventribiconvex, commonly with short, straight hinge, small, orthocline-anacline area, apical foramen, minute deltidial plates, ribs relatively fine, Atrypa-like, numerous, tightly spaced, non-deflected, very short growth lamellae, commissure rectimarginate, interior with relatively thick ventral valve, usually thick pedicle callist or collar, short teeth with notch for crura, small dental cavities or nuclei, incised muscle scars, prominent, thickened ventral muscle platform, crural bases Z-shaped, crura short, stubby, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 8 whorls, jugal processes thick, ending in minute jugal plates.  [Similar to Pseudogruenewaldtia, but smaller, ventribiconvex-planoconvex shell, possessing apical foramen, deltidial plates, and raised ventral muscle platform.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Urals, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 952,2a\u2013h., I. owenensis (Webster), upper Frasnian, Iowa, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2, e-g, serial sections, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 952. atrypidae (p. 1404-1405).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-524.jpg?height=1291&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Spinatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinatrypa STAINBROOK, 1951, p. 196, nom. nov. pro Hystricina STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 49, non MALLOCH, 1932","Type_species":"Atrypa hystrix var. occidentalis HALL, 1858a, p. 515; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":"Plicspinatrypa RZHONSNITSKAIA in RZHONSNITSKAIA & others, 1998, p. 322 (type, Spinatrypina plicata RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1975, p. 124, OD, vid. Spinatrypina plicata R ZHONSNITSKAIA , 1964, p. 108, nom. nud.)","Synonyms":"Plicspinatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex to convexoplane; small orthoclinehypercline area; foramen apical-transapical; deltidial plates commonly lost or obscured by beak incurvature; ribs coarse to very coarse, rarely becoming almost smooth; strong, wavelike growth lamellae developing into coarse, irregular spines up to 15 mm long; moderately to strongly plicate commissure; interior with thin pedicle callist or collar; teeth large, with accessory lobes; dental cavities small to prominent (i.e., strong dental plates); hinge plates strong; crura curved, feathered; dorsal spiralia with 8 to 15 widely spaced whorls; long jugal processes terminating in large, spatulate jugal plates. [Distinguished from Isospinatrypa and Spinatrypina by large size, very coarse, undulose ribs, long spines, more prominent area, deltidial plates, larger dental cavities. STAINBROOK \ufb01rst described the genus as Hystricina (1945), which turned out to be preoccupied, so he substituted Spinatrypa (1951). When he cited the type he indicated Atrypa aspera var. occidentalis, for he misread the original HALL description that said Atrypa hystrix var. occidentalis (corrected, but not by STAINBROOK). In 1938, moreover, STAINBROOK had already raised occidentalis to species rank, which he had forgotten about by 1945. RZHONSNITSKAIA described Plicspinatrypa as part of a wider paper by her and others in 1998 (she alone is listed as author of the genus). The type of Plicspinatrypa is cited as Spinatrypina plicata RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1964; unfortunately in 1964 she never described the species and just published a single \ufb01gure. She \ufb01nally described the species plicata in 1975, which then validates the species.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (?upper Eifelian, Givetian","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (?upper Eifelian, Givetian)\u2013Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 953 a\u2013c. *S. occidentalis (HALL), Iowa, USA; dorsal, posterior, lateral views, \u00d72 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 953 d\u2013e. S. spinosa (HALL), Givetian, New York, USA; internal views of ventral, dorsal valves, \u00d72 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 953f\u2013g. S. curvirostra COPPER, lower Givetian, Germany; serial sections, \u00d73 (Copper, 1967d).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Catatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Catatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Catatrypa MIZENS , 1993, p. 3","Type_species":"C. schemachensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, convexoconcave to questionably convexoplane, ventral valve almost \ufb02at; protruding beak, catacline-apsacline area; small apical foramen; ribs coarse, with concentric lamellae, spines; internal structures undescribed except for massive crura, lack of dental cavities. [Distinguished from other spinatrypids by \ufb02attened ventral valve, prominent area with catacline-apsacline beak; similar to Oglu in convexity, but lacks hypercline beak of Oglu, and has apsacline area with apical foramen; possibly a synonym of davidsoniid ? Rugodavidsonia, with comparable asymmetry, ribs, area, and foramen; may also be aberrant ?Kerpina.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 954, 1a\u2013c. *C. schemachensis; ventral, dorsal, lateral views, \u00d73 (Mizens, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eospinatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Eospinatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eospinatrypa Copper, 1973c, p. 496","Type_species":"Atrypa nodostriata HALL, 1852, p. 272, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Morinatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Storch, 1990, p. 165 (type, M. mergli, OD","Synonyms":"Morinatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, round to elongate or shield shaped, biconvex, small, orthocline area, apical (rarely transapical) foramen, minute deltidial plates, weak anterior fold, ribs few, coarse, bifurcating ventrally, intercalating dorsally, weakly raised ventral midrib pair, spines absent, rarely capidulate, short, weakly deflected, undulose growth lamellae, thin wall, pedicle callist thin or lacking, small, delicate teeth, small dental cavities, hinge plates thin, crural bases rounded, crura short, dorsomedial spiralia, fewer than 8 whorls, nodose jugal processes, thin, scooplike jugal plates.  [Distinguished from Spinatrypa by small size, lack of spines, delicate tooth and socket structure, fewer spiralial whorls.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Telychian, Wenlock-P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 955, 1ac. *E. nodostriata (Hall), Wenlock, New York, a-c, dorsal, ventral, posterior views, x2 (Copper, 1973c).,  Fig. 955, 1d-g. Eospinatrypa sp., upper Wenlock, Gotland, d-f, serial sections, g, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 955. atrypidae (p. 1406-1408).\nfig. 955. atrypidae (p. 1406-1408).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-528.jpg?height=1862&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-528.jpg?height=1862&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibberosatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Gibberosatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibberosatrypa Markovskii & Rzhonsnitskaia in Rzhonsnitskaia & OTHERS, 1998, p. 316","Type_species":"Atrypa gibberosa MARKOVSKIR, 1989, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, relatively coarsely ribbed, subquadrate to subcircular shell, subcarinate ventrally, with broad, flat fold anteriorly, interior unknown.  [Coarser ribs suggest Spinatrypa derivation, with some external similarities to Carinatrypa and Mogoliella, original material described by Markovskii (1989) resembles spinatrypid, assignment unclear.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Urals, Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 956, 1a-d. *G. gibberosa (Markovskit), upper Frasnian, southwestern Urals; dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, \u00d72 (Rzhonsnitskaia & others, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 956. atrypidae (p. 1407-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-529.jpg?height=1841&width=1277&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Invertrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Invertrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Invertrypa STRUVE, 1961, p. 334","Type_species":"Spinatrypa kelusiana STRUVE, 1956, p. 385, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ventribiconvex-planoconvex-concavoconvex; small, hypercline area; foramen transapical; deltidial plates absent or minute, obscured by beak; anterior commissure rectimarginate, rarely weakly sulcate; ribs coarse, undulose to nearly \ufb02at, ending in 4 to 5 mm long, straight spines, especially on ventral valve; strongly developed ventral midrib keel from 2 ribs; internally shell relatively thick; teeth short; small dental cavities; crura feathered; spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 10 whorls; jugal processes with minute jugal plates.  [Distinguished from Spinatrypa by small size, reversed convexity, rectimarginate commissure, relatively strong ventral midrib plan, obscured hypercline area, distinguished from Isospinatrypa by almost flat ribs, hypercline area, absence of deltidial plates, enlarged ventral midrib pair. Distinguished from Oglu by reversed convexity.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-lower Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, northwestern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 955, 2a-h. *I. kelusiana (Struve), upper Eifelian, ?lower Givetian, Germany, a-d, ventral, lateral, ventral, dorsal views of 2 specimens, x2, e g, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1967d), h, reconstruction of brachidia, x4 (Copper, 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967, \nCopper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 955. atrypidae (p. 1406-1408).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-528.jpg?height=1862&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isospinatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Isospinatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isospinatrypa STRUVE, 1966, p. 155","Type_species":"Terebratulites asper von Schlottheim sic, 1813, pl. 1, fig. 7 (description, von Schlotheim, 1820 in 18201823, p. 263), OD, modified to aspera by KOENIG, 1825, p. 3","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex to weakly dorsibiconvex, shield shaped to elongate, small orthocline-anacline area, blunt beak, minute deltidial plates flanking apical-transapical foramen, ribs medium sized, well defined, ventral midribs only slightly raised, short, wavy growth lamellae ending in short, irregular spines on both valves, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, thin pedicle callist, stubby teeth, small dental cavities, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 12 closely spaced whorls, jugal processes short, tipped by small, blunt jugal plates.  [Distinguished from Spinatrypa by small size, finer, well-defined ribs, short spines, distinguished from Invertrypa by biconvexity, possibly synonymous with Oglu but with reduced pedicle callist, clearly defined ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian, Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian, Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 956, 3a-i. *I. aspera (von Schlotheim), upper Eifelian, Germany, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, posterior views, x2, e-f, internal view dorsal, ventral valve, x2, g-i, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1967d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 956. atrypidae (p. 1407-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-529.jpg?height=1841&width=1277&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oglu":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Oglu","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oglupes Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987b, p. 239","Type_species":"O. scarabeus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987b, p. 240, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kantinatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1995, p. 58 (type, K. gambrina Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1995, p. 59, OD)","Synonyms":"Kantinatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate-equidimensional, dorsibiconvex-convexoplane; hypercline area; deltidial plates lacking; foramen transapical or lacking; relatively few, expanding, rarely bifurcating, undulose ribs, strong ventral midrib pair; simple growth lamellae on ventral valve; short spines possibly limited to dorsal valve; rectimarginate commissure; thick pedicle callist; solid teeth; crura strongly arcuate; spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Possible synonym of Eospinatrypa or Punctspinatrypa, differing in reversed convexity; distinguished from Isospinatrypa and Eospinatrypa by thick pedicle callist, possible restriction of spines to brachial valve, hypercline area, convexoplane shell; lack of deltidial plates. Differences between Isospinatrypa, Oglu, and Punctspinatrypa are relatively minor, and may not be suf\ufb01cient to allow even subgeneric distinction.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 945, 3a-c. *O. scarabeus, Wenlock, Czech Republic, dorsal, ventral, posterior views, \u00d7 2.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 945. atrypidae (p. 1396).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-516.jpg?height=1849&width=1279&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punctspinatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Punctspinatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punctspinatrypa RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1975, p. 116","Type_species":"Atrypa rejensis KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Atrypunculus Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 94 (type, A. hians Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 95, OD)","Synonyms":"Atrypunculus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ventribiconvex-planoconvex, rounded to elongate, hypercline area, concealed deltidial plates, foramen, well-developed ventral midrib pair forming weak carination, ribs coarse, posteriorly relatively straight, interrupted by regular, short growth lamellae along commissure, lacking wavelike interruptions, spines undescribed (shell nonfenestrate), commissure rectimarginate to very weakly plicate, slender, vertically oriented teeth, small dental cavities, slender socket plates, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Fenestrae or punctae attributed to genus absent in topotype specimens of type species, are possibly borings. Convexity, midrib pair as in Invertrypa, but internal comparison unavailable, possibly synonymous with Oglu, but for convexity, which may be variable.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 954, 2a-e. * P. rejensis (Khodalevich), Pragian, eastern slopes, Urals, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x1, d-e, serial sections, approximately x3 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 954. atrypidae (p. 1406-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-527.jpg?height=1080&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinatrypina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Spinatrypina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinatrypina Rzhonsnitskaia, 1964, p. 101","Type_species":"S. margaritoides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sibirispira Alekseeva, 1968, p. 198 (type, S. inflata Alekseeva, 1968, p. 200, OD)","Synonyms":"Sibirispira","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded, globose, biconvex to planar, short to longer hinge, small, orthocline area, protruding beak, apical foramen, deltidial plates, fine to medium-sized, tubular-imbricate ribs, spines lacking, short deflected, rhythmic growth lamellae producing strong imbrication, weakly plicate commissure, thin shell wall, lacking pedicle callist or collar, delicate, long teeth, small to large dental cavities, hinge and socket plates thin, delicate, crura straight or partly feathered, dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes tipped by small plates.  [Distinct from Spinatrypa in fine, tubular-imbricate ribbing, delicate teeth with wide dental cavities, differs from Atrypinella and Reticulatrypa in larger size, short growth lamellae, coarser ribs, presence of dental cavities.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Ludlow, Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Ludlow, P\u0159\u00eddoli)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 957 ,2a\u2013d. *S. (S.) margaritoides, Pragian, Siberia; dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).\u2014\u2014Fig. 957 ,2e\u2013h. S. (S.) soetenica (STRUVE), lower Givetian, Germany; e\u2013f, dorsal, posterior views, \u00d7 2; g\u2013h, serial sections, \u00d7 3 (Copper, 1967d).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 957. atrypidae (p. 1408-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-530.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Spinatrypina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"S. (Spinatrypina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Spinatrypina) Rzhonsnitskaia, 1964, p. 101","Type_species":"S. margaritoides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Diagnosis as for genus, but smaller shells, biconvex to weakly dorsibiconvex; short hinge; small to medium dental cavities.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Ludlow, Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Ludlow, P\u0159\u00eddoli)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 957 ,2a\u2013d. *S. (S.) margaritoides, Pragian, Siberia; dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).\u2014\u2014Fig. 957 ,2e\u2013h. S. (S.) soetenica (STRUVE), lower Givetian, Germany; e\u2013f, dorsal, posterior views, \u00d7 2; g\u2013h, serial sections, \u00d7 3 (Copper, 1967d).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 957. atrypidae (p. 1408-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-530.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Exatrypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"S. (Exatrypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Exatrypa) COPPER, 1967c, p. 123","Type_species":"Terebratulites explanatus von Schlotheim, 1820 in 18201823, p. 263, OD, modified to explanata, QUENSTEDT, 1871 in 1868-1871, explanation to pl. 42","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Spinatrypina, except for normally relatively flat, wide shell, long hinge, wide orthocline-apsacline area, long deltidial plates, rectimarginate commissure","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian), Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 957, 3a-f. * S. (E.) explanata (von Schlotheim), lower Frasnian, Germany, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x3 (Copper, 1967c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 957. atrypidae (p. 1408-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-530.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuberculatospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Tuberculatospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuberculatospira XIAN, 1988, p. 223","Type_species":"T. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Neocoelia, Spinatrypina, except for external microornament of wrinkled filae","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ovoid, ventribiconvex, protruding orthocline area, apical foramen flanked by deltidial plates, ribs medium, short growth lamellae, finely wrinkled filose microornament, inner shell wall tuberculate, weakly plicate commissure, thin pedicle callist, teeth with possible dental cavities, brachidia undescribed. Enigmatic genus, doubtful atrypoid (synonymous with ?Neocoelia), or possibly synonymous with Spinatrypina, except for external microornament of wrinkled filae.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"southwestern China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 954, 3a-c. * T. elegans, lower Eifelian, dorsal, lateral views, detail of ornament, x5.5 (Xian, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nXian, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 954. atrypidae (p. 1406-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-527.jpg?height=1080&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waiotrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Spinatrypinae","Genus":"Waiotrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waiotrypa BALINSKI, 1997, p. 429","Type_species":"W. sulcicarina BALINSKI, 1997, p. 430, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, ventrally weakly carinate, dorsally sulcate, commissure rectimarginate to weakly sulcate, small orthocline area, apical foramen, deltidial plates. Surface finely, imbricately ribbed, slightly raised ventral midrib pair. Interior with prominent dental cavities, muscle scars deeply impressed, not raised, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed. Ribbing, biconvexity, impressed muscle scars, and large dental cavities suggest assignment to Spinatrypina species-group, particularly the finely ribbed type of Exatrypa.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 956, 2a-d. * W. sulcicarina, Poland, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, x2 (Balinski, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Balinski, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 956. atrypidae (p. 1407-1412).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-529.jpg?height=1841&width=1277&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Variatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Variatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Variatrypa COPPER, 1966b, p. 12","Type_species":"Desquamatia ajugata COPPER, 1965a, p. 316, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Peetzatrypa Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975, p. 95 (type, Dentatrypa? tschumyschensis Rzhonsnitskaia, 1968e, p. 142, OD), Pesterevatrypa Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975, p. 93 (type, P. malosalairica, OD); Lichnatrypa Wang & Rong, 1986, p. 144 (type, L. decora Wang & Rong, 1986, p. 146, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Peetzatrypa, Lichnatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, usually shield shaped, dorsibiconvex, relatively long hinge, pointed beak, prominent orthocline area, apical foramen, large deltidial plates commonly corrugated, interlocking, ribs fine to medium, continuous, lacking growth lamellae, may be extended beyond shell margin as single trail, fine concentric filae microornament, commissure gently to strongly plicate, thin pedicle callist, rare pedicle collar, hollow deltidial plates separated from pedicle callistcollar, strong teeth with large dental cavities, thin hinge socket plates, cardinal pit lined by comblike cardinal process, crura highly feathered, spiralia with fewer than 15 whorls, jugal processes hook shaped.  [Differs from Desquamatia by continuous, uninterrupted ribs, lack of frills, large dental cavities, thin hinge socket plates, differs from Anatrypa in dorsibiconvexity, nature of deltidial plates, pedicle callist.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (?Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (?Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 958, 1a-h. *V. ajugata (CopPER), lower Givetian, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x1, f-h, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 958. atrypidae (p. 1413-1419).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-533.jpg?height=1875&width=1285&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Anatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anatrypa NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 172","Type_species":"Anatrypa micans (von BUCH, 1840, p. 56, OD)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ventribiconvexplanoconvex, rounded outline; protruding beak, orthocline area; large apical foramen; prominent deltidial plates; \ufb01nely ribbed; growth lamellae, frills, trail absent; rectimarginate commissure; pedicle callist absent; slender teeth, with accessory lobes; large dental cavities; thin shell wall; delicate hinge plates; crura feathered; spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 10 whorls; jugal processes terminating in V-shaped plates.  [Distinguished from Variatrypa and Radiatrypa in convexity, lack of projecting trail, nature of deltidial plates inside pedicle cavity.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 958, 2a-f. *A. micans (von Buch), Syas River, Russian Platform, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 958. atrypidae (p. 1413-1419).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-533.jpg?height=1875&width=1285&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Desquamatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Desquamatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Desquamatia ALEKSEEVA, 1960a, p. 421","Type_species":"Atrypa (Desquamatia) khavae ALEKSEEVA, 1960a, p. 423, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cleiothyris Phillips, 1841, p. 55, nom. oblit., no type species described;  Desquamatia (Synatrypa) Copper, 1966b, p. 10 (type, Desquamatia subzonata Biernat, 1964, p. 319, OD); Carinatinella Gratsianova, 1967, p. 97 (type, C. concentrica, OD); Tenuiatrypa Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975, p. 91 (type, T. subsalairica, OD); Peshiatrypa XIAN in Xian & Jiang, 1978, p. 298 (type, Atrypa peshiensis Grabau, 1931b, p. 181, OD)","Synonyms":"Cleiothyris, Desquamatia (Synatrypa), Carinatinella, Tenuiatrypa, Peshiatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, ovoid to shield shaped, biconvex to dorsibiconvex; beak small to medium; orthocline-hypercline area; small, commonly obscured foramen; minute deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne to medium, in some coarsening distally, interrupted by regular, concentric growth lamellae; frills short to wide, concentrated around commissure, rarely preserved; commissure weakly to strongly plicate; thin pedicle callist separated from deltidial plates; teeth with small to large dental cavities; hinge plate weak to strong; crura feathered; dorsal spiralia with up to 20 whorls; jugal processes terminating in hooklike jugal plates.  [Distinguished from other variatrypinids by nature of growth lamellae and rib size.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 959, 2a-c. *D. (D.) khavae (Alekseeva), lower Eifelian, eastern slopes, Urals, a-b, dorsal, ventral views, x1, c, serial section, x1.6 (Alekseeva, 1960a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 959. atrypidae (p. 1413-1416).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-534.jpg?height=1868&width=1277&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Desquamatia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"D. (Desquamatia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Desquamatia) ALEKSEEVA, 1960a, p. 421","Type_species":"Atrypa (Desquamatia) khavae ALEKSEEVA, 1960a, p. 423, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ovoid, rounded outline, in\ufb02ated, biconvex-weakly dorsibiconvex; relatively short hinged; beak small; short, orthocline-hypercline area; ribs \ufb01ne to very \ufb01ne, interrupted by regular, densely spaced concentric growth lamellae; frills short, concentrated around commissure, rarely preserved; commissure weakly plicate; thin pedicle callist separated from deltidial plates; teeth with distinct dental cavities; hinge plate strong; dorsal spiralia with about 10 to 12 whorls. [Distinguished from D. (Independatrypa) and D. (Seratrypa) in smaller size, inflated, more biconvex shape, finer ribs, closely spaced growth lamellae, absence of large frills.[","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (?Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (?Frasnian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 959, 2a-c. *D. (D.) khavae (Alekseeva), lower Eifelian, eastern slopes, Urals, a-b, dorsal, ventral views, x1, c, serial section, x1.6 (Alekseeva, 1960a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 959. atrypidae (p. 1413-1416).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-534.jpg?height=1868&width=1277&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Independatrypa}":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"D. (Independatrypa}","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Independatrypa) COPPER, 1973c, p. 493","Type_species":"Atrypa independensis WEBSTER, 1921, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Puanatrypa Xian in Xian & Jiang, 1978, p. 302 (type, P. guanziyaoensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Puanatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, dorsibiconvex to convexoplane, shield shaped; orthocline-anacline area; pointed beak; in\ufb02ated umbo; apical foramen \ufb02anked by hollow deltidial plates; ribs medium, but coarsening slightly distally; widely spaced (2 to 15 mm) growth lamellae with \ufb01ne concentric \ufb01lae; wide, multiple frills commonly expanding shell to about 150 mm width; commissure moderately to strongly plicate; interior with thick callist or free pedicle collar; deltidial plates separated from pedicle callist; strong teeth with lateral lobes, prominent dental cavities; socket plates relatively thin; hinge plate thick; comblike cardinal process lining cardinal pit, inner socket ridges; crural bases thick, ball-like; crura feathered; spiralia dorsomedial, up to 20 whorls; jugal processes long, tipped by V-shaped jugal plates.  [Distinct from D. (Desquamatia) by larger size, dorsibiconvexity, shield shape, widely spaced, large frills, differs from D. (Seratrypa) by shield-shape, less inflated shell, prominent pedicle callist, sturdy hinge socket plates.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 959, 1 a-b . * D. (I.) independensis (Webster), middle Givetian, Iowa, USA, dorsal, posterior views, x2 (Copper, 1973c)._Fig. 959, 1c-e. D. (I.) zonata (Schnur), middle Eifelian, Germany, serial sections, x3 (Copper, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1973, \nCopper, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 959. atrypidae (p. 1413-1416).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-534.jpg?height=1868&width=1277&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Seratrypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"D. (Seratrypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Seratrypa) COPPER, 1967c, p. 132","Type_species":"Terebratulas pectinatas SCHR\u00d6TER, 1777, p. 382, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Filiatrypa Chen Yuan-ren, 1983, p. 309 (type, F. typica, OD)","Synonyms":"Filiatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ovoidrounded outline, globose, biconvex-dorsibiconvex; ventral valve in\ufb02ated posteriorly; very small anacline-hypercline area; short hinge; foramen and deltidial plates small or obscured; \ufb01ne ribs apically, \ufb02attening, coarsening and expanding anteriorly; wide, 5- to 10-mm-spaced, concentric growth lamellae, upturned and overlapping distally, commonly producing large, coarsely ribbed frills; concentric \ufb01lae absent; commissure gently plicate; moderately sized teeth; small dental cavities, may be reduced to dental nuclei; socket plate thin, slender; crura delicate; spiralia with more than 10 whorls; long jugal processes posterocentrally located, large; hook-shaped jugal plates.  [Distinguished from other Desquamatia by its ovoid shape, short hinge, coarsening ribs lacking concentric filae, lack of pedicle callist-collar, and slender cardinalia.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian) = Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 960a-g. *D. (S.) pectinata (Schr\u00f6ter), lower Frasnian, Germany, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x3 (Copper, 1967c), g, reconstruction of brachidia, x3 (Copper, 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967, \nCopper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 960. atrypidae (p. 1416).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-536.jpg?height=1863&width=1270&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Devonatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Devonatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Devonatrypa RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1964, p. 93","Type_species":"Atrypa waterlooensis WEBSTER, 1921, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Desquamatia (Neatrypa) Struve, 1966, p. 137 (type, D. (N.) europaea Struve, 1966, p. 140, OD;  Terebratulites priscus von Schlotheim, 1820 in 1820-1823, p. 262, SD Copper, 1967c, p. 134);  Sibiratrypa Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975, p. 100 (type, S. vassinensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Desquamatia, Terebratulites, Sibiratrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, convexoplane, subquadrate to elongate; beak blunt; small, hypercline area; transapical foramen; deltidial plates reduced to lost in ontogeny; ribs coarse, rarely bifurcating-intercalating; growth lamellae widely spaced; frills absent; pedicle callist thin; teeth strong, blunt, with dental nuclei; dental cavities unknown; crural bases knoblike; crura feathered; dorsally directed spiralia, fewer than 13 to 15 whorls; jugal processes tipped by small, blunt jugal plates. [Distinguished from Desquamatia by convexoplane shell, coarse ribs, lack of concentric \ufb01lae, adult deltidial plates, dental cavities, frills.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 961a-e. *D. prisca (von Schlotheim), lower Frasnian, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, x2, d-e, serial sections, x3 (Copper, 1967c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 961. atrypidae (p. 1416).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-537.jpg?height=1623&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heckerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Heckerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heckerella Rzhonsnitskaia & SOKIRAN, 2000, p. 426","Type_species":"Anatrypa heckeri NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 173, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, moderately biconvex, rectimarginate, ventral valve weakly carinate from 2 midribs, dorsal valve slightly sulcate, commissure broadly rectimarginate to weakly paraplicate, small protruding beak, orthocline area, apical foramen and small deltidial plates, ribs fine, tubular, with weak growth interruptions, lacking growth lamellae, frills, or trail, large dental cavities, moderately slender teeth, weak hinge plate, small crural bases, spiralia and jugal processes undescribed.  [Presence of \ufb01lae in rib troughs suggest af\ufb01nity with Desquamatia group, but shell is also broadly similar to Gibberosatrypa, from which it differs by a more elongate hinge, dorsal sulcus, and narrower ribs; overall af\ufb01nity uncertain.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian, ?middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian, ?middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian, ?middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig. 958, 4a-e. *H. heckeri (Nalivkin), lower Frasnian, Shelon River, Russian Platform, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x1.5, e, serial section, x3 (Rzhonsnitskaia & Sokiran, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia & Sokiran, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 958. atrypidae (p. 1413-1419).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-533.jpg?height=1875&width=1285&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Pseudoatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoatrypa COPPER, 1973c, p. 492","Type_species":"Atrypa devoniana WEBSTER, 1921, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, convexoplane, weakly convex to anteriorly weakly resupinate ventral valve, subrounded outline, small anacline-hypercline area, apicaltransapical foramen, small deltidial plates reduced to lost in adult shell, fine tubular ribs interrupted by closely spaced, regular growth lamellae, crowded anteriorly, frills unknown, commissure weakly to moderately plicate, interior with thin or no pedicle callist, teeth small, dental cavities reduced, hinge socket plates delicate, crura feathered, spiralia dorsal, with fewer than about 12 whorls, jugal processes tipped by small jugal plates. [Distinguished from Desquamatia by rounded, ovoid shape, smaller size, closely spaced, less rhythmic growth lamellae, lack of frills, reduction of area, deltidial plates; from Atrypa by its minimal pedicle callist, Desquamatia-like ribs in early growth stages, teeth with dental cavities, nature of hinge socket plates, brachidia.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 962,1a\u2013d. *P. devoniana (WEBSTER), Frasnian, Iowa, USA; dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, \u00d72 (Copper, 1973c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 962. atrypidae (p. 1416-1419).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-538.jpg?height=1044&width=1264&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=219)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Radiatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Radiatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Radiatrypa Copper, 1978, p. 293","Type_species":"Atrypa gregeri ROWLEY, 1900, p. 264, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paratrypa L. I. Mizens in G. A. Mizens & L. I. Mizens, 1997, p. 21 (type, P. orbi G. A. Mizens & L. I. Mizens, 1997, p. 21, OD","Synonyms":"Paratrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded to ovoid, biconvex to weakly dorsibiconvex, orthocline area, minute apical foramen, distinct deltidial plates, ribs ultrafine, continuous, growth lamellae or frills lacking, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, interior with short teeth, small dental cavities, delicate hinge plates, jugal processes and spiralia undescribed. [Similar to Anatrypa, but for biconvexity, smaller globose shell, nature of pedicle callist, deltidial plates. Material ascribed to Paratrypa by MIZENS & MIZENS lacks internal characters of karpinskiniids.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Urals, Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 958,3ad. *R. gregeri (ROWLEY), lower Frasnian, Missouri, USA; dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 958. atrypidae (p. 1413-1419).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-533.jpg?height=1875&width=1285&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uralospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Uralospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uralospira MIZENS, 1977b, p. 82","Type_species":"U. tenuicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex-concavoconvex, elongate, ventrally subcarinate, dorsally deeply sulcate, prominent orthocline area, protruding beak, apical foramen, small deltidial plates, very fine continuous ribs to nearly smooth appearance, growth lamellae, frills absent, V-shaped sulcate commissure, deeply incised ventral muscle field, short, blunt teeth, slender socket plates, cardinal pit, crura arched laterally, mediodorsal spiralia with fewer than 5 whorls, jugal processes curved.  [Differing from Variatrypa and Desquamatia by small size, sulcate commissure, subcarinate ventral valve, lack of frills.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Urals, central Asia, AltaiSalair","Figure_captions":"Fig. 962, 2a-f. *U. tenuicostata, Pragian, eastern slopes, Urals, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x3.6 (Mizens, 1977b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 962. atrypidae (p. 1416-1419).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-538.jpg?height=1044&width=1264&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=219)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atrypina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Atrypininae","Genus":"Atrypina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atrypina Hall in Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 161","Type_species":"Leptocoelia imbricata Hall, 1859b, p. 246, OD, vid. HALL, 1894, p. 815","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, suboval to subquadrate, planoconvex to subconcavoconvex to ventribiconvex, short hinge, minute orthocline to anacline area, beak small, projecting, apical foramen flanked by small triangular deltidial plates, relatively few, coarse expanding ribs, rarely bifurcating or intercalated, with strong ventral midrib pair, sulcus usually lined by strong dorsal midrib, anterior concentric growth lamellae very short or absent, apically lacking or missing in small shells, may have strong concentric ridges, commissure weakly sulcate to rectimarginate to weakly plicate.  [Distinct from Gracianella by its stronger ribs, strong plicate commissure, roofed-over cardinal pit and fused hinge plate, externally by small size, very coarse ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (upper Ashgill)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 963, 1a\u2013c. *A. (A.) imbricata (HALL), lectotype, Emsian, New York, USA; dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, \u00d72 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 963,1d\u2013g. A. (A.) sp. cf. A. (A.) barrandii, Wenlock, United Kingdom; serial sections showing hinge plate, jugal processes, and reconstruction of brachidia, \u00d75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 963. atrypinidae (p. 1420-1422).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-540.jpg?height=1842&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":445.21,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Atrypina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Atrypininae","Genus":"A. (Atrypina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Atrypina) Hall in Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 161","Type_species":"Leptocoelia imbricata Hall, 1859b, p. 246, OD, vid. HALL, 1894, p. 815","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"External description as for genus except in having plicate commissure, strongly de\ufb01ned ventral fold; internally pedicle cavity lined with thin callist continuous with deltidial plates; small teeth; distinct dental cavities; hinge plate strong, raised, divided by small cardinal pit, roofed over anteriorly by conjunct to fused inner socket plates; crura minute; spiralia mediodorsally directed, fewer than 6 thick, wide whorls; central jugal processes ending in small, ringed to crescentic jugal plates.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (upper Ashgill)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 963, 1a\u2013c. *A. (A.) imbricata (HALL), lectotype, Emsian, New York, USA; dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, \u00d72 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 963,1d\u2013g. A. (A.) sp. cf. A. (A.) barrandii, Wenlock, United Kingdom; serial sections showing hinge plate, jugal processes, and reconstruction of brachidia, \u00d75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 963. atrypinidae (p. 1420-1422).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-540.jpg?height=1842&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":445.21,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Atrypinopsis)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Atrypininae","Genus":"A. (Atrypinopsis)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Atrypinopsis) Rong & YANG, 1981, p. 232","Type_species":"A. biconvexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Atrypina except for stronger dorsal midrib producing more strongly plicate to plicosulcate commissure.  [Some Atrypina also with weakly plicate commissure from dorsal midrib, brachidia undescribed.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Geography":"China, ?northwestern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 963, 2a-d. *A. (A.) biconvexa, China, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2, d, serial section, x3.2 (Rong & Yang, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong & Yang, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 963. atrypinidae (p. 1420-1422).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-540.jpg?height=1842&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":440.49,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gracianella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Atrypininae","Genus":"Gracianella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gracianella Johnson & Boucot, 1967, p. 868","Type_species":"*G. lissumbra Johnson & BOUCOT, 1967, p. 871, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Claratrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987b, p. 240 (type, C. clarula, OD)","Synonyms":"Claratrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small to small, rounded to lenticular outline, relatively flat, roughly biconvex shell, hinge short, small, flat apsacline-orthocline area, apical foramen flanked by small deltidial plates, variable surface ornament from ribbed to nearly entirely smooth, sometimes capillose, weak to strong concentric growth lines, with or without growth lamellae, ventrally weakly to strongly carinate, with carina consisting of single or double, normally fused midrib pair, sulcus dorsal, weak to strong, narrow, weakly sulcate-rectimarginate commissure, interior with small, raised, ventral muscle platform, minute crura, dorsomedial spiralia of fewer than 7 whorls, jugal processes ending in ringshaped jugal plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery) - Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 963, 5a-g. *G. (G.) lissumbra, Ludlow, Nevada, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, f-g, ventral, dorsal valve interiors, x5 (Johnson & Boucot, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson & Boucot, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 963. atrypinidae (p. 1420-1422).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-540.jpg?height=1842&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"G. (Gracianella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Atrypininae","Genus":"G. (Gracianella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"G. (Gracianella) Johnson & BOUCOT, 1967, p. 868","Type_species":"G. lissumbra Johnson & BOUCOT, 1967, p. 871, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for genus, but relatively flat shell, ribbed variably to nearly entirely smooth, ribs continuous, weak concentric growth lines, lacking growth lamellae, ventrally weakly to strongly carinate, with carina consisting of single or double, fused midrib pair, spiralia and jugal processes undescribed.  [Some G. (Gracianella) species appear to intergrade with G. (Sublepida).]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 963, 5a-g. *G. (G.) lissumbra, Ludlow, Nevada, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, f-g, ventral, dorsal valve interiors, x5 (Johnson & Boucot, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson & Boucot, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 963. atrypinidae (p. 1420-1422).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-540.jpg?height=1842&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"G. (Guangyuania)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Atrypininae","Genus":"G. (Guangyuania)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"G. (Guangyuania) SHENG, 1975, p. 81","Type_species":"Quangyuania sic ovalia, OD, nom. correct. Copper, herein, pro Quangyuania","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded, planoconvex-ventribiconvex, distinct ventral keel, dorsal sulcus, prominent orthocline area, deltidial plates parted by apical foramen, shell surface apically usually partly ribbed, carinate, but smooth distally, ornamented by rhythmic, concentric, capillose ridges on shell surface, commissure weakly sulcate, teeth with minute apical dental cavities, solid distally, hinge plates thick, with narrow V-shaped cardinal pit lined by small cardinal process, thick crura, 4 to 5 thick, mediodorsal spiralial whorls, jugal processes ending in small, ringlike jugal plates.  [Similar to G. (Gracianella) in interior structure of hinge, orthocline area, and apical ribs, but differing in strong, bushy, concentric, capillate ridges on shell surface, similar to capillae in Lissatrypa, differs from G. (Sublepida) in loss of ribs, presence of cardinal pit on hinge plate.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"southwestern China (Sichuan, Guizhou, southern Shaanxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 963, 3a-e. *G. (G.) ovalia, middle Llandovery, northern Sichuan, a-b, dorsal and ventral views, x2 (Sheng, 1975), c-d, serial sections, x5, e, peel photograph of capillose shell microornament, x30 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sheng, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 963. atrypinidae (p. 1420-1422).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-540.jpg?height=1842&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"G. (Sublepida)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Atrypininae","Genus":"G. (Sublepida)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"G. (Sublepida) Mizens & SAPELNIKOV, 1982, p. 16","Type_species":"Terebratula sublepida de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, weakly ventribiconvex-planoconvex, ventrally carinate, dorsally sulcate, small orthocline-anacline area, apical foramen, deltidial plates, completely covered by ribs intersected by short, overlapping growth lamellae, commissure sulcate, interiorly thick ventral shell, raised muscle field, teeth solid, lacking dental cavities, hinge plate thick, lacking cardinal pit, dorsomedial spiralia with 4 to 6 thick whorls, ring- to hook-shaped jugal plates terminating processes. [Differs from G. (Gracianella) and G. (Guangyuania) in presence of ribs, short growth lamellae completely covering shell.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"southern and central Urals, central Asia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 963, 4 a-e . * G. (S.) sublepida (de Verneuil), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, southern and central Urals, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x3 (Mizens & Sapelnikov, 1982), d-e, lectotype, dorsal and ventral views, x2 (de Verneuil, 1845).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens & Sapelnikov, 1982, \nde Verneuil, 1845","figure_index":"fig. 963. atrypinidae (p. 1420-1422).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-540.jpg?height=1842&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clintonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Clintonellinae","Genus":"Clintonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clintonella Boucot & JOHNSON, 1970, p. 107","Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate to rounded, globose, biconvex, noncarinate, small beak, anacline area with apical foramen, minute deltidial plates, ribs fine to medium, continuous, rib troughs ornamented by concentric filae, growth lamellae lacking, commissure roughly rectimarginate to weakly plicate, interior with thin wall, teeth delicate, prominent dental cavities, hinge plate thin, divided by small cardinal pit, crura laterally arched, spiralia and jugal processes undescribed. Differs from Alispira in generally elongate, globose shell, weakly plicate-rectimarginate commissure, lack of carination.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Siberia, Kazakhstan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 964, 2a-b. *C. vagabunda, upper Llandovery, New York, USA, exterior ventral valve, interior dorsal valve, x4 (Boucot & Johnson, 1970).--Fig. 964, 2c-j. C. anticostiana (Twenhofel), middle Llandovery, Anticosti, Canada, c-g, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, anterior views, x2, h-i, serial sections, x5, j, enlargement of microfilae ornament, x38 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Johnson, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 964. atrypinidae (p. 1422-1425).\nfig. 964. atrypinidae (p. 1422-1425).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-542.jpg?height=476&width=1255&top_left_y=787&top_left_x=213)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-542.jpg?height=476&width=1255&top_left_y=787&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Clintonellinae","Genus":"Alispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alispira Nikiforova, 1961, p. 243","Type_species":"Zygospira (Alispira) gracilis NIKIFOROVA, 1961, p. 244, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to subtriangular outline, ventribi-convex-biconvex, ventrally weakly carinate, small orthocline area, apical foramen flanked by minute deltidial plates, ribs fine, continuous, sulcaterectimarginate commissure, interior with thin shell, short teeth, small dental cavities, hinge plate with minute cardinal pit, inner socket ridges nearly touching, small, fibrous, laterally directed crura, dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 6 whorls, jugal processes subhorizontal, terminating in center of shell. [Similar internally to Clintonella, externally finely ribbed, smaller in size, shield shaped, with weak carination, sulcate commissure, lacking globose-elongate shape.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Siberia, China, ?North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 965, 1a-g. *A. gracilis (Nikiforova), Llandovery, western Siberia, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2, d-f, serial sections, x5, g, dorsal apex, x12 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 965. atrypinidae (p. 1422-1425).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-543.jpg?height=1836&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anabaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Clintonellinae","Genus":"Anabaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anabaria LOPUSHINSKAYA, 1965, p. 27","Type_species":"Catazyga rara NIKIFOROVA, 1961, p. 248, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded outline, biconvex-dorsibiconvex; orthocline-anacline area; small beak; apical foramen; minute deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne, continuous, posterolateral shell \ufb02anks almost smooth; growth interruptions rare; moderately U-shaped, plicate commissure; interior with thin shell; small teeth with large lateral cavities; delicate hinge plates leading to feathery crura; dorsal spiralia with fewer than 8 whorls; jugal processes undescribed.  [Differs from Clintonella in finer ribs, rounded, dorsibiconvex shape, and wide, U-shaped anterior fold, similar to Beitaia, except in coarser ribs, lower anterior fold.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 964, 1a-g. *A. rara (Nikiforova), ?upper Llandovery; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, \u00d72; e\u2013g, serial sections, \u00d75 (Copper, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 964. atrypinidae (p. 1422-1425).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-542.jpg?height=476&width=1255&top_left_y=787&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Athyrisinoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Clintonellinae","Genus":"Athyrisinoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Athyrisinoides Jiang in Xian & JIANG, 1978, p. 303","Type_species":"A. typica Chen & Wan in CHEN, 1979, p. 20, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Athyrisinoidea Chen & Wan, 1980, obj., Neoathyrisina Chen, 1990, obj., Kritorhynchia Rong & Yang, 1981, p. 215 (type, K. seclusa, OD)","Synonyms":"Athyrisinoidea, Neoathyrisina, Kritorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Distinguished from Anabaria by coarser ribs, sharply defined, Plectatrypa-like fold, and presence of very short growth lamellae, genus is homeomorphic with some athyrisinids (Athyridida), but distinguished by dorsally directed atrypoid spiralia. Regarding the synonymy of this genus, Athyrisinoides Jiang, 1978, an atrypid, has priority. Athyrisinoides Chen & Wan, 1979, an athyridid, is a junior homonym. Chen & Wan renamed their athyridid Athyrisinoidea, but since there is only one letter difference in the names, they renamed it again as Neoathyrisina.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery-upper Llandovery)","Geography":"southwestern China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 965, 2a-c. *A. shiqianensis, middle Llandovery, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1 (Jiang, 1978)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 965, 2d-e. A. seclusa (Rong & Yang), middle Llandovery, serial sections, x5 (Rong & Yang, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jiang, 1978, \nRong & Yang, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 965. atrypinidae (p. 1422-1425).\nfig. 965. atrypinidae (p. 1422-1425).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-543.jpg?height=1836&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-543.jpg?height=1836&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Beitaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Clintonellinae","Genus":"Beitaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Beitaia Rong, Xu, & YANG, 1974, p. 199","Type_species":"B. modica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ventribiconvex to nearly convexoplane, very \ufb01nely ribbed to almost smooth septatrypiform shell; orthocline-anacline area; protruding beak; small apical foramen; deltidial plates; ribs very \ufb01ne (costellate) to nearly invisible, lacking growth interruptions; distinct concentric growth \ufb01lae; commissure with high, wide, U-shaped fold; interior with large dental cavities, long dental plates; delicate hinge plates; dorsally directed spiralia with fewer than 11 whorls; jugal processes delicate.  [Differs from Clintonella in very fine ribs, high dorsal fold, and broader shell, from Anabaria by septatrypid shape, large and wide fold, very fine ribs, worn shells may be mistaken for Septatrypa.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Geography":"southern China (Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 965, 4a-g. * B. modica, middle Llandovery, Guizhou, a-d, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x2, enlargement of fine ribs, x4 (Rong, Xu, & Yang, 1974), f-g, serial sections, x2.5 (Rong & Yang, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, Xu, & Yang, 1974, \nRong & Yang, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 965. atrypinidae (p. 1422-1425).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-543.jpg?height=1836&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nalivkinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Clintonellinae","Genus":"Nalivkinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nalivkinia BUBLICHENKO, 1927, p. 982","Type_species":"Atrypa gruenewaldtiaeformis von PEETZ, 1901, p. 147, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, globose, strongly biconvex; small, hypercline area; foramen transapical or obscured, absent; deltidial plates absent in adult shell; ribs \ufb01ne; abundant, very short, growth lamellae or growth interruptions; commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate; interior with large dental cavities; short, dorsoventrally oriented teeth; delicate socket plates; small bushy crura; spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 6 whorls, jugal processes straight, nearly touching.  [Distinguished from other clintonellinids by large size, incurved beak, presence of short concentric growth lamellae, distinguished from Tibetatrypa by large dental cavities, thinner shell, delicate socket plates, absence of strong anterior fold.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-Ludlow)","Geography":"southern Siberia, Altai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 965, 3a-f. *N. gruenewaldtiaeformis (von Peetz), Wenlock, Kuznetsk basin, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, x2, d-f, serial sections, x5 (Copper, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 965. atrypinidae (p. 1422-1425).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-543.jpg?height=1836&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tibetatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Clintonellinae","Genus":"Tibetatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tibetatrypa Copper & HOU, 1986, p. 287","Type_species":"T. xainzaensis Copper & HOU, 1986, p. 289, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, rotund, elongate, ventribiconvex to biconvex; hypercline area; narrow beak; foramen and deltidial plates absent or obscured in adult shell; ribs \ufb01ne; intersected at relatively wide intervals by growth interruptions, lacking growth lamellae; rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure; internally thick shell wall, pedicle callist; deep pedicle groove; teeth with long, narrow, reduced dental cavities; thin socket plates; short crura; spiralia dorsal, 8 to 10 whorls; jugal processes delicate, tapering into small, \ufb02at jugal plates.  [Differs from closely related Nalivkinia in its much larger size, minute dental cavities, and deep pedicle groove.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 966, 2a-g. * T. xainzaensis, Emsian, a- c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, x2, d-f, serial sections, x5, g, reconstruction from serial sections, x3 (Copper & Hou, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCopper & Hou, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 966. atrypinidae (p. 1425).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-545.jpg?height=1882&width=1266&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uncitispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Clintonellinae","Genus":"Uncitispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uncitispira FU, 1982, p. 150","Type_species":"U. sinica; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded; orthocline area; strongly protruding beak; apical foramen, deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne, continuous; lacking growth lamellae; rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure; interior with thin wall; small teeth; large dental cavities; hinge plate short and sturdy; small cardinal pit; dorsomedially directed spiralia with about 6 whorls; crura, jugal processes undescribed.  [Possible synonym of Anabaria, or Clintonella, but with strongly pointed, extended beak.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Geography":"northwestern China (Gansu)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 966, 1a\u2013d. *U. sinica; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d73; d, polished section, \u00d73 (Fu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 966. atrypinidae (p. 1425).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-545.jpg?height=1882&width=1266&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Plectatrypinae","Genus":"Plectatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectatrypa COOPER, 1930, p. 278","Type_species":"Terebratula imbricata J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 624, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Imbricatospira Fu, 1982, p. 149 (type, I. decora, OD), Imbricatospira Fu, 1985, p. 96 (type, I. decora, OD)","Synonyms":"Imbricatospira","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded, biconvex-dorsibiconvex, small pointed beak, anacline-hypercline area, apical-transapical foramen, deltidial plates normally not exposed, ribs medium to coarse, highly imbricate, with sharply projecting growth lamellae, strongly divergent, enlarged ventral midrib sets separated by wide sulcus, producing carination, strong, U-shaped anterior fold, internally thin to thick shell apically, pedicle callist thin to absent, deltidial plates extended into pedicle cavity as thin lining, teeth short, thick, medially directed, lacking dental cavities, delicate crural bases, fine crura, fewer than 8 dorsomedial, relatively widely spaced spiralial whorls, fine jugal processes curved laterally, terminating in delicate plates. Distinct from Sypharatrypa in rib imbrication, distinct from Xanthea in finer ribs, lack of microornament.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Ludlow, ?Pridoli)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 967, 1h. P. (P.) sp. cf. P. (P.) imbricata, upper Wenlock, Gotland; reconstruction of brachidia, \u00d74 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 967. atrypinidae (p. 1427).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-547.jpg?height=1849&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Plectatrypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Plectatrypinae","Genus":"P. (Plectatrypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Plectatrypa) COOPER, 1930, p. 278","Type_species":"Terebratula imbricata J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 624, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Diagnosis as for genus, but includes only medium to coarsely ribbed, imbricate forms lacking capidulae; shell wall thin, hinge plate weak.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Ludlow, ?Pridoli)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 967, 1h. P. (P.) sp. cf. P. (P.) imbricata, upper Wenlock, Gotland; reconstruction of brachidia, \u00d74 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 967. atrypinidae (p. 1427).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-547.jpg?height=1849&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"P. (Gutnia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Plectatrypinae","Genus":"P. (Gutnia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"P. (Gutnia) COPPER, 1996b, p. 915","Type_species":"G. capidula COPPER, 1996b, p. 917, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded outline; orthocline-anacline area; small, protruding beak; apical-transapical foramen; minute deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne to very \ufb01ne, evenly sized over shell surface; closely spaced imbricate growth lamellae; rib crests terminated by bulbous caps (capidulae); gently to strongly plicate anterior commissure; shell wall thick apically; deltidial plates hollow, distally retreating to sides of pedicle cavity; teeth short, anteriorly accommodating groove for crura; hinge plate sturdy; socket plates thin; crura very delicate; spiralia, jugal processes undescribed  .Differs from Plectatrypa in much finer ribs, presence of capidulae, lack of strong ventral midrib pair, lack of carination, internally similar but thick walled.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"western Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 967, 2a-g. *P. (G.) capidula, upper Wenlock, Gotland, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x3, d-f, serial sections, x5, g, capidulae, x20 (Copper, 1996b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 967. atrypinidae (p. 1427).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-547.jpg?height=1849&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sypharatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Plectatrypinae","Genus":"Sypharatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sypharatrypa COPPER, 1982, p. 690","Type_species":"S. honora COPPER, 1982, p. 692, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex-dorsibiconvex; protruding beak; small apsacline-orthocline area; rimmed apical foramen; small deltidial plates; ribs interrupted by relatively widely spaced, wavy, short growth lamellae, projecting 1 to 2 mm, subparallel to shell surface; rounded, plicate commissure; thin or no pedicle callist; small teeth; small dental cavities; dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 6 whorls, jugal processes undescribed. [Externally similar in shape to Eospirigerina and Schachriomonia, but lacking carination and possessing wavelike, extended, short growth lamellae; differs from Plectatrypa in having coarser, wider ribs, without well-de\ufb01ned carination, rib imbrication.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Ashgill), Silurian (lower Llandovery","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Ashgill), Silurian (lower Llandovery-middle Llandovery)","Geography":"eastern North America, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 968a-e. *S. honora, Rhuddanian, Manitoulin Island, Canada, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x2, d, dorsal view of large specimen showing growth lamellae, x2, e, detail of dorsal beak, x12 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 968. atrypinidae (p. 1427).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-548.jpg?height=721&width=1267&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xanthea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Plectatrypinae","Genus":"Xanthea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xanthea COPPER, 1996b, p. 917","Type_species":"Atrypa imbricata var. lamellosa LINDSTR\u00d6M, 1861, p. 363, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex, wider than long or equidimensional, small orthocline-anacline area, protruding beak, apical to transapical foramen, small deltidial plates, ribs coarse, thicker apical midrib pair diverging rapidly, outlining sharp ventral sulcus, 2 to 4 ribs lining crest of strong, sharp dorsal fold, growth lamellae widely spaced, nonimbricate, microornament of zigzag filae, sharply plicate commissure, internally thick deltidial plates lining inside of pedicle cavity, pedicle callist absent, teeth solid, short, stubby, thick hinge plate, inner socket ridges expanded, globose, crura delicate, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 9 whorls, jugal processes delicate, terminating without touching.  [Differs from Plectatrypa in very coarse ribs, widely spaced growth lamellae, zigzag, microornamental filae, larger size.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian-Wenlock)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 969a-h. *X. lamellosa (Lindstr\u00f6m), lower Wenlock, Gotland, a, dorsal view, x4, b-d, ventral, posterior, lateral views, x2, e-g, serial sections, x5, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1996b)","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 969. atrypinidae (p. 1427).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-549.jpg?height=1876&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spirigerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Spirigerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spirigerina D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 268","Type_species":"Terebratula marginalis Dalman, 1828, p. 143, SD Alekseeva, 1960b, p. 64, vid. D'ORBIGNY, 1850 in 1849-1852, p. 42","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paraplectatrypa Zeng & others, 1993, p. 375, nom. nud., lacking description, only figures","Synonyms":"Paraplectatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subquadrate to pentagonal, dorsibiconvex, sharply pointed beak, triangular, orthocline area, apical foramen prominent, deltidial plates well developed, corrugate medium to coarse ribs, expanding distally, ventral midrib pair bi- to trifurcating with intervening sulcus filled by ribs, dorsal strongly bifurcating midrib, ribs ornamented by fine concentric filae, radial capillae, strong, angularrounded, plicate commissure, internally thin pedicle callist, prominent hollow deltidial plates, strong, wide teeth, slitlike dental nucleus expanding to dental cavity anteriorly, thick central hinge plate, narrow cardinal pit, very thin socket plates, bulbous inner socket ridges, small, delicate crura, dorsal spiralia of fewer than 6 whorls, spiral lamellae widely spaced, jugal processes recurved in center, lacking jugal plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery), Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 970, 2a-i. *S. marginalis (Dalman), Wenlock, Gotland, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x2, f-h, serial sections, x5, i, reconstruction of left brachidium, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 970. atrypinidae (p. 1429-1432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-550.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Australispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Australispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Australispira PERCIVAL, 1991, p. 169","Type_species":"A. disticha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, globose-rounded, dorsibiconvex, broadly diverging ventral midribs separated by sulcus and numerous fine ribs, ribs tubular, continuous, expanding anteriorly to coarse, broadly plicate commissure, interior with blunt teeth, small dental cavities, spiralia dorsomedial, with about 7 whorls, possibly with posteroventrally located jugal processes. Smaller shells similar to Sulcatospira, but some gerontic shells with more robust shell, thicker shell wall.  [Percival (1991) showed simple ventroposterior jugum, but silicification probably hides disconnected jugal processes. Similar to Schachriomonia but more finely ribbed, differing in strong globosity, neanic growth stages very similar to Eospirigerina.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 970, 1a-h. *A. disticha, New South Wales, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, e, internal of dorsal valve, f-g, serial section, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x2 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 970. atrypinidae (p. 1429-1432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-550.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eospirigerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Eospirigerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eospirigerina Boucot & JOHNSON, 1967a, p. 90","Type_species":"Zygospira putilla Hall in Hall & Clarke, 1895, p. 365, vid. Hall, 1894, p. 653, SD Amsden, 1974, p. 72, =Atrypa praemarginalis Savage, 1913a, p. 84, OD, vid. AMSDEN, 1974, p. 72","Synonyms_with_authors":"Zanclorhyncha Xu, 1979a, p. 96 (type, Z. gentilis, OD), Eorhynchula Liang, 1983a, p. 284 (type, E. yulangensis, OD), Neorhynchula Liang, 1983b, p. 284 (type, N. jianglutangensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Zanclorhyncha, Eorhynchula, Neorhynchula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate to shield shaped, dorsibiconvex; small orthoclineanacline area; apical to transapical foramen, \ufb02anked by small deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne to medium size, to fading laterally to sometimes nearly smooth, expanding and coarsening anteriorly; ventral diverging, furcating raised midrib clusters forming weak margins to ventral sulcus; ribs continuous or with partly developed growth lamellae anteriorly; strong, U-shaped anterior fold; short, stout teeth; small, subhorizontal, slitlike dental cavities; crura strong; dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 12 whorls; jugal processes delicate.  [Distinguished from Spirigerina by generally finer ribs, poorly defined midribs along fold margins, lacking microfilae, very short growth lamellae or growth interruptions commonly present, thin hinge plates, distinguished from Qilianotryma by coarser ribs, and rib-defined anterior fold, neanic specimens may be mistaken for Atrypina.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (middle Ashgill)-Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 970, 3a-h. *E. putilla (Hall), upper Ashgill, Missouri, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x2, f-g, dorsal interior, exterior, x5, h, serial section, x3 (Amsden, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 970. atrypinidae (p. 1429-1432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-550.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neospirigerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Neospirigerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neospirigerina RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1975, p. 72","Type_species":"Plectatrypa ossa NALIVKIN, 1960, p. 381, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, weakly dorsibiconvex to \ufb02at, rhynchonelliform shell; protruding strong beak; small, apsacline-orthocline area; prominent deltidial plates, apical foramen; ribs coarse, nonbifurcating, with weakly de\ufb01ned midrib pair; rectimarginate to weak, broadly plicate commissure; internally broad, blunt teeth, possibly lacking dental cavities; massive hinge plate; slender socket plates with small inner socket ridges; spiralia and jugal processes undescribed. [Differentiated from Spirigerina by its very coarse, nondividing ribs, flat shell, weak anterior fold, lack of dental cavities, possibly synonymous with Plesicarinatina.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Siberia, Urals, Kazakhstan, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 970, 4a-d. *N. ossa (Nalivkin), Pragian, Urals, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x2 (Nalivkin, 1960), d, serial section at hinge plate, x2 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nalivkin, 1960, \nRzhonsnitskaia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 970. atrypinidae (p. 1429-1432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-550.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ogilviella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Ogilviella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ogilviella Lenz, 1968, p. 180, =?Arctispira SMITH, 1980, p. 66","Type_species":"O. rotunda LENZ, 1968, p. 181, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rotund, biconvex-ventribiconvex, carinate ventrally, small orthocline area, minute deltidial plates, apical foramen, continuous ribs expanding distally, growth lamellae absent, ventral carina produced by raised midrib pair (s) matched by sulcus on brachial valve, rectimarginate to sulcate commissure, interior with thin shell wall, small teeth, minute dental cavities, thin hinge plates, crura, jugal processes, and spiralia undescribed.  [Differs from Spirigerina by small size, lack of wide anterior fold, absence of ribs between raised ventral midrib pair, lack of ventral sulcus, sulcate-rectimarginate commissure, internal structure of brachidia unknown.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"northern Canada, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 971, 1a-f. *O. rotunda, Pragian, Yukon, Canada, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2, e-f, dorsal, ventral interiors, x3.5 (Lenz, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lenz, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 971. atrypinidae (p. 1432-1434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-552.jpg?height=1869&width=1275&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Otarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Otarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Otarella RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1982, p. 46","Type_species":"O. multicostata, OD, nom. nud.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"No known published description nor figures of genus or type species. Ordovician (upper Ashgill)-Silurian (lower Llandovery): Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Ashgill)-Silurian (lower Llandovery)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":445.21,"ending_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":440.49,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pectenospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Pectenospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pectenospira Popov, Nikitin, & SOKIRAN, 1999, p. 648","Type_species":"* P. pectenata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, acuminate shell, plicate with anterior, dorsal, smooth fold expressed as small posterior sulcus on ventral valve, high apical angle with narrow orthocline beak, ventral valve with 2 divergent main ribs flanked by smaller ribs, interior with large dental cavities, spiralia simple with fewer than 2 whorls, dorsomedially directed, centrodorsal, short jugal processes. [Earliest known spirigerinid, de\ufb01ned from others by small size and simple spiralium directed dorsomedially.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (middle Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (lower Caradoc-middle Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, northwestern China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 971, 2a-d. * P. pectenata, Anderken Formation, Kazakhstan, a-c, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, x4, d, reconstruction of brachidia, approximately x12 (Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 971. atrypinidae (p. 1432-1434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-552.jpg?height=1869&width=1275&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":450.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qilianotryma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Qilianotryma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qilianotryma Xu HANKUI, 1979b, p. 97","Type_species":"Q. mirabile, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Euroatrypa Oradovskaya in Nikiforova, Oradovskaia, & Popov, 1982, p. 63 (type, E. tajmyrica Nikiforova, 1982, p. 65, OD);  Ovalospira (Orthocarina) Fu, 1982, p. 158 (type, O. carinatiformis, OD)","Synonyms":"Euroatrypa, Ovalospira (Orthocarina)","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, wide, subquadrate to subrounded, spirifer shaped, relatively long hinge, small, protruding, orthocline area, deltidial plates, apical foramen, broad, U-shaped anterior fold, ribs fine to very fine, evenly sized, bifurcating and intercalating, interior with short, broad teeth, slitlike to rounded dental cavity, dorsomedial-dorsal spiralia with fewer than 8 whorls, posteroventral jugal processes almost touching.  [Similar to Eospirigerina, but relatively wide shell with very fine ribs, i.e., costellate ornamentation, ribbing as in Beitaia (Clintonellinae), but with Eospirigerina-like shell, small dental cavities, and sturdy teeth.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)-Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"China (Qinghai), Urals, Kazakhstan, central Asia, Estonia, China (Qinling Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 971, 3a-c. * Q. mirabile, Ashgill, Qinghai, a-b, dorsal and posterior views, x2, c, polished section, x2.5 (Xu, 1979b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 971, 3d. Q. tajmyrica Nikiforova, Ashgill, Taimyr, Russia, detail of shell surface, x4 (Nikiforova, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1979, \nNikiforova, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 971. atrypinidae (p. 1432-1434).\nfig. 971. atrypinidae (p. 1432-1434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-552.jpg?height=1869&width=1275&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-552.jpg?height=1869&width=1275&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schachriomonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Schachriomonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schachriomonia NIKIFOROVA, 1978, p. 118","Type_species":"S. schachriomonica NIKIFOROVA, 1978, p. 119, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, medium to coarsely ribbed, rounded to subquadrate outline, lacking strong midribs, but slightly carinate, with weak, concentric growth lamellae, small orthocline-anacline area, protruding beak, small deltidial plates, apical foramen, weakly plicate to rectimarginate commissure, thick walled, teeth with small dental cavities, spiralia dorsomedial, separated jugal processes.  [Differs from Eospirigerina in coarser ribs, lack of strong carination, wider area; very similar to ?Australispira, except in convexity and lack of strong carination.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, central Asia, Altai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 971, 4a-e. *S. schachriomonica, Ashgill, Shakhriomon, Uzbekistan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, x2 (new), d-e, polished sections, x3.5 (Nikiforova, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 971. atrypinidae (p. 1432-1434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-552.jpg?height=1869&width=1275&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcatospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypinidae","Subfamily":"Spirigerininae","Genus":"Sulcatospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcatospira XU, 1979c, p. 109","Type_species":"Zygospira (Sulcatospira) plicata XU, 1979c, p. 110, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Antizygospira Fu, 1982, p. 146 (type, A. liquanensis, OD);  Ovalospira Fu, 1982, p. 157 (type, O. ovalis, OD);  Taoqupospira Fu, 1982, p. 159 (type, T. dichotoma, OD);  Kuzgunia Misius, 1969 (ms.) in Klenina, 1984, p. 113 (type, Zygospira parva Rukavishnikova, 1956, p. 162, OD);  Kuzgunia Misius, 1986, p. 186 (type, K. asiatica, OD)","Synonyms":"Antizygospira, Ovalospira, Taoqupospira, Kuzgunia, Kuzgunia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to subquadrate, weakly carinate, minute orthocline area, triangular beak, small deltidial plates flanking apical foramen, tubular, expanding coarse ribs with ventral, diverging midrib pair, producing carination, plicatesulciplicate commissure, short teeth, small, rounded dental cavities, small, bulbous hinge plates, dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 8 whorls, slender, long jugal processes posteromedial, lacking jugal plates.  [Differs from super\ufb01cially similar Zygospira in being plicate instead of sulcate, with jugal processes instead of jugum; differs from Eospirigerina and Spirigerina in small size, expanding coarse ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?middle Caradoc, upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"middle Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?middle Caradoc, upper Caradoc-Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Geography":"China, Kazakhstan, Altai, central Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 971, 5ad. * S. plicata, Ashgill, Qinghai, northwestern China, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x3 (Xu, 1979c)., Fig. 971, 5e. *S. parva (Rukavishnikova), Ashgill, Kazakhstan, serial section of spiralia, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 971. atrypinidae (p. 1432-1434).\nfig. 971. atrypinidae (p. 1432-1434).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-552.jpg?height=1869&width=1275&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-552.jpg?height=1869&width=1275&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":454.11,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punctatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Punctatrypinae","Genus":"Punctatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punctatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1953, p. 8","Type_species":"P. nalivkini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate to rounded, biconvex, non-carinate, narrow hinge, protruding beak, small orthocline area, apical foramen flanked by triangular deltidial plates, finely ribbed, short, imbricate growth lamellae, closely spaced along commissure, single, vertical fenestra on each rib crest, weak, small dorsal sulcus posteriorly, rectimarginate commissure, solid, strong, short teeth, lacking dental cavities, thick hinge plate, narrow cardinal pit, large inner socket ridges, short crura, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Distinguished by small, rounded, biconvex shell, evenly developed, fine ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (middle Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (middle Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 972, 2a-g. * P. nalivkini, Emsian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, x3.5, e, interior of ventral valve, x3.7 (Havli\u010dek, 1987a), f, SEM view of ventral valve interior, mathbfX2 5 . 5 (new), g, external view of shell with fenestrae, x30 (Wang, Copper, & Rong, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1987, \nWang, Copper, & Rong, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 972. punctatrypidae (p. 1434-1437).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-554.jpg?height=1747&width=1283&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":416.36,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crassipunctatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Punctatrypinae","Genus":"Crassipunctatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crassipunctatrypa Mizens & RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1979, p. 63","Type_species":"Punctatrypa crassiconcentrica MIZENS, 1977b, p. 93, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded, biconvex; small beak; minute anacline-orthocline area; apical foramen bisecting deltidial plates; surface covered by very \ufb01ne ribs posteriorly, tending to fade anteriorly, ribbing absent on growth lamellae; concentric, \ufb02at, weakly de\ufb02ected growth lamellae protruding as overlapping, \ufb02at frills, possessing narrow, radial, linear grooves; concentric anterior fenestrae partially roofed over by growth lamellae; commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate; solid teeth; hinge plates delicate; spiralia, jugal processes undescribed. [Distinguished from Punctatrypa and others by its unique, flat growth lamellae with radiating linear grooves, rib loss anteriorly, hidden fenestrae","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (middle Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)-Middle Devonian (middle Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals, central Asia, Tian Shan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 973, 1a-f. *C. crassiconcentrica (Mizens), Emsian, Turkestan, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x1, d, serial section, x2.5 (Mizens, 1984), e, SEM view of growth lamellae, x14, f, SEM view of fenestrae, x43 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 973. punctatrypidae (p. 1434-1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-555.jpg?height=1852&width=1293&top_left_y=221&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":388.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fossatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Punctatrypinae","Genus":"Fossatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fossatrypa Mizens & RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1979, p. 62","Type_species":"Punctatrypa fossa BREIVEL, 1959, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Araneatrypa HAVL\u00cdCEK \u02c7 , 1987a, p. 90 (type, Terebratula arachne BARRANDE, 1847, p. 457, OD).","Synonyms":"Araneatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, wider than long, long hinged, weakly carinate posteroventrally; hyperclineanacline area; beak incurved, obscuring foramen, deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne, not overprinted by coarser ribs; short, concentric lamellae creating appearance of granules at rib crests, overlying oval fenestrae beneath; anterior fenestrae diagonal to shell surface; frills absent; commissure ligate or rectimarginate; interior with solid teeth; laterally arched crura; dorsomedial spiralia with about 6 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Differs from other punctatrypinids by its long hinge, wide spiriferoid shell, lack of overprinted ribs. \"Terebratula\" granulifera Barrande, 1847, lacks fenestrae and cannot be assigned to this genus.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern Urals, Carnic Alps, Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 972, 1a-e. *F. fossa (Breivel), ?lower Eifelian, ?middle Eifelian, eastern slopes, Urals, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x3, enlarged view of macroornament, approximately x10 (Breivel, 1959). Fig. 972, 1f-g. F. arachne (Barrande), Pragian, Czech Republic, dorsal, posterior views, x1.4 (Havli\u010dek, 1987a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Breivel, 1959, \nHavli\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 972. punctatrypidae (p. 1434-1437).\nfig. 972. punctatrypidae (p. 1434-1437).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-554.jpg?height=1747&width=1283&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-554.jpg?height=1747&width=1283&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinopunctatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Punctatrypinae","Genus":"Sinopunctatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinopunctatrypa Wang, Copper, & RONG, 1983, p. 1081","Type_species":"Punctatrypa (Sinopunctatrypa) saetulosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex-planoconvex; weakly keeled or unkeeled; apsacline-orthocline area; small beak; apical foramen; wrinkled deltidial plates; \ufb01ne ribs completely covering shell, intersected by short growth lamellae; ventral midrib pair raised; 2 or more vertical small fenestrae per rib; commissure sulcate to weakly plicate; interior with solid teeth; hinge plates broad; wide cardinal pit; dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 8 whorls; jugal processes undescribed.  [Distinct from other punctatrypinids in having 2 or more fenestrae per rib, instead of single fenestra on each rib crest.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China (Guangxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 974 a-e . *S. saetulosa (Wang, Copper, & Rong), lower Emsian, a, dorsal view, x5, b-d, ventral, posterior, anterior views, x3, etail of ventral valve, x15 (Wang, Copper, & Rong, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, Copper, & Rong, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Punctatrypinae","Genus":"Undatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undatrypa COPPER, 1978, p. 302","Type_species":"Terebratula munieri GRUENEWALDT, 1854, p. 58113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Munieratrypa (Munieratrypa) Mizens & Rzhonsnitskaia, 1979, p. 60 (type, Punctatrypa munieri dichotomoplicata Rzhonsnitskaia, 1960a, pl. 56, 4ab, nom. nud., no description, OD, vid. Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975, p. 156)\"","Synonyms":"Munieratrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, flattened, biconvex, carinate posteroventrally, sulcate dorsally, moderately long hinge, small orthocline area, protruding beak, apical foramen flanked by deltidial plates, ribs fine, posteriorly overprinted by coarse, strong ribs, fading anteriorly, ventral midribs producing keel, anterior, diagonal fenestrae at intersections of growth lamellae and finer ribs, commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate, thick shell wall, solid teeth, hinge plates strong, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Distinguished from other Punctatrypinae by having fine ribs overprinted with coarse ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals, southwestern Europe, China, northern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 973, 2a-f. *U. munieri (Gruenewaldt), Emsian, eastern slopes, Urals, a, ventral view, x2.5, b, macroornament, fenestrae, x12, c-d, dorsal, ventral interiors, x2.5, e-f, serial sections, x5 (Copper, 1978).\u2014\u2014Fig. 973, 2g-j. U. bellatula (Wang, Copper, & Rong), Emsian, Guangxi, China, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x3 (Wang, Copper, & Rong, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1978, \nWang, Copper, & Rong, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 973. punctatrypidae (p. 1434-1438).\nfig. 973. punctatrypidae (p. 1434-1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-555.jpg?height=1852&width=1293&top_left_y=221&top_left_x=195)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-555.jpg?height=1852&width=1293&top_left_y=221&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atrypinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinellinae","Genus":"Atrypinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atrypinella KHODALEVICH, 1939, p. 45","Type_species":"Atrypa (Atrypinella) biloba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded, globose, bilobate to biconvex, both valves normally sulcate, ventral valve subcarinate posteriorly, finely ribbed, with decorticated shell giving granulose appearance, closely spaced, flat, short growth lamellae, ligate to rectimarginate commissure, short teeth, possessing nuclei or small dental cavities, hinge socket plates thick, dorsal spiralia with fewer than 6 whorls, jugal processes thin, ventromedial to medial, almost touching.  [Differs from Reticulatrypa in subcarinate, bisulcate shell, includes well-known A. granulifera (Barrande, 1879b).]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Urals, central Asia, western Europe, arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 975, 1 a-d. *A. biloba (Khodalevich), Lochkovian, Urals, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Khodalevich, 1939).--Fig. 975, 1e-f. A. losvensis (Khodalevich), upper Lochkovianlower Pragian, eastern slopes, Urals, serial sections, x2 (Mizens, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1939, \nMizens, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 975. punctatrypidae (p. 1438).\nfig. 975. punctatrypidae (p. 1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-558.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-558.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Istokina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinellinae","Genus":"Istokina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Istokina B REIVEL & B REIVEL , 1988, p. 81","Type_species":"Spinatrypa bobrovkensis M IZENS , 1977a, p. 50; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex-ventribiconvex, rounded, subcarinate; moderately long, straight hinge; area orthocline; apical foramen; small deltidial plates; \ufb01ne, imbricate-undulose ribs; bifurcating midrib pair producing weak keel on ventral valve; median sulcus on dorsal valve; very short, less than 2 mm, de\ufb02ected growth lamellae; rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure; pedicle callist absent; solid teeth; vertically oriented, long crura; spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Af\ufb01nity uncertain; possibly synonymous with Atrypinella from which it differs in more wavy ribs, carination, apparent absence of dental cavities or nuclei; similar to \ufb01nely ribbed Plectatrypa in sculpture, but lacking strong ventral carination.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 975, 3a\u2013e. *I. bobrovkensis (MIZENS), eastern slopes; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Mizens, 1977a); e, enlarged view of dorsal macroornamentation, \u00d73 (Breivel & Breivel, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 975. punctatrypidae (p. 1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-558.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Limbatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinellinae","Genus":"Limbatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Limbatrypa COPPER, 1982, p. 700","Type_species":"L. leptostriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively flat, weakly biconvex, ventrally weakly carinate, wide hinge, small, pointed beak, prominent orthocline area, apical foramen, deltidial plates, very finely ribbed, growth lamellae rightangled, short, less than 5 mm, rectimarginate commissure, teeth with dental cavities, crura, spiralia, jugal processes silicified, undescribed. [Similar to Atrypinella in rib \ufb01neness, granulose appearance at growth lamellae, but with relatively \ufb02at, wide shell, sharply de\ufb02ected (about 90\u00b0), short lamellae, lack of bisulcation; af\ufb01nities with Atrypinae, Variatrypinae, or Atrypinellinae uncertain.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian-Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, Urals, central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 975, 4a-e. *L. leptostriata, Telychian, Manitoulin, eastern Canada, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, x2 (Copper, 1982), ell, detail of dorsal macroornamentation, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 975. punctatrypidae (p. 1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-558.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reticulatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Punctatrypoidea","Family":"Punctatrypidae","Subfamily":"Atrypinellinae","Genus":"Reticulatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reticulatrypa SAVAGE, 1970, p. 663","Type_species":"R. fairhillensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded, subcircular to ovate, globose, biconvex, weakly carinate or noncarinate, small orthocline area, apical foramen, minute deltidial plates, finely ribbed, imbricate ornamentation produced by less than 1-mm-spaced, short growth lamellae, rectimarginate to flat, widely plicate commissure, shell wall thin, teeth with possible dental cavities, muscle scars weakly incised, hinge plate delicate, spiralia of fewer than 6 whorls, dorsally directed, jugal processes undescribed (from silicified type material). [Ornamentation similar to possibly congeneric Atrypinella, but lacking strong bisulcation of type species; differs from Limbatrypa in imbricate ornamentation; af\ufb01nities with Atrypinellinae uncertain, possibly referable to Atrypinae.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Pridoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?P\u0159idoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"Australia, ?Europe, ?Urals, ?northwestern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 975, 2a-e. * R. fairhillensis, Pragian, New South Wales, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior views, e, lateral view of spiralium, x3 (Savage, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 975. punctatrypidae (p. 1438).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-558.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zygatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Anazygidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anazygoidea","Family":"Anazygidae","Subfamily":"Anazyginae","Genus":"Zygatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zygatrypa Copper, 1977a, p. 307","Type_species":"Zygospira paupera BILLINGS, 1866, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly carinate, ventribiconvex-planoconvex; narrow hinge; beak minute, pinched; small anacline to hypercline area; minute deltidial plates; apical-transapical foramen; shell almost smooth to partly ribbed, ribs coarsening distally, shell generally smooth on lateral \ufb02anks; where present, 6 to 8 ribs occupying ventral carina; broadly sulcate commissure; interior relatively thick walled; short teeth with dental nuclei, dental cavities lacking; hinge plate stout; crura short, laterally directed; spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 5 whorls; jugum curved, posterodorsal, almost resting on dorsal valve \ufb02oor.  [Distinguished from Zygospira by its thick shell wall, trend toward lateral or total rib loss, \ufb01ne ribs on ventral carina, lack of dental cavities, and posteriorly located jugum.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Sheinwoodian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sheinwoodian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Sheinwoodian)","Geography":"North America, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 976, 3a-h. *Z. paupera (Billings), Telychian, Anticosti, Canada, a, ventral view, x4, b-c, dorsal, anterior views, x3, d-e, serial sections, x5, f-g, camera lucida drawings, x6, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 976. anazygidae (p. 1440).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-560.jpg?height=1512&width=1282&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zygospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Anazygidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anazygoidea","Family":"Anazygidae","Subfamily":"Anazyginae","Genus":"Zygospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zygospira HALL, 1862, p. 154","Type_species":"Producta modesta Say in HALL, 1847, p. 141, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pusillagutta Misius, 1986, p. 210 (type, P. gibbera Misius, 1986, p. 211, OD)","Synonyms":"Pusillagutta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex-planoconvex; ventral valve strongly to weakly carinate; weakly sulcate dorsal valve; long hinge; small orthocline-anacline area; minute beak; apical-transapical foramen; deltidial plates minute to absent; ribs medium (coarse ribs on ventral carina), expanding distally, generally nonbifurcating; growth interruptions common, rare, slightly overlapping anterior growth lamellae; commissure sulcate; interior thinly walled; minute, medially directed teeth with dental cavities; brachidia delicate; crura small, laterally directed; spiralia dorsomedially directed with fewer than 8 whorls, \ufb01lling much of shell interior; jugum posteromedial to dorsal, in mid-anterior of shell.  [Distinguished from Anazyga by wider hinge line, carination, coarser ribs, and dorsomedially directed spiralia.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 976, 1a-h. *Z. modesta (SAY), middle Ashgill, Ohio, USA; a\u2013d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, \u00d73; e\u2013g, serial sections with jugum, spiralia, \u00d75; h, reconstruction of brachidium, \u00d75 (Copper, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 976. anazygidae (p. 1440).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-560.jpg?height=1512&width=1282&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Catazyga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Anazygidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anazygoidea","Family":"Anazygidae","Subfamily":"Catazyginae","Genus":"Catazyga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Catazyga Hall in Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 157","Type_species":"Athyris headi Billings, 1862, p. 147, OD, vid. HALL, 1894, p. 601","Synonyms_with_authors":"Orthonomaea Hall in Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 159 (type, Orthis ?erratica Hall, 1847, p. 288, OD, vid. Hall, 1894, p. 601); Septacatazyga Distler, 1972, p. 194, nom. nud. (type, Catazyga homeospiroides Ross & Dutro, 1966, p. 19, OD); Salairella Severgina, 1984, p. 45 (type, Catazyga salairica Severgina, 1960a, p. 403, OD); Eonalivkinia Vladimirskaya, 1985, p. 155 (type, E. hondelensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Orthonomaea, Septacatazyga, Salairella, Eonalivkinia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, globose-elongate, biconvex-ventribiconvex; short, narrow hinge; small anacline to hypercline area; obscured pedicle opening; minute deltidial plates; \ufb01nely ribbed; rarely \ufb01ne concentric growth \ufb01lae; weakly sulcate-rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure; thick pedicle callist; muscle scars strongly incised; teeth stubby, curved, with or without dental cavity; hinge plate massive; bulbous crural bases; crura short; mediodorsal spiralia with fewer than 10 whorls; simple, posteromedial, Ushaped jugum.  [Distinguished from Anazyga by large size, thick shell wall, nature of hinge plate, posterior location of jugum]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 977, 2a-g. *C. headi (Billings), middle Ashgill, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada, a-c, dorsal, posterior, anterior views, x2, d-f, serial sections, x5 (Copper, 1977a), g, reconstruction of brachidia, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 977. anazygidae (p. 1442-1443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-561.jpg?height=1275&width=1279&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentlandella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Anazygidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anazygoidea","Family":"Anazygidae","Subfamily":"Catazyginae","Genus":"Pentlandella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentlandella BOUCOT, 1964b, p. 104","Type_species":"Rhynconella sic pentlandicus HASWELL, 1865, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, subpentagonal outline; small, hypercline area; beak minute; apicaltransapical foramen; deltidial plates lost; very \ufb01ne ribs; \ufb01ne to almost smooth shell; commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate; interior with thick shell wall; partly raised ventral muscle \ufb01eld; short, solid teeth; hinge plate small, with central cardinal pit; delicate crura; posteromedial to mediodorsal spiralia with fewer than 5 whorls; W- to U-shaped, ventroposterior jugum.  [Distinguished from Catazyga by small, pentagonal shell, very \ufb01ne ribs, weak hinge plate, raised ventral muscle \ufb01eld, reduced number of spiralial whorls. Holotype and paratypes preserved as molds in sandstones.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 977, 1a-g. P. tenuistriata Rubel, Telychian, Estonia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, x2, d-f, serial sections, x5, g, reconstruction of brachidium, x3.5 (Copper, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 977. anazygidae (p. 1442-1443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-561.jpg?height=1275&width=1279&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuvaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Anazygidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anazygoidea","Family":"Anazygidae","Subfamily":"Tuvaellinae","Genus":"Tuvaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuvaella CHERNYSHEV, 1937, p. 12","Type_species":"T. rackovskii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, long hinged, flat, ventribiconvex-planoconvex-dorsibiconvex, ventral valve carinate, dorsal sulcate, large, wide orthocline-anacline area, small, slitlike apical foramen, or foramen may be absent, prominent deltidial plates, continuous ribs expanding anteriorly, lacking raised, ventral midribs, distinct concentric growth filae, commissure sulcate, interior with solid, broad teeth, lacking accessory projections, hinge plate massive, cardinal pit absent, raised, but flat cardinal process, crura laterally directed, postero- to mediodorsally directed spiralia of fewer than 10 whorls, jugum dorsomedial, V-shaped, possessing ventrally directed crest.  [Differs from other anazygids in large size, spiriferoid shape, solid teeth, V-shaped jugum.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Tuva, Altai, Mongolia, Xinjiang, northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 978a-h. * T. rackovskii, upper Llandovery, Tuva, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior views, x2, e-g, serial sections, x5, h, reconstruction of brachidium, x2.5 (Copper, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCopper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 978. anazygidae (p. 1443).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-562.jpg?height=1071&width=1292&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prodavidsonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Davidsoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Prodavidsonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prodavidsonia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956, p. 564","Type_species":"P. dalejensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Quasidavidsonia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 106 (type, Prodavidsonia vicina Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967b, p. 215, OD)","Synonyms":"Quasidavidsonia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Symmetrical, wider than long, flat, planoconvex to weakly concavoconvex to weakly ventribiconvex, weakly carinate, weakly convex ventral valve, weakly convex, flat, posteriorly sulcate dorsal valve, shell liberosessile, wide apsaclineorthocline area, slightly projecting beak, apical foramen flanked by deltidial plates, smooth to weakly concentrically ornamented surface, commissure rectimarginate to weakly sulcate, teeth solid, hinge plate Davidsonia-like with small cardinal process, spiralial grooves impressed in raised cones of ventral valve, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Spiralial grooves in ventral valve, muscle scars as in Davidsonia, but more weakly impressed; differs in having apical foramen, liberosessile ventral valve (uncemented to substrate), bilateral symmetry, wider than long shape.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?Pragian, Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?Pragian, Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 979, 2a-e. * P. dalejensis, Emsian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior views, x2 (new), e, interior ventral valve, x3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 979. davidsoniidae (p. 1444-1446).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-564.jpg?height=1828&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugodavidsonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Davidsoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rugodavidsonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugodavidsonia Copper, 1996a, p. 597","Type_species":"Davidsonia woodwardiana de KONINCK, 1855, p. 284, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, planoconvex-concavoconvex, rounded to ovoid outline, usually asymmetrical, short hinge line, ventral valve apex flattened, cemented or liberosessile apically, strongly protruding beak, large, flat area, deltidial plates narrow, high, completely sealing delthyrium, foramen absent, rectimarginate commissure, smooth apically, coarsely ribbed ornamentation distally, ventral valve with central cones accommodating dorsally directed spiralia from opposing valve, lacking spiralial grooves, muscle scars, gonadal pits atrypoid, short hinge plate, protruding partially into delthyrial cavity, crura, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Differs from Davidsonia in presence of coarse radial ribs, rounded-elongate shape, liberosessile ventral valve, lack of spiralial grooves in ventral valve; homeomorphic with Permian orthotetids, but differing in lack of notothyrium, chilidium.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, USA (Nevada), southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 979, 4a-h. *R. woodwardiana (de Koninck), upper Eifelian, Belgium, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x2, f-h, interior ventral valve, interior and exterior of same dorsal valve, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 979. davidsoniidae (p. 1444-1446).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-564.jpg?height=1828&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zeravshania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Davidsoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zeravshania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zeravshania Menakova, 1983, p. 66","Type_species":"Z. pachyvalvata MENAKOVA, 1983, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, flat, weakly biconvex to planoconvex, relatively short hinge line, ventrally strongly carinate, dorsally sulcate, protruding beak, small apsacline area, minute apical foramen at apex of deltidial plates, commissure weakly sulcate to rectimarginate to weakly plicate to ligate, thick shell wall, strong ventral, dorsal median septa, spiralial grooves weakly to strongly impressed into conical thickenings of ventral valve, teeth solid, spiralia dorsally directed, fewer than 4 whorls, jugal processes touching. [Most similar to Prodavidsonia, but differing in smaller size, reduced area, strong carination, sulcate-ligate commissure.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"central Asia, Urals (eastern slopes)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 979, 3a-f. * Z. pachyvalvata, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Zeravshan, Tadzhikistan, a-c, dorsal, posterior, lateral views, x2 (new), d, interior of ventral valve, x2, e-f, serial sections with spiralia, x5 (Menakova, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Menakova, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 979. davidsoniidae (p. 1444-1446).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-564.jpg?height=1828&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carinatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Carinatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carinatina NALIVKIN, 1930a, p. 104","Type_species":"Orthis arimaspus Eichwald in von Buch, 1840, p. 108, OD, vid. D'EICHWALD, 1861, p. 216","Synonyms_with_authors":"Zejszneria Siem- IRADZKI, 1920, p. 172, nom. oblit. (type, Orthisina davyi Barrois, 1886, p. 194);  ?Salairina Alekseeva, 1970, p. 131 (type, S. misera, OD);  Kaplicona Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 101 (type, Biconostrophia conifera Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967b, p. 209, OD);  ?Klukatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010cek, 1987a, p. 95 (type, K. klukovensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Zejszneria, ?Salairina, Kaplicona, ?Klukatryp","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, flat, biconvex, strongly carinate, strophic hinge, wide apsacline-orthocline area, apical foramen, deltidial plates, coarsely ribbed, with 2 to 4 raised ventral midribs forming carina, broad, flat fold to rectimarginate commissure, broad, ventral rim surrounded by wide trail (5 to 15 mm) with ribs replaced by fine costellae, pedicle collar fused into deltidial plates, teeth with prominent dental cavities, thick hinge plate with bushy cardinal process, crura laterally divergent, spiralia dorsal, only rarely, weakly impressed as grooves into ventral valve, fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes undescribed. Differs from Biconostrophia in having dental cavities, spiralia normally not impressed into ventral valve, differs from Eifelatrypa in possessing ventral carination, teeth with dental cavities. Possibly occurs in the Frasnian in Timan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America, Pragian-lower Givetian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 980, 1a-g. *C. arimaspa (Eichwald), middle Eifelian, Urals, a-e, ventral, ventral (smaller shell), dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x2 (Copper, 1978), f-g, serial sections, x2 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1978, \nRzhonsnitskaia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 980. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-566.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biconostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Biconostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biconostrophia HAVL\u00cdCEK, 1956, p. 562","Type_species":"B. spirifera HAVL\u00cdCEK, 1956, p. 563; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[=Davidsoniatrypa LENZ , 1968, p. 182 (type, D. johnsoni, OD)] [?Biconostrophia (Cherkesovaena) HAVL\u00cdCEK \u02c7 , 1987a, p. 103 (type, B. sinelkovaensis CHERKESOVA, 1980, p. 171, OD)].","Synonyms":"Davidsoniatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, semicircular outline, \ufb02at to weakly biconvex, ventrally carinate to weakly resupinate; wide, long, strophic hinge; shell widest at hinge; apsacline-orthocline beak; apical foramen; wide deltidial plates; ribs coarse distally, tubular, expanding, rarely bifurcating; single or double ventral midrib pair producing keel; trail unknown; muscle scars incised in ventral valve, slightly raised on platform in dorsal valve; solid teeth; raised cardinal process; cardinal pit absent; spiralia strongly impressed into cones on ventral valve, fewer than 6 whorls; jugal processes undescribed.  [Similar to and possibly synonymous with Carinatina, but lacking dental cavities, spiralia impressed into ventral grooves as in Davidsonia. Cherkesovaena is possibly pseudopunctate (CHERKESOVA , 1980), otherwise identical to Biconostrophia.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian\u2013Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Australia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 981, 3a\u2013d. *B. spirifera (HAVL\u00cdCEK \u02c7 ), Emsian, Czech Republic; a\u2013b, dorsal, ventral views; c\u2013d, internal views of dorsal, ventral valves, \u00d71.5 (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 981. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-567.jpg?height=1536&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carinatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Carinatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carinatrypa COPPER, 1973c, p. 496","Type_species":"Spinatrypa dysmorphostrota CRICKMAY, 1960, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hergetatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 97 (type, Carinatina minuta Siehl, 1962, p. 188, OD)","Synonyms":"Hergetatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, ventroapically carinate; small protruding beak; apsaclineorthocline area; apical foramen, deltidial plates; coarse tubular ribs, usually with concentric growth lamellae; trail with rib coarsening; moderately to strongly plicate commissure; thin shell; pedicle collar absent; teeth with large dental cavities; thin hinge, socket plates; crura delicate; dorsal spiralia with fewer than 10 whorls (not impressed into ventral valve); jugal processes with small, hooked jugal plates.  [Differs from Carinatina and Biconostrophia in strong dorsal convexity (expansion of spiralia), high anterior fold, skirt with rib coarsening (instead of fine costellae), hinge plate divided by cardinal pit, possibly synonymous with Mogoliella.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (?upper Eifelian, Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (?upper Eifelian, Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (?upper Eifelian, Givetian)","Geography":"northwestern Canada, USA (Michigan), western Europe, Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 982, 1a-e. C. dysmorphostrota (Crickmay), lower Givetian, Northwest Territories, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior views, x2, e, internal ventral valve, x2 (Copper, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 982. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-568.jpg?height=1778&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eifelatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eifelatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eifelatrypa COPPER, 1973c, p. 497","Type_species":"Atrypa reticularis var. plana KAYSER, 1871, p. 545, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, widest between hinge and midshell; round hinge corners; biconvex, strophic, lacking ventral carination (except neanic shells); area apsaclineorthocline; prominent apical foramen; wide deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne, tubular, even over whole shell; trail with \ufb01ne ribs continuing from main shell; rectimarginate; interior pedicle collar continuous with deltidial plates; solid teeth; hinge plate wide, thick, lacking cardinal pit, capped by large, bushy cardinal process; crural bases large, extended from bulbous inner socket ridges; spiralia weakly incised into cones on thickened ventral valve; dorsal spiralia with about 8 to 10 whorls; thick jugal processes with large, bosslike jugal plates.   [Differs from Carinatina and Biconostrophia by loss of carination, finer ribs, lack of costellae on trail, nature of hinge socket plates, crura, jugal boss.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 980, 2a-h. *E. plana (Kayser), upper Eifelian, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, internal view ventral valve, x2 (new), f-h, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 980. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-566.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mangkeluia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mangkeluia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mangkeluia Xu HANKUI, 1991, p. 318","Type_species":"M. extensa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, wider than long, round, dorsibiconvex, globose, ventral valve weakly carinate, small, orthocline area, protruding beak, apical foramen, deltidial plates, ribs expanding anteriorly, tubular, widely spaced, partly imbricate growth lamellae, low, broadly plicate commissure, stout, broad teeth, distinct dental cavities, hinge plate thick, crural bases stout, crura slender, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed. [ Similar to small forms of Carinatrypa or Mogoliella, differing in small shell, hinge plates, possible rhynchonellid, lack of data on brachidia makes identification as atrypid doubtful.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northwestern China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 981, 1a-e. * M. extensa, a-c, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, x1.5, d-e, serial sections, x1 (Xu Hankui, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu Hankui, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 981. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-567.jpg?height=1536&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mogoliella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mogoliella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mogoliella ISHNAZAROV, 1972, p. 69","Type_species":"M. sukokentica ISHNAZAROV, 1972, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"=Sulciplicatatrypa Zhang Fengming, 1983, p. 336 (type, Spinatrypa (Sulciplicatatrypa) xinjiangensis Zhang Fengming, 1983, p. 337, OD)","Synonyms":"Sulciplicatatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, widest at hinge, dorsibiconvex, ventral valve weakly carinate, orthocline-apsacline area, protruding beak, prominent apical foramen, deltidial plates, strongly divergent, coarse ribs, ventrally raised midrib pairs, weak, short concentric growth lamellae partly developed, broad anterior fold, stout teeth, wide dental cavities, crural bases thick, dorsal spiralia with 10 to 12 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Externally very similar, possibly synonymous with Carinatrypa.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Uzbekistan, China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 981, 2a-e. *M. sukokentica, Uzbekistan, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1.5, e, sketch of polished view, x4 (Ishnazarov, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ishnazarov, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 981. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-567.jpg?height=1536&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plesicarinatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Carinatinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plesicarinatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plesicarinatina MIZENS, 1977b, p. 89","Type_species":"Plectatrypa? carpulenta BREIVEL, 1959, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Equidimensional, inflated dorsibiconvex-convexoplane, carinate posteriorly, coarsely ribbed, fine concentric filae, trail present, narrow, protruding beak, apsacline-orthocline area, large apical foramen, deltidial plates, strong, U-shaped anterior fold, solid teeth, thick hinge plate, lacking cardinal pit, dorsally directed spiralia of fewer than about 7 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Possible junior synonym of Neospirigerina, but with weak carination and trail indicating carinatinid af\ufb01nities.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Ludlow, P\u0159\u00eddoli)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Ludlow, P\u0159\u00eddoli)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 982, 2a-e. *P. carpulenta (Breivel), lower Eifelian, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x3, e, serial section, x4 (Breivel, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Breivel, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 982. carinatinidae (p. 1446-1450).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-568.jpg?height=1778&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gruenewaldtia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Palaferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gruenewaldtia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gruenewaldtia CHERNYSHEV, 1885, p. 46","Type_species":"Terebratula latilinguis SCHNUR, 1851, p. 7, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Palaferella Spriestersbach, 1942, p. 187 (type, P. rhenana, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Palaferella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, rounded, globose, biconvex-ventribiconvex, umbo inflated, orthocline-anacline, rarely hypercline area, small apical foramen, deltidial plates, fine-medium ribs, concentric filae, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, thick shell wall, pedicle callist or collar continuous with deltidial plates, interior of inner part of deltidial plates forming flange alongside foramen, muscle platforms on both valves raised above shell floor by 2 or more septa, ventral muscle platform larger than dorsal, hinge plate strong, crural bases small, crura laterally directed, dorsomedially directed spiralia with fewer than 15 whorls, disjunct, posteroventral jugal processes, terminating in spinose boss.  [Distinct from homeomorphic Desatrypa and probably ancestral Neokarpinskia in septally raised muscle platforms. Early species have more septa supporting muscle platform, are smaller, more coarsely ribbed.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, Novaya Zemlya, Armenia, Uzbekistan, Siberia, arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 983a-h. *G. latilinguis (Schnur), middle Eifelian, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, d-e, interior of ventral, dorsal valves with muscle platforms, f-h, serial sections, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 983. palaferellidae (p. 1450-1452).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-570.jpg?height=1755&width=1273&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karpinskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Karpinskiinae","Genus":"Karpinskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karpinskia CHERNYSHEV, 1885, p. 48","Type_species":"K. conjugula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, highly elongate, narrow, rectangular to triangular, laterally compressed, roughly squared in anterior view, dorsibiconvex, convexoplane, protruding beak, short hinge, acute hinge angle, apsacline-orthocline area, prominent apical foramen, thick deltidial plates, ribs fine apically, nonbifurcating, to very coarse anteriorly, zigzag at commissure, wide, high, subrectangular, plicate commissure, thick shell wall, weak vascular ridges, medium to thick pedicle callist-collar, long, narrow teeth, elongated dental cavities, thick hinge plate, long, thin socket plates, small crural bases, crura, dorsally directed spiralia with fewer than 13 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Differentiated from Karpinskia by small size, coarser ribs posteriorly, rhynchonelliform shape, differs from Vagrania by its elongate outline, anteriorly coarse ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern Europe, Urals, central Asia, China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 984, 1a-g. *K. conjugula, Emsian, western slopes, Urals, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1, e-g, serial sections, x2.5 (Mizens, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 984. karpinskiidae (p. 1452-1456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-572.jpg?height=1181&width=1289&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crassatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Karpinskiinae","Genus":"Crassatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crassatrypa MIZENS, 1977a, p. 54","Type_species":"Atrypa diversa SAPELNIKOV, 1968, p. 128, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, triangulate to elongate, narrow hinge angle, biconvex to weakly dorsibiconvex, rhynchonelliform shape, highly protruding beak, apsacline-orthocline area, prominent apical foramen and deltidial plates, 8 to 10 coarse expanding ribs, rarely bifurcating or intercalating, anterior growth interruptions, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, interior with long, solid teeth, narrow hinge plates with deep cardinal pit, small, delicate socket plates, crura, spiralia dorsally directed, fewer than 10 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Differentiated from Karpinskia by small size, coarser ribs posteriorly, rhynchonelliform shape, differs from Vagrania by its elongate outline, anteriorly coarse ribs.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Urals (eastern slopes)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 984, 2a-e. * C. diversa (Sapelnikov), lower Ludlow, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x1, d-e, serial sections, x5.5 (Mizens & Sapelnikov, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens & Sapelnikov, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 984. karpinskiidae (p. 1452-1456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-572.jpg?height=1181&width=1289&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eokarpinskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Karpinskiinae","Genus":"Eokarpinskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eokarpinskia RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1964, p. 103","Type_species":"Karpinskia nalivkini NIKIFOROVA, 1937b, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate to subtriangulate, in\ufb02ated (rounded in cross section), biconvex, laterally weakly compressed, maximum width anteriorly; narrow, acute hinge angle; narrow area with smooth curved \ufb02anks; apical-transapical foramen; surface with smooth appearance, very \ufb01nely ribbed; rectimarginate-bisulcate commissure; thin pedicle callist; long teeth with elongated dental cavities; thin, curved dental plates; socket plates thin, curved; crura, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Distinguished from Neokarpinskia, Karpinskia, and Crassatrypa by very fine ribs leading to nearly smooth appearance, biconvexity, rounded cross section, differs from similarly shaped Tectatrypa (Lissatrypinae) by possessing fine ribs, dental cavities, thin socket plates.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Urals, ?arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 984, 3a-d. * E. nalivkini (NiKIFOROVA), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Kazakhstan, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x2, d, serial section, x5 (Nikiforova, 1937b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, 1937","figure_index":"fig. 984. karpinskiidae (p. 1452-1456).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-572.jpg?height=1181&width=1289&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mimatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Karpinskiinae","Genus":"Mimatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mimatrypa STRUVE, 1964a, p. 436","Type_species":"Terebratula prisca var. flabellata ROEMER, 1844, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Toquimaella Johnson, 1967, p. 876 (type, T. kayi, OD), ?=Megaplectatrypa Zhang Yan, 1981a, p. 386 (type, M. simplex, OD)","Synonyms":"Toquimaella, Megaplectatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, convexoplanedorsibiconvex; \ufb02at adult ventral valve, weakly convex apically; shell outline rounded to subelongate, narrow hinge angle; apsacline-orthocline area; large apical-transapical foramen; \ufb01ne ribs apically, coarsening distally, rarely bifurcated or intercalated; microornament of \ufb01ne concentric \ufb01lae, growth interruptions; rectimarginate commissure; thick shell wall; hollow deltidial plates fused with pedicle callist or collar; muscle scars posteriorly incised but raised anteriorly; ventral vascular ridges prominently raised; teeth solid; hinge plate thickly reinforced by secondary layer; socket plates thin; small, rounded cardinal pit; minute, delicate crural bases, crura; dorsomedially directed spiralia, up to 21 closely spaced whorls; jugal processes undescribed.   [Distinguished from Karpinskia by its wide, broader shell (neanic shells difficult to distinguish from Karpinskia), ovate cross section, solid teeth lacking dental cavities, distinct vascular ridges, differs from Vagrania by its flat ventral valve, apically highly angular beak, narrow hinge angle, anteriorly very coarse ribs.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 985a\u2013h. *M. \ufb02abellata (ROEMER), upper Eifelian, Germany; a\u2013e, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, lateral views, \u00d72; f\u2013g, serial sections, \u00d72 (new); h, internal dorsal valve, \u00d72 (Struve, 1964a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neokarpinskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Karpinskiinae","Genus":"Neokarpinskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neokarpinskia MIZENS, 1977b, p. 95","Type_species":"Karpinskia fedorovi var. ivdeli KHODALEVICH, 1937, p. 67, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parakarpinskia Zhang Yan, 1983b, p. 589 (type, P. striata, OD), Parakarpinskia Zhang Yan, 1985, p. 347 (type, P. striata, OD, nom. duplic.)","Synonyms":"Parakarpinskia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, triangular hinge angle; elongate, pear shaped, rounded in cross section; small apsacline area; narrow beak; apical-transapical foramen; small deltidial plates; ribs \ufb01ne, continuous, lacking clear growth interruptions; commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate; pedicle callist absent; teeth with long, elongate dental cavities; cardinal pit lined by bushy process; small delicate socket plates; medium dorsal septum lacking; crura minute, dorsal to laterodorsal spiralia, fewer than16 whorls; jugal processes undescribed.   [Distinguished from Karpinskia by very fine ribs covering entire shell surface, rounded cross section, lack of lateral compression, numerous spiral whorls, from superficially similar Gruenewaldtia by lack of septally raised muscle platforms.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?lower Pragian, middle Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?lower Pragian, middle Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Urals (eastern slopes), central Asia, China (Gansu)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 984,4a\u2013e. *N. ivdeli (KHODALEVICH), Emsian, eastern slopes, Urals; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71 (Mizens, 1984); e, serial section, \u00d72.5 (Mizens, 1977b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vagrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Vagraniinae","Genus":"Vagrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vagrania Alekseeva, 1959, p. 389, Totia Rzhonsnitskaia & MIZENS, 1977, p. 20","Type_species":"Atrypa kolymensis NALIVKIN, 1936, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dentatrypa Breivel, 1959, p. 57, obj., Totia Rzhonsnitskaia & Mizens, 1977, p. 20 (type, Atrypa intermediafera Khodalevich, 1951, p. 62, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded, biconvex, prominent apsacline-orthocline area, apical foramen, ribs medium to coarse, consistently spaced, bifurcating ventrally, intercalating dorsally, rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure, large deltidial plates fused into collar, teeth with prominent dental cavities, strong ventral vascular ridges, hinge plate thick, crural bases, crura delicate, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 20 whorls, jugal processes terminating in jugal plates curving away from each other. [Distinguished from Mimatrypa by its convexity, bifurcating and intercalating coarser ribs, dental cavities; differs from Desatrypa by having dental cavities (dental plates), coarser ribs. Totia has been distinguished from Vagrania by its somewhat \ufb01ner ribs and the presence of microornamental tubercles, but these characters appear to be variable.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals, arctic Canada, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 986, 1a-e. *V. kolymensis (Nalivkin), upper Emsian, ?lower Eifelian, Kolyma, northeastern Siberia, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, x1, e, serial section, x2 (Rzhonsnitskaia & Mizens, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia & Mizens, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 986. karpinskiidae (p. 1456-1457).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-574.jpg?height=1655&width=1284&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Desatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Vagraniinae","Genus":"Desatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Desatrypa COPPER, 1964, p. 363","Type_species":"Desatrypa Copper, 1964, p. 363 *Atrypa desquamata Sowerby, 1840b, explanation to pl. 56, fig. 19-20, OD =Lixatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 78 (type, L. ponderosa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987a, p. 80, OD).","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Lixatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 78 (type, L. ponderosa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 80, OD)\"","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, moderately biconvex-dorsibiconvex, rounded outline, prominent beak, orthocline area, large apical foramen surrounded by deltidial plates, fine to medium, even, bifurcating or intercalating ribs, commissure rectimarginate to weakly plicate, pedicle callist or collar continuous from deltidial plates, posteriorly incised muscle scars raised anteriorly on solid platform, distinctive ventral vascular ridges, solid teeth, hinge plates thick, massive, crura small, delicate, dorsal spiralia with about 15 whorls, jugal processes undescribed.  [Identical to Vagrania in strongly raised vascular ridges, pedicle callist and deltidial plate complex, hinge plates, crura, brachidia, but with larger, more \ufb01nely ribbed shell, solid teeth lacking dental cavities. Genus commonly homeomorphic with Variatrypa (Variatrypinae).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 986, 2 a-f . *D. desquamata (Sowerby), upper Givetian, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, x1, d-e, serial sections, United Kingdom, x2 (Copper, 1965a), f, internal mold of ventral valve, Germany, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 986. karpinskiidae (p. 1456-1457).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-574.jpg?height=1655&width=1284&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Weizhouella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Karpinskiidae","Subfamily":"Vagraniinae","Genus":"Weizhouella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Weizhouella Chen YUANREN, 1983, p. 322","Type_species":"W. shuimoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, prominent orthocline-anacline area, beak, apicaltransapical foramen, wide deltidial plates, ribs coarse, expanding distally, moderately plicate commissure, shell wall thin, pedicle callist absent, pallial sinuses weak, teeth strong with large dental cavities, crura long, fibrous, spiralia dorsal, about 12 whorls, ventral jugal processes ending in small stubby plates.  [Problematic genus, similar to Vagrania externally in ribs, shape, but lacking vascular ridges, pedicle callist-deltidial plate complex, thick hinge plate; possibly synonymous with Carinatrypa or Mogoliella (Carinatinidae) in thin shell wall, lack of pedicle callist, nature of hinge plate, dental cavities, but lacks carination, trail.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"southern China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 987a-g. * W. shuimoensis, Givetian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, x1, e-g, serial sections, approximately x4 (Chen Yuanren, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen Yuanren, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 987. karpinskiidae (p. 1457).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-575.jpg?height=859&width=1270&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Symmatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Palaferelloidea","Family":"Symmatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Symmatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Symmatrypa Mizens & SAPELNIKOV, 1975, p. 43","Type_species":"S. piceaplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, weakly to moderately biconvex, ovoid to shield shaped, small orthocline area, apical foramen, deltidial plates, ribs subradially diverging from plane of symmetry to produce divaricate, subconcentric growth undulations, rectimarginate commissure, thin pedicle callist, deltidial plates possibly fused, solid teeth, thick hinge plate, spiralia dorsomedial, with 4 to 5 widely spaced whorls, crura, jugal processes undescribed.  [Af\ufb01nities of this exotic genus appear to lie with Davidsoniidina and Palaferelloidea, possibly derived from Gracianella; super\ufb01cially homeomorphic with Kulumbella (Pentamerida), but with area, deltidial plates, spiralia.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159\u00eddoli)","Geography":"Urals (eastern slopes)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 988a-f. *S. piceaplicata, lower Ludlow, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, x3, d, SEM detail of divaricate ornament, x44 (new), e-f, serial sections, x5.5 (Mizens, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 988. symmatrypidae (p. 1457).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-576.jpg?height=683&width=1273&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lissatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissatrypa TWENHOFEL, 1914, p. 31","Type_species":"L. atheroidea TWENHOFEL, 1914, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spondylobolus M'Coy, 1851, p. 407, nom. oblit. (type, S. craniolaris, OD),  ?Loilemia Reed, 1936, p. 116 (type, L. proxima, OD),  Nanospira Amsden, 1949a, p. 203 (type, N. parvula, OD),  Lissatrypoidea Boucot & Amsden, 1958, p. 159 (type, Nucleospira concentrica Hall, 1859b, p. 223, OD),  Buceqia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1984, p. 109 (type, Terebratula obolina Barrande, 1847, p. 404, OD),  Solitudinella Godefroid, 1991, p. 108 (type, S. hollardi Godefroid, 1991, p. 110, OD)","Synonyms":"Spondylobolus, ?Loilemia, Nanospira, Lissatrypoidea, Buceqia, Solitudinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex-dorsibiconvex-planoconvex, usually smooth (shells may preserve fine, concentrically aligned, radial capillae), apical to transapical foramen, small deltidial plates (commonly resorbed or covered by beak in adult shells), rectimarginate to gently plicate commissure, thick shell wall, pedicle callist, distinct collar, muscle scars commonly deeply incised, may be separated by septum, with V-shaped ventral adductors, short, solid teeth, thickened to bulbous hinge plate, cardinal pit commonly lost, overgrown or suppressed by massive crural bases in adult shells, covered by small cardinal process, dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 7 to 8 whorls, short, bulky, posterior jugal processes terminating in thick, ringlike jugal plates.  [Differs from Australina in thick shell, nature of hinge plate, pedicle callist-collar. The name Spondylobolus has not been used in more than 140 years and is abandoned.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 989, 5a-h. *L. atheroidea, middle Llandovery, Anticosti, Canada, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, x3 (Copper, 1973a), e-g, serial sections, x5, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 989. lissatrypidae (p. 1458-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-578.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atrypellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Atrypellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atrypellina Menakova & NIKIFOROVA, 1986, p. 66","Type_species":"Lissatrypa caudata NIKIFOROVA, 1949, p. 16, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsibiconvex, subquadrate-pentagonal outline, maximum width near hinge, narrow anacline area, small apical foramen separating deltidial plates, ventral, angular V-shaped sulcus, dorsal V-shaped fold, sharp, angular, plicate commissure, interior with short, small solid teeth, small hinge plate separated by cardinal pit, jugal processes posteromedial, spiralia dorsomedial, fewer than 7 whorls.  [Distinct from Meifodia, Cerasina, and other lissatrypids by its subquadrate-pentagonal shape and very sharp, V-shaped fold-sulcus.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"central Asia, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 989, 3a-g. *A. caudata (Nikiforova), Turkestan, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x3, e-f, serial sections, x3.7, g, reconstruction of brachidia, x5.5 (Menakova & Nikiforova, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Menakova & Nikiforova, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 989. lissatrypidae (p. 1458-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-578.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atrypoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Atrypoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atrypoidea Mitchell & DUN, 1920, p. 271","Type_species":"Meristina (?) australis DUN, 1904, p. 318, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Atrypella Kozlowski, 1929, p. 173 (type, Atrypa prunum Dalman, 1828, p. 133, OD),  Lingatrypa Mizens, 1985, p. 10 (type, Terebratula linguata von Buch, 1834, p. 101, OD),  Globatrypa Mizens & Sapelnikov, 1985, p. 10 (type, Merista globus Chernyshev, 1885, p. 5, OD)","Synonyms":"Atrypella, Lingatrypa, Globatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, globose, wide to elongate, convexoplane-dorsibiconvex, shell smooth, may be partly corrugate on anterior fold, small apical-transapical foramen, deltidial plates in neanic shells, orthocline-anacline area in small shells, hypercline area in large shells, weak to strongly plicate commissure, thick shell wall with muscle scars weakly incised, solid teeth, relatively delicate hinge, socket plates, small crural bases, dorsal-dorsolateral spiralia, ventrally positioned jugal processes with bulky jugal plates. [ Differs from Lissatrypa and Meifodia in inflated size, elongate shape, hinge plates, stumpy jugal processes.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?middle Llandovery, upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed), Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?middle Llandovery, upper Wenlock\u2013Pr\u00eddol\u00ed), Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Geography":"China, Urals, ?Aeronian; worldwide, Wenlock\u2013Pr\u00eddol\u00ed; \u02c7 Czech Republic, ?Lochkovian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 990 a. *A. (A.) australis (Dun), Ludlow, New South Wales, Australia, reconstruction from serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1977b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 990b-g. A. (A.) prunum (Dalman), middle Ludlow, Gotland, b-e, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x2, f-g, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1977b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1977, \nCopper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 990. lissatrypidae (p. 1461).\nfig. 990. lissatrypidae (p. 1461).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-579.jpg?height=1869&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-579.jpg?height=1869&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Atrypoidea)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"A. (Atrypoidea)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Atrypoidea) Mitchell & DUN, 1920, p. 271","Type_species":"Meristina (?) australis DUN, 1904, p. 318, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for genus, but biconvex-dorsibiconvex; broad, U-shaped to subangular, plicate commissure; thick shell wall, with muscle scars lobate, weakly incised; dorsaldorsolateral spiralia with fewer than 14 whorls; posteroventral jugal processes with bulky jugal plates.  [Differs from Lissatrypa in size, shape, outline, hinge plates, stumpy jugal processes; differs from A. (Lissatrypella) by convex ventral valve; infrapopulation variability encompasses wide shape variation in Lingatrypa and Globatrypa.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?middle Llandovery, upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed), Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?middle Llandovery, upper Wenlock\u2013Pr\u00eddol\u00ed), Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Geography":"China, Urals, ?Aeronian; worldwide, Wenlock\u02c7 Pr\u00eddol\u00ed; Czech Republic, ?Lochkovian (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 990 a. *A. (A.) australis (Dun), Ludlow, New South Wales, Australia, reconstruction from serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1977b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 990b-g. A. (A.) prunum (Dalman), middle Ludlow, Gotland, b-e, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x2, f-g, serial sections, x4 (Copper, 1977b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1977, \nCopper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 990. lissatrypidae (p. 1461).\nfig. 990. lissatrypidae (p. 1461).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-579.jpg?height=1869&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-579.jpg?height=1869&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"A. (Lissatrypella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"A. (Lissatrypella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"A. (Lissatrypella) SAPELNIKOV & MIZENS, 1982, p. 30","Type_species":"Atrypa kuschvensis CHERNYSHEV, 1893, p. 60; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, round outline, \ufb02at ventral valve; convexoplane to weakly dorsibiconvex; small, anacline-hypercline area; apical foramen; small, obscured deltidial plates; broadly plicate commissure; interior with solid teeth, straight hinge plate, long slender jugal processes, dorsomedial spiralia with about 8 whorls.  [Possibly synonymous with A. (Atrypoidea), distinguished only by variable characters such as broad, \ufb02attened, convexoplane shape, low anterior fold, possible deltidial plates in adult shells; possibly synonymous with Tectatrypa, except in plicate commissure. CHERNYSHEV \u2019s types are small, Lissatrypa-like, round shells, not corresponding to the description of the subgenus.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed), Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock\u2013Pr\u00eddol\u00ed), Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Urals, central Asia, northern Canada, upper Wenlock\u2013Pr\u00eddol\u00ed; \u02c7 Czech Republic, ? Lochkovian (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987a, p. 107)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 991 a\u2013f. *A. (L.) kuschvensis (C HERNYSHEV ), lower Ludlow, eastern slopes, Urals; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, \u00d7 1; e\u2013f, serial sections, \u00d7 3.5 (Sapelnikov & Mizens, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aulacatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacatrypa Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987b, p. 241","Type_species":"Atrypa squama Barrande, 1879b, pl. 82, OD, emend., HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990c, p. 203","Synonyms_with_authors":"Johnsoniatrypa Zhang Ning, 1989b, p. 8 (type, J. imbricata, OD)","Synonyms":"Johnsoniatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small (less than 5 mm), weakly biconvex-planoconvex, widest at long, straight hinge, orthocline-apsacline area, open delthyrium, possibly lacking deltidial plates, slightly overlapping, concentric growth lamellae with fine capillae (spinulose), weakly sulcate to rectimarginate commissure, teeth solid, cardinal pit dividing hinge plate, crura, spiralia, and jugal processes undescribed.  [Similar to ? Lissatrypa in possessing concentrically aligned capillae, but differing in very small size, thin shell, convexity, long hinge, large area, delicate hinge plate, possibly synonymous with Australina, with which it shares convexity, hinge plate structure.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Czech Republic, arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 989, 1a-e. *A. squama (Barrande), Czech Republic, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, approximately x6 (Barrande, 1879b)., Fig. 989, 1f-g. A. imbricata (Zhang), arctic Canada, dorsal valve exterior, interior, x6 (Zhang Ning, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrande, 1879, \nZhang Ning, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 989. lissatrypidae (p. 1458-1463).\nfig. 989. lissatrypidae (p. 1458-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-578.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-578.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Australina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Australina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Australina CLARKE, 1913, p. 348","Type_species":"A. jachalensis, OD, emend., Copper, H\u00fcnicken, & BENEDETTO, 1988, p. 533","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium; planoconvex-concavoconvex; long, narrow sulcus on dorsal valve; rounded outline; surface smooth, capillae unknown; beak adpressed; minute area; transapical foramen obscured; deltidial plates possibly absent; rectimarginate to weakly sulcate commissure; internally, weak pedicle callist; teeth stubby, medially directed, solid; socket plates strong, separated by distinct cardinal pit; cardinal process absent; dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 5 whorls; jugal processes undescribed.  [Distinguished from Lissatrypa by convexity, hinge plate with cardinal pit, lack of thick pedicle callist or collar, similar to Aulacatrypa, but larger, lacking straight hinge line.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?upper Wenlock, Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?upper Wenlock, Ludlow-P\u0159\u00eddoli)","Geography":"South America, ?northern Africa, Australia, Czech Republic, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 992, 1a-g. *A. jachalensis, Ludlow, Argentina, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d7 2; f\u2013g, serial sections, \u00d75 (Copper, H\u00fcnicken, & Benedetto, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995,","figure_index":"fig. 992. lissatrypidae (p. 1461-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-581.jpg?height=1658&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cerasina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cerasina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cerasina COPPER, 1995, p. 850","Type_species":"C. pycnata COPPER, 1995, p. 851, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate to equidimensional, rounded-subquadrate, dorsibiconvex-biconvex; narrow, hypercline area; foramen usually transapical; deltidial plates obscured by incurved beak, commonly lost; sharp, U-shaped anterior fold; interior with thick shell; dorsally directed solid teeth; thin hinge plate; small, apical, rounded ventral septum; broad dorsal septum; small crura; spiralia dorsomedial, about 8 whorls; dorsally positioned, simple jugum.   [Septatrypa-like shape, but lacking dental cavities, delicate cardinalia internally, most similar to Meifodia, but distinguished by dorsally located, primitive jugum instead of separated jugal processes and a smaller, narrower shell with more sharply defined anterior fold.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery-middle Llandovery)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 992, 2a-h. *C. pycnata, lower Llandovery, Anticosti, a-e, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x2, f-g, serial sections, x5, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 992. lissatrypidae (p. 1461-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-581.jpg?height=1658&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cromatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cromatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cromatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987b, p. 240","Type_species":"C. orbis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, rounded outline, biconvex to weakly dorsibiconvex, minute orthocline area, small deltidial plates with apical foramen, rectimarginate commissure, ventral vascula media long, straight, diverging, massive hinge plate with cardinal pit, probably dorsomedial spiralia, jugal processes undescribed. [ Problematic genus, possibly synonymous with Levispira except in rounded shape, convexity, possibly synonymous with Lissatrypa, but adult shells possess exposed deltidial plates, apical foramen, small orthocline area, dorsomedial spiralia, but spiralia undescribed (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, personal communication, 1990).]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 989, 4a-c. * C. orbis, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, x3.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 989. lissatrypidae (p. 1458-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-578.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holynatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Holynatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holynatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1973, p. 339","Type_species":"H. crucifera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Lissatrypa, but generally very small shell, planoconvex, ventral valve with triangular, raised muscle platform, supported by raised median septum, brachidia undescribed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 989, 2a-b. * H. crucifera, upper Emsian, dorsal view, interior ventral valve, X5.5 (Havli\u010dek, 1998a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 989. lissatrypidae (p. 1458-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-578.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Levispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levispira MIZENS, 1975b, p. 47","Type_species":"L. eifeliensis MIZENS, 1975b, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate, planoconvex-ventribiconvex, keeled ventral valve, strongly protruding beak, small orthocline area, apical foramen, minute deltidial plates, rectimarginate to weakly sulcate commissure, solid teeth, dorsal hinge plate thick, small cardinal pit, mediodorsal spiralia with fewer than about 6 whorls, jugal processes touching medially.  [Possibly synonymous with Cromatrypa except in elongate shape, convexity, sulcate commissure, distinguished from Lissatrypa by keeled, elongate, sulcate shell, convexity, orthocline area, exposed deltidial plates, possibly synonymous with Shrockia.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 993, 2a-f. * L. eifeliensis, upper Emsian-lower Eifelian, eastern slopes, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x3 (Mizens, 1975b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mizens, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 993. lissatrypidae (p. 1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-583.jpg?height=1862&width=1285&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meifodia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Meifodia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meifodia WILLIAMS, 1951, p. 106","Type_species":"Hemithyris subundata M'COR, 1851, p. 394, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tyrothyris \u00d6pik, 1953, p. 15 (type, T. tyro, OD)","Synonyms":"Tyrothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, equally wide as long or wider than long, dorsibiconvex, straight hinge, small anacline-hypercline area usually obscuring apical-transapical foramen, deltidial plates commonly lost in adult shells, prominent, broad, angular, anterior fold on commissure, solid teeth, ventral valve with long, slightly arcuate, subparallel vascular canals, hinge plate divided by cardinal pit, straight, horizontal inner socket ridges, dorsomedially directed spiralia with fewer than 10 whorls, long, simple, posteroventrally located jugal processes, with hooklike jugal plates.  [Distinct from Cerasina in the possession of ventral jugal processes (instead of dorsal jugum), wide shell with broad fold; differs from Australina by its convexity, strong anterior fold; may be confused with septatrypinids, but for solid teeth lacking dental cavities.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 993, 1a-h. *M. subundata (M'Cor), Rhuddanian, United Kingdom, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2, e-g, serial sections, x5, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 993. lissatrypidae (p. 1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-583.jpg?height=1862&width=1285&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parmula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parmula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parmula Nikiforova et MENAKOVA, 1987, 112","Type_species":"Parmula orbis Nikiforova et Menakova, sp. nov.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small to small, concavoconvex-planoconvex; smooth or with numerous weak, overlapping concentric growth lamellae; minute anaclinehypercline area; obscured, small foramen; deltidial plates absent; thick shell wall; long, straight, median ventral septum almost to commissure; teeth solid; possibly dorsomedial spiralia with 2 to 4 whorls; jugal processes said to be present.  [Homeomorphic with the athyridids Dayia or Dnestrina, with which it shares long ventral septum, but said to have atrypoid spiralia (original types lack intact brachidia); possibly synonymous with dwarfed Lissatrypa, Levispira, or Shrockia.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Silurian","Ending_age":"Upper Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Silurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian","Geography":"southern Tian Shan, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 992,4a\u2013e. *P. orbus N IKIFOROVA & M ENAKOVA , \u02c7 Pr\u00eddol\u00ed, Zeravshan Range, Turkestan; a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, \u00d7 3; d\u2013e, serial sections, \u00d7 6.5 (Menakova & Breivel, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 992. lissatrypidae (p. 1461-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-581.jpg?height=1658&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Radimatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Radimatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Radimatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990c, p. 161","Type_species":"R. zelaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex, smooth, small, hypercline area, lacking (or obscuring) foramen, deltidial plates, broadly plicate commissure, thick shell wall, solid teeth, probably lacking dental cavities, crura, spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.  [Problematic genus, externally homeomorphic with Septatrypa or Cerasina, internally apparently similar to Lissatrypa in solid teeth, but dental cavities may be infilled.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (?Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (?Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (?Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 992, 3a-e. * R. zelaria, upper Emsian, a-c, dorsal, anterior, posterior views, x1 (Barrande, 1879b), d-e, serial sections, x5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrande, 1879, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 992. lissatrypidae (p. 1461-1463).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-581.jpg?height=1658&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shrockia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Shrockia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shrockia Boucot & SMITH, 1978, p. 268","Type_species":"S. twenhofeli Boucot & SMITH, 1978, p. 271, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Possibly synonymous with Levispira or Parmula, but much larger in size","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, elongate, planoconvex-ventribiconvex, obscured hypercline area, deltidial plates unknown, sulcate commissure, brachidia unknown. Externally like Dayia but with much larger shell, questionable atrypid since internal structure of poorly preserved shell unknown, shell may be deformed, elongate outline as in Atrypoidea, except for reversed convexity, sulcate commissure","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Newfoundland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 994, 2a-e. *S. twenhofeli, a-c, dorsal, posterior, ventral views, x1, d, serial section, x1.8, e, serial section, x1.6 (Boucot & Smith, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Smith, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 994. lissatrypidae (p. 1463-1465).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-584.jpg?height=1439&width=629&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=856)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tectatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Lissatrypidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tectatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tectatrypa MIZENS, 1973, p. 44","Type_species":"Merista tectiformis CHERNYSHEV, 1893, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Possibly synonymous with Atrypoidea (Lissatrypella), but with smaller, more globose, elongate shell, differs from smooth Eokarpinskia in hinge plate, lack of dental cavities.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, convexoplane, elongate to subtriangulate, laterally compressed, narrow beak, anacline area, possible small deltidial plates, apical foramen, high, broad, rounded, U-shaped anterior fold, interior with thick shell, solid, inwardly directed teeth, hinge plate slender, dorsally directed spiralia of fewer than 8 whorls, jugal processes undescribed. Possibly synonymous with Atrypoidea (Lissatrypella), but with smaller, more globose, elongate shell, differs from smooth Eokarpinskia in hinge plate, lack of dental cavities.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 994, 1a-f. * T. tectiformis (Chernyshev), upper Wenlock, eastern slopes, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1, e-f, serial sections, x4 (Sapelnikov & Mizens, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSapelnikov & Mizens, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 994. lissatrypidae (p. 1463-1465).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-584.jpg?height=1439&width=629&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=856)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Septatrypidae","Subfamily":"Septatrypinae","Genus":"Septatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septatrypa KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 176","Type_species":"S. secreta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Dubaria Termier, 1936, p. 1266 (type, D. lantenoisi, OD),  Atrypopsis Poulsen, 1943, p. 44 (type, A. varians, OD),  Rhynchatrypa Siehl, 1962, p. 199 (type, Terebratula thetis Barrande, 1847, p. 349, OD),  Barkolia Zhang Quan, 1981, p. 97 (type, B. typica, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Dubaria, Atrypopsis, Rhynchatrypa, Terebratula, Barkolia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, rounded to subtriangulate-subquadrate, dorsibiconvex, ventral valve relatively flat to concave posteriorly in specimens with high fold, shell smooth or corrugated, pinched beak, small anacline-hypercline area, minute apical-transapical foramen, obscuring small deltidial plates, shell smooth to corrugated, high, strongly defined, U-shaped plicate commissure, thin shell wall, delicate teeth with large dental cavities flanked by thin dental plates, hinge, socket plates delicate, subhorizontal, distinct cardinal pit, variable weak, short dorsal septum septalium-like structure in specimens with strong dorsal convexity, crura delicate, dorsal spiralia with fewer than 8 whorls, posteromedial jugal processes ending in long, delicate jugal plates.  [Differs from Idiospira in presence of ventrally located jugal processes. Contrary to published literature, Llandovery species externally, internally indistinguishable from later forms]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 995, 1a-d. *S. (S.) secreta, Lochkovian, Podolia, Ukraine, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2 (Nikiforova, Modzalevskaya, & Bassett, 1985), \u2014\u2014Fig. 995, 1e-h. S. (S.) sp., Wenlock, Gotland, e-g, serial sections, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, Modzalevskaya, & Bassett, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).\nfig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Septatrypa)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Septatrypidae","Subfamily":"Septatrypinae","Genus":"S. (Septatrypa)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Septatrypa) KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 176","Type_species":"S. secreta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for genus, but only smooth species included, differs from S. (Hircinisca) in absence or rare appearance of anterior corrugations.  [Differs from Idiospira in presence of jugal processes.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Aeronian) - Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"worldwide.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 995, 1a-d. *S. (S.) secreta, Lochkovian, Podolia, Ukraine, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2 (Nikiforova, Modzalevskaya, & Bassett, 1985)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 995, 1e-h. S. (S.) sp., Wenlock, Gotland, e-g, serial sections, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nikiforova, Modzalevskaya, & Bassett, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).\nfig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Hircinisca)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Septatrypidae","Subfamily":"Septatrypinae","Genus":"S. (Hircinisca)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Hircinisca) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1960, p. 241","Type_species":"Atrypa Sappho sic var. hircina BARRANDE, 1879b, pl. 90, fig. IV, OD, no original description of types","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Identical to S. (Septatrypa) internally, but variably up to 7 or 8 anterior corrugations along fold-sulcus producing rhynchonelliform shape, appearance of anterior ribs, population variants of Septatrypa sensu stricto also possess weak corrugations.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"middle Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, North America, Urals, central Asia, ?southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 995, 2a-g. * S. (H.) hircina (Barrande), upper Wenlock, Czech Republic, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x1, f- g, serial sections, x4.6 (Havli\u010dek & Plodowski, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek & Plodowski, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":430.62,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Becscia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Septatrypidae","Subfamily":"Septatrypinae","Genus":"Becscia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Becscia COPPER, 1995, p. 853","Type_species":"B. scissura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, biconvex, 2 strong, divergent ventral corrugations separated by sulcus, commonly 1 or 2 lateral corrugations, small orthocline-anacline area, apical foramen, minute deltidial plates, multiplicate commissure, shell wall thin, teeth delicate, large, elongate dental cavities, inner socket ridges fused over cardinal pit, thin hinge, socket plates, mediodorsal spiralia with fewer than 4 whorls, centrodorsally located jugal processes. Differs from Hircinisca in its prominent ventral, divergent pair of corrugations, producing Atrypina-like form, internally by fused inner socket ridges.  [Differs from Atrypina in lack of growth lamellae or imbrication, centrodorsal jugal processes, large dental cavities.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, ?United Kingdom, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 995, 3a-b. * B. scissura, Rhuddanian, Anticosti, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, x3, f-g, serial sections, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cerberatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Septatrypidae","Subfamily":"Septatrypinae","Genus":"Cerberatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cerberatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990c, p. 162","Type_species":"C. cerberus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990c, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, cordate to pentagonal outline, biconvex, small, orthocline-anacline area, apical foramen, small deltidial plates, rectimarginate-plicate commissure, delicate hinge plates, large dental cavities, crura, spiralia, jugal processes unknown.  [Problematic genus similar to Septatrypa but cordate shape, weak dorsal fold: may possibly be athyridid.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (?Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (?Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (?Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 995, 4a-c. * C. cerberus, Emsian, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990c)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 995, 4d. C. dissidens (Barrande), Emsian, serial section, x6 (Havli\u010dek, 1990c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990, \nHavli\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).\nfig. 995. septatrypidae (p. 1466).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-586.jpg?height=1890&width=1301&top_left_y=216&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Idiospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Septatrypidae","Subfamily":"Idiospirinae","Genus":"Idiospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Idiospira COOPER, 1956a, p. 690","Type_species":"Camerella panderi BILLINGS, 1859b, p. 302, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ovoid, biconvex-dorsibiconvex, smooth to weakly corrugated anteriorly, small, orthocline-hypercline area, apical foramen, deltidial plates obscured, minute, usually corrugated, subangular to rounded, plicate commissure, teeth with large dental cavities, weak dorsal septum, thin socket plates, spiralia dorsomedial with fewer than 6 whorls, posterodorsal jugum.  [Externally similar to Septatrypa or Hircinisca, but smaller shell, possessing jugum instead of jugal processes, thicker hinge plate.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (middle Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"middle Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (middle Caradoc-Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 996, 1a-h. *I. panderi (Billings), middle Caradoc, Ontario, Canada, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior, \u00d7 3, f-g, serial sections, h, reconstruction of brachidia, \u00d7 4 (Copper, 1986b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 996. septatrypidae (p. 1466).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-587.jpg?height=1310&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":454.11,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Webbyspira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lissatrypoidea","Family":"Septatrypidae","Subfamily":"Idiospirinae","Genus":"Webbyspira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Webbyspira PERCIVAL, 1991, p. 163","Type_species":"W. principalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, wide, dorsibiconvex-biconvex, smooth, only rarely corrugate, small, anacline area, foramen, deltidial plates unknown, broadly plicate commissure, thick walled, long, narrow dental cavities, moderate to strong dorsal septum, dorsomedial spiralia with fewer than 8 whorls, nature of discrete jugal processes or jugum unknown.  [Differs from externally similar Meifodia in having dental cavities; differs from Septatrypa in broad shell, low anterior fold, narrow dental cavities, socket plates, jugal processes; differs from Idiospira in larger size, broad shell. Original description cites jugal processes; if correct, Webbyspira should be assigned to the Septatrypinae.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 996, 2a-g. *W. principalis, New South Wales, a-d, dorsal, posterior, lateral, anterior views, x2, e-f, serial sections, x2, g, reconstruction of brachidia, x2 (Percival, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 996. septatrypidae (p. 1466).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-587.jpg?height=1310&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glassia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Glassioidea","Family":"Glassiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glassia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glassia DAVIDSON, 1881a, p. 11","Type_species":"Glassia elongata DAVIDSON, 1881b, p. 148, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cryptatrypa Siehl, 1962, p. 196 (type, G. obovata (Sowerby))","Synonyms":"Cryptatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex to weakly ventribiconvex, rounded to elongate; small anacline-hypercline area; beak obscuring minute apical-transapical foramen; deltidial plates minute or absent; commissure ligate (both valves sulcate) to rectimarginate, thick shell wall, medium septum common in both valves, teeth distally solid or with minute apical dental cavities, buried dental plates, thick, squared hinge plate divided by narrow cardinal pit, spiralia barrel shaped, medially directed, fewer than 6 whorls, ventroposterior jugal processes terminating in hooks.  [The originally and unfortunately designated type species of Glassia, G. obovata (SOWERBY), is a species of Lissatrypa (family Lissatrypidae), with dorsally directed spiralia; DAVIDSON (1881b) correctly identi\ufb01ed Glassia elongata with medially directed spiralia, typical of the family Glassiidae as de\ufb01ned by SCHUCHERT and LEVENE (1929a) and used by DAVIDSON in his diagnosis of the genus. This species was then selected as type (COPPER , 1996b).]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock-Ludlow, ?P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"western Europe, Urals, ?northern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 997, 1a-e. *G. sp. cf. G. elongata (Davidson), Wenlock, Gotland, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, anterior views, \u00d7 3 (new), Fig. 997, 1f-i. *G. elongata (Davidson), Wenlock, United Kingdom, f-h, serial sections, \u00d7 5, i, reconstruction of brachidium, \u00d7 5 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 997. glassiidae (p. 1469-1470).\nfig. 997. glassiidae (p. 1469-1470).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-588.jpg?height=1705&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-588.jpg?height=1705&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karbous":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Glassioidea","Family":"Glassiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Karbous","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karbous HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1985a, p. 236","Type_species":"K. aperinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, rounded to elongate to subrectangular outline, ventribiconvex; beak in\ufb02ated; small, anacline-hypercline area; apical foramen \ufb02anked by minute deltidial plates; rectimarginate to weakly plicate commissure; squared pedicle cavity; teeth with dental cavities, dental plates; hinge plate with cardinal pit, lacking process; inner socket ridges \ufb02at; crura, spiralia, jugal processes unknown.   [Similar to Glassia internally but differing in larger size, ventribiconvex-planoconvex shape, lack of sulci on either valve, expanded anacline-hypercline area, foramen, small dental cavities outlining dental plates, distinguished from Peratos by small dental cavities, small area, distinguished from Lissatrypa by hinge plate with distinct cardinal pit, straight inner socket ridges, prominent dental cavities.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"western Europe, Urals, central Asia, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 997, 2a-f. * K. aperinus, upper Emsian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral views, x3.5, e-f, serial sections, X5.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1985a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 997. glassiidae (p. 1469-1470).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-588.jpg?height=1705&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nanatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Glassioidea","Family":"Glassiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nanatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nanatrypa Sapelnikov & MIZENS, 1982, p. 12","Type_species":"Lissatrypa (Nanatrypa) bisinuata Sapelnikov & MIZENS, 1982, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, globose, rounded, biconvex; ventral, dorsal valve with well-developed median sulcus; minute, anacline area; small beak; minute apical foramen; deltidial plates undescribed; anterior commissure ligate, rectimarginate; internally thick shell apically; solid teeth, no dental cavities described; hinge plate divided by rounded cardinal pit; inner socket ridges Glassia-like; spiralia, jugal processes undescribed.   [Homeomorphic with Glassia, which is occasionally ligate, i.e., bisinuate, lack of data on brachidia precludes comparison with Lissatrypinae or Glassiinae.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Urals (eastern slopes), Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 998, 2a-e. *N. bisinuata (Sapelnikov & Mizens), eastern slopes, Urals, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x2, e, polished section, x5 (Sapelnikov & Mizens, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov & Mizens, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 998. glassiidae (p. 1470).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-590.jpg?height=1682&width=1275&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peratos":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Glassioidea","Family":"Glassiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Peratos","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peratos COPPER, 1986b, p. 856","Type_species":"P. arrectus COPPER, 1986b, p. 859, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, rounded to subquadrate outline, weakly biconvex; prominent orthocline area; strong protruding beak; apical foramen; prominent deltidial plates; rectimarginate commissure; thick shell wall; median septa lacking in either valve; large, subpyramidal dental cavities; long, straight dental plates; medially directed, barrel-shaped spiralia with 4 to 6 whorls; jugal processes posteromedial, terminating in large, spoonshaped, incurved jugal plates.   [Distinguished from Karbous by its large, orthocline area, biconvexity, internally by large dental cavities, free, straight dental plates, distinguished from Glassia in larger size, prominent orthocline area, lack of sulci, wide dental cavities, jugal processes.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Urals (western slopes)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 998, 1a-b. * P. arrectus, upper Eifelian, Germany, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x3, e-g, serial sections, x4, h, reconstruction of brachidia, x4 (Copper, 1986b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 998. glassiidae (p. 1470).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-590.jpg?height=1682&width=1275&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Glassioidea","Family":"Glassiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trigonatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1990c, p. 154","Type_species":"Meristella holynensis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 613, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, triangulate-spatulate outline, widest anteriorly, weak anterior sulcus on dorsal valve, narrow, angular, apsacline-orthocline area, minute deltidial plates flanking apical foramen, rectimarginate commissure, thick shell wall, distally distinct dental cavities, possible dental plates, hinge socket plates delicate, jugal processes, spiralia undescribed.  [Unusual for its triangulate shape, differentiating it from Glassia and Karbous, but spiralia undescribed, comparable in shape to Tectatrypa, which is more elongate, lack of data for brachidia makes assignment to Lissatrypidina or Atrypida questionable (possible rhynchonellide).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 997, 3a-e. * T. holynensis (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Emsian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, internal dorsal valve, x3, e, serial section, x10 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990c).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 997. glassiidae (p. 1469-1470).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-588.jpg?height=1705&width=1280&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protozyga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protozygoidea","Family":"Protozygidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protozyga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protozyga Hall in Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 141","Type_species":"Atrypa exigua HALL, 1847, p. 141, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded, normally smooth or slightly corrugate anteriorly, planoconvex-ventribiconvex, small, anacline-hypercline area, minute apical foramen, deltidial plates minute or absent, sulcate commissure, thin shell wall, teeth with large dental cavities, small cardinalia, crura delicate, ventrolateral, medially to mediodorsally directed spiralia, usually fewer than 3 whorls, ventrocentral, U-shaped jugum.  [Differs from Manespira in spiralia of multiple whorls, complete jugum, posterior absence of corrugations.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 999, 3a-i. *P. exigua (Hall), lower Caradoc, New York, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x5, f-g, serial sections, x5 (Copper, 1986b), b-i, dorsal, lateral reconstruction of brachidium, x10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 999. protozygidae (p. 1472).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-592.jpg?height=1882&width=1278&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Manespira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protozygoidea","Family":"Protozygidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Manespira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Manespira COPPER, 1986b, p. 839","Type_species":"Hallina nicolleti Winchell & SCHUCHERT, 1892, p. 293, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded outline, ventribiconvex-biconvexplanoconvex, commonly weakly ventrocarinate, neanic shell smooth, adult corrugated anteriorly, weak, diverging midrib pair on ventral valve, commonly with small fold developed on dorsal sulcus, area minute, very small beak, minute foramen, deltidial plates unknown, unisulcate to bisulcate commissure, thin shell wall, minute teeth, small dental cavities, thin, narrow hinge plates, medially directed spiralia with 1 whorl or part whorl, anterior to central, complete or incomplete jugum.  [Distinct from Protozyga in its very simple spiralium (usually 1 whorl or fewer), incomplete jugum, commonly more frequent corrugations along adult commissure.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Caradoc)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 999, 1a-i. *M. nicolleti (Winchell & Schuchert), lower Caradoc, Minnesota, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x4, f-g, serial sections, x6 (Copper, 1986b), b-i, reconstruction of brachidium, x10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 999. protozygidae (p. 1472).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-592.jpg?height=1882&width=1278&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xysila":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protozygoidea","Family":"Protozygidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xysila","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xysila Copper, 1995, p. 848, X. astaca COPPER, 1995, p. 849","Type_species":"X. astaca COPPER, 1995, p. 849, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate, ventribiconvex, globose, noncarinate, hypercline area, small, inflated beak, transapical foramen, deltidial plates unknown, smooth shell lacking corrugations or ribs, commissure weakly sulcate to ligate, both valves usually with narrow median sulcus, interior with thick shell apically, minute teeth with dental cavities, strong dorsal septum, crura sharply laterally geniculated, medially directed spiralia, jugum beginning anteriorly, joining dorsocentrally.   [Similar to Cyclospira in shape and medially directed spiralia, but possessing simple jugum, lacking corrugations along commissure. Xysila could be assigned to Cyclospiridae, if alternately derived from Cyclospira via later addition of jugum, but ancestry seems more probable with Protozygidae. Xysila probable ancestor to Glassiidae.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill), Silurian (?Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Ashgill, western Europe, ?Llandovery","Figure_captions":"Fig. 999, 2a-i. *X. astaca, Ashgill, Anticosti, Canada, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, posterior views, x3, f-g, serial sections, x5, h-i, reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 999. protozygidae (p. 1472).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-592.jpg?height=1882&width=1278&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyclospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protozygoidea","Family":"Cyclospiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyclospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyclospira Hall in Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 146","Type_species":"Orthis bisulcata EMMONS, 1842, p. 396, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Triplecella Wilson, 1932, p. 399 (type, T. diplicata, OD),  Aulidospira Williams, 1962, p. 252 (type, A. trippi, OD),  ?Cyclorhynchia Baranov, 1994, p. 29 (type, Cyclospira globosa Rozman, 1964a, p. 189)","Synonyms":"Triplecella, Aulidospira, ?Cyclorhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex-planoconvex, subtriangulate to elongate, strongly convex ventral valve, weakly convex to planar dorsal valve, small area anacline-hypercline, apical-transapical foramen, sulcate-bisulcate commissure, shell thickly walled, teeth solid or with small, slitlike dental cavities or nuclei, medially directed spiralia with normally fewer than 4 whorls, jugum or jugal processes absent.  [Distinguished from homeomorphic protozyginids by absence of jugum, distinguished from Rozmanospira by presence of more than 1 spiral whorl.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"North America, Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1000, 1a-b. *C. bisulcata (Emmons), upper Caradoc, New York, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x3, e-f, serial sections, x5, g-h, dorsal and lateral reconstruction of brachidia, x5 (Copper, 1986b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Copper, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1000. cyclospiridae (p. 1472-1474).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-593.jpg?height=1085&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rozmanospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Lissatrypoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protozygoidea","Family":"Cyclospiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rozmanospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rozmanospira Popov, Nikitin, & SOKIRAN, 1999, p. 645","Type_species":"Oligorhynchia mica Nikitin & POPOV, 1984, p. 156, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Cyclospirinid with minute, smooth ventribiconvex shell, moderate to angular, dorsal anterior fold, small, incurved beak, minute pedicle opening, interior with short teeth, small dental cavities, divergent crura leading to medially directed, less than single revolution spiral whorl aligned in plane of symmetry, no jugum or jugal processes.  [Differs from Cyclospira in its smaller shell, very simple partial spiral whorl.]\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Llandeilo, lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (middle Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Llandeilo, lower Caradoc-middle Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1000, 2a-d. *R. mica (Nikitin & Popov), lower Caradoc, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x10, d, reconstruction of brachidium, x12 (Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1000. cyclospiridae (p. 1472-1474).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-593.jpg?height=1085&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":450.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Athyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Athyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Athyris M'COY, 1844, p. 146","Type_species":"Terebratula concentrica von Buch, 1834, p. 103, SD KING, 1850, p. 136","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cliothyris Agassiz, 1846, p. 90, obj.,  Spirigera d'Orbigny, 1847, p. 268, obj.,  Spirithyris Quenstedt, 1868 in 1868-1871, p. 30, obj.,  Euthyris Quenstedt, 1869 in 1868-1871, p. 442, obj.","Synonyms":"Cliothyris, Spirigera, Spirithyris, Euthyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small- to medium-sized, dorsi- to strongly dorsibiconvex, equidimensional to slightly transverse, rounded subpentagonal shells covered by numerous, regular, thin, and slightly lamellose growth lines, uniplicate anterior commissure with ill-defined fold in anterior half of adult shell and relatively narrow sulcus originating at ventral beak, groovelike posteriorly but widening strongly anteriorly to about half width of very flat ventral valve, ventral muscle field moderately impressed, cardinal plate flat or slightly concave ventrally, low myophragm may be present.","Beginning_age":"Devonian, ?Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Devonian","Ending_age":"Devonian, ?Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Devonian, ?Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1013a-g. * A. concentrica (von Buch), Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, a-e, neotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, SMF 5480, x2, f-g, ventral and lateral views showing reconstructed jugum (Alvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996).-Fig. 1014a-s. *A. concentrica (von Buch), Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, tangential serial sections, parallel to commissural plane, 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.9, 3.3, 3.6, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, 5.4, 5.8, 5.9, 6.5, 6.6, 7.0, 7.2, 7.3, 11.0 ~mm from dorsal valve, SMF 50013 (Alvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996).-Fig. 1014 t-ii. A. concentrica murchisoni Brice, Upper Devonian, Ferques, France, transverse serial sections 0.6, 1.1, 2.0, 2.8, 3.3, 3.9, 4.2, 5.0, 6.2, 6.9, 7.8, 8.3, 8.8, 9.3, 11.3, 11.5 mm from ventral umbo, BMNH BD12052 (Alvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996).-Fig. 1013h. A. spiriferoides (Eaton), Givetian, Michigan, USA, posterolateral view of open shell showing jugum, ventral up, I1106, Hall collection, x2.5 (new).-Fig. 1013i. A. waratahensis (Talent), Lower Devonian, New South Wales, Australia, lateral view of broken specimen showing jugum, ventral up, ANU 18998, approximately x5 (Alvarez, 1999a, photograph courtesy of B. D. E. Chatterton).","Museum_or_author_information":"SMF, \nAlvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996, \nAlvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996, \nAlvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996, \nAlvarez, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1013. athyrididae (p. 1497-1498).\nfig. 1014. athyrididae (p. 1497-1498).\nfig. 1013. athyrididae (p. 1497-1498).\nfig. 1013. athyrididae (p. 1497-1498).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-617.jpg?height=1364&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-618.jpg?height=1821&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-617.jpg?height=1364&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-617.jpg?height=1364&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Actinoconchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Actinoconchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Actinoconchus M'Coy, 1844, p. 149, Actinoconchus M'Coy in GRIFFITH, 1842, p. 18, nom. nud.","Type_species":"A. paradoxus, M","Synonyms_with_authors":"Actinoconchus M'Coy in Griffith, 1842, p. 18, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Actinoconchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, biconvex, elongate oval, subcircular to transversely oval shells, very long, flat, delicate, radially striated, nonspinose flanges of shell from rugae or strong growth lines on both valves, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus absent or with shallow sulci on both valves forming ligate anterior, internal characters imperfectly known, jugum essentially as in Athyris.  [A. paradoxus was the only species described under Actinoconchus so it must be considered the type by monotypy. DAVIDSON (1859) placed A. paradoxus into subjective synonymy with Athyris planosulcata (PHILLIPS, 1836) and many authors have accepted this. We agree with CARTER (1967) and BRUNTON (1980) in believing the two species to be distinct and so retain the name A. paradoxus for the type species of Actinoconchus.]\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous, ?Lower Permian (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian), ?Lower Permian","Geography":"southern China, upper Famennian, Europe, North America, Middle East, China, Australia, Vis\u00e9an-Bashkirian, northeastern China, ?India, ?Lower Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1015,1a\u2013b. *A. paradoxus, Vis\u00e9an, Kildare, Ireland; a, lectotype viewed dorsally, NMING: F6660, Grif\ufb01th Collection; b, ventral view showing \ufb02anges, BMNH B5392, Davidson Collection, \u00d71.5 (Brunton, 1980; photographs courtesy of C. H. C. Brunton).\u2014\u2014Fig . 1015,1c\u2013d. A. planosulcata (PHILLIPS), Lower Carboniferous, Yorkshire, England; ventral and lateral views showing jugum (Glass in Davidson, 1882). [See also Fig. 1002.5, p. 1477, in introduction.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1015. athyrididae (p. 1498-1500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-620.jpg?height=1893&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alvarezites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Alvarezites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alvarezites STRUVE, 1992, p. 559","Type_species":"Athyris (Alvarezites) wolfarti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, dorsibiconvex, slightly wider than long, hinge line almost straight, slightly shorter than maximum width, subtriangular to transversely subelliptical shells with fold and sulcus distinct in anterior half of adult shell, growth lamellae irregular, densely crowded, delicate, rarely coarse, lateral apical cavities commonly infilled with secondary shell material, ventral muscle field fan shaped, distinctly depressed only posteriorly, myophragm weakly developed","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany (Eifel)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1015, 2a-c. * A. wolfarti, middle Eifelian, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, SMF 54650, Struve Collection, x1 (Alvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"SMF, \nAlvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1015. athyrididae (p. 1498-1500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-620.jpg?height=1893&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atrythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Atrythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atrythyris STRUVE, 1965, p. 218","Type_species":"A. atryplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Athyris, but biconvex, with fine radial ornamentation somewhat similar to that of some atrypids, hinge plate slightly depressed medially.  [The plicate exterior and umbonal interiors of Chinese specimens assigned to this genus are typically athyrisinin.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Germany, France, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1015, 4a-d. *A. atryplicata, middle Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, SMF 18946, Struve Collection, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.5, detail of ornamentation, x10 (Struve, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"SMF, \nStruve, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1015. athyrididae (p. 1498-1500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-620.jpg?height=1893&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brimethyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Brimethyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brimethyris Alvarez, Rong, & BOUCOT, 1998, p. 842","Type_species":"Terebratula subconcentrica de Verneuil & D'ARCHIAC, 1845, p. 463, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, slightly wider than long, rounded subpentagonal shells, imbricate, widely spaced growth lamellae on any of which are up to 8 growth lines, papillose microornamentation affecting both primary layer and apparently most superficial secondary fibers, shallow ventral sulcus and flat, or slightly depressed medianly, dorsal fold beginning in posterior third of shell, internally essentially as in Athyris with reduced outer hinge plates and cardinal flanges, hinge plate almost flat with gentle longitudinal crest","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1016a-g. *B. subconcentrica (de Verneuil & d'Archiac), upper Emsian, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, D855, de Verneuil collection, x1 (new, photographs courtesy of N. Podevigne), f, ornamentation, x9, g, ornamentation, DPO 17925, x10 (Alvarez, 1990)., Fig. 1017a-cc. *B. subconcentrica (de Verneuil & d'Archiac), upper Emsian, transverse serial sections 1.15, 1.65, 1.85, 2.15, 2.75, 2.95, 3.35, 3.70, 4.15, 4.40, 4.65, 4.80, 5.35, 5.60, 6.35, 6.65, 6.90, 7.70, 8.25, 8.50, 8.80, 9.00, 9.35, 9.70, 9.90, 10.45, 10.85, 11.90, 12.00 ~mm from ventral umbo, DPO 17831 (adapted from Alvarez, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alvarez, 1990, \nadapted from Alvarez, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1016. athyrididae (p. 1500).\nfig. 1017. athyrididae (p. 1500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-621.jpg?height=1336&width=1283&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-622.jpg?height=1275&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bruntonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Bruntonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bruntonites STRUVE, 1992, p. 559","Type_species":"Athyris (Bruntonites) mellingeni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Athyris, but strongly biconvex, subcircular to broadly ovate in outline, fold and sulcus slightly developed only anteriorly, delthyrial cavity rather wide, myophragm very weak, commonly absent.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany (Eifel)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1015, 3a-c. *B. mellingeni (Struve), middle Eifelian, Gondelsheim, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, SMF 54700, Struve Collection, x1 (Alvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"SMF, \nAlvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1015. athyrididae (p. 1498-1500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-620.jpg?height=1893&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eifyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Eifyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eifyris STRUVE, 1992, p. 561","Type_species":"Terebratula eiffiensis SCHNUR, 1853, p. 192, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Athyris, but ventribiconvex, longer than wide, subovate, moderately to strongly rostrate, sinus mostly shallow with median groove, fold mostly low or indistinct, more or less short, delthyrial cavity wide, myophragm long.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany (Gerolstein)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1018, 3a-b. *E. eifliensis (Schnur), middle Eifelian, lectotype, dorsal and ventral views, GPIBo S10, Schnur Collection, x1 (Alvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1018. athyrididae (p. 1500-1505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-623.jpg?height=1710&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gonathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Gonathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gonathyris BARANOV, 1994, p. 30","Type_species":"G. ovata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shells resembling Protathyris but with hinge plate reportedly massive, pierced in its anterior part and serving as base for denticulate cardinal process, spiralia and jugum poorly known.  [This genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia, Yakutsk","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1018, 1a-d. *G. ovata, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, GM YaRGTs 208\/17, \u00d72 (Baranov, 1994, photographs courtesy of V. V. Baranov).","Museum_or_author_information":"GM, \nBaranov, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1018. athyrididae (p. 1500-1505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-623.jpg?height=1710&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Imacanthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Imacanthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"I. bortegensis, OD","Type_species":"I. bortegensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"External shape as in Pachyplax with bigger size and regular, thinner lamellose extensions covered with fine radial striations, internally resembling Athyris, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1015, 5a-d. *I. bortegensis, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, PIN 3385\/2071, x1 (Grunt, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1015. athyrididae (p. 1498-1500).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-620.jpg?height=1893&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Johnsonathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Johnsonathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Johnsonathyris Savage, Eberlein, & CHURKIN, 1978, p. 381","Type_species":"J. adrianensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly biconvex, subglobular, subcircular to subpentagonal, beaks incurved, foramen minute, weak dorsal fold and ventral sulcus developed anteriorly, commissure strongly uniplicate, fine growth lamellae crossed by regularly developed fine costellae, dental plates dorsally convergent, lateral apical cavities narrow, cardinal plate thin, flat, small, imperforate, medially crested, myophragm absent, jugum placed anterior of midlength, without saddle, stem, or accessory lamellae","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1018, 2a-n. * J. adrianensis, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 223913, x2 (Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978), f-m, transverse serial sections 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 3.4, 4.9, 5.4 ~mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978), n, ventral view showing reconstructed spiralium with jugum, USNM 223915 (Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSavage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978, \nadapted from Savage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978, \nSavage, Eberlein, & Churkin, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1018. athyrididae (p. 1500-1505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-623.jpg?height=1710&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamellosathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Lamellosathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamellosathyris JIn & FANG, 1983, p. 147","Type_species":"Spirifer lamellosus LEVEILLE, 1835, p. 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, subcircular to transversely elliptical shells, with long, radially corrugated shell flanges extending from rugae of both valves, with ventral sulcus and low dorsal fold with or without shallow median groove, dental plates slightly divergent dorsally, may become partially buried by secondary shell thickening during ontogeny, dorsal foramen small, cardinal flanges, more or less developed, projecting posteroventrally, low myophragm present, jugum, located at about midlength of first whorl of spiralia, essentially as in Athyris but accessory jugal lamellae shorter or absent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"ower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian) - Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Armenia, North America, Elbourz, southwestern China (Yunnan), Europe, North America, middle Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1019, 2a-r. * L. lamellosa (Leveille), a-d, neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, upper Tournaisian, Tournai, Belgium, BMNH B20138, Piret Collection, x1, e, interior of silicified specimen, upper Tournaisian, Tournai, Belgium, BMNH BB62961, Piret Collection, x3 (Brunton, 1980, photographs courtesy of C. H. C. Brunton), f-r, transverse serial sections 2.2, 3.5, 3.7, 4.3, 4.7, 5.7, 6.9, 8.5, 12.5, 15.2, 15.7, 15.9, 17.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, lower Vis\u00e9an, western Yunnan, China (adapted from Jin & Fang, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1980, \nadapted from Jin & Fang, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1019. athyrididae (p. 1502-1503).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-624.jpg?height=1512&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meristospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Meristospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meristospira Grabau in Grabau & SHERZER, 1910, p. 158","Type_species":"M. michiganensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular or transversely oval biconvex shells, with or without faintly developed dorsal fold and ventral sulcus; growth lines not lamellose; a few low lateral plications may be present; dental plates subparallel, of moderate length; cardinal plate \ufb02at; dorsal myophragm present; spiralia and jugum unknown.  [This genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"USA (Alaska), Armenia, North America, Elbourz, southwestern China (Yunnan), Europe, Belgium, western Yunnan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig . 1019,1a\u2013c. *M. michiganensis, Michigan; a, posterior internal mold both valves, \u00d73; b\u2013c, lateral and ventral views of internal mold, \u00d72 (Grabau & Sherzer, 1910).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1019. athyrididae (p. 1502-1503).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-624.jpg?height=1512&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pachyplax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Pachyplax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pachyplax Alvarez & BRUNTON, 1990a, p. 31","Type_species":"P. transversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Athyris with small-sized, biconvex, rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate shells, valve surface covered by numerous, irregular, and very thick concentric lamellose extensions, formed by many layers of secondary fibers.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"northwestern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1020a\u2013v. *P. transversa, Le\u00f3n; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, DPO 18642, \u00d7 1.5; f\u2013u, transverse serial sections 0.70, 1.70, 2.00, 2.20, 2.70, 3.05, 3.80, 4.20, 4.55, 5.20, 5.60, 6.20, 6.50, 7.00, 8.95, 9.00 mm from ventral umbo, DPO 21154 (adapted from Alvarez & Brunton, 1990a); v, jugum, DPO 21154 (Alvarez & Brunton, 1990a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1020w\u2013x. P. gyralea ALVAREZ & B RUNTON , Asturias; w, dorsal interior, DPO 25015, \u00d78; x, ventral interior, DPO 25010, \u00d79 (Alvarez & Brunton, 1990a). [See also Fig. 1003.2, 1003.4, p. 1478, and Fig. 1007.2, p. 1484, in introduction.]","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Alvarez & Brunton, 1990, \nAlvarez & Brunton, 1990, \nAlvarez & Brunton, 1990","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Protathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protathyris KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 223","Type_species":"P. praecursor, SD GRABAU, 1932b, p. 90","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Greenfieldia externally and to Athyris internally, but shell wall thin, dental plates thin and very short, cardinal plate triangular, delicate, trilobed anteriorly, the central lobe being the largest and most concave, dorsal foramen large, cardinal flanges absent, dorsal myophragm may be present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock, Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Wenlock, Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1018, 4a-g. *P. praecursor, Lochkovian, Podolia, Russia, a-c, neotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, CNIGR 125\/11475, x2, d, enlargement of ornament of ventral valve, CNIGR 125\/11475, \u00d75; e, posterior part of conjoined valves showing foramen, CNIGR 68\/11475; f, cardinalia, CNIGR 8\/10001, \u00d7 6 (Nikiforova, Modzalevskaya, & Bassett, 1985; photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya); g, lateral view of jugum (adapted from Modzalevskaya, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR","figure_index":"fig. 1018. athyrididae (p. 1500-1505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-623.jpg?height=1710&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zonathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyridinae","Genus":"Zonathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zonathyris STRUVE, 1992, p. 563","Type_species":"Terebratula cassidea oculta QUENSTEDT, 1871 in 1868-1871, p. 460, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Alvarezites, but biconvex, fold very faint, sinus weak to moderately developed, restricted to anterior part, growth lamellae delicate, regular, conspicuously spaced, on any of which are several weak growth lines","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Germany (Gerolstein)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1018, 5a-e. *Z. oculta (Quenstedt), holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, IMGPT 3\/51\/95, \u00d71 (Alvarez, Brunton, & Struve, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1018. athyrididae (p. 1500-1505).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-623.jpg?height=1710&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Athyrisina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyrisininae","Genus":"Athyrisina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Athyrisina Hayasaka in Yabe & Hayasaka, 1920, p. 176, emend., Rong & OTHERS, 2004, p. 827","Type_species":"* A. squamosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kwangsia Grabau, 1931a, p. 204 (type, K. yohi, OD), Plectospirifer Grabau, 1931 a, p. 379 (type, P. heimi, OD), Kwangsiella Grabau, 1932, p. 82 (type, K. yohi, OD), Pseudoathyrisina CHEN, 1979, p. 17 (type, P. fasciata, OD), Athyrisinopsis Zhang, 1983, p. 354 (type, ribs bounding the sulcus are similar to those on the flanks and sulcus.","Synonyms":"Plectospirifer, Plectospirifer, Kwangsiella, Pseudoathyrisina, Athyrisinopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large shells with rounded subpentagonal to transversely elliptical dorsal outline, with short to relatively long hinge line, ventribiconvex lateral profile; ventral sulcus and dorsal fold usually well developed; pauciplicate to costellate, radial elements may bifurcate; growth lamellae numerous, commonly well developed and regularly spaced; dental plates thin, short, lateral apical cavities very narrow; cardinal plate perforated apically by minute foramen, spiralia with 10 to 18 whorls.   [Distinguished from other Athyrisininae by having 3 or more ribs in the sulcus, of the same width as those on the flanks. Radial elements are more numerous in Athyrisina than in Bruntosina rOng & others and Parathyrisina wang, and the ribs bounding the sulcus are similar to those on the flanks and sulcus.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern China (northern Sichuan, southeastern Guizhou, eastern Yunnan, Guangxi), Qinling region (western and eastern Shaanxi, southeastern Gansu, northernmost Sichuan), western Sichuan (Ganzi Block), northern Vietnam","Figure_captions":"F ig . 1833a\u2013e. *A. squamosa; neotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Yangmaba Formation, upper Emsian, Heitupo, Wenchuan County, northern Sichuan Province, NIGP 134224, \u00d7 1.5 (Rong & others, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nRong & others, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1833. athyrididae (p. 2745-2746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-476.jpg?height=630&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homeathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Homeathyridinae","Genus":"Homeathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homeathyris Modzalevskaya, 1997a, p. 7, emend., Rong & OTHERS, 2004, p. 824","Type_species":"H. insularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Homeathyris Modzalevskaya in Modzalevskaya & others, 1994, p. 66, nom. nud., Homeathyris Modzalevskaya, 1994, p. 147, nom. nud.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subequally to ventribiconvex shells of subpentagonal to longitudinally oval outline, hypothyridid pedicle opening partially covered by deltidial plates, variably developed furrow dividing the dorsal fold medially, ornament of costae or low plications, bifurcated costellae developed in sulcus and median furrow, growth lamellae poorly developed, commonly absent, dental plates short, lateral cavities narrow, delthyrial chamber with two variably developed curved plates medially, apically situated between dental plates, and joined with them at their posterodorsal end, hinge plate subtriangular, ventrally concave, spiralia with 7-10 whorls.    [This genus differs externally from Pseudohomeospira n i K i FO rOva and Squamathyris M O d Z alev SK aya in having a variably developed furrow dividing the dorsal fold medially. Growth lamellae are poorly developed in Homeathyris and Pseudohomeospira, but well developed (being squamosus) in Squamathyris. Internally, Homeathyris and Squamathyris have a subtriangular and ventrally concave hinge plate, while this is almost flat in Pseudohomeospira . Homeathyris and Squamathyris also differ from Pseudohomeospira in having medially and apically situated plates between the dental plates and joined with them at their posterodorsal ends, while Pseudohomeospira has a pedicle collar. These pedicle supports are commonly longer, in relation to the total length of the ventral valve, in Homeathyris than in the other two genera.]","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Ludfordian","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludfordian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludfordian)","Geography":"Russia (Arctic Russia, southern island of Novaya Zemlya, Dolgii Island, western slope of the Central Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1839a-s. H. plicatella (Modzalevskaya), Zelenets Formation, Dolgii Island, a-k, transverse serial sections 10.7, 10.0, 9.9, 9.0, 8.3, 8.2, 7.4, 7.1, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6 ~mm from anterior margin of the shell, CNIGR N2\/13099, l-s, tangential serial sections, parallel to commissural plane, 4.3, 4.2, 4.0, 3.7, 3.3, 2.8, 2.7, 1.9 mm from dorsal valve, CNIGR N3\/13099 (Rong & others, 2004). See also Fig. 1021, 2a-b in Alvarez & Rong, 2002, and revision in Rong & others, 2004.]","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nRong & others, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1839. athyrididae (p. 2752-2754).\n","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-485.jpg?height=119&width=425&top_left_y=919&top_left_x=986)\n","beginning_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":425.01,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ikella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ikella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ikella Tyazheva, 1972, p. 205, emend., Rong & OTHERS, 2004, p. 849","Type_species":"* I. numerosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subequally to ventribiconvex shells of rounded subpentagonal to elongate subelliptical outline, costae rounded, faint, bifurcating or not, in corresponding position on each valve, growth lines faint, not lamellose, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus poorly developed anteriorly, commonly absent, delthyrium may be restricted laterally by narrow deltidial plates, dental plates and pedicle support absent, cardinal plate wide, flat, not perforated apically and supported posteriorly by very short ridge, dental sockets deep, bordered by ventrolaterally directed prominent inner socket ridges, overhanging socket, spiralia with 7-12 whorls, apices laterally directed, jugum unknown.   [The cardinalia of Ikella, as described by MOdZalevSKaya in rOng & others, 2004, clearly differ from the hinge plates present in the athyrisinids and homeathyridins. It resembles the cardinalia of some retzielloids, although typically retzielloids have variably developed outer hinge plates, and the inner hinge plates are absent or form a short, shallow septalium partially covered by long, platelike crural bases, supported by a moderately high median septum (e.g., Retziella, Metathyrisina). The highly crystalline nature of the matrix has made examination of the internal structure very difficult, so the spiralium remains poorly known and the jugal structures are unknown; therefore, the superfamilial and familial assignments of this genus should be regarded as provisional.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Russia (Bashkorkostan, western slope of Southern Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1850 a-o .* I. numerosa, below mouth of Karagailka River, Malyi Ik River, western slope of Southern Urals; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, Zhavoronkova collection, CNIGR N6\/13099, \u00d71.4; e\u2013o, transverse serial sections 9.0, 7.5, 7.2, 7.0, 6.8, 6.7, 6.6, 6.5, 6.3, 6.2, 5.7 mm from anterior margin of shell, Zhavoronkova collection, CNIGR N8\/13099 (Rong & others, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1850. retziellidae (p. 2768-2769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-498.jpg?height=1142&width=1301&top_left_y=244&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parathyrisina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyrisininae","Genus":"Parathyrisina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parathyrisina Wang in Wang, Yu, & Wu, 1974, p. 41, emend., Rong & OTHERS, 2004, p. 832","Type_species":"P. bella, OD, =Athyrisina tangnae HOU, 1963, p. 416","Synonyms_with_authors":"Athyrisinoides Chen & Wan in Xu, Wan, & Chen, 1978, p. 351 (type, A. typica, OD), Athyrisinoidea Chen & Wan in Wan, 1980, p. 105 (type, A. typica, OD), nom nov. pro Athyrisinoides Chen & Wan in Xu, Wan, & Chen, 1978, p. 351, Neoathyrisina Chen, 1988, p. 36, obj.","Synonyms":"Athyrisina, Athyrisinoides, Athyrisinoidea, Neoathyrisina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Commonly small to medium, rarely large, transverse subelliptical to subcircular outline, equally to subequally biconvex shells, pedicle opening large, palintrope reduced, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold rounded, commonly well developed, without radial elements, lateral slopes bearing 3 or more costae, growth lamellae well developed, interior and jugum essentially as in Athyrisina.   [This genus is distinguished from other Athyrisininae in lacking radial elements on the sulcus and fold, internally, the dental plates are long and parallel in Bruntosina but very short with very narrow lateral apical cavities, in both Athyrisina and Parathyrisina.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian-upper Emsian)","Geography":"southern China (Guangxi, Sichuan), southeastern Gansu, northwestern Sichuan, western Qinling","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1022a-x. * P. tangnae (Hou), Guangxi, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, NIGP 23624, x2 (new), e-x, transverse serial sections 1.0, 2.1, 2.5, 2.9, 3.2, 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 5.2, 5.8, 6.2, 7.25, 9.6, 10.5, 10.9, 11.3, 11.9, 12.3, 12.7, 14.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (adapted from Wang & Rong, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nadapted from Wang & Rong, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1022. athyrididae (p. 1507).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-628.jpg?height=1820&width=1296&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudohomeospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Homeathyridinae","Genus":"Pseudohomeospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudohomeospira Nikiforova, 1970, p. 139, emend., Rong & OTHERS, 2004, p. 846","Type_species":"P. polaris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, elongate oval, costate shells, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold weakly developed anteriorly, costae subangular or rounded, each valve with 12-16 costae, bifurcating in fold and sulcus, hypothyridid pedicle opening may be partially closed by deltidial plates, pedicle collar present, short ventral ridge may be present apically, dental plates thin, of moderate length, dorsally convergent apically, with very narrow lateral apical cavities, subparallel posteriorly, minute dorsal foramen, very low dorsal myophragm may be present apically, spiralia directed laterally, jugum unknown.    [P homeospira is more elongate than Homeathyris and Squamathyris, which are commonly almost equidimensional. Pseudohomeospira characteristically has a weakly developed dorsal fold and ventral sulcus displayed only anteriorly. Ventral beak relatively high, slightly curved, with a hypothyridid pedicle opening partially closed by deltidial plates and pedicle support resembling internal characteristics of didymothyridin Collarothyris MOdZ alevSKaya, 1970, from beds of Ludlow age in western Russia and adjacent areas. Better, nonrecrystallized speci mens are needed, which will allow the study of jugal structures.]","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Russia (Arctic Russia, southern island of Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach Island, western slope of Polar and Central Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1840, 1a-g. *P. polaris, Tselebej Formation, western slope of Polar Urals, transverse serial sections 10.0, 9.4, 9.3, 8.5, 8.3, 7.9, 7.6 ~mm from anterior margin of shell, CNIGR N86\/10629 (Rong & others, 2004). See also Fig. 1021, 1 a-b in Alvarez & Rong, 2002, and revision in Rong & others, 2004.]","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nRong & others, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1840. athyrididae (p. 2754).\n","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-486.jpg?height=389&width=1271&top_left_y=1715&top_left_x=242)\n","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Squamathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Homeathyridinae","Genus":"Squamathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Squamathyris Modzalevskaya, 1981, p. 153, emend., Rong & OTHERS, 2004, p. 848","Type_species":"S. glacialis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell of medium size, biconvex, moderately to strongly rostrate, subpentagonal outline, with strong costae and numerous and squamose growth lamellae, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold moderately developed, hypothyridid pedicle opening restricted laterally by deltidial plates, dental plates short, delthyrial chamber with two variably developed curved plates medially and apically situated between dental plates and joined with them at their posterodorsal end, hinge plate subtriangular, ventrally concave, spiralia with up to ten whorls, jugum unknown.    [This genus differs from Homeathyris and Pseudohomeospira in having stronger costae and numerous and squamose growth lamellae. Internally, the hinge plate is ventrally concave in Squamathyris but almost flat in Pseudohomeospira. Squamathyris also differs from Pseudohomeospira in having medially and apically situated plates between the dental plates and joined with them at their posterodorsal ends as in Didymothyris , while Pseudohomeospira has a pedicle collar; the internal jugal structure is unknown.]","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Ludfordian","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (Ludfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludfordian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludfordian)","Geography":"Russia (Arctic Russia, southern island of Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach and Dolgii islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1840, 2a-n. *S. glacialis, Zapadno-Khatanzeya Formation, southern island of Novaya Zemlya, transverse serial sections 16.0, 15.6, 15.5, 14.5, 13.6, 13.2, 13.05, 13.0, 12.5, 12.4, 12.2, 12.0, 11.95, 11.9 mm from anterior margin of the shell, CNIGR N5\/13099 (Rong & others, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nRong & others, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1840. athyrididae (p. 2754).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-486.jpg?height=389&width=1271&top_left_y=1715&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":425.01,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cleiothyridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Cleiothyridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cleiothyridina BUCKMAN, 1906, p. 324","Type_species":"Atrypa pectinifera J. de C. Sowerby, 1840 in 1840-1846, p. 14, validated by ICZN Opinion 1041, 1976, p. 210","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cliothyris HALL & CLARKE, 1893, p. 90, obj., non *C. reticulata (STAINBROOK ), AGASSIZ , 1846;  Cleiothyridellina Waterhouse, 1978, p. 82 (type, C. accoliformis, OD),  Gerankalasiella Gretchishnikova, 1996, p. 423 (type, G. gerankalasiensis, OD),  Kjarkiella Gretchishnikova, 1996, p. 424 (type, K. kjarkiensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Cliothyris, Cleiothyridellina, Gerankalasiella, Kjarkiella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized, transversely elliptical to longitudinally ovate, subequally biconvex shells.  [Cleiothyridellina, from the Upper Permian of Nepal, is said to differ by having swollen shells, \ufb02at cardinal plate, and very short and low median septum, usually absent at maturity; Gerankalasiella and Kjarkiella from the Tournaisian of Transcaucasia are said to differ by having wider growth lamellae and spiral brachidium having a higher number of whorls (Gerankalasiella), while Kjarkiella has a larger size, high shell convexity, and very dense, narrow growth lamellae, weakly divided at margins.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian, ?Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian) - Upper Permian (Kazanian, ?Tatarian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1023a-e. * C. pectinifera (Sowerby), Kazanian, ?Tatarian, Durham, United Kingdom, a- d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, BMNH B61055, Sowerby Collection, x2 (Brunton, 1980, photographs courtesy of C. H. C. Brunton), e, jugum, approximately x4.5 (Davidson, 1857)., Fig. 1023 f-g. C. seriata Grant, Artinskian, southern Thailand, f, cardinalia, USNM 497424, X16.5, g, anterior view into articulated umbones showing cardinalia and articulation, USNM 497425, x14 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nBrunton, 1980, \nDavidson, 1857","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bajtugania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Bajtugania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bajtugania GRUNT, 1980, p. 97","Type_species":"B. netschaevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cleiothyridina, but with thick shell, dental plates absent, more or less prominent ridge joining thick cardinal plate at posterodorsal end, dorsal foramen may be overgrown","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Russian Platform, Verkhoyansk, Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1024, 1a-bb. *B. netschaevi, Russian Platform, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, PIN 1511\/2695, x1 (Grunt, 1980), c-k, transverse serial sections 1.3, 1.7, 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.7, 4.4 mm from ventral umbo, PIN 3599\/105, l-b b, tangential serial sections, parallel to commissural plane, 1.6, 2.7, 3.4, 3.7, 4.7, 5.3, 5.9, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.9, 8.0, 8.1 ~mm from dorsal valve, PIN 3599 \/ 829 (adapted from Grunt, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1980, \nadapted from Grunt, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1024. athyrididae (p. 1510).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-630.jpg?height=1623&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carteridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Carteridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carteridina Alvarez, Rong, & BOUCOT, 1998, p. 842","Type_species":"Spirigera prouti SWALLOW, 1860, p. 649, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, transverse, dorsibiconvex shells resembling Cleiothyridina, with large growth lamellae, without dental plates and myophragm. Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an): USA (Missouri, New Mexico, Texas).","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"USA (Missouri, New Mexico, Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1025, 1a-e. *C. prouti (Swallow), Tournaisian, Texas, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 154774, \u00d7 2 (Carter, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCarter, 1967","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crinisarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Crinisarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crinisarina Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 92","Type_species":"Cleiothyridina reticulata STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 326, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cleiothyridina with pentagonal outline, strongly uniplicate anterior commissure","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1025, 4a-k. * C. reticulata (Stainbrook), Famennian, New Mexico, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 200928, x1, f, spines, x4 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982), g-k, transverse serial sections 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 8.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, USNM 341941 (adapted from Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Dutro, 1982, \nadapted from Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Deltachania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Deltachania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Deltachania WATERHOUSE, 1971, p. 217","Type_species":"D. acanthatia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cleiothyridina, but reportedly without hinge plate, spiralium and jugum unknown. This genus requires revision.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Geography":"Canada (northern Yukon)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1024, 2a-d. *D. acanthatia, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views of internal mold, GSC 26422, x1, c, dorsal view, GSC 26418, x1, d, rubber mold of cardinalia articulated with fragment of ventral valve, anterior view, GSC 26422, \u00d72 (Waterhouse, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nWaterhouse, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1024. athyrididae (p. 1510).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-630.jpg?height=1623&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Himathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Himathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Himathyris Waterhouse, 1986b, p. 214, *Athyris gerardi DIENER, 1899, p. 56","Type_species":"Athyris gerardi DIENER, 1899, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large shells with an almost flat ventral valve, growth lamellae similar to those on Actinoconchus, with fine radial ribs and reportedly flat, small, erratically developed spines on only some lamellae, interior poorly known, this genus requires revision","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"India, Spiti","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1025, 3. *H. gerardi (Diener), lectotype, ventral view, GSI 6295, x1 (Diener, 1899).","Museum_or_author_information":"Diener, 1899","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leiothycridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Leiothycridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leiothycridina GRUNT, 1980, p. 64","Type_species":"L. okensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cleiothyridina but with poorly differentiated dental plates, very flat cardinal plate with longer inner hinge plates and thicker shell with well-developed tertiary layer, spiralia and jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Namurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-lower Namurian)","Geography":"Belgium, England, France, Russia, Tian Shan, southern China, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1025, 2a-i. *L. okensis, Vis\u00e9an, Moscow syncline, Russia, a-d, holotype, dorsal and ventral valves viewed externally and internally, PIN 544\/468, x1 (Grunt, 1980), e-i, transverse serial sections 2.2 , 2.5, 2.7, 3.7, 3.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, PIN 544 \/ 288 (adapted from Grunt, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1980, \nadapted from Grunt, 1980","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pinegathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Pinegathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pinegathyris GRUNT, 1980, p. 88","Type_species":"Pinegathyris Grunt, 1980, p. 88 *Terebratula royssiana von KEYSERLING, 1846, p. 237, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cleiothyridina, but bigger, frequently with winged overall aspect, well-defined subtrapezoidal ventral palintrope, almost straight hinge line equal or slightly shorter than maximum width, internally similar to Bajtugania but with low myophragm","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Kanin Peninsula, Spitzbergen, Kungurian-Kazanian, Russian Platform, Kazanian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1026, 2a-l. *P. royssiana (von KEYSERLING), Kazanian, Russian Platform; a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, PIN 1120\/845, \u00d71 (Grunt, 1980); d\u2013l, transverse serial sections 8.9, 10.5, 11.9, 13.6, 14.2, 16.1, 16.2, 17.9, 18.8 mm from ventral umbo, PIN 1511\/2302 (adapted from Grunt, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1026. athyrididae (p. 1510-1515).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-632.jpg?height=1860&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rawdonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Rawdonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rawdonia PEOU , 1979, p. 190","Type_species":"R. nasharae; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve exterior similar to Cleiothyridina; dorsal valve smooth (?); poorly known.  [Although the shells were found in the same beds, they were not conjoined. There is therefore the possibility that the smooth dorsal valves and the ornamented ventral valves do not belong to the same genus. This genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1026, 1a\u2013g. *R. nasharae; a, holotype, internal mold of dorsal valve, NUF 4128, \u00d72.5; b, holotype, ventral view of rubber mold, \u00d7 3; c, anterior view of rubber mold, \u00d75.7; d, exterior of dorsal valve (?), NUF 4116; e, exterior of ventral valve, \u00d72.5, NUF 4113; f\u2013g, internal mold of ventral valve and rubber mold, NUF 4123, \u00d72.5 (Peou, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1026. athyrididae (p. 1510-1515).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-632.jpg?height=1860&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Comelicania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Comelicaniinae","Genus":"Comelicania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Comelicania FRECH, 1901, p. 551","Type_species":"Spirifer megalotis Stache, 1878, p. 139, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 43","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spitispirifer Waterhouse & Gupta, 1986, p. 48 (type, S. bisulcata, OD),  Alatothyris Waterhouse & Gupta, 1986, p. 51 (type, Spirifer Haueri Stache, 1878, p. 140, OD)","Synonyms":"Spitispirifer, Alatothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Anathyris, dental plates thin and short, ventral and dorsal muscle fields deeply impressed, may be divided by low myophragm, cardinal plate subrectangular, rather thick, commonly with shallow longitudinal depression","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"southern Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1027, 1a-c. * C. megalotis (Stache), a, holotype, ventral view of plaster replica, Monte Croce di Comelico, MGBW 3780, Stache Collection, x1 (Posenato, 1998, photograph courtesy of R. Posenato), b-c, dorsal and posterior views, Sass de Putia, MDSGF PK1, x1 (Posenato, 1989, photographs courtesy of R. Posenato)., Fig. 1028a-m. C. sp., transverse serial sections 2.6, 4.6, 5.6, 9.0, 10.9, 11.7, 14.5, 15.5, 17.0, 20.2, 22.8, 24.5, 27.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, Val Brutta, MDSGF VB110 (adapted from Posenato, 1998)., Fig. 1027, 1d-e. C. sp., ventral and lateral views of reconstructed jugum, Val Brutta, MDSGF VB110 (Posenato, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Posenato, 1998, \nPosenato, 1989, \nadapted from Posenato, 1998, \nPosenato, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1027. athyrididae (p. 1515).\nfig. 1028. athyrididae (p. 1515).\nfig. 1027. athyrididae (p. 1515).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-635.jpg?height=1868&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-636.jpg?height=1256&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-635.jpg?height=1868&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gruntallina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Comelicaniinae","Genus":"Gruntallina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gruntallina Waterhouse & GUPTA, 1986, p. 51","Type_species":"Comelicania triangularis GRUNT, 1965, p. 252, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Comelicania, but much smaller, internally with very low dental flanges supporting teeth, transverse, smaller and flatter cardinalia with underlying median ridge. Jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1027, 2a-g. *G. triangularis (Grunt), a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, Dzhul'fa Gorge, PIN 2073\/551, x1 (Grunt, 1965), c-g, transverse serial sections 0.8, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, PIN 2073\/551 (adapted from Grunt, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1965, \nadapted from Grunt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1027. athyrididae (p. 1515).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-635.jpg?height=1868&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Didymothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Didymothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Didymothyris Rubel & MODZALEVSKAYA, 1967, p. 238","Type_species":"Terebratula? didyma DALMAN, 1828, p. 146, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, unequally biconvex, elongate oval to rounded pentagonal smooth shells, sometimes with fine growth lines, ventral valve sulcate, dorsal valve with flat or slightly depressed median fold, anterior margin faintly emarginate, ventral beak high, slightly curved, hypothyridid pedicle opening partially closed by deltidial plates, low dorsal beak does not conceal delthyrium. Dental plates converging dorsally, anteriorly only dental flanges support teeth, large delthyrial chamber with 2 variably developed curved plates, formed of secondary layer, medially and apically situated, parallel to dental plates and joined with them at their posterodorsal end, very low dorsal myophragm may be present, cardinal plate and jugum essentially as in Athyris.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow, ?P\u0159idol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow, ?P\u0159idol\u00ed)","Geography":"Estonia, ?Sweden, Gotland, Latvia, Podolia, Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach, Dolgii, Kotelmi, Chernova uplift, western circumpolar, northern, and central Urals, western Saian, ?Yukon, Salair, Altay","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1029, 1 a-w . *D. didyma (Dalman), Ludlow, Estonia, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, TAGI BR 2629, x2, f, ventral valve prepared to show dental and median plates, TAGI BR 2584, X3, g, specimen polished to show ventral umbo structures, CNIGR 4\/9742, x1.5 (Rubel & Modzalevskaya, 1967, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), h-v, transverse serial sections 0.7, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 3.0, 3.6, 4.0, 4.2, 5.1, 6.4, 7.8, 8.7, 9.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, CNIGR 69\/11964, w, lateral view of jugum (adapted from Modzalevskaya, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCNIGR, \nRubel & Modzalevskaya, 1967, \nadapted from Modzalevskaya, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1029. athyrididae (p. 1515-1519).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-637.jpg?height=1881&width=1296&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Buchanathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Buchanathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Buchanathyris TALENT, 1956, p. 36, *B. westoni, OD","Type_species":"B. westoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium shell, subequally biconvex, subcircular to subelliptical in outline, with or without faintly developed dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, dental plates of medium length, medially concave, dorsal median septum or myophragm absent, lateral branches of jugum beginning posterior to middorsal valve length, inclined slightly anteriorly, united in acute jugal arch (without saddle), situated at middorsal valve length, pointed backward as short stemlike process, without bifurcations.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Australia (Victoria, New South Wales), ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1029, 2a-n. * B. westoni, lower Emsian, Victoria, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, NMV P127838, x1.5 (new, photographs courtesy of A. Sandford), f-m, transverse serial sections 0.50, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25, 2.50, 3.00 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (adapted from Talent, 1956); n, brachidium (Talent, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMV","figure_index":"fig. 1029. athyrididae (p. 1515-1519).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-637.jpg?height=1881&width=1296&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Collarothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Collarothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Collarothyris MODZALEVSKAYA, 1970, p. 155","Type_species":"Meristella canaliculata VENIUKOV, 1899, p. 143, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Didymothyris but having dorsally convex delthyrial plate, instead of apically situated curved plates, parallel to dental plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Podolia, Estonia, Latvia, Novaya Zemlya, Dolgii, Vaigach, Chernyshev uplift, Bol'shezeml'skaia Tundra, western circumpolar, northern Urals, central Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1030, 1a-e. *C. canaliculata canaliculata (Veniukov), Podolia, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGN 367\/165, \u00d72 (Modzalevskaya, 1994a, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), e, dorsal view of ventral beak of articulated specimen showing deltidial plates and pedicle support, CNIGR 15\/ 9742, \u00d76 (Rubel & Modzalevskaya, 1967, photograph courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya).-Fig. 1030, 1f-w. C. canaliculata lata (Chernyshev & Iakovlev), Bol'shezeml'skaia Tundra, Russia, f-m, transverse serial sections illustrating the development of cardinalia, 1.1, 1.3, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, 3.4 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (adapted from Modzalevskaya, 1970), n-v, transverse serial sections illustrating development of brachidium, 3.7, 4.5, 5.4, 5.8, 6.2, 6.6, 7.2, 7.3, 7.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, CNIGR 77\/11964, w, lateral view of jugum (adapted from Modzalevskaya, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCNIGR, \nModzalevskaya, 1994, \nRubel & Modzalevskaya, 1967, \nadapted from Modzalevskaya, 1970, \nadapted from Modzalevskaya, 1985","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dogdathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Dogdathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dogdathyris BARANOV, 1994, p. 31","Type_species":"D. horridula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptathyris but reportedly with low median septum in ventral valve, jugum with long stem and short accessory jugal lamellae","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia, Yakutsk","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1031, 1a-m. *D. horridula, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, GM YaRGTs 208\/15, \u00d72 (Baranov, 1994, photographs courtesy of V. V. Baranov), e-m, transverse serial sections 0.4, 1.6, 2.7, 3.6, 4.7, 6.2, 6.7, 7.0, 8.0 ~mm from ventral umbo, GM YaRGTs 208\/32 (adapted from Baranov, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"GM, \nBaranov, 1994, \nadapted from Baranov, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1031. athyrididae (p. 1519-1522).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-640.jpg?height=1720&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glassina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Glassina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glassina Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 98, Terebratula laeviuscula J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 631","Type_species":"Terebratula laeviuscula J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 631, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate subelliptical to subpentagonal, subequally moderately biconvex shells, slight median depression near front in ventral valve, anterior margin truncated or slightly emarginate, ventral beak small, incurved with minute oval foramen, hinge plate supported by median septum extending about one-third length of shell, jugum backward inclined X with upper tips curved outward, without jugal stem and saddle","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"United Kingdom, Podolia, Gotland, Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach, ?Ontario","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1029, 3a-d. *G. laeviuscula (Sowerby), Wenlock, Shropshire, England, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, BMNH B5389 (3), Davidson collection, x2 (new, photographs courtesy of S. Long).--Fig. 1029, 3e. G. pentagona Modzalevskaya, Ludlow, Podolia, lateral view of reconstructed jugum (adapted from Modzalevskaya, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Modzalevskaya, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1029. athyrididae (p. 1515-1519).\nfig. 1029. athyrididae (p. 1515-1519).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-637.jpg?height=1881&width=1296&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-637.jpg?height=1881&width=1296&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Greenfieldia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Greenfieldia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Greenfieldia Grabau in Grabau & SHERZER, 1910, p. 148","Type_species":"G. whitfieldi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, subequally biconvex, elongate trigonal to subpentagonal shells, with or without faint sulcus on both valves, cardinal plate with narrow outer hinge plates and short, inner plates commonly fused medianly, dorsal median septum or myophragm absent, jugum as in Buchanathyris.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Ohio, Michigan), Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach, Dolgii, Bol'shezemlia Tundra, China (?Yunnan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1031, 2a-b. *G. whitfieldi, Michigan, USA, dorsal and ventral interior molds, x1 (Grabau & Sherzer, 1910), Fig. 1031, 2c. G. sp., Michigan, USA, jugum, USNM 487828, x10 (Boucot, Alvarez, & Leibold, 1997)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrabau & Sherzer, 1910, \nBoucot, Alvarez, & Leibold, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1031. athyrididae (p. 1519-1522).\nfig. 1031. athyrididae (p. 1519-1522).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-640.jpg?height=1720&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-640.jpg?height=1720&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jarovathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Jarovathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jarovathyris HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987b, p. 241","Type_species":"Atrypa canaliculata BARRANDE, 1879b, p. 89, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Glassina but with narrow sulcus starting on dorsal umbo and unisulcate anterior commissure, internally with low myophragm, spiralia and jugum unknown, interior poorly known. This genus requires revision.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Czech Republic (central Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1030, 2a-d. * J. canaliculata (Barrande), upper Ludlow, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, L 23357, \u00d72 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Leptathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptathyris SIEHL, 1962, p. 212","Type_species":"L. gryphis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, small to medium size, subcircular, elongate or transverse shell, ventral beak suberect, open delthyrium and minute foramen, commonly faintly bisulcate, few, widely spaced growth lines, shell thick in umbonal region, lateral apical cavities narrow, dental plates of medium length, subparallel, cardinal plate depressed, medially crested, stout myophragm may be developed, jugum as in Buchanathyris.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (?Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (?Famennian)","Geography":"Germany, Bohemia, Salair, southern Siberia, southern China, USA (Nevada, Alaska), Canada, ?Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1032a-j. *L. gryphis, Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, GIB Nr23, x1.5, f-j, transverse serial sections 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.0, 2.1 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (Siehl, 1962)., Fig. 1032k-w. L. salaraica Iazikov, Emsian, Salair, transverse serial sections 6.3, 7.8, 10.3, 10.9, 11.8, 13.1, 13.9, 15.2, 15.8, 16.1, 17.0, 17.2, 17.5 mm from ventral umbo, TSGM 839-15 (adapted from Iazikov, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Siehl, 1962, \nadapted from Iazikov, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1032. athyrididae (p. 1519).\nfig. 1032. athyrididae (p. 1519).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-641.jpg?height=897&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-641.jpg?height=897&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoprotathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Pseudoprotathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoprotathyris MODZALEVSKAYA, 1979, p. 59","Type_species":"Protathyris infantile KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 230, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex shell, anteriorly faint sulcus in both valves, anterior margin may be slightly emarginate, dental plates subparallel, myophragm absent, inner hinge plates fused medially and dorsally concave, outer plates and crural bases projecting ventrally at right angle at anterior end of cardinal plate, lateral branches of jugum vertical, jugum anteriorly situated, without saddle and stem, projecting posteriorly up to dorsal valve midlength, there dividing into 2 accessory jugal lamellae posteriorly and dorsally directed, between primary and secondary lamellae, to end quite posteriorly to lateral branches of jugum","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Russia (Podolia), Bohemia, USA (Maryland), Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1030, 3a-c. *P. infantilis (Kozlowski), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Podolia, a-b, neotype, dorsal and ventral views, CNIGR 14\/11712, \u00d74 (Modzalevskaya, 1979; photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya); c, lateral view showing reconstructed jugum, CNIGR 25\/11712, approximately \u00d7 8 (adapted from Modzalevskaya, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Svetlania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Svetlania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Svetlania BARANOV, 1982, p. 48","Type_species":"S. rara, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, elongate subelliptical, ventribiconvex shell, rectimarginate or with anterior faint sulcus in ventral valve, numerous lamellose growth lines, dental plates dorsally convergent, myophragm absent, cardinal plate with anterior median ridge, jugum with vertical lateral branches, long vertical stem, and reportedly short accessory jugal lamellae.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian","Geography":"eastern Siberia (Yakutsk)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1031, 3a-k. * S. rara, lower Emsian, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, ventral umbo cut, YaTGU Museum 142\/23, x3 (Baranov, 1982, photographs courtesy of V. V. Baranov), d-k, transverse serial sections 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 3.2, 3.7, 3.8, 4.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, YaTGU Museum 142\/26 (adapted from Baranov, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1982, \nadapted from Baranov, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1031. athyrididae (p. 1519-1522).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-640.jpg?height=1720&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Helenathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Helenathyridinae","Genus":"Helenathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Helenathyris ALEKSEEVA, 1969, p. 1157","Type_species":"H. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, weakly biconvex, growth plates covered with very fine fimbriae, dental plates short, cardinal plate apically perforate, inner sockets ridges and outer hinge plates projecting ventrolaterally","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"northeastern Russia (Cherskogo Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1033, 1a-o. *H. plana, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGiG 340\/1, x2 (Alekseeva, 1969), e-o, transverse serial sections 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 3.0, 3.8, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, IGiG 340 \/ 2 (adapted from Alekseeva, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nAlekseeva, 1969, \nadapted from Alekseeva, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1033. athyrididae (p. 1522-1523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-642.jpg?height=1480&width=1293&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biernatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Helenathyridinae","Genus":"Biernatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biernatella BALINSKI, 1977, p. 179","Type_species":"B. polonica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sedjulina Liaschenko, 1985, p. 17 (type, S. timanica, OD)","Synonyms":"Sedjulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval to subcircular, ventribiconvex, smooth, concentric lines weak, numerous, weak median sulcus may be present anteriorly, thick shelled","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian) - Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Poland, western Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1033, 2a-r. *B. polonica, Frasnian, Krak\u00f3w area, Poland, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, ZPAL Bp XXIII\/31g, x2 (Balinski, 1977), f-r, transverse serial sections 0.6, 0.8. 1.0, 1.15, 1.35, 1.5, 2.0, 2.3, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.15, 3.4 ~mm from ventral umbo, ZPAL Bp XXIII\/30e (adapted from Balinski, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"ZPAL, \nBalinski, 1977, \nadapted from Balinski, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1033. athyrididae (p. 1522-1523).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-642.jpg?height=1480&width=1293&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eobiernatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Helenathyridinae","Genus":"Eobiernatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eobiernatella BALINSKI, 1995b, p. 138","Type_species":"E. rackii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Biernatella externally and to Helenathyris internally, thick shelled","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Poland, Russia, ?Pyrenees","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1034, 1a-o. *from ventral umbo (adapted from Balinski, 1995b).","Museum_or_author_information":"ZPAL, \nBalinski, 1995, \nadapted from Balinski, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1034. athyrididae (p. 1523-1524).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-643.jpg?height=1225&width=1287&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphaerathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Helenathyridinae","Genus":"Sphaerathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphaerathyris BARANOV, 1994, p. 34","Type_species":"S. repentina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Helenathyris but differing in smooth exterior, delthyrium reportedly covered by deltidial plates, longer dental plates, and lack of stem in jugum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia, Yakutsk","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1034, 2a-m. *S. repentina, Emsian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, GM YaRGTs 208\/ 20, x2 (Baranov, 1994, photographs courtesy of V. V. Baranov), e-m, transverse serial sections 0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.3, 1.8, 2.1, 2.8, 3.3, 3.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, GM YaRGTs 208\/42 (adapted from Baranov, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"GM, \nBaranov, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1034. athyrididae (p. 1523-1524).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-643.jpg?height=1225&width=1287&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lochengia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Lochengiinae","Genus":"Lochengia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lochengia YOH, 1929, p. 70","Type_species":"L. lochengensis Ching & Yang, 1977, p. 412, SD Jin, 1983, p. 227, =Lochengia holoensis Grabau, 1931a, p. 478, nom. nud., Cryptospirifer lochengensis GRABAU, 1931c, p. 405, nom. nud.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex to planoconvex or slightly concavoconvex, transversely oval, thick shells, dorsal fold faintly developed or absent, shallow ventral sulcus present from umbo, surface commonly with numerous, simple, round plicae variably developed, growth lines lamellose, closely and regularly spaced, very fine ribbing may be present in sulcus, ventral beak thick, strongly curved, foramen in meso- to permesothyridid position, dental plates moderately thick, short, low, converging slightly dorsally, cardinal plate thin, almost flat. Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an, ?Serpukhovian): southern China (Guangxi), Russia (eastern Urals), Ukraine (Donetsk).","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an, ?Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an, ?Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an, ?Serpukhovian)","Geography":"southern China (Guangxi), Russia (eastern Urals), Ukraine (Donetsk)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1035, 1a-c. *L. lochengensis (Ching & Yang), Guangxi, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, NIGP 70738, \u00d7 1 (Jin, 1983, photographs courtesy of Jin Yu-gan).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nJin, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Lochengiinae","Genus":"Cryptospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptospirifer GRABAU, 1931c, p. 405","Type_species":"C. omeishanensis Huang, 1933, p. 44, SD Wang, Ching, & FANG, 1964, p. 512","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, transverse to subcircular or elongate oval, massive shells, without dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, few growth lines irregularly spaced, ventral beak short, strongly curved concealing small foramen, cardinal plate ventrally concave, cardinal flanges well developed, dorsal myophragm present. Lower Permian: southern China, Iran, Turkey, Armenia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"southern China, Iran, Turkey, Armenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1035, 4a-b. *C. omeishanensis Huang, Sichuan, southern China, holotype, ventral and posterior views, NIGP 4708, x0.5 (Huang, 1933, photographs courtesy of Jin Yu-gan).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nHuang, 1933","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Galeatathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Lochengiinae","Genus":"Galeatathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Galeatathyris JIN, 1983, p. 230","Type_species":"G. galeata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Lochengia but clearly concavoconvex, with low ventral fold and wide and flat ears","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an, ?Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an, ?Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an, ?Serpukhovian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1035, 2a-c. * G. galeata, Guangxi, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, NIGP 70750 X0.5 (Jin, 1983, photographs courtesy of Jin Yu-gan).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nJin, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Titanothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Lochengiinae","Genus":"Titanothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Titanothyris Ching & HU, 1982, p. 253","Type_species":"T. subplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, subcircular to transversely oval shells, without dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, numerous coarse costae increasing in number anteriorly by bifurcation or intercalation, growth lines fine, growth lamellae stronger, more widely and randomly spaced, ventral beak short, strongly curved, concealing foramen, dental plates absent, cardinal flanges more or less developed, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1035, 3a. *T. subplicata, western Sichuan, holotype, dorsal view, NIGP 70753, x0.5 (Jin, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nT, \nJin, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Plicathyridinae","Genus":"Plicathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicathyris KHALFIN, 1946, p. 56","Type_species":"Terebratula Ezquerra de Verneuil & D'ARCHIAC, 1845, p. 467, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Large, elongate to transverse shells, outline palmate, hinge line almost straight, rather shorter than maximum width, with median and outer lateral folds of dorsal valve and inner median and lateral folds of ventral valve starting at apex, well defined, sometimes carinate, inner lateral folds poorly developed or absent, outer median folds gentle and rounded, ventral cardinal area reduced.   [The genus Plicathyris KHALFIN, 1946 was placed in subjective synonymy with Anathyris VON PEETZ , 1901, by BOUCOT, JOHNSON , & STATON, 1965, p. 662. For validation of Plicathyris KHALFIN, 1946 and discussion of its type species see ALVAREZ, 1990, p. 9394]\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"northwestern Spain, France, Belgium, Kuznetsk, Altay, Salair","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1036a-v. *P. ezquerrai (de Verneuil & d'Archiac), upper Emsian, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Asturias, Spain, EM\\n3.85, 5.80, 6.30, 7.70, 7.80, 7.90, 8.45, 8.60, 10.30 mm from ventral umbo, Le\u00f3n, Spain, DPO 19444 (adapted from Alvarez, 1990)., Fig. 1037 a-q .* P. ezquerrai (de Verneuil & d'Archiac), upper Emsian, a-p, tangential serial sections, parallel to commissural plane, 1.60, 1.90, 2.30, 2.40, 2.60, 2.85, 3.30, 3.75, 3.90, 4.05, 4.35, 4.45, 4.60, 4.85, 4.90, 5.00 ~mm from ventral valve, Le\u00f3n, Spain, DPO 19442, q, lateral view of reconstructed jugum, Le\u00f3n, Spain, approximately x5 (adapted from Alvarez, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Alvarez, 1990, \nadapted from Alvarez, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1036. athyrididae (p. 1525-1528).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-645.jpg?height=1648&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anathyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Plicathyridinae","Genus":"Anathyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anathyrella Khalfin in Gratsianova, Sinchenko, & KUL'KOV, 1961, p. 476","Type_species":"Anathyris ussoffi KHALFIN, 1933, p. 112, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, transverse shells with widely flaring flanks, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus well developed, sometimes hypertrophically, hinge line almost straight, equal or slightly shorter than maximum width, ventral cardinal area rather high, subtrapezoidal, concave, thick-shelled ventral valve with poorly differentiated dental plates, may have pedicle support resembling that of early didymothyridins, stout subquadrate cardinal plate with dorsal foramen reportedly present, filled late in growth, thick cardinal flanges projecting strongly into delthyrial cavity, jugum unknown.   [According to G RATSIANOVA & DAGYS (1983) all athyridid descriptions in GRATSIANOVA, SINCHENKO, & KUL\u2019KOV (1961) were made by the editor of the volume, L. L. KHALFIN , although this does not appear in the table of contents; the date on the publication is 1960, but GRATSIANOVA (1975, p. 72) cites this publication as 1960 (1961) and Nomenclator Zoologicus (EDWARDS & VEVERS, 1975) also lists Anathyella [sic] as 1961. Note that ussovi is deemed to be an incorrect subsequent spelling for ussof\ufb01.]\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"northeastern Kuznetsk basin, Gorno-Altay","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1038, 1 a-d . * A. ussoffi (Khalfin), northeastern Kuznetsk basin, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, x1 (new, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya)., Fig. 1038, le-m. A. peetzi (Khalfin), Gorno-Altay, transverse serial sections, distances for serial sections not indicated, TsGM 470-21b (adapted from Gratsianova & Dagys, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nadapted from Gratsianova & Dagys, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1038. athyrididae (p. 1528-1529).\nfig. 1038. athyrididae (p. 1528-1529).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-649.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-649.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Plicathyridinae","Genus":"Anathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anathyris VON PEETZ, 1901, p. 134","Type_species":"Spirifera phalaena PhilliPS, 1841, p. 71; SD Schuchert & Levene, 1929a, p. 29","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to very large t verse shells commonly with overall winged outline; almost opposite to more or less well-developed mixed folding; pedicle foramen in permesothy ridid position; delthyrium wide, triangular, open or partially restricted laterally by narrow deltidial plates; internally similar to Plicathyris.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian), ?Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)\u2013Upper Devonian (Frasnian), ?Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"northwestern Spain, France, Bohemia, Czech Republic, northern Africa, Saudi Arabia, Emsian; England, Timan, Kuznetsk Basin, North America, Middle Devonian; Timan, Urals, Kuznetsk basin, Afghanistan, Frasnian; ? Hunan, ?Lower Carboniferous.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1039a-x. *A. phalaena (Phillips), a, lectotype, ventral view, Middle Devonian, Devon, United Kingdom, GSM 6866, Phillips Collection, x1 (Alvarez, 1990, photograph courtesy of D. E. Butler), b-f, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, upper Emsian, Asturias, Spain, EM 20142, de Verneuil Collection, x1 (Alvarez, 1990), g-w, transverse serial sections 0.80, 1.40, 1.70, 3.00, 3.40, 4.00, 5.75, 6.20, 8.25, 8.75, 9.00, 9.70, 11.00, 11.50, 12.80, 15.50, 18.85 ~mm from ventral umbo, upper Emsian, Asturias, Spain, DPO 24481, x1.5 (adapted from Alvarez, 1990), x, dorsal view of winged specimen, upper Emsian, Le\u00f3n, Spain, DPO 24777, x1.5 (Alvarez, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAlvarez, 1990, \nAlvarez, 1990, \nadapted from Alvarez, 1990, \nAlvarez, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1039. athyrididae (p. 1528).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-650.jpg?height=1860&width=1272&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hexarhytis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Plicathyridinae","Genus":"Hexarhytis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hexarhytis ALVAREZ, 1990, p. 157","Type_species":"H. bonarensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, equidimensional to elongate shells with generally lobate outline, slightly curved hinge line, rather narrower than maximum width, both valves with 6 unequal bifurcating folds, ventral cardinal area poorly defined, not very high, triangular, concave, internally similar to Plicathyris but dental plates thinner and shorter.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Spain, France, Transcaucasus, Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1040 a-b b . * H. bonarensis, upper Emsian, Le\u00f3n, Spain, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, DPO 23838, \u00d7 1 (Alvarez, 1990), f-b b, transverse serial sections 0.20, 0.60, 1.15, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.95, 2.15, 2.45, 2.80, 3.45, 3.55, 3.80, 4.20, 4.55, 4.65, 4.80, 4.85, 5.25, 5.55, 6.05, 6.75, 7.15 mm from ventral umbo, DPO 23839 (adapted from Alvarez, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alvarez, 1990, \nadapted from Alvarez, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1040. athyrididae (p. 1528).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-651.jpg?height=1841&width=1298&top_left_y=217&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Plicathyridinae","Genus":"Sulcathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcathyris D\u00dcRKOOP, 1970, p. 190","Type_species":"S. periplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, strongly rostrate, subcircular to subpentagonal shells, anterior margin slightly emarginate, ventral sulcus starting at apex, dorsal median fold flat or divided by narrow, shallow furrow, 2 wide folds may develop anterolaterally in both valves, parasulcate folding with anterior and lateral commissures in the same plane, internally similar to Athyris but with a deep, narrow sulcus in the posteriormost part of the cardinal plate, dorsal foramen reportedly present.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"western Afghanistan, Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1038, 2a-p. *S. periplicata, western Afghanistan; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, GPIBo 91, \u00d7 1.5 (D\u00fcrkoop, 1970); f\u2013k, transverse serial sections showing cardinalia, 1.9, 2.6, 2.7, 3.1, 3.4, 4.0 mm from ventral umbo, GPIBo 93; l\u2013o, transverse serial sections showing spiralium, 6.8, 8.6, 10.0, 10.4 mm from ventral umbo, GPIBo 95; p, jugum, approximately \u00d710 (adapted from D\u00fcrkoop, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1038. athyrididae (p. 1528-1529).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-649.jpg?height=1881&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pradoia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Pradoiinae","Genus":"Pradoia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pradoia Boucot, Johnson, & STATON, 1965, p. 665","Type_species":"Terebratula toreno de Verneuil & D'ARCHIAC, 1845, p. 469, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Elongate subpentagonal with a faint sulcus, starting in the umbo, in both valves, dorsal profile bilobate, fine delayed costation and wedgelike microornamentation with the narrowest part directed anteriorly, commonly quincuncially disposed.  [Authorship of this genus is usually credited to COMTE (1938, p. 43); however, he did not designate a type for the genus. The \ufb01rst unequivocal designation of the type species seems to be that of BOUCOT, JOHNSON, & STATON, 1965; thus they validated the name in their publication.]\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian, ?Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian, ?Givetian)","Geography":"Spain, upper Emsian-lower Eifelian, Armenia, ?Givetian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1041a-t. * P. torenoi (de Verneuil & d'Archiac), upper Emsian, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Asturias, Spain, D866, de Verneuil collection, x1 (new, photographs courtesy of N . Podevigne), f-r, transverse serial sections 1.7, 3.1, 4.2, 5.0, 5.3, 6.6, 7.1, 7.6, 7.9, 8.5, 8.7, 9.0, 9.9 mm from ventral umbo, Asturias, Spain, DPO 424 (adapted from Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1971), s, detail of external microornamentation, Le\u00f3n, Spain, DPO F24244, x18, tetail of external microornamentation, Le\u00f3n, Spain, DPO F24244, x44 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1041. athyrididae (p. 1533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-653.jpg?height=1879&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dichozygopleura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Pradoiinae","Genus":"Dichozygopleura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dichozygopleura RENOUF, 1972, p. 121","Type_species":"D. dichozygopleura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Elongate subelliptical, faint sulcus in the anterior two-thirds of both valves, few growth lines usually present, strong ribs in the posterolateral region of the shell, curving anterolaterally, cardinal plate flat, with a small dorsal foramen apically, dental cavities ventrally covered posteriorly, jugum unknown.  [This genus requires revision.]\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1042,2a\u2013b. *D. dichozygopleura, Brittany; a, rubber impression of dorsal exterior mold, LPB 1186; b, rubber impression of ventral exterior mold, LPB 1161, \u00d7 2 (Renouf, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1042. athyrididae (p. 1533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-654.jpg?height=1689&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guaxa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Pradoiinae","Genus":"Guaxa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guaxa GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 1986, p. 67","Type_species":"G. iberica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Pradoia externally but with ribs stronger, present over entire valve and curving anterolaterally, ventral interior and cardinalia essentially as in Athyris, jugum poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1042, la-d. *G. iberica, Teruel, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, DPO 112.096, x1 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1986)","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1042. athyrididae (p. 1533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-654.jpg?height=1689&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadriloba":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Pradoiinae","Genus":"Quadriloba","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadriloba Alvarez, Rong, & BOUCOT, 1999, p. 547","Type_species":"Terebratula collettii de VERNEUIL, 1850, p. 173, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tetraloba Alvarez, Rong, & Boucot, 1998, p. 843, non Tetraloba Lee, 1983, Collembola","Synonyms":"Tetraloba","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles elongate Plicathyris but without lamellose growth lines, surface ornamentation similar to that of Pradoia, interior as in Plicathyris but with very narrow lateral apical cavities.  [The names colletei and colletti are incorrect subsequent spellings of collettii.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northwestern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1042, 3a-r. *Q. collettii (de Verneuil), upper Emsian, Le\u00f3n, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, D867, de Verneuil collection, x1 (new, photographs courtesy of N. Podevigne), f, detail of external microornamentation, DPO F24245, x11, g, detail of external microornamentation, DPO F24245, x44 (new), h-r, transverse serial sections 1.7, 2.9, 4.2, 4.7, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.6, 6.8, 7.0, 7.4 mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Garc\u00edaAlcalde, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Garc\u00edaAlcalde, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1042. athyrididae (p. 1533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-654.jpg?height=1689&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spirigerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Spirigerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spirigerella WAAGEN , 1883, p. 450","Type_species":"S. derbyi; SD OEHLERT , 1887a, p. 1300","Synonyms_with_authors":"Juxathyris LIANG , 1990, p. 270 (type, J. apionucula, OD)","Synonyms":"Juxathyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Bi- to dorsibiconvex or convexiplane, isometric or subovate massive shells commonly widest anterior to midlength; strong, broad dorsal fold and ventral sulcus; uniplicate or parasulcate anterior commissure; ventral beak short, strongly incurved, concealing small foramen; nearly \ufb02at palintrope; dental plates, if present, buried in secondary shell material that is strongly developed in umbonal cavities; more or less developed delthyrial plate may be present; high, massive, cardinal plate; outer hinge plates reduced; cardinal \ufb02anges may be uni\ufb01ed, strongly developed, serrated, ventrally concave, with deeply impressed pair of diductor pits; dorsal myophragm commonly present; jugum essentially as in Athyris, but lateral branches of jugum originating before valve midlength, projecting anteroventrally; median bladelike elevation on saddle extending backward as far as jugal stem; tertiary layer may be present apically.  [Juxathyris, from Middle to Upper Permian of southern China, is said to differ by having inner socket ridges superseded by high and large processes that take the shape of phoenix coronet (sic).]","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous\u2013Upper Permian","Geography":"Slovakia, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, Kashmir, western Malaysia, Timor, northeastern and southern China, Western Australia, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1043, 1a\u2013g. *S. derbyi, Kazanian, Salt Range, Pakistan; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, GSI 3407, Waagen collection, \u00d7 1 (new; photographs courtesy of R. K. Biswas); f, ventral interior, USNM 212888, \u00d7 2 (Grant, 1976); g, lateral view of jugum, approximately \u00d74 (Waagen, 1883). [See also Fig. 1002.2, p. 1477, and Fig. 1008.2, p. 1485, in introduction.]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1043. athyrididae (p. 1536-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-656.jpg?height=1865&width=1287&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Araxathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Araxathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Araxathyris GRUNT, 1965, p. 240","Type_species":"Spirigera protea ABICH, 1878, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, moderately to strongly biconvex, transversely oval to subpentagonal, inflated shells, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold wide and flat anteriorly, bearing distinct median groove starting at apex, 2 poorly developed lateral plications may bound sulcus, anterior commissure para- to bisulcate, growth laminae widely and irregularly spaced, short, thin, medially concave dental plates forming narrow sessile spondylium, cardinal plate thin, narrow, subtriangular, apically perforated by small foramen, cardinal flanges well developed, tertiary layer present.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian, Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian, Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian, Upper Permian","Geography":"southern Alps, Transcaucasus, Iran, southern China (Sichuan, Shaanxi), northwestern China (Qinghai), Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1044 a-c . *A. protea (Abich), Transcaucasus, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, LGI 66\/99, x1 (Grunt, 1965)., Fig. 1044 d-p. A. felina (Arthaber), Transcaucasus, transverse serial sections, 6.7, 6.9, 7.2, 7.7, 8.2, 8.9, 9.7, 10.6, 11.8, 12.2, 12.9, 13.4, 17.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, PIN 2073\/547 (adapted from Grunt, 1965).,   Fig. 1044 q-x. A. abichi (Arthaber), Transcaucasus, tangential serial sections, parallel to commissural plane, 3.1, 4.8, 5.7, 6.5, 7.0, 7.3, 8.1, 8.7 mm from dorsal valve, PIN 3599\/833 (adapted from Grunt, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1965, \nadapted from Grunt, 1965, \nadapted from Grunt, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1044. athyrididae (p. 1536).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-657.jpg?height=159&width=349&top_left_y=1063&top_left_x=1022)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cardiothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Cardiothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cardiothyris ROBERTS, 1971, p. 178","Type_species":"C. bisulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular to subpentagonal or elongate oval, subequally biconvex, thin shells, poorly rostrate, bearing small pedicle foramen in epithyridid position, sinus on each valve of equal depth, resulting in rectimarginate commissure, emarginate outline, external ornament of prominent, simple, widely spaced capillae crossed by few, fine, concentric growth lines, dental plates short, thin, subparallel, muscle scars weakly defined, cardinal plate subquadrate, robust, divided into 2 concave portions by median furrow and pierced apically, close to dorsal umbo, by minute dorsal foramen, cardinal flanges moderately developed, dorsal myophragm very low or absent, spiralia and jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"northwestern Australia, USA (Missouri, Illinois)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1045, 1a-o. * C. bisulcata, northwestern Australia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, CPC 8245, x1.5, f- o, transverse serial sections 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, CPC 11102 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"CPC, \nRoberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1045. athyrididae (p. 1536-1540).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-658.jpg?height=1887&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Composita":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Composita","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Composita BROWN, 1845, p. 131","Type_species":"Spirifer ambiguus SOWERBY, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 105, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Seminula Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 93, non M'Coy, 1844, p. 158,  Gruntathyris Gretchishnikova, 1996, p. 417 (type, G. innae, OD)","Synonyms":"Seminula, Gruntathyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately to strongly biconvex, subovate, subpentagonal or subtrigonal shells, commonly widest near midlength, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus variably developed, may extend to umbonal region or be restricted to anterior part, fold may be flat or slightly depressed medianly, anterior commissure uniplicate to parasulcate, ventral beak thick, rounded, foramen large, ovate, in epi- to permesothyridid position, delthyrium completely filled by dorsal umbo without deltidial plates, dorsal foramen infilled other than in early forms.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Upper Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1043, 2a-c. * C. ambigua (Sowerby), Vis\u00e9an, Derbyshire, England, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and ventral views, BMNH B 61041, x1.5 (Brunton, 1980, photographs courtesy of C. H. C. Brunton), c, ventral view of dorsal interior showing jugum, approximately x3 (Davidson, 1861).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1980, \nDavidson, 1861","figure_index":"fig. 1043. athyrididae (p. 1536-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-656.jpg?height=1865&width=1287&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Densalvus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Densalvus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Densalvus CARTER, 1991, p. 88","Type_species":"Athyris crassicardinalis WHITE , 1860, p. 229; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Planalvus but with strongly in\ufb02ated ventral valve and weakly convex dorsal valve; dorsal fold and ventral sulcus absent; without ridges de\ufb01ning areas on either side of delthyrium; surface weakly and \ufb01nely capillate; dorsal valve thick shelled; spiralia and jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA (Iowa, Missouri)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1046, 1a\u2013g. *D. crassicardinalis (WHITE); a\u2013d, lectotype, ventral valve with dorsal cardinalia attached, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views, Iowa, UM 66073, White Collection, photographs courtesy of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; e, posterior view, Iowa, UM 66075, White Collection, photograph courtesy of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; f\u2013g, dorsal valve, external and internal views, Missouri, UC 9817, Weller Collection, \u00d73 (Carter, 1991; photographs courtesy of J. L. Carter).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1046. athyrididae (p. 1536-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-660.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iniathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Iniathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iniathyris BEZNOSOVA, 1963, p. 312","Type_species":"I. topkensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Composita, ventral interior, dental plates, and greatly thickened umbonal region as in Nordathyris, but without prismatic layer and having less impressed muscle field, dorsal interior and spiralium poorly known. Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian): Russia (Kuznetsk basin), Kazakhstan, China, USA (Iowa).","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Russia (Kuznetsk basin), Kazakhstan, China, USA (Iowa)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1047, 1ad. *I. topkensis, Kuznetsk basin, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, PIN 760\/4470, x1 (Beznosova, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Beznosova, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1047. athyrididae (p. 1540-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-661.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Janiceps":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Janicepsinae","Genus":"Janiceps","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Janiceps Frech, 1901, p. 551, emend., POSENATO, 2001, p. 205","Type_species":"Spirigera peracuta STache, 1878, p. 152, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929, p. 70","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, subtrigonal, biconvex, and astrophic shells with ventral sulcus and dorsal sulcate fold, lateral grooves may be developed, anterolateral extremities pointed or rounded, ventral umbo small, recurved, and pointed, only very fine growth lines, pedicle support absent, dental plates thin and short, mostly buried in secondary shell material, cardinal plate subquadrangular and thick, inner socket ridges high, dorsal foramen absent, cardinal flanges variably developed, dorsal myophragm or septum absent, jugum as in Athyris with short accessory jugal lamellae.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Italy (southern Alps), Transcaucasia (upper Djulfian to lower Dorashamian), China (Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1841 a-g . * J. peracuta (Stache), upper Changhsingian, southern Alps, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Monte Croce di Comelico, Stache collection, MGBW 1878\/1\/47a, \u00d7 1.5 (Posenato, 2001, photographs courtesy of R. Posenato), f-g, reconstruction of nternal characters of dorsal valve viewed ventrally and laterally, Val Brutta, MDTF 6 (Posenato, 2001). [See also Fig . 1045, 3 a\u2013t in a lvare Z & rOng, 2002; and revision in Posenato, 2001.]","Museum_or_author_information":"Posenato, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1841. athyrididae (p. 2757-2758).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-487.jpg?height=657&width=1279&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nordathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Nordathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nordathyris GRUNT, 1977a, p. 73","Type_species":"N. bulkanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subequally biconvex, transverse subelliptical to subpentagonal massive shell, narrow sulcus extending from ventral beak, widening considerably toward anterior margin, dorsal fold may be divided by narrow and shallow furrow, variably developed, lateral folds may be present, lateral apical cavities narrow and minute, ventral muscle field moderately to deeply impressed in thick umbonal region, high, massive cardinal plate, cardinal flanges well developed, tertiary layer present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":"northeastern Russia (Kolyma-Omolonsk massif)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1046, 3a\u2013q. *N. bulkanensis; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, PIN 2840\/461, \u00d71 (Grunt, 1977a); d\u2013i, transverse serial sections 0.6, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 3.8, 3.9 mm from ventral umbo, PIN 2840\/460 (adapted from Grunt, 1977a); j\u2013q, tangential serial sections, parallel to commissural plane, 1.1, 2.0, 3.2, 5.5, 6.6, 7.1, 7.4, 7.6 mm from dorsal valve, PIN 2840\/465 (Grunt, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1046. athyrididae (p. 1536-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-660.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planalvus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Planalvus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planalvus CARTER, 1971, p. 248","Type_species":"P. gibberosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, longitudinally to transversely ovate, dorsibiconvex shells, ventral valve almost flat, broad, shallow sulcus originating in posterior third of ventral valve, dorsal valve with high median fold, but poorly defined laterally, surface lamellose, lamellae finely striated and apparently fringed with minute solid spines, gently curved beak, not prominent, truncated by circular meso- to permesothyridid foramen, beak ridges subangular, defining areas on either side of open delthyrium, ventral valve with thick shell, without dental plates, subtrapezoidal cardinal plate, imperforate apically, variably developed cardinal flanges project slightly posteroventrally within delthyrial cavity, wide, conjunct inner hinge plates flat or slightly concave ventrally, outer hinge plates reduced, difficult to distinguish from inner socket ridges, which slightly overhang sockets, posteriormost part of cardinal plate resting on short, thin median ridge extending as low myophragm to midshell.  [The brachidium of the type species seems to be different from those of French species; if subsequent investigations show that their morphology is different, the French species must be separated into a new genus externally homeomorphic with Planalvus.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"France, Pragian, ?lower Emsian, Spain, Famennian, North America, Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1048a-t. *P. gibberosa, Tournaisian, Iowa, USA, ae, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, UI X-3435, f, dorsal interior, UI X-3441-2, X3 (Carter, 1971), g-t, transverse serial sections 0.2, 0.6, 1.4, 1.8, 2.0, 3.4, 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, 4.6, 5.0, 5.4, 5.8, 6.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, USNM 176844 (adapted from Carter, 1972).   Fig. 1048 u-dd. P. rufus Racheboeuf, Copper, & Alvarez, Pragian, Armorican Massif, France, transverse serial sections 1.6, 1.9, 2.0, 2.4, 2.7, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.4, 4.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, IGR 10298 (adapted from Racheboeuf, Copper, & Alvarez, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCarter, 1971, \nadapted from Carter, 1972, \nadapted from Racheboeuf, Copper, & Alvarez, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1048. athyrididae (p. 1540).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-662.jpg?height=1874&width=1277&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Posicomta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Posicomta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Posicomta GRUNT, 1986, p. 120","Type_species":"P. gundarensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shells resembling Composita with smaller size, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus poorly developed, possibly with narrow groove and much thicker shell, spiralia and jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"Pamir, Tajikistan, southern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1045, 2a-j. * P. gundarensis, Darvaz, Tajikistan, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, PIN 3599\/814-382, \u00d7 1 (Grunt, 1986), d-j, transverse serial sections 0.8, 1.6, 2.6, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9 mm from ventral umbo, PIN 3599\/835 (adapted from Grunt, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1986, \nadapted from Grunt, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1045. athyrididae (p. 1536-1540).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-658.jpg?height=1887&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudopentagonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Pseudopentagonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudopentagonia BEZNOSOVA, 1963, p. 315","Type_species":"P. injensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex shell, similar to Nordathyris but with dental plates delicate, without apical thickening in both valves and without prismatic layer.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Russia (Kuznetsk basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1046, 2a-e. * P. injensis, Kuznetsk basin, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, PIN 760\/ 4485, x1 (Beznosova, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Beznosova, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1046. athyrididae (p. 1536-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-660.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rectambitus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Rectambitus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rectambitus Xu & GRANT, 1994, p. 50","Type_species":"Araxathyris bisulcata LIAO, 1980, p. 268, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"May be synonymous with Araxathyris","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium-sized with a rectimarginate, slightly emarginate anterior commissure, spondylium supported anteriorly by a low, broad median septum, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"southern China (Guizhou, Shaanxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1046, 4a-e. *R. bisulcatus (Liao), Guizhou, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Liao, 1980, photographs courtesy of Liao Zhuo-ting), e, transverse serial section showing spondylium supported by low, broad septum, USNM 456173, approximately x3 (adapted from Xu & Grant, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nLiao, 1980, \nadapted from Xu & Grant, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1046. athyrididae (p. 1536-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-660.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septospirigerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Septospirigerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septospirigerella GRUNT, 1965, p. 237","Type_species":"S. baissalensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Spirigerella without a dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, with a moderately curved ventral beak, more or less prominent short ridge joining the thick cardinal plate at the posterior end, spiralia and jugum unknown, tertiary layer present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian - Upper Triassic","Geography":"Armenia, Iran, Transcaucasus, Thailand, China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1047, 2a-h. *S. baissalensis, Upper Permian, Transcaucasus, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, PIN 2073\/626, x1 (Grunt, 1965), d-h, transverse serial sections 3.9, 4.3, 4.4, 4.9, 5.4 ~mm from ventral umbo, PIN 2073\/485 (adapted from Grunt, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1965, \nadapted from Grunt, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1047. athyrididae (p. 1540-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-661.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tongzithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Tongzithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tongzithyris Ching, Liao, & FANG, 1974, p. 313","Type_species":"T. episulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Araxathyris but larger and thick shelled, bearing 1 or 2 folds on lateral slopes, dorsal foramen absent, dorsal myophragm may be present, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1047, 3 a-d . * T. episulcata, Tongzi, northern Guizhou, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, NIGP 22501, \u00d71 (Ching, Liao, & Fang, 1974, photographs courtesy of Jin Yu-gan).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nT, \nChing, Liao, & Fang, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1047. athyrididae (p. 1540-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-661.jpg?height=1865&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tulathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Tulathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tulathyris GRUNT, 1976, p. 78","Type_species":"T. vogdti (von PEETZ), 1893, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shells resembling Composita with smaller size and thinner-shelled valves, cardinal plate subtriangular, cardinal flanges poorly developed, spiralia and jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Moscow syncline, Donets basin, northern Kyrgyzstan, Kuznetsk Basin, ?Kazakhstan, ?Verkhoyansk","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1043, 4 a-m .* T. vogdti (von Peetz), Tula, Russia, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, PIN 544\/ 150 (9), x1 (Grunt, 1980), e-m, transverse serial sections 0.9, 1.9, 2.0, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0 mm from ventral umbo, PIN 544\/1375 (adapted from Grunt, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nGrunt, 1980, \nadapted from Grunt, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1043. athyrididae (p. 1536-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-656.jpg?height=1865&width=1287&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uldziathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Uldziathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uldziathyris GRUNT, 1977b, p. 82","Type_species":"U. tikhonovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Composita with coarse lamellae projecting slightly outwardly in the anterior part of the shell, dental plates very short, ventral muscle field moderately to deeply impressed in the thick umbonal region, cardinal plate thick, with a median, ridgelike process directed ventrally, dorsal foramen absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"western Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1043, 3a-k. *U. tikhonovi, a, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, PIN 3158\/85, b, ventral view, PIN 3158\/87, x1 (Grunt, 1977b), c-e, transverse serial sections 3.1, 3.5, 4.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, PIN 3158\/93 (adapted from Grunt, 1977b), f-k, transverse serial sections 5.5, 6.6, 7.7, 8.8, 11.7, 14.8 mm from ventral umbo, PIN 3158 \/ 93 (adapted from Grunt, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1977, \nadapted from Grunt, 1977, \nadapted from Grunt, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1043. athyrididae (p. 1536-1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-656.jpg?height=1865&width=1287&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenosaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Xenosariinae","Genus":"Xenosaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenosaria Cooper & GRANT, 1976a, p. 2170","Type_species":"X. exotica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately dorsibiconvex shells with swollen umbonal regions, anterior commissure rectimarginate, narrowly notched anterior margin, flanks bounding sulcus moderately swollen, lateral slopes gentle in ventral, moderate in dorsal valve. Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian): USA (western Texas).","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1049a-g. *X. exotica, Bell Canyon Formation, Hegler Member, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 153459e, x2, f, dorsal interior, USNM 153459 g, g, ventral interior, USNM 153459c, x4 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a, photographs courtesy of the late G. A. Cooper & the late R. E. Grant).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1049. athyrididae (p. 1544).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-664.jpg?height=582&width=622&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=862)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diplospirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Diplospirellinae","Genus":"Diplospirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diplospirella BITTNER, 1890, p. 297","Type_species":"Terebratula wissmanni M\u00dcNSTER, 1841, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Elongate to transversely oval or subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate or weakly uniplicate or sulcate, ventral median septum extending for two-thirds length of valve, hinge plate thin, steeply inclined posterodorsally, cardinal flanges moderately developed, myophragm extending to half length of valve, distally flanked by short ridges, jugum posteriorly situated, projecting posteroventrally as long stem from which accessory jugal lamellae lead off, jugal saddle thick, with spiny apophysis.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Alps, Sicily, Carpathians, Caucasus, southeastern Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1050, 1a-x. *D. wissmanni (M\u00fcnster), Cortina d'Ampezzo area, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, MPUM 5823\/9, x2, f, cardinalia, x20 (Benigni & Ferliga, 1990, photographs courtesy of C. Benigni), g-w, transverse serial sections 1.1, 2.0, 2.9, 3.3, 3.6, 3.95, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.65, 4.85, 5.1, 5.35, 5.7, 6.05, 6.22, 6.35 ~mm from ventral umbo, MPUM 5819\/20 (adapted from Benigni & Ferliga, 1990), x, lateral view of reconstructed jugum, x12 (Benigni & Ferliga, 1990).-Fig. 1050, 1y. D. sufflata (M\u00fcnster), Cortina d'Ampezzo area, spiny jugal saddle, MPUM 5827\/29, \u00d740 (Benigni & Ferliga, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benigni & Ferliga, 1990, \nadapted from Benigni & Ferliga, 1990, \nBenigni & Ferliga, 1990, \nBenigni & Ferliga, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1050. diplospirellidae (p. 1545-1548).\nfig. 1050. diplospirellidae (p. 1545-1548).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-665.jpg?height=1865&width=1284&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-665.jpg?height=1865&width=1284&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphitomella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Diplospirellinae","Genus":"Amphitomella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphitomella BITTNER, 1890, p. 298","Type_species":"Terebratula hemisphaeroidica von KLIPSTEIN, 1845, p. 222, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Diplospirella, but with strongly developed median septum in dorsal valve and single spiralium.  [Although all other features are typically diplospirelline, the development of short accessory jugal lamellae makes the subfamily assignment uncertain. Further study of Triassic athyridoids is necessary to understand their affinities (see also comments in Benigni & Ferliga, 1995).]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1051, 1a-x. *A. hemisphaeroidica (von Klipstein), Cortina d'Ampezzo area, a-d, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, MPUM 5863\/42, x4, e, dorsal interior, MPUM 5858\/74, x7.5, f, ventral interior, MPUM 5858\/75, X11 (Benigni & Ferliga, 1995, photographs courtesy of C. Benigni), g-i, transverse serial sections of posterior part of cardinalia, 1.15, 1.20, 1.35 mm from ventral umbo, MPUM 5858\/61, j w, transverse serial sections showing development of internal structures, 1.20, 1.30, 1.35, 1.50, 1.60, 1.70, 1.95, 2.30, 2.70, 2.85, 3.05, 3.35, 3.80, 4.70 mm from ventral umbo, MPUM 5858\/63 (adapted from Benigni & Ferliga, 1995), x, lateral view of reconstructed jugum, approximately \u00d76.5 (Benigni & Ferliga, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benigni & Ferliga, 1995, \nadapted from Benigni & Ferliga, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1051. diplospirellidae (p. 1545-1548).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-666.jpg?height=1870&width=1287&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anisactinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Diplospirellinae","Genus":"Anisactinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anisactinella Bittner, 1890, p. 302","Type_species":"Terebratula quadriplecta M\u00dcNSTER, 1841, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtrapezoidal to subpentagonal shells, hinge line almost rectilinear, plicate ventral sulcus and dorsal fold defined laterally by sharp plicae, lateral surfaces commonly smooth, ventral cardinal area well defined, rather high, triangular, slightly concave, orthocline, delthyrium partially covered by symphytium (arcuate to flat), foramen supra-apical, ventral low median septum may be present, cardinal plate subtrapezoidal, ventrally concave, with median ridge, cardinal flange well developed, semicircular to subrectangular, projecting strongly into delthyrial cavity, jugum as in Pexidella.  [The number and development of plicae show a high degree of variability in the assigned specimens.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Dinarides, Southern Alps, Lucania, Bakony Mountains, Carpathians, northwestern China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1052a-u. *A. quadriplecta (M\u00dcNSTER), a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Ladinian, Cortina d'Ampezzo area, MPUM 5847\/9, x3, f, posterior view, showing cardinal flange, Ladinian, Cortina d'Ampezzo area, MPUM 5849\/4, x6, ~ g, posterior view, showing cardinal flange, Triassic, Cortina d'Ampezzo area, MPUM 5847\/20, x13 (Benigni & Ferliga, 1992, photographs courtesy of C. Benigni), b-u, transverse serial sections 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.95, 2.05, 2.15, 2.45 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, Carnian, Hungary (adapted from Dagys, 1974).-Fig. 1052v-ff. A. maurensis Taddei Ruggiero, Ladinian, Lucania, Italy, transverse serial sections 0.76, 1.12, 1.22, 1.47, 1.60, 1.84, 2.50, 3.36, 5.10, 5.30, 5.70 ~mm from ventral umbo (Taddei Ruggiero, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benigni & Ferliga, 1992, \nadapted from Dagys, 1974, \nTaddei Ruggiero, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1052. diplospirellidae (p. 1548).\nfig. 1052. diplospirellidae (p. 1548).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-668.jpg?height=1888&width=1286&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=201)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-668.jpg?height=1888&width=1286&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Euractinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Diplospirellinae","Genus":"Euractinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Euractinella BITTNER, 1890, p. 302","Type_species":"Terebratula contraplecta Braun in M\u00dcNSTER, 1841, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Suboval shells, without fold and sulcus, low rounded plications may be developed in corresponding positions on each valve, interior poorly known.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"southern Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1050, 2a-b. * E. contraplecta (Braun), holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x2 (M\u00fcnster, 1841).","Museum_or_author_information":"M\u00fcnster, 1841","figure_index":"fig. 1050. diplospirellidae (p. 1545-1548).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-665.jpg?height=1865&width=1284&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pexidella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Diplospirellinae","Genus":"Pexidella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pexidella BITTNER, 1890, p. 300","Type_species":"Spirifer strohmayeri SUESS, 1855, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, commonly with dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, posterior part of both valves may be strongly thickened by secondary shell material, jugum, posteriorly situated, originates from very wide umbonal blades, giving rise directly to accessory jugal lamellae","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Carpathians, Alps, Dinarides, Balkans, Caucasus, Nepal, Pamir, Anisian-Norian, USA (southeastern Alaska), ?Chile, Upper Triassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1051, 2a-v. * P. strohmayeri (Suess), Norian, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, M\u00fchltal, Austria, USNM 497419, x1.5 (new), f, ventral view showing brachidium, M\u00fchltal, Austria, \u00d72 (Bittner, 1890); g\u2013v, transverse serial sections 0.6, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.7, 2.9, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to \ufb01rst section and between sections p and q approximate, northwestern Caucasus, IGiG 394\/ 275 (adapted from Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 1051. diplospirellidae (p. 1545-1548).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-666.jpg?height=1870&width=1287&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clavigera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Clavigerinae","Genus":"Clavigera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clavigera HECTOR, 1879, p. 538","Type_species":"C. bisulcata Hector in Thomson, 1913, p. 50, SD THOMSON, 1919, p. 412","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse shell with shallow median sulcus in both valves, bordered by more or less rounded ridge on either side, anterior commissure rectimarginate to faintly uniplicate, hinge line straight, almost equal to maximum width, ventral cardinal area low and wide, concave, apsacline to anacline, faintly striated, foramen small, in mesoto permesothyridid position, closed at maturity, dental plates diverging slightly dorsally, very short ventral median septum may support apically situated delthyrial plate, divergent muscle scars strongly marked, very high cardinal plate commonly with shallow longitudinal depression, accessory jugal lamellae very short. Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian): New Caledonia, New Zealand, Chile.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"New Caledonia, New Zealand, Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1053, 1a-f. * C. bisulcata Hector, Rhaetian, New Zealand, a, holotype, dorsal view, x1 (Thomson, 1913), b-f, transverse serial sections 11.0, 14.0, 16.5, 18.5, 21.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, NZGS br1297 (adapted from Waterhouse, 1975).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1053,1g\u2013k. C. sp.; posterodorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views of internal mold, DPO F24246, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Thomson, 1913","figure_index":"fig. 1053. diplospirellidae (p. 1548-1550).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-670.jpg?height=1875&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Majkopella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Clavigerinae","Genus":"Majkopella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Majkopella Moisseiev in DAGYS, 1962, p. 61","Type_species":"Athyris worobievi MOISSEEV, 1947a, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, rounded subpentagonal to transverse semielliptical shells, hinge line nearly straight, equal or slightly shorter than maximum width, ventral cardinal area low, long, with almost parallel margins, pedicle collar complex, almost completely filling delthyrial cavity, cardinal plate as in Oxycolpella","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Crimea, Carpathians, Balkans, Turkey, Caucasus, ?southern China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1053, 2a-o. *M. worobievi (Moisseiev), Rhaetian, northern Caucasus, a- e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, IGiG 166\/101, x1 (Dagys, 1962, photographs courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys), f-o, transverse serial sections 0.6, 1.2, 1.7, 2.1, 2.6, 3.2, 4.3, 4.8, 6.2, 7.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (adapted from Dagys, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1962, \nadapted from Dagys, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1053. diplospirellidae (p. 1548-1550).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-670.jpg?height=1875&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oxycolpella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Clavigerinae","Genus":"Oxycolpella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oxycolpella Dagys, 1962, p. 68","Type_species":"Spirigera oxycolpos Suess, 1854, p. 4517, OD, =Spirigera oxycolpos SUESS, 1853, p. 287, nom. nud.","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dictyonathyris Xu, 1978, p. 287 (type, D. lanaensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Dictyonathyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Round to rounded pentagonal, growth laminae irregular, large foramen, thick delthyrial plate, sessile pedicle collar may be present, cardinal plate massive, subquadrate, cardinal flanges strongly developed, serrated, ventrally concave, projecting into delthyrial cavity","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Slovakia, Bavaria, southern Austria, Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Iran, Himalayas, Pamir, southern and northwestern China, New Caledonia, New Zealand, northern Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1054a-bb. *O. oxycolpos (Suess), Rhaetian, Austria, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, MGBW 1074, x1 (Pearson, 1977), e-q, transverse serial sections 2.3, 3.1, 3.9, 4.5, 11.6, 12.8, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0, 16.3, 16.9, 17.7, 19.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, MGBW PC.Nr. 69 (adapted from Pearson, 1977), r-b b, transverse serial sections 0.8, 2.4, 3.6, 5.0, 6.1, 6.6, 7.7, 8.5, 9.2, 10.0, 11.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, northern Caucasus (adapted from Dagys, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pearson, 1977, \nadapted from Pearson, 1977, \nadapted from Dagys, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1054. diplospirellidae (p. 1550).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-671.jpg?height=1884&width=1292&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Misolia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Misoliinae","Genus":"Misolia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Misolia von SEIDLITZ, 1913, p. 172","Type_species":"M. misolica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, moderately to strongly biconvex, elongate-oval, costae may bifurcate anteriorly, foramen large, in meso- to permesothyridid position, deltidial plates conjunct","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Indonesia, Moluccas, Timor, Oman, ?India, ?China, northwestern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1055, 1a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d7 1, f-g, ventral and lateral views of jugum, \u00d7 2 (von Seidlitz, 1913)","Museum_or_author_information":"von Seidlitz, 1913","figure_index":"fig. 1055. diplospirellidae (p. 1050-1055).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-672.jpg?height=1597&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anomactinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Misoliinae","Genus":"Anomactinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anomactinella BITTNER, 1890, p. 300","Type_species":"Terebratula flexuosa M\u00dcNSTER, 1841, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, circular to elongate oval or pentagonal shells, umbones smooth, anterior half of valves prominently costate, with costae in corresponding position on each valve, commissure denticulate in dorsal view, ventral interior, cardinalia, and brachidium poorly known.  [This genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (?Ladinian), Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (?Ladinian), Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (?Ladinian), Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"southern Alps.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1055, 2a-b. *A. flexuosa (M\u00fcnster), dorsal and ventral views, x1 (Bittner, 1890).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bittner, 1890","figure_index":"fig. 1055. diplospirellidae (p. 1050-1055).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-672.jpg?height=1597&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentactinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Misoliinae","Genus":"Pentactinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentactinella BITTNER, 1890, p. 300","Type_species":"Terebratula quinquecostata M\u00dcnster, 1841, p. 59, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 977","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval to subcircular or rhomboidal, each valve with 5 to 16 coarse costae in corresponding position, costae may bifurcate anteriorly, commissure strongly denticulate in dorsal view, foramen small, in permesothyridid position, structure of jugum unknown.  [This genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian) - Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"southern Alps, southern Italy, Slovakia, Romania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1055, 5a-b. * P. quinquecostata (M\u00fcnster), Carnian, San Cassiano, Italy, dorsal and ventral views, x2.5 (Taddei Ruggiero, 1968)., Fig. 1055, 5c-g. P. scandonei Taddei Ruggiero, Ladinian, Lucania, Italy, transverse serial sections 0.68, 0.9, 1.06, 1.2, 1.62 ~mm from ventral umbo (Taddei Ruggiero, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Taddei Ruggiero, 1968, \nTaddei Ruggiero, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1055. diplospirellidae (p. 1050-1055).\nfig. 1055. diplospirellidae (p. 1050-1055).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-672.jpg?height=1597&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-672.jpg?height=1597&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stolzenburgiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Misoliinae","Genus":"Stolzenburgiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stolzenburgiella BITTNER, 1903, p. 508","Type_species":"S. bukowskii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, elongate or transverse subpentagonal, costae in corresponding position on each valve, foramen dotlike, ventral interior, cardinalia, and brachidium poorly known.  [This genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Triassic","Ending_age":"Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Triassic","Geological_periods":"Triassic","Geography":"Dinaric Alps, Anisian, Slovakia, Ladinian, Malaysia, Triassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1055, 3a-c. *S. bukowskii, Anisian, Bosnia, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2 (Bittner, 1903).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bittner, 1903","figure_index":"fig. 1055. diplospirellidae (p. 1050-1055).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-672.jpg?height=1597&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uncinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Misoliinae","Genus":"Uncinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uncinella WAAGEN, 1883, p. 494","Type_species":"U. indica, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, longitudinally subelliptical, ribbed shells commonly without fold and sulcus, foramen labiate in epithyridid position, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates; dental plates absent, short pedicle collar may be present; hinge plate widely divided; cardinal process with large median knob and posteroventrally directed, well-developed cardinal \ufb02anges; crura ribbonlike, myophragm absent; spiral brachidium have been reported but not described or illustrated; jugum unknown.  [Systematic position uncertain; this genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Pakistan, southern Thailand, Cambodia, ?Vietnam, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1055, 4a-f. *U. indica, Pakistan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, GSI 3405, Waagen collection, x1 (new, photographs courtesy of R. K. Biswas), e, lateral view, x1, f, dorsal view, USNM 212772, \u00d72 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1055. diplospirellidae (p. 1050-1055).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-672.jpg?height=1597&width=1283&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ochotathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Ochotathyridinae","Genus":"Ochotathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ochotathyris DAGYS, 1974, p. 159","Type_species":"Oxycolpella ochotica DAGYS, 1965, p. 132, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, oval to longitudinally triangular shells with dorsal fold and ventral sulcus faintly developed, beak thick, strongly incurved, faintly developed sessile pedicle collar may be present, tertiary layer thick.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian), ?Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian), ?Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian), ?Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Russia (Primorya, Siberia), USA (Arctic Alaska), northwestern China, Qinghai, ?Upper Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1056, 1a-o. *O. ochotica (DAGYS), Norian, Primorya, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGiG 290\/118, \u00d71 (Dagys, 1974, photographs courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys), e-0, transverse serial sections 2.0, 3.2, 3.7, 4.2, 5.0, 5.7, 6.3, 7.0, 8.4, 8.9, 9.4 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (adapted from Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974, \nadapted from Dagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1056. diplospirellidae (p. 1555-1556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-673.jpg?height=1832&width=1292&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dioristella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Ochotathyridinae","Genus":"Dioristella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dioristella BITTNER, 1890, p. 299","Type_species":"Terebratula indistincta Beyrich, 1863, p. 34, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 969","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, commonly nonsulcate, with longitudinal furrows in both valves, lateral branches of jugum lead off from umbonal blades until joining anteroventrally, jugal stem long, projecting posteroventrally with a low angle, accessory jugal lamellae normally free","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"southern Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus, Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1057a-aa. *D. indistincta (Beyrich), St. Cassian, southern Tyrol, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 497421, x3 (new), f-aa, transverse serial sections 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.7, 3.9, 4.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section and between sections s and t approximate, IGiG 394\/265 (adapted from Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nUSNM, \nadapted from Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1057. diplospirellidae (p. 1555-1556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-674.jpg?height=1080&width=1279&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qingthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Ochotathyridinae","Genus":"Qingthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qingthyris Xu & LIU, 1983, p. 126","Type_species":"Q. variabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size with a variable outline, interior poorly known, reportedly without dental plates but possibly with a bilobed cardinal process and posterior median ridge in the dorsal valve, spiralia and jugum unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"northwestern China (Qilian Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1056, 2a-d. *Q. variabilis, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Xu & Liu, 1983, photographs courtesy of Xu Guirong).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1056. diplospirellidae (p. 1555-1556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-673.jpg?height=1832&width=1292&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spirigerellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Ochotathyridinae","Genus":"Spirigerellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spirigerellina DAGYS, 1974, p. 160","Type_species":"S. pygmaea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Compositella Xu & Liu, 1983, p. 124 (type, C. planosulcata, OD)","Synonyms":"Compositella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded pentagonal to transversely oval shells with variably developed dorsal fold and ventral sulcus that may bear a median furrow, anterior commissure uniplicate to parasulcate, cardinal flanges low, jugum without a saddle","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Alps, Dinarids, Carpathians, Primorya, Caucasus, Nepal, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, southern Qilian, Chaidam, northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1056, 3a-y. *S. pygmaea, Scythian, Mangylschak, Kazakhstan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGiG 394\/76, x2.5 (Dagys, 1974, photographs courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys), e-y, transverse serial sections 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 4.1, 4.4, 4.7, 5.3, 5.6, 5.8, 6.0 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section and between sections n and o approximate, IGiG 394\/84 (adapted from Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1974, \nadapted from Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1056. diplospirellidae (p. 1555-1556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-673.jpg?height=1832&width=1292&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetractinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Diplospirellidae","Subfamily":"Tetractinellinae","Genus":"Tetractinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetractinella BITTNER, 1890, p. 300","Type_species":"Terebratulites trigonellus von Schlotheim, 1820 in 1820-1823, p. 271, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 977","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell commonly with 4 narrow, cusplike plications in corresponding position on each valve, separated by wide, flat interspaces, anterior commissure straight or slightly deflected dorsally","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"Alps, Dinarids, Carpathians, Balkans, Caucasus, Pamir, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1058a-x. * T. trigonella (von Schlotheim), a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, southern Tyrol, USNM 497420, X1.5 (new), f, lateral view of jugum, southern Tyrol, x4 (Bittner, 1890), g-x, transverse serial sections 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.3, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 5.2, 5.9, 6.4, 6.9, 7.3, 7.7, 8.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, Caucasus, IGiG 394\/273 (adapted from Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nUSNM, \nT, \nBittner, 1890, \nadapted from Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1058. diplospirellidae (p. 1556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-676.jpg?height=972&width=1273&top_left_y=243&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hyattidina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Hyattidinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hyattidina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hyattidina SCHUCHERT, 1913, p. 415","Type_species":"Atrypa congesta CONRAD, 1842, p. 265, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hyattella Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 61, non Lenendfeld, 1891","Synonyms":"Hyattella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex shells with pentagonal outline, covered with numerous growth lines, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold may be accentuated by bounding furrows, slightly divergent diductor scars enclose linear adductors","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (?Caradoc, Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (?Caradoc, Ashgill)-Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"Scotland, Ireland, North America, United Kingdom, Norway, Russian Platform, Siberian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1059, 1a-g. *H. congesta (Conrad), Ludlow, Clinton Group, New York, USA, a-e, neotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 31132, Hall collection, \u00d72; f, cardinalia, I1420, Hall collection, \u00d717 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000); g, cardinalia, USNM 497423, \u00d720 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH","figure_index":"fig. 1059. hyattidinidae (p. 1556-1557).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-677.jpg?height=1813&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Argella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Hyattidinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Argella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Argella Menakova & NIKIFOROVA, 1986, p. 68","Type_species":"A. pirum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hyattidina but strongly inflated, base of delthyrium closed by short deltidial plates, crura ventrally directed.  [Argella wasidenti\ufb01ed by its authors as a meristelloid, presumably on the basis of the overall external morphology. Other features, such as the absence of septalium and dorsal septum, however, are more typically athyridoid. It has some similarities with the didymothyridins and the hyattidins. Revision of dorsal and ventral posterior internal structures is required to con\ufb01rm its af\ufb01nities.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Tajikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1059, 2a-w. * A. pirum, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anteroventral views, x2 (Menakova & Nikiforova, 1986, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), e-u, transverse serial sections 0.8, 1.2, 1.4, 1.8, 2.0, 2.05, 2.15, 2.2, 2.8, 3.2, 3.5, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.4, 4.9, 5.4 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, TsNIGRA 31\/6228 (adapted from Menakova & Nikiforova, 1986), v-w, ventral and lateral views of jugum, TsNIGRA 31\/6228 (Menakova & Nikiforova, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMenakova & Nikiforova, 1986, \nadapted from Menakova & Nikiforova, 1986, \nMenakova & Nikiforova, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1059. hyattidinidae (p. 1556-1557).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-677.jpg?height=1813&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meristella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Meristella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meristella HALL, 1859a, p. 78","Type_species":"Atrypa laevis Vanuxem, 1842, p. 120, SD Miller, 1889, p. 354, validated ICZN Opinion 1899, 1998a, p. 131","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex shells, commonly longer than wide, ventral beak strongly incurved at maturity, frequently concealing foramen, with delthyrium commonly obscured by beak of dorsal valve, deltidial plates may be exposed in early growth stages, with or without dorsal fold and ventral sulcus that may affect only anterior commissure, dental plates short, obsolescent, ventral muscle field flaring widely laterally, broad and shallow supported septalium, septum extending anteriorly to about midvalve length, acute jugal arch projecting as long stem, moderately inclined posteriorly, bifurcating into accessory jugal lamellae then reuniting with stem, tertiary layer present","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?upper P\u0159idoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pridoli","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?upper P\u0159idoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"northeastern USA, North America, Morocco, Mauritania, France, Belgium, Poland, Bohemia, Altay, Kazakhstan, eastern Urals, Chinese Altay, southeastern Australia, Venezuela, Spain, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1060a-e. *M. laevis (Vanuxem), Lochkovian, Lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA, neotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 33581, Hall collection, x1.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000)., Fig. 1060 f-k. M. walcotti Hall & Clarke, Lower Devonian, Ontario, Canada, f-g, dorsal and anterior views of specimen prepared to show spiralium and jugum, I1573, Hall collection, x1.5 (Alvarez, Rong, & Boucot, 1998), b-i, ventral and posterior views of specimen prepared to show spiralium and jugum, I1573, Hall collection, x1.5 (new), j-k, lateral and ventral views of jugum (Hall & Clarke, 1893)., Fig. 1060 l -m. M. arcuata (Hall), Lochkovian, Lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA, ventral and lateral views showing jugum (Glass, 1882)., Fig. 1060n. M. atoka Girty, Haragan, Oklahoma, USA, detail of growth lines and faintly developed radial ornamentation on flat growth lamella, USNM 497422, x18 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nUSNM, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nAlvarez, Rong, & Boucot, 1998, \nHall & Clarke, 1893, \nGlass, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1060. meristellidae (p. 1559).\nfig. 1060. meristellidae (p. 1559).\nfig. 1060. meristellidae (p. 1559).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-679.jpg?height=1894&width=1296&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-679.jpg?height=1894&width=1296&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-679.jpg?height=1894&width=1296&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":420.87,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arctomeristina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Arctomeristina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arctomeristina AMSDEN, 1978, p. 33","Type_species":"A. compressa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hindella externally and to Meristina internally, dorsal valve with short septalium supported by high, bladelike septum extending forward for approximately one-half valve length on mature shells, jugum projecting posteriorly, jugal bifurcations unknown","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"North America, ?Russia (Tuva)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1061, 2a-j. *A. compressa, Wenlock, Oklahoma, USA, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posteroventral views, OU 8505, x1 (Amsden, 1978), e-j, transverse serial sections 4.0, 4.44, 4.9, 6.4, 6.7, 7.6 mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Amsden, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nAmsden, 1978, \nadapted from Amsden, 1978","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Charionella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Charionella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Charionella BILLINGS, 1861, p. 148","Type_species":"Atrypa scitula HALL, 1843, p. 171, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Meristella but having a sessile septalium","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1062, 2a-f. *C. scitula (Hall), ae, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Givetian, New York, USA, I1215, Hall collection, x1.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), f, ventral view of septalium, Middle Devonian, Ontario, Canada, I1214, Hall collection, x11 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alvarez & Brime, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1062. meristellidae (p. 1559-1563).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-680.jpg?height=1790&width=1292&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Charionoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Charionoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Charionoides Boucot, Johnson, & STATON, 1964, p. 817","Type_species":"Meristella doris HALL, 1860a, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Charionella but withventral beak only slightly incurved, internally ventral valve with short dental plates, and muscle field less strongly impressed than in Meristella, dorsal valve septalium longer than in Charionella, being sessile posteriorly but elevated on short median septum anteriorly, spiralium and jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1062, 1a-e. *C. doris (Hall), Emsian, New York, USA, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 3071 B , Hall collection, x1.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000)., Fig. 1062, 1f-i. C. sp. cf. C. doris (Hall), Emsian, Maine, USA, f, dorsal view of ventral beak, x3, g-h, dorsal valve interior and ventral valve interior mold, x2, i, dorsal interior mold, x1 (Boucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nBoucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1062. meristellidae (p. 1559-1563).\nfig. 1062. meristellidae (p. 1559-1563).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-680.jpg?height=1790&width=1292&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-680.jpg?height=1790&width=1292&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hindella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Hindella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hindella DAVIDSON, 1882, p. 130","Type_species":"Athyris umbonata BILLINGS, 1862, p. 144, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cryptothyrella CooPER, 1942, p. 233 (type, Whitfieldella quadrangularis Foerste, 1906, p. 327, OD)","Synonyms":"Cryptothyrella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate, subequally to ventribiconvex shells of variable outline commonly ranging from subrectangular to pyriform, ventral beak strongly incurved, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus absent or poorly developed, less frequently with narrow and shallow sulcus extending from umbo of ventral valve, and from about one-third posterior length of dorsal valve to anterior margin, few but strong growth lines, long, medially convex or dorsally convergent dental plates bounding deeply impressed muscle field, narrow, deep, and partially covered septalium, sessile or supported by median septum extending quite anteriorly as low ridge, lateral branches of jugum commonly originate well anteriorly, projecting backward at low angle, semicircular jugal arch projecting posteriorly as short, straight, and undivided stem, tertiary layer may be present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America, Peru, Venezuela, Argentina, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, United Kingdom, Ireland, Czech Republic, southern Alps, Sardinia, Turkey, Altay-Sayan, Kazakhstan, Tuva, ?Thailand, southern and western China (Tibet), Burma","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1063a-v. *H. umbonata (Billings), Ashgill, Anticosti Island, Canada, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 497418, x1.5 (new), f-u, transverse serial sections 0.8, 1.1, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.9, 3.1, 3.4, 4.0, 4.4, 5.9, 6.6, 7.1, 7.4, 7.9, 8.0 ~mm from ventral umbo, BMNH BB94780 (new), v, dorsal valve interior and brachidium (Glass in Davidson, 1882).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGlass in Davidson, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1063. meristellidae (p. 1563).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-683.jpg?height=1790&width=1299&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Imdentistella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Imdentistella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Imdentistella GRUNT, 1991, p. 68","Type_species":"I. khabtagaica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"presence of axial groove in roof-shaped dorsal valve, complete absence of dental plates, presence of incipient cardinal flanges, muscle field, spiralium, and jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Geography":"Russia (Mongolia), eastern Gobi","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1064, Ia-d. *I. khabtagaica, Mongolia, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, PIN 3385\/2055, x1 (Grunt, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1064. meristellidae (p. 1563-1566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-684.jpg?height=1875&width=1287&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meristelloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Meristelloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meristelloides ISAACSON, 1977, p. 175","Type_species":"Meristella Riskowskyi ULRICH, 1893, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Meristella but with a stout and shorter dorsal median septum, diductor muscle scars weakly impressed on the ventral valve, poorly known, hence generic status uncertain.  [The name Meristelloides is commonly attributed to B RANISA (1965) but this name was made available by ISAACSON (1977). The authorship and date are his and not those of B RANISA (1965) since in the latter paper the name was not accompanied by a description or de\ufb01nition that states in words characters that are purported to differentiate the taxon (Art. 13.1.1, ICZN, 1999).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1064, 2a-t. *M. riskowskyi (UlriCh), Emsian, ?lower Eifelian, Bolivia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 209105, x1.8, d, dorsal view, USNM 209104, x1.5 (Isaacson, 1977), e-t, transverse serial sections 2.0, 4.0, 5.25, 7.0, 7.5, 8.25, 9.0, 9.75, 11.5, 13.0, 14.0, 16.0, 17.5, 18.5, 19.5, 20.0 mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Isaacson, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nIsaacson, 1977, \nadapted from Isaacson, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1064. meristellidae (p. 1563-1566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-684.jpg?height=1875&width=1287&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meristina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Meristina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meristina HALL, 1867b, p. 299","Type_species":"Meristella maria Hall, 1863a, p. 212, SD Dall 1877, p. 49","Synonyms_with_authors":"Whitfieldia Davidson, 1881b, p. 156 (type, Atrypa tumida Dalman, 1828, p. 134, SD DavidSON, 1882, p. 83, although the name Whitfieldia is commonly attributed to Davidson (1882, p. 107) this name was already made available by Davidson (1881b, p. 156)","Synonyms":"Whitfieldia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally and internally similar to Meristella but commonly with well-developed dental plates extending anteriorly as ridges, subparallel or slightly divergent, bounding a narrow, deep, and longitudinally striate muscle field, narrow and deep supported septalium, and jugal stem bifurcating into 2 short arms at its posteroventral end, tertiary layer may be present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery) - Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Venezuela, Ireland, Novaya Zemlya, Siberia, Llandovery, North America, Podolia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bohemia, Gotland, United Kingdom, Ireland, southeastern Australia, Wenlock, Lithuania, northern China (Xinjiang, Heilongjiang), Ludlow, North America, Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1061, 1a-h. *M. maria (Hall), Waldron, Indiana, USA, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 36616, Hall collection, x1.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), f-g, interior showing brachidium, and ventral valve internal mold, x1, h, dorsal interior showing septalium, x2 (Hall & Clarke, 1895).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nHall & Clarke, 1895","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentagonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Pentagonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentagonia COZZENS, 1846, p. 158","Type_species":"P. peersii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Goniocoelia Hall, 1861, p. 101 (type, Atrypa uniangulata Hall, 1861, p. 101, =Atrypa unisulcata Conrad, 1841, p. 56, OD)","Synonyms":"Goniocoelia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Bi- to dorsibiconvex shells, pentagonal to hexagonal outline, ventral valve with a very broad sulcus bounded by angular divergent carinae, lateral slopes abrupt, dorsal valve with a broad, rounded fold commonly with a narrow medial groove, 2 narrow folds could develop in the posterolateral region of the dorsal valve, ventral muscle impression essentially as in Meristella, dental plates short, low dorsal median septum continuing posteriorly as a faint median ridge on a massive cardinal plate arising vertically from the bottom of the valve so as to present an erect, concave anterior face, top of plate extended posteriorly as a scoop-shaped concavity, jugal stem without bifurcations.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian","Geography":"North America, Colombia, Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1065 a-e . * P. peersii, Emsian, Kentucky, USA, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 37546, Hall collection, \u00d7 1.5 (new)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1065 f-h. P. unisulcata (Conrad), Middle Devonian, New York, USA, f, anterior view of broken specimen showing part of spiralium and jugum, I1722, Hall collection, \u00d7 5 (new), g, ventral view of cardinalia, I1721, Hall collection, \u00d7 14 (new), h, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Hall & Clarke, 1895).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nHall & Clarke, 1895","figure_index":"fig. 1065. meristellidae (p. 1566).\nfig. 1065. meristellidae (p. 1566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-686.jpg?height=1780&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-686.jpg?height=1780&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plancella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Plancella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plancella AMSDEN, 1985, p. 11","Type_species":"P. turkiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"External features and ventral valve interior similar to Whitfieldella, wide and shallow supported septalium as in Meristella, spiralium and jugum unknown. This genus requires revision.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"USA (Oklahoma)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1061, 3a-l. *P. turkiensis, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, OU 10276, \u00d72 (Amsden, 1985), f-l, transverse serial sections 0.7, 1.3, 3.2, 3.8, 4.2, 5.8, ? mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Amsden, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nAmsden, 1985, \nadapted from Amsden, 1985","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudomeristina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Meristellinae","Genus":"Pseudomeristina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudomeristina GRUNT, 1991, p. 65","Type_species":"P. rozmanae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Meristina but differing in shell wall and dental lamellae being composed of prismatic calcite, spiralium and jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Russia (Mongolia, Altay region), ?northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1064, 3a-b. *P. rozmanae, upper Wenlock-lower Ludlow, Mongolia, holotype, ventral and lateral views, PIN 3385\/2002, \u00d71 (Grunt, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1064. meristellidae (p. 1563-1566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-684.jpg?height=1875&width=1287&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Whitfieldella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Whitfieldellinae","Genus":"Whitfieldella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Whitfieldella Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 58","Type_species":"Atrypa nitida HALL, 1843, Table 14, 5, OD (note that the figure on p. 12 is erroneously numbered as 13 when it should be 14, see Hall figure explanations)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, elongate trigonal to subpentagonal, with or without faint sulcus on both valves, lateral branches of jugum originating at approximately midlength of dorsal valve, vertical or projecting backward at high angle.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Silurian, Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)-Silurian, Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Geography":"south-central USA, Tadzhikistan, southwestern China (Guizhou), Ashgill; North America, Europe, Siberia, southern China, Silurian; North America, ?Lochkovian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1066, 2a-s. *W. nitida (Hall), Silurian, New York, USA, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 31290, Hall collection, x3, f - h, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, AMNH 40799, Hall collection, x1 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), i-r, transverse serial sections 2.9, 3.1, 3.5, 4.6, 7.5, 7.6, 8.1, 8.4, 9.3, 10.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, GSC 98796 (adapted from Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993), s, lateral view showing jugum (Glass, 1882).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nGSC, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nadapted from Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993, \nGlass, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1066. meristellidae (p. 1566-1570).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-687.jpg?height=1635&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Koigia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Whitfieldellinae","Genus":"Koigia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Koigia MODZALEVSKAYA, 1985, p. 37","Type_species":"\"*Hindella extenuata RUBEL, 1970, p. 48, OD\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, elongate-oval to rounded, medium shells, with or without faint sulcus on ventral valve, deltidial plates partially covering delthyrium, foramen in epithyridid position, internally similar to Whitfieldella.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Estonia, eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 1067,1a\u2013dd. *K. extenuata (RUBEL), Estonia; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, TAGI BR2546, \u00d7 2 (Rubel, 1970; photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya); f, dorsal umbo showing foramen and delthyrium partially covered by deltidial plates, TAGI BR 3859, \u00d76 (Modzalevskaya, 1985; photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya); g\u2013cc, transverse serial sections 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 3.6, 4.0, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, 4.9, 5.2, 5.6, 6.9 mm from ventral umbo, distance approximate from ventral umbo to \ufb01rst section and to section o, TAGI BR 2545 (adapted from Rubel, 1970); dd, brachidium, approximately \u00d75.5 (Rubel, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nRubel, 1970, \nModzalevskaya, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1067. meristellidae (p. 1566-1570).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-688.jpg?height=1895&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kozlenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Whitfieldellinae","Genus":"Kozlenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kozlenia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987b, p. 241","Type_species":"K. kozlensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Whitfieldella, with short and shallow sulcus in ventral valves of mature specimens, dorsal fold absent, internally with thin and high median septum supporting septalium along entire length, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery- Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1066, 1a-b. *K. kozlensis, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, VH 4138a, \u00d73.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987b), d-b, transverse serial sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.5 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987, \nadapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1066. meristellidae (p. 1566-1570).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-687.jpg?height=1635&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tschatkalia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristellidae","Subfamily":"Whitfieldellinae","Genus":"Tschatkalia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tschatkalia NIKIFOROVA, 1964, p. 85","Type_species":"T. unica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex shells of triangular to pentagonal outline, ventral valve with narrow sulcus bounded by rounded plicae, rounded fold, extending from dorsal umbo, commonly with narrow medial groove, deltidial plates present, internally similar to Koigia, but with longer dental plates, often recurved in middle, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Fergana, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1067, 2a-w. * T. unica, Llandovery, Fergana, a- c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, CNIGR 36\/8201, x1 (Nikiforova, 1964, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), d-w, transverse serial sections 1.5, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 4.0, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 5.2, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 6.0, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (adapted from Nikiforova, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCNIGR, \nNikiforova, 1964, \nadapted from Nikiforova, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1067. meristellidae (p. 1566-1570).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-688.jpg?height=1895&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Merista":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Merista","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Merista SUESS, 1851, p. 150","Type_species":"Terebratula herculea Barrande, 1847, p. 26, SD Suess in DAVIDSON, 1856, p. 85","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, elongate or transverse shells of rounded subpentagonal outline, with dorsal fold and ventral sulcus commonly developed anteriorly, dental plates short or may be produced anteriorly as thickened ridges that unite with outer part of medially placed shoe-lifter process along its lateral edges, shoe-lifter process with form of posteriorly plunging roof-shaped plate, mystrochial plates present, small septalium supported by high and thin median septum, accessory jugal lamellae reunite with lateral branches of jugum.  [No nominal species were assigned to Merista when the genus was erected by SUESS (1851). No species was associated with Merista until 1854 when SUESS (1854, p. 62\u201363) assigned 3 species to the genus: T. herculea, T. passer, and T. tumida; no type species was designated. The \ufb01rst indication of a type species is that of SUESS (in DAVIDSON, 1856, p. 85), who designated T. herculea as type species of Merista.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)-Middle Devonian","Geography":"southern Siberia, Altay, Canada, Llandovery, Canada, Wenlock, Venezuela, Mexico, south-central USA (Oklahoma, Tennessee), Ludlow, northeastern USA (Maine), Ludlow or P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Bohemia, Poland, Kazahkstan, Altay, Inner Mongolia, Lower Devonian, Germany, ?Burma, Middle Devonian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1068, 1 a-k. *M. herculea (Barrande), Lower Devonian, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 497417, x1.5 (new), f-i, transverse serial sections 1.4, 2.2, 2.9, 3.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, GIB Nr70 (adapted from Siehl, 1962), j-k, ventral and lateral views of brachidium (Glass, 1882).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nadapted from Siehl, 1962, \nGlass, 1882","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amerista":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Amerista","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amerista Boucot & Blodgett in Boucot, Blodgett, & STEWART, 1997, p. 287","Type_species":"A. carillobravoi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Merista but with very steeply, laterally inclined area for muscle attachment in ventral valve instead of shoe-lifter.  [The diagnosis is presently based on ventral valves because conjoined valves were not found; dorsal valves are only questionably assigned to Amerista.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"northeastern Mexico (Sierra Madre Oriental)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1068, 2a-b. *A. carillobravoi, holotype, impression and rubber replica of ventral valve interior, IGM 6938a, \u00d72 (Boucot, Blodgett, & Stewart, 1977, photographs courtesy of R. B. Blodgett & A. J. Boucot).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, Blodgett, & Stewart, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulidospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Aulidospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulidospira WILLIAMS, 1962, p. 252","Type_species":"A. trippi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[The genus is also listed by P. COPPER, herein, p. 1472, as a junior synonym of Cyclospira HALL in HALL & CLARKE, 1893. This ambiguity should be resolved when the brachiojugal structure of Aulidospira is known.]","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Ventribiconvex, small shell, with broad, shallow sulcus in dorsal valve and wide median ventral fold separated from pair of inconspicuous folds in flattened posterolateral areas by pair of widely divergent and shallow, rounded sulci, dental plates attached to ventral side of small, nearly flat, shoelifter process, cardinalia poorly known, myophragm present, median septum absent, rudimentary spiralia coiled in plane parallel to median plane, jugal structure unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc, ?Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc, ?Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc, ?Ashgill)","Geography":"Great Britain, ?Bohemia, ?Quebec","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1069, 1a-f. *A. trippi, Great Britain, a, holotype, lateral view of ventral internal mold, BMNH BB 27653, x6, b, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, BMNH BB 27656, x4.5, c-d, ventral and lateral views of complete shell, BMNH BB 27655, e, dorsal view of internal mold, BMNH BB 27654, f, ventral view of internal mold, BMNH BB 27657, x6 (Williams, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nWilliams, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1069. meristidae (p. 1570-1572).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-692.jpg?height=1848&width=1287&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Camarium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarium HALL, 1859, p. 42","Type_species":"C. typum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Merista but without mystrochial plates.   [The name Camarium was published by HALL (1859a) without designation of a type species, but as one of the originally included new nominal species (Art. 67.2.1, ICZN, 1999) was given the name C. typum; that species must be considered as the type species by original designation (Art. 68.2.2, ICZN, 1999; by indication according to the ICZN, 3rd ed., 1985). HALL (1860a, 1862) then listed this genus as being identical with Merista (subjective synonym; see also BOUCOT , JOHNSON , & STATON , 1965, p. 658). Later, AMSDEN (1968) validated Camarium HALL after discovering that it lacks the mystrochial plates present in Merista SUESS .]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian, ?lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian, ?lower Moscovian)","Geography":"USA (Maryland, New York), Germany, Bohemia, Gorno-Altay, Lower Devonian\u2013Middle Devonian; Australia (New South Wales), USA (Texas), Tournaisian; Canadian Arctic Archipelago (Ellesmere), upper Bashkirian or lower Moscovian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1069, 2a-e. *C. typum, Lochkovian, USA (Maryland), a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 34713, Hall collection, x1.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1069. meristidae (p. 1570-1572).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-692.jpg?height=1848&width=1287&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dicamara":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Dicamara","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dicamara Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 73","Type_species":"Atrypa plebeia Sowerby, 1840a, pl. 56, 12-13, SD Hall & Clarke, 1894, p. 966, = Terebratula scalprum ROEMER, 1844, p. 68","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Merista but without mystrochial plates and having a shoe-lifter process, bisected by a median septum in the dorsal valve.  [Fixation of type species is usually wrongly credited to HALL & CLARKE by original designation. The \ufb01rst unequivocal designation of the type species seems to be that of HALL & CLARKE, 1894, p. 966.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian","Geography":"Poland, Czech Republic (Moravia), Germany, France, northwestern Spain, Salair, Kazakhstan, India, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1069,4a\u2013l. *D. plebeia (S OWERBY ), Middle Devonian, Eifel, Germany; a, dorsal view, USNM 497413, \u00d71.5 (Alvarez, Rong, & Boucot, 1998); be, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 497413, \u00d71.5 (new); f\u2013l, transverse serial sections 0.6, 1.1, 1.4, 1.8, 2.3, 2.5, 3.2 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to \ufb01rst section approximate, GIB Nr71 (adapted from Siehl, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1069. meristidae (p. 1570-1572).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-692.jpg?height=1848&width=1287&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dicamaropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Dicamaropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dicamaropsis AMSDEN, 1968, p. 85","Type_species":"Merista parva THOMAS, 1926, p. 400, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Dicamara but having mystrochial plates and a rather flat septalium with a knob in the center, spiralium and jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"southwestern China (Sichuan), upper Llandovery (upper Telychian), southern and central USA, Wenlock","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1069, 3a-j. *D. parva (\u0422nomas), Wenlock, Arkansas, USA, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, YPM 25745, x3 (Amsden, 1968), d-j, transverse serial sections 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.1 ~mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Amsden, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Amsden, 1968, \nadapted from Amsden, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1069. meristidae (p. 1570-1572).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-692.jpg?height=1848&width=1287&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tyrganiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Tyrganiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tyrganiella Kul'kov in Alekseeva & OTHERS, 1970, p. 167","Type_species":"T. repentina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Merista, but differing internally in having more rounded shoe-lifter process not attached to very short dental plates, spiralium and jugum unknown.  [The name of the type species of ?Paramerista was spelled as brevisepta and breviseptata in the work in which it was established; following Articles 24.2.2 and 32.2.1 (ICZN, 1999), the name of brevisepta is chosen in this revision. The inclusion of ? Paramerista from the Lochkovian and Pragian of Inner Mongolia, northern China, may extend the range from the Lochkovian; but interiors are poorly known and assignment uncertain.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian, ?Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian, ?Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian, ?Pragian)","Geography":"Russia (western Siberia, northeastern Salair), northern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1068, 3a-o. * T. repentina, northeastern Salair, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGiG 326-104, x2 (Alekseeva & others, 1970, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), e-o, transverse serial sections 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, IGiG 326-106 (adapted from Alekseeva & others, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nT, \nAlekseeva & others, 1970, \nadapted from Alekseeva & others, 1970","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarophorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Camarophorellinae","Genus":"Camarophorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarophorella Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 215","Type_species":"Pentamerus lenticularis White & WHITFIELD, 1862, p. 295, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Transversely subovate, subcircular or elongate biconvex shells with dorsal fold and ventral sulcus poorly developed or absent, fine growth lines may be crossed by irregular, fine radial lines, well-developed dental plates, laterally buttressed by mystrochial plates, converging to form spondylium duplex rising slightly on long, low median septum, dorsal shoe-lifter present, inner shell surfaces of both valves finely and densely papillose.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1070a-b. *C. lenticularis (White & Whitfield), middle Tournaisian, Iowa, USA, a, view of internal cast of ventral valve, x3, b, view of internal cast of dorsal valve, UM1356a-b, x3 (new, photographs courtesy of J. L. Carter)., \"Fig. 1070c-f. C. mutabilis Hyde, lower upper Tournaisian, Ohio, USA, c, posterior view of internal cast, x2 (Carter, 1991), d, detail of external ornamentation and papillose inner surface, CMNH 69571a-b, x10 (new, photographs courtesy of J. L. Carter), e-f, ventral and lateral views of jugum (Hyde, 1908)., \"Fig. 1070 g-w. C. buckleyi (Rowley), upper Famennian, Missouri, USA, transverse serial sections 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 5.0, 5.4, 6.0, 6.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, CMNH 34950 (adapted from Carter, 1991, courtesy of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1991, \nHyde, 1908, \nadapted from Carter, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1070. meristidae (p. 1574).\nfig. 1070. meristidae (p. 1574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-694.jpg?height=1894&width=1279&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-694.jpg?height=1894&width=1279&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Camarophorellinae","Genus":"Camarospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarospira Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 82","Type_species":"Camarophoria eucharis HALL, 1867b, p. 368, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Merista, internally similar to Camarophorella but without mystrochial plates and dorsal shoe-lifter process, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"North America, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1071, 1a-e. *C. eucharis (Hall), Givetian, Ontario, Canada, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, I1174, Hall collection, x1.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alvarez & Brime, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1071. meristidae (p. 1574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-695.jpg?height=696&width=1284&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Camarophorellinae","Genus":"Liocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liocoelia Schuchert & COOPER, 1931, p. 248","Type_species":"Pentamerus proximus BARRANDE, 1879b, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Camarospira but with mystrochial plates and much higher septum supporting spondylium, dorsal interior and spiralium poorly known, jugum unknown.  [This genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1071, 2a-e. * L. proxima (Barrande), upper Llandovery-Wenlock, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and ventral views, L24919 Barrande collection, x1.4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990d), c-e, transverse serial sections 1.7, 2.8, 3.0 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate (adapted from Havli\u010dek, 1990d).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1990, \nadapted from Havli\u010dek, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1071. meristidae (p. 1574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-695.jpg?height=696&width=1284&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rowleyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Rowleyellinae","Genus":"Rowleyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rowleyella WELLER, 1911, p. 447","Type_species":"Terebratula fabulites ROWLEY, 1900, p. 265, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally and internally similar to Camarophorella but also with cruralium, internal dorsal shoe-lifter process.   [The genus Rowleyella WELLER , 1911 was placed in subjective synonymy with Camarospira HALL & CLARKE, 1893, by BOUCOT, JOHNSON, & STATON, 1965, p. 658. Later, CARTER (1991) validated Rowleyella WELLER, 1911 after noting internal dorsal shoe-lifter, similar to the one present in Camarophorella HALL & CLARKE, 1893 (see also ALVAREZ & BRUNTON , 1995 for discussion).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA (eastern Missouri and eastern Oklahoma)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1072a-m. *R. fabulites (Rowley), Missouri, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and ventral views, RX 165A, Rowley Collection, x5, c, posterior view of silicified natural internal mold showing mystrochial plates and very short dorsal shoe-lifter process, CMNH 34945, \u00d78 (Carter, 1991, photographs courtesy of J. L. Carter), d-m, transverse serial sections 0.2, 0.45, 0.6, 0.65, 0.75, 0.9, 1.0, 1.3, 1.8, 2.0 mm from ventral umbo, CMNH 34949 (adapted from Carter, 1991, courtesy of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1991, \nadapted from Carter, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1072. meristidae (p. 1574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-695.jpg?height=401&width=1280&top_left_y=1762&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Triathyrididae","Subfamily":"Triathyridinae","Genus":"Triathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triathyris BOUCOT, JOHNSON, & STATON, 1965, p. 663","Type_species":"Terebratula mucronata DE VERNEUIL, 1850, p. 171; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large; equidimensional to elongate; commonly of rhomboidal outline; ventribiconvex with moderate adult valve convexity, compressed anterolaterally; clearly astrophic, short hinge line; ventral cardinal area reduced apsacline to orthocline; foramen in epithyridid position, delthyrium partially covered; growth lines weak and closely spaced; median plication on each valve raised to form anterior projection; anterior commissure almost straight; dental plates short, thin, medially concave; dorsal median septum very high.  [Authorship of this genus is usually credited to COMTE (1938, p. 45); however, he did not designate a type for the genus. The \ufb01rst unequivocal designation of the type species seems to be that of BOUCOT, JOHNSON, & STATON, 1965 and thus they validated the name in their publication.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"Spain, ?France, ?Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1073 a\u2013v. *T. mucronata ( DE V ERNEUIL ), Colle, Le\u00f3n, Spain; a\u2013e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, D868, de Verneuil collection, \u00d7 1 (new; photographs courtesy of N. Podevigne); f, external ornament on ventral valve, DPO F24240, \u00d713 (new); g\u2013v, transverse serial sections 0.2, 0.9, 1.4, 2.4, 2.55, 6.5, 7.0, 7.2, 7.45, 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 8.3, 8.6, 8.8, 9.8 mm from ventral umbo, DPO F24235 (Alvarez, Rong, & Boucot, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Triathyrididae","Subfamily":"Septathyridinae","Genus":"Septathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septathyris Boucot, Johnson, & STATON, 1964, p. 819","Type_species":"Athyris aliena DREVERMANN, 1904, p. 258, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Anathyris in external configuration but without lamellose growth lines, foramen in meso- to permesothyridid position, delthyrium completely covered by deltidial plates, dental plates thick, medially concave, not extending as ridges along muscle scars, dorsal median septum moderately high","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Germany, Spain, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1074 a-c. *S. aliena (Drevermann), Pragian, Germany, a, mold of exterior of dorsal valve, x3, b, dorsal interior mold, x1, c, rubber impression of dorsal interior mold, \u00d72 (Boucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964; photographs courtesy of the late J. G. Johnson). \u2014Fig. 1074d\u2013x. S. cabrugnanensis ALVAREZ, RONG, & BOUCOT, Emsian, Asturias, Spain; transverse serial sections 0.2, 1.4, 2.9, 3.7, 4.1, 5.2, 6.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.9, 11.4, 12.1, 13.1, 14.0, 14.5, 15.4, 16.4, 17.1, 18.0, 19.3, 20.4 mm from ventral umbo, DPO F24236 (Alvarez, Rong, & Boucot, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1074. triathyrididae (p. 1577-1579).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-697.jpg?height=1888&width=1310&top_left_y=217&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nucleospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Nucleospiroidea","Family":"Nucleospiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nucleospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nucleospira Hall in DAVIDSON, 1858, p. 412","Type_species":"N. ventricosa (HALL), Lochkovian, Lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 33416, Hall collection, \u00d72.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), f, lateral view of jugum, approximately \u00d77 (Hall & CLARKE, 1893).","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately to strongly biconvex, subcircular to transversely broadly elliptical shells, ventral valve commonly with shallow median sulcus forming weakly uniplicate anterior commissure, or both valves shallowly sulcate, producing slight emargination of anterior outline, ventral cardinal area, apsacline, concave, nearly equilaterally triangular, commonly obscured by small incurved ventral beak, ventral diductor scars flabellate, feebly impressed, enclosing elongate adductor scars, restricted to umbonal cavity.  [Authorship is usually credited to HALL (1859a); however the \ufb01rst to publish the name was DAVIDSON (1858), who included Nucleospira H ALL with an existing species, N. ventricosa HALL. This is adequate to make the generic name Nucleospira available with N. ventricosa as type species by monotypy; therefore, under Article 50.1 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), authorship of Nucleospira is HALL in DAVIDSON, 1858.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)-Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1075a-f. *N. ventricosa (HAll), Lochkovian, Lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 33416, Hall collection, x2.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), f, lateral view of jugum, approximately x7 (Hall & Clarke, 1893)., Fig. 1075 g. N. cunctata Cooper & Grant, Sakmarian, western Texas, USA, anterior oblique view of shell interior showing jugum and spires, USNM 154393g, \u00d78 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a, photograph courtesy of the late G. A. Cooper and the late R. E. Grant).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nUSNM, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nHall & Clarke, 1893, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1075. nucleospiridae (p. 1579).\nfig. 1075. nucleospiridae (p. 1579).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-698.jpg?height=892&width=624&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=859)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-698.jpg?height=892&width=624&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=859)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Retziella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Retziella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Retziella NIKIFOROVA, 1937a, p. 57","Type_species":"Retzia (Retziella) weberi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Protathyrisina CHU, 1974, p. 457 (type, P. k\u00fctsingensis, OD,  Athyrisina minor Hayasaka in Yabe & Hayasaka, 1920, p. 183),  Stegospira Fu, 1982, p. 167 (type, S. nucleola, OD), see also Fu, 1984, p. 374,  Gannania Fu, 1982, p. 168 (type, G. spiriferoides, OD),  Gannania Fu, 1984, p. 376 (type, G. spireferoidea, OD)","Synonyms":"Protathyrisina, Athyrisina minor, Stegospira, Gannania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell with variably developed ventral sulcus and dorsal fold, both usually ribbed or plicate, well-developed apical septalium, shallow and partially covered by platelike crural bases and supported by short septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Geography":"Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, China (Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi), northern Vietnam, southwestern Tian Shan, ?North Korea, ?central Pamir, ?Afghanistan, ?eastern Iran, ?New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1076a-w. *R. weberi (Nikiforova), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, central Asia, southern Tian Shan, Fergana, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, VSEGEI W2456\/50327, V. N. Weber Collection, 1885, X2 (Nikiforova, 1937a, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), e-l, serial sections, NIGP 1214231, m, lateral view of sectioned specimen showing approximate position of serial sections, n-v, serial sections, NIGP 121423-1, w, lateral view of sectioned specimen showing approximate position of serial sections (adapted from Rong & others, 1994).  - Fig. 1076x-y. R. minor (HAYASAKA), upper Ludlow-lower P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Yunnan, ventral and lateral views of reconstructed jugum, approximately x3 (Rong & others, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nT, \nNikiforova, 1937, \nadapted from Rong & others, 1994, \nRong & others, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1076. retziellidae (p. 1580).\nfig. 1076. retziellidae (p. 1580).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-700.jpg?height=1843&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-700.jpg?height=1843&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":416.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Argorhynx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Argorhynx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Argorhynx HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 110","Type_species":"Monticola prokopensis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 541, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Paucicostate rhynchonelliform shell with smooth umbonal regions, internally similar to Gissarina, spiralia poorly preserved, jugum unknown.  [This genus requires revision.]\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","Geography":"Prague basin (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1077, Ga-c. *A. prokopensis (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), holotype, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, VH 3667, \u00d71.7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1077. retziellidae (p. 1580-1583).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-701.jpg?height=1895&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Metathyrisina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Metathyrisina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Metathyrisina Rong & YANG, 1981, p. 246","Type_species":"M. merita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Retziella with shorter and lower septalium arising somewhat forward of apex, outer hinge plates short","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aeronian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Aeronian)","Geography":"southwestern China (northeastern Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1077, 1a\u2013i. *M. merita; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, NIGP 44075, \u00d72.3 (Rong & Yang, 1981); f\u2013i, transverse serial sections 0.5, 1.2, 1.9, 2.2 mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Rong & Yang, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1077. retziellidae (p. 1580-1583).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-701.jpg?height=1895&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Molongia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Molongia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Molongia MITCHELL, 1921, p. 546","Type_species":"M. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with variably developed ventral sulcus and dorsal fold that may be plicate but is usually smooth, without dorsal median septum and septalium, short myophragm commonly present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1077, 2a-i. *M. elegans, ?Wenlock, Ludlow, Molong, New South Wales, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, NIGP 121425, x3 (Rong & others, 1994), f-i, transverse serial sections 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.15 ~mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Rong & others, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nRong & others, 1994, \nadapted from Rong & others, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1077. retziellidae (p. 1580-1583).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-701.jpg?height=1895&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qinlingia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Qinlingia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qinlingia Rong, Zhang, & CHEN, 1987, p. 71","Type_species":"Q. bisulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Retziella but having a weak sulcus on each valve and a jugal stem","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Geography":"China (northwestern Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1077, 4a-i. *Q. bisulcata, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, XAGM B108, x2 (Rong, Zhang, & Chen, 1987), e-i, transverse serial sections 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, 4.2, 4.9 mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Rong, Zhang, & Chen, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, Zhang, & Chen, 1987, \nadapted from Rong, Zhang, & Chen, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1077. retziellidae (p. 1580-1583).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-701.jpg?height=1895&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":416.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ufonicoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ufonicoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ufonicoelia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 112","Type_species":"Monticola torleyi HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 576, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Argorhynx but with ribs starting in the umbo and having a median costa in the ventral valve, poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Prague basin (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1077, 3a-b. *U. torleyi (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), holotype, dorsal and ventral views, VH 177, x4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1077. retziellidae (p. 1580-1583).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-701.jpg?height=1895&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xerxespirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xerxespirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xerxespirifer COCKS, 1979, p. 40","Type_species":"X. iranicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with a small but distinctive median rib in the sulcus of the ventral valve and a corresponding trough in the dorsal valve fold, concentric ornament of fine growth lines, cardinal process small, no inner hinge plates, no median septum, spiralium and jugum unknown.  [This genus was erected by C OCKS (1979) as an acrospiriferinine and was rejected from the spiriferidines by CARTER and others (1994), suggesting a rhynchonellid or leptocoeliid af\ufb01liation for the genus. Based mainly on external similarities it was placed herein within the retzielloids. While in proofs, BRICE (1999) placed part of the specimens illustrated by COCKS (1979) of X. iranicus (type species of Xerxespirifer), in the synonymy of S. procerum (type species of Stegocornu D \u00dcRKOOP , 1970), therefore Xerxespirifer is also listed herein as a synonym of Stegocornu (rhynchonelloid) by N. SAVAGE, p. 1050. Careful revision of internal morphology is required to solve this ambiguity.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Wenlock)","Geography":"Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1077, 5a-d. *X. iranicus, Elburz, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, BMNH BB 93453, x1, d, dorsal interior and fragment of ventral valve above, BMNH BB 93462, X3 (Cocks, 1979, photographs courtesy of L. R. M. Cocks).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nCocks, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1077. retziellidae (p. 1580-1583).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-701.jpg?height=1895&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apheathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyrididina - Superfamily and family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apheathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apheathyris FU, 1982, p. 172","Type_species":"A. guyuanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known. Large, elliptical to round pentagonal, ventribiconvex, smooth shell, with low dorsal fold and shallow ventral sulcus, interior poorly known, dental plates absent, outer hinge plates short and small, inner hinge plate absent, crura long, spiralia laterally directed.  [When erected, this genus was included in the Athyrididina, Athyrididae; this genus needs revision.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Geography":"northern China (Shijiezigou, Guyuan, Ningxia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1078, 2a-c. * A. guyuanensis, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, XAGM B993, x1.5 (Fu, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Fu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1078. uncertain (p. 1583).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-702.jpg?height=455&width=1281&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Retzia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Retziidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Retzia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Retzia KING, 1850, p. 137","Type_species":"Terebratula adrieni de Verneuil & D'ARCHIAC, 1845, p. 471, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trigeria Bayle, 1878, pl. 13, obj.","Synonyms":"Trigeria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Thin but high dental plates, pedicle collar well developed, cardinal flanges, thin and flat, projecting posteroventrally, hinge plate short, in comparison with long, flat outer hinge plates, supported by high, thin median septum, jugum projecting posteroventrally as long stem that may give rise to short, pronglike bifurcations or become thick and spiny","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (?Ludlow), Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (?Ludlow), Lower Devonian\u2013Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Fergana, ? Urals, ? Inner Mongolia, ?Ludlow; Spain, France, Germany, Kuznetsk, Altay, Novosibirsk area, southern China (Guangxi), Lower Devonian\u2013Middle Devonian; Donetz, Kuznetsk, Kazakhstan, Siberia, northeastern China, Upper Devonian\u2013Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1083, 1a-aa. *R. adrieni (de Verneuil & d'Archiac), upper Emsian, Asturias, Spain, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, D852, de Verneuil Collection, x1 (new, photographs courtesy of N. Podevigne), f-r, transverse serial sections showing umbonal regions 0.20, 0.60, 0.80, 1.10, 1.30, 1.50, 2.10, 2.30, 2.60, 2.70, 2.90, 3.30, 3.60 mm from ventral umbo, DPO\/F24242, s-z, transverse serial sections showing cardinalia and brachidium 1.30, 1.60, 5.00, 5.60, 6.00, 6.30, 6.40, 6.60 ~mm from ventral umbo, DPO\/F24243 (new), aa, lateral view of jugum (Hall & Clarke, 1893).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall & Clarke, 1893","figure_index":"fig. 1083. retziidae (p. 1587-1588).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-708.jpg?height=1865&width=1301&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acambona":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Retziidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acambona","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acambona WHITE, 1865, p. 27","Type_species":"A. prima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Eumetria but slightly longer and finely costate, pedicle collar present, cardinal flanges moderately developed, projecting posteriorly, spiralia and jugum unknown.  [Although WHITE's contribution was presented to the Boston Society of Natural History on February 5, 1862, the papers presented to the Society during the years 1862 and 1863 were published in 1865 in volume IX of the Proceedings.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-lower Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"North America, ?Belgium, ?Kazakhstan, ?Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1083, 2a-b. * A. prima, Iowa, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (Weller, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 1083. retziidae (p. 1587-1588).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-708.jpg?height=1865&width=1301&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=189)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eumetria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Retziidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eumetria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eumetria HALL, 1863b, p. 59","Type_species":"Retzia vera Hall, 1858a, p. 704, SD WAAGEN, 1883, p. 487","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Symphytium gently incurved, foramen in permesothyridid position, dental plates absent, incipient pedicle collar poorly developed or absent, hinge plate raised high above dorsal valve floor by outer hinge plates, high cardinal flanges ventrally forked, median septum absent, lateral branches of jugum originating well posteriorly, projecting anteriorly at low angle, jugal arch projecting posteroventrally as long, straight stem bifurcating into short arms.  [Fixation of type species is usually credited to HALL (1863b) or DALL (1877). HALL, however, did not explicitly designate a species as type species for Eumetria and included more than one, therefore it is not possible to apply the principle of monotypy, and D ALL (1877, p. 28) gave two types for Eumetria: Retzia vera HALL and R. serpentina DE KONINCK. The \ufb01rst unequivocal designation of the type species seems to be that of WAAGEN (1883, p. 487), who properly considered Retzia vera HALL, as the type of the genus (Article 69.1; ICZN, 1999).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous-Lower Permian","Geography":"North America, Belgium, Kazakhstan, Kuznetsk basin, Siberia, Verkhoyansk, northeastern and southern regions","Figure_captions":"Fig . 1084a\u2013e. *E. vera (H ALL ), Vis\u00e9an\u2013lower Serpukhovian, Illinois, USA; dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 497426, \u00d71.5 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 1084f\u2013r. E. osagensis (S WALLOW ), Lower Carboniferous, Alberta, Canada; transverse serial sections 1.1, 2.1, 2.4, 2.8, 3.6, 4.2, 5.4, 7.0, 7.4, 8.6, 9.4, 10.0, 11.2 mm from ventral umbo, GSC 63347 (adapted from Carter, 1987).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1084s\u2013v. E. verneuiliana (H ALL ), Vis\u00e9an\u2013lower Serpukhovian, Indiana, USA; s, jugum, ventral view; t, jugum, lateral view (adapted from Hall & Clarke, 1893); u, interior view of articulated but incomplete shell showing cardinalia and large ventral pedicle opening, I 1392, \u00d79.7; v, interior view of articulated shell (ventral up) showing articulation and cardinalia with ventrally projecting, widely forked cardinal \ufb02anges, I 1392, \u00d7 13.7 (Brunton, Alvarez, & MacKinnon, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoretzia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Neoretziinae","Genus":"Neoretzia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neoretzia DAGYS, 1963, p. 130","Type_species":"Retzia superbescens Bittner, 1890, p. 281, OD, =Waldhemia superba Suess in DAVIDSON, 1856, p. 48","Synonyms_with_authors":"Waldhemia superba Suess in Davidson, 1856, p. 48","Synonyms":"Waldhemia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, elongate oval shells with few subangular costae, ventral valve beak nearly straight, foramen in permesothyridid position, internally similar to Retzia but without dental plates and with much thicker cardinal flanges and hinge plates, jugum very posteriorly situated, projecting anteroventrally as a complex stem that rejoins primary lamellae on ventral half","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (upper Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Norian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (upper Norian)","Geography":"Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Crimea, Iran, Caucasus, Himalayas, Pamir, southern and western China (Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1085, 1a-s. *N. superba (Suess), Rhaetian, a, holotype, ventral view, Hirtenberg, Austria, MGBW 3828, x1.3 (Pearson, 1977), b-d, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, northern Caucasus, IGiG 47\/2443, x1 (Dagys, 1963, photographs courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys), e-r, transverse serial sections 0.3, 0.8, 1.8, 3.3, 3.7, 4.2, 4.5, 4.9, 6.1, 6.9, 7.6, 8.3, 8.6, 9.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, northern Caucasus (adapted from Dagys, 1963), s, jugum, lateral view, northern Caucasus, approximately x1.8 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nPearson, 1977, \nDagys, 1963, \nadapted from Dagys, 1963, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1085. neoretziidae (p. 1591).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-711.jpg?height=1879&width=1291&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cassianospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Neoretziinae","Genus":"Cassianospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cassianospira DAGYS, 1972, p. 103","Type_species":"Retzia loczyi BITTNER, 1900, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, strongly inequivalve, elongate subpentagonal shells, with few subangular costae and narrow dorsal sulcus with fine median costa extending from umbo, ventral beak very high and straight, symphytium wide and high, foramen in submesothyridid position, pedicle collar absent, cardinal flanges and hinge plate thick, supported by long septum, jugum not well known, stem essentially as in Neoretzia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"southern Alps, Carpathians, Hungary","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1085, 2a-m. *C. loczyi (Bittner), Hungary, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGiG 394\/287, x3 (Dagys, 1963, photographs courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys), e-m, transverse serial sections 0.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.65, 3.2, 3.4, 3.7, 3.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, IGiG 394\/289 (adapted from Dagys, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1963, \nadapted from Dagys, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1085. neoretziidae (p. 1591).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-711.jpg?height=1879&width=1291&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hungarispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Hungarispirinae","Genus":"Hungarispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hungarispira DAGYS, 1972, p. 102","Type_species":"Retzia aracanga BITTNER, 1900, p. 30, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cassianospira but multicostate, foramen in permesothyridid position, jugum projecting posteroventrally as long stem, accessory jugal lamellae continuing intercalated with spiralial loops to apex.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Italy, Hungary","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1086, 1a-t. * H. aracanga (Bittner), Hungary, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGiG 394\/284, \u00d73 (Dagys, 1972, photographs courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys), e-s, transverse serial sections 0.8, 1.6, 1.8, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.75, 3.9, 4.1, 4.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, IGiG 394\/ 286 (adapted from Dagys, 1972), t, jugum, lateral view (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1972, \nadapted from Dagys, 1972, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1086. neoretziidae (p. 1591-1596).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-712.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hustedia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Hustediinae","Genus":"Hustedia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hustedia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 120","Type_species":"Terebratula mormoni MARCOU, 1858, p. 51, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subequally biconvex, elongate-oval, costate shells, commissure strongly plicate and slightly uniplicate, rectimarginate, or sulcate, emarginate, costae simple with same width in median region as in flanks, slightly raised median costa on dorsal valve may be present, symphytium transversely flat, longitudinally gently concave, foramen in submeso- to permesothyridid position, blunt hinge teeth elongate transversely along hinge, pedicle collar short, hinge plate thick, strongly recurved to extend posteriorly along inner face of symphytium, rather short, bladelike crura slightly divergent and directed almost ventrally, short, ligulate process extending forward from base of hinge plate, short median septum in apex beneath hinge plate, extending forward as low median ridge, lateral branches of jugum originating quite posteriorly, projecting anteroventrally as spiny lamellae that join medianly and project posteroventrally in long, sharp, spiny stem.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)-Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1087, Ia-e. *H. mormoni (Marcou), Upper Carboniferous, Nebraska, USA, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 154456, \u00d74 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b). [See also Fig. 1080\u20131081, p. 1585\u20131586, in introduction.]","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 1087. retziidae (p. 1591-1595).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-713.jpg?height=1334&width=1273&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hustedtiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Hustediinae","Genus":"Hustedtiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hustedtiella DAGYS, 1972, p. 100","Type_species":"H. planicosta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hustediella Dagys, 1974, p. 166, incorrect subsequent spelling","Synonyms":"Hustediella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subequally biconvex, longitudinally oval shells with low, rounded costae. Ventral valve beak short, slightly incurved, foramen in mesothyridid position, cardinal plate essentially as in Schwagerispira but cardinal flanges less developed, septum shorter and thicker, jugum projecting posteroventrally as short, simple stem.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic","Geography":"Russia (Primorya), Romania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1088, 2a-s.*H. planicosta, upper Scythian, Primorya; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGiG 380\/1, \u00d72 (Dagys, 1972; photographs courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys); e\u2013r, transverse serial sections 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.3, 1.6, 1.9, 2.1, 2.8, 3.1, 3.7, 4.5, 5.0, 5.3 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to \ufb01rst section approximate, IGiG 380\/3 (adapted from Dagys, 1972); s, jugum, lateral view, approximately \u00d7 4 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1088. retziidae (p. 1594-1596).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-714.jpg?height=1583&width=1275&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schwagerispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Hustediinae","Genus":"Schwagerispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schwagerispira DAGYS, 1972, p. 101","Type_species":"Retzia schwageri BITTNER, 1890, p. 21, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, subcircular shells with coarse, angular costae, foramen in permesothyridid position, cardinal flanges and hinge plates thick, supported by high, thin, long septum, jugum essentially as in Hustedia","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Primorya, northwestern, southern, and central China, Qinghai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1087, 2a-q. *S. schwageri (Bittner), Anisian, Bulgaria, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, IGiG 394\/281, x2 (Dagys, 1972, photographs courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys); e\u2013p, transverse serial sections 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.05, 1.25, 1.45, 2.1, 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.2 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to \ufb01rst section approximate, IGiG 394\/283 (adapted from Dagys, 1972); q, jugum, lateral view, approximately \u00d75.5 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nDagys, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1087. retziidae (p. 1591-1595).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-713.jpg?height=1334&width=1273&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thedusia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Hustediinae","Genus":"Thedusia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thedusia COOPER & GRANT , 1976b, p. 2806","Type_species":"Hustedia meekana trigonalis GIRTY, 1909, p. 396; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Hustedia but smaller, dorsibiconvex, having more elongate ventral beak, ligate stage of folding with deep dorsal valve sulcus, and emarginate anterior.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous\u2013Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"southern China (Guangxi), Upper Carboniferous; USA (western Texas), upper Sakmarian\u2013Capitanian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1088, 1f\u2013i. T. discissa COOPER & GRANT, upper Sakmarian\u2013Artinskian, western Texas; f\u2013h, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, USNM 153264u, \u00d7 4; i, interior of ventral valve, USNM 154497e, \u00d711 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1088. retziidae (p. 1594-1596).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-714.jpg?height=1583&width=1275&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Plectospirinae","Genus":"Plectospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectospira Cooper, 1942, p. 228, nom. nov. pro Ptychospira Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 112, non SLAVIK, 1869","Type_species":"Terebratula ferita von BUCH, 1835, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subequally biconvex, pauciplicate shells of lenticular outline, dorsal fold commonly consisting of elevated median plication frequently with median groove in anterior part, which has corresponding ridge in sinus of opposite valve, foramen in submeso- to permesothyridid position, cardinal plate essentially as in Homoeospira, jugum projecting posteroventrally as very long, simple stem.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ludlow","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian), ?Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)-Middle Devonian (Givetian), ?Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"Europe, Altay, Kuznetsk, China, Australia (New South Wales), North America, Verkhoyansk, Kuzbass, Kuznetsk, Mongolia, eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1086, 2ah. *P. ferita (von Buch), Middle Devonian, Eifel, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 497427, x3 (new), f-h, transverse serial sections 1.50, 1.95, 2.15 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, GIB Nr75 (Siehl, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nSiehl, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1086. neoretziidae (p. 1591-1596).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-712.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":425.01,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cooperispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Plectospirinae","Genus":"Cooperispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cooperispira Alvarez, Rong, & BOUCOT, 1998, p. 847","Type_species":"Terebratula subferita de VERNEUIL, 1850, p. 174, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally resembling Plectospira but with subpentagonal outline, elongate ventral beak, narrow and shallow sulcus on ventral valve, with fine median costa extending from umbo, dorsal valve with wider but also shallow sinus with fine median costa that bifurcates posteriorly, lateral plicae high, angular, sharp crested, foramen in permeso- to epithyridid position, dental plates and pedicle collar absent, cardinal plate essentially as in Retzia, jugum projecting ventrally as very short, simple stem.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northwestern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1086, 3a-s. *C. subferita (de Verneuil), a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, D690, de Verneuil Collection, x3 (new, photographs courtesy of N. Podevigne), f-s, transverse serial sections 0.5, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.5, 2.7, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, DPO\/F24239 (Alvarez, Rong, & Boucot, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alvarez, Rong, & Boucot, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1086. neoretziidae (p. 1591-1596).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-712.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongolospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Mongolospiroidea","Family":"Monglospiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mongolospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongolospira ALEKSEEVA, 1977, p. 63","Type_species":"M. turgensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mongolispira Alekseeva, 1981, p. 108, incorrect subsequent spelling (Art. 33.3, ICZN, 1999)","Synonyms":"Mongolispira","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, elongate-oval, medium shells, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus absent, ventral valve beak high, incurved, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen in permesothyridid position","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"northwestern Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1089a-l. * M. turgensis, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, PIN 3602\/1, x2, e, dorsal view, PIN 3602\/3, x3.5 (Alekseeva, 1977, photographs courtesy of R. E. Alekseeva), f-h, transverse serial sections 0.8, 3.0, 4.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, showing ventral umbonal region and cardinalia, PIN 3602\/8, i-l, transverse serial sections 3.0, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 ~mm from ventral umbo, showing spiralium and jugum, PIN 3602 \/ 9 (adapted from Alekseeva, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 1977, \nadapted from Alekseeva, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1089. mongolospiridae (p. 1596).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-716.jpg?height=631&width=1287&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchospirina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchospirinoidea","Family":"Rhynchospirinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchospirina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchospirina Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929b, p. 121","Type_species":"Waldheimia formosa HALL, 1857a, p. 88, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhyncospira Hall, 1859b, p. 213, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Rhyncospira","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Homoeospira but deltidial plates conjunct and foramen in meso- to permesothyridid position, short dental plates may be present, incipient pedicle collar variably developed or absent, cardinal plate trapezoidal with flat cardinal flanges, projecting posteroventrally, hinge plate short (in comparison with long, flat outer hinge plates), thick, extending as transverse process between cardinal flanges and supported by short median septum extending anteriorly as low ridge.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Venezuela, Podolia, southwestern Urals, Mongolia, GornoAltay, western Qinling, Tibet, Wenlock\u2013Middle Devonian; Gorno-Altay, Upper Devonian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1090, 1 a-f .* R. formosa (HALL), Lochkovian, Lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 33399, Hall collection, x2 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), f, lateral view showing jugum (Hall & Clarke, 1893).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nHall & Clarke, 1893","figure_index":"fig. 1090. rhynchospirinidae (p. 1597-1600).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-717.jpg?height=1479&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homoeospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchospirinoidea","Family":"Rhynchospirinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Homoeospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homoeospira Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 112","Type_species":"Rhynchospira evax Hall, 1863a, p. 213, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 986","Synonyms_with_authors":"Homeospira is a frequent incorrect subsequent spelling of Homoeospira.","Synonyms":"Homeospira","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subequally biconvex, elongate oval to subpentagonal costate shells, with or without poorly defined fold and sulcus, or shells may be faintly bisulcate, median costae narrower than costae on flanks, delthyrium may be open or restricted by disjunct or conjunct deltidial plates showing median fold, foramen in submeso- to permesothyridid position; ; dental plates absent; cardinal \ufb02anges poorly developed or absent, hinge plate extremely short, supported by stout median septum extending anteriorly as ridge; long, \ufb02at, anteriorly divergent outer hinge plates; jugum essentially as in Trematospira. [Fixation of type species is usually credited to SCHUCHERT (1897, p. 231), although the \ufb01rst unequivocal designation of the type species seems to be that of HALL & CLARKE (1894, p. 986).]\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)\u2013Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, ?Argentina, United Kingdom, Gotland, Bohemia, Estonia, Ukraine, Vaigach, ? China, Wenlock\u2013Ludlow; Poland, Belgium, Lochkovian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1090, 2a\u2013k. *H. evax (HALL); a\u2013e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, upper Wenlock, Waldron, Indiana, USA, AMNH 36619, Hall collection, \u00d7 1.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000); f\u2013k, transverse serial sections 3.8, 4.0, 4.1, 4.6, 4.7, 5.0 mm from ventral umbo, Wenlock, Newson Station, Tennessee, USA, OU 6289 (adapted from Amsden, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nadapted from Amsden, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1090. rhynchospirinidae (p. 1597-1600).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-717.jpg?height=1479&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homoeospirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchospirinoidea","Family":"Rhynchospirinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Homoeospirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homoeospirella AMSDEN, 1968, p. 90","Type_species":"H. costatula costatula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Homoeospira in external and internal configuration but hinge plate and dorsal median septum absent, spiralia and jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (lower Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"lower Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock), Lower Devonian (?Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (lower Llandovery-Wenlock), Lower Devonian (?Pragian)","Geography":"Wales, lower Llandovery, USA (Oklahoma, Arkansas), Wenlock, USA (southern Oklahoma), ?Pragian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1090, 3a-h. *H. costatula costatula, Wenlock, Oklahoma, USA, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, OU 6401, x1 (Amsden, 1968), e-b, transverse serial sections 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, OU 8439 (adapted from Amsden, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nAmsden, 1968, \nadapted from Amsden, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1090. rhynchospirinidae (p. 1597-1600).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-717.jpg?height=1479&width=1289&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchospirinoidea","Family":"Rhynchospirinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptospira Boucot, Johnson, & STATON, 1964, p. 814","Type_species":"Trematospira costata HALL, 1859a, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"External shape as in Trematospira, but pauciplicate, cardinalia as in Rhynchospirina, spiralia and jugum unknown.  [The name Trematospira costata is commonly attributed to HALL (1859b, p. 210) but this name was made available by H ALL (1859a, p. 27) since in the latter paper the name was accompanied by an indication (Art. 12.2, ICZN, 1999).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)- Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"central and northeastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1091, 1a-e. *L. costata (Hall), Lochkovian, Lower Helderberg Group, New York, USA, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 2461, Hall Collection, x2 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1091. rhynchospirinidae (p. 1600-1601).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-718.jpg?height=1660&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoparazyga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchospirinoidea","Family":"Rhynchospirinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudoparazyga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoparazyga JOHNSON, 1970b, p. 181","Type_species":"Trematospira cooperi MERRIAM, 1940, p. 82, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Trematospira with pedicle collar present and dental plates absent, spiralia and jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1091, 2a-h. * P. cooperi (Merriam), a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 96372, X1, f-g, interior and posterior views of dorsal valve, USNM 157161, x3, h, ventral valve interior, USNM 157163, x1.5 (Johnson, 1970b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nJohnson, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1091. rhynchospirinidae (p. 1600-1601).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-718.jpg?height=1660&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trematospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchospirinoidea","Family":"Rhynchospirinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trematospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trematospira HALL, 1859a, p. 27","Type_species":"Spirifer multistriatus Hall, 1857a, p. 59, SD Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 126, validated ICZN Opinion 1900, 1998b, p. 133","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, transverse oval, costate shells, commonly with dorsal fold and ventral sulcus, costae subangular, approximately same width in medial regions as flanks, bifurcating anteriorly, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen in mesothyridid position, short dental plates may be present, greatly elevated cardinal plate deeply divided by median longitudinal groove, thick cardinal flanges projecting into pedicle cavity, small bilobate process may be developed between cardinal flanges, supported by short median septum extending anteriorly as low ridge, frequently obsolete, short, acute, and simple process extending horizontally backward from jugum. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian): North America.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1091, 3a-f. *T. multistriata (Hall), Lochkovian, Helderberg Group, New York, USA, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, AMNH 33375, Hall collection, x1.5 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), f, lateral view of jugum (Hall & Clarke, 1893).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nT, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nHall & Clarke, 1893","figure_index":"fig. 1091. rhynchospirinidae (p. 1600-1601).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-718.jpg?height=1660&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parazyga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchospirinoidea","Family":"Parazygidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parazyga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parazyga Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 127","Type_species":"Atrypa hirsuta Hall, 1857a, p. 168, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 995","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex, transversely oval, subcircular or elongate shells with sparse lamellose growth lines, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus commonly present, costae simple, numerous, fine, rounded at same width across shell, conjunct deltidial plates present or absent, foramen in permesothyridid position, dental plates stout, jugum as in Trematospira but with lateral branches slightly inclined anteriorly.  [Fixation of type species is usually credited to S CHUCHERT (1897, p. 301), but the \ufb01rst unequivocal designation of the type species is that of HALL and CLARKE (1894, p. 995).]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1092a-i. *P. hirsuta (HAll), Hamilton Group, New York, USA, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, I1714, Hall collection, Albany, x1.5, f, cardinalia, I1716, Hall collection, x12 (Alvarez & Brime, 2000), g, lateral view of jugum (Hall & Clarke, 1893), h, exterior with spines, USNM 497414, x9.5, i, exterior with spines, USNM 497414, x19 (Alvarez, 1999b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nAlvarez & Brime, 2000, \nHall & Clarke, 1893, \nAlvarez, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1092. parazygidae (p. 1601).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-719.jpg?height=1209&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Koninckina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Koninckinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Koninckinoidea","Family":"Koninckinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Koninckina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Koninckina MORRIS, 1847, p. 250, OD","Type_species":"MORRIS, 1847, p. 250, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Koninckina but rounded subtriangular in outline and with less curvature of ventral umbo, hinge line generally less than half maximum width, narrow, triangular interareas clearly visible in adults, small permesothyrid pedicle foramen, smooth, convex symphytium arching over small, commonly trilobed, posteromedian callosity in dorsal valve.  [Location of type specimen unknown.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Lower Jurassic","Geography":"France, Austria, Italy (Dolomites)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1093, 5a-b. K. triadica Bittner, Upper Triassic, Dolomites, dorsal, anterior view, x8.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphiclina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Koninckinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Koninckinoidea","Family":"Koninckinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Amphiclina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphiclina LAUBE, 1866, p. 28","Type_species":"Producta dubia M\u00dcNSTER, 1841, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to subtriangular in outline with prominent, acuminate umbo, small permesothyrid pedicle foramen, narrow, triangular interareas located medially between prominent dorsal and ventral palintropes, smooth, convex symphytium arching over small, commonly trilobed, posteromedian callosity in dorsal valve.  [Location of type specimen unknown.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Dolomites, Carpathians, Dinaric Alps, Balkans, Caucasus, Pamirs, Himalayas, Primor'ye region","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1093, 2a-d. A. amoena Bittner, Dolomites, Italy, a, dorsal view, \u00d7 2.4 (Brunton & MacKinnon, 1972), b-d, ventral, lateral, anterior view, \u00d7 1 (Bittner, 1890).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton & MacKinnon, 1972, \nBittner, 1890","figure_index":"fig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphiclinodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Koninckinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Koninckinoidea","Family":"Koninckinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Amphiclinodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphiclinodonta BITTNER, 1888, p. 288","Type_species":"A. liasina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, gently concavoconvex shells, outline subtriangular, with strongly acuminate ventral umbo and very narrow hinge line, very small permesothyrid pedicle foramen, very small, narrow, triangular interareas, submarginal tubercles well developed on valve interiors","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Dolomites, Carpathians, Dinaric Alps, Austria, Pamirs, Upper Triassic, Dolomites, Lower Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1093, 3a-c. *A. liasina, Liassic, Austria, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x2 (Bittner, 1888), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1093, 3d-e. A. zugmayeri Bittner, Upper Triassic, Austria, ventral valve interior, oblique view of ventral valve interior, x2 (Bittner, 1890)","Museum_or_author_information":"Bittner, 1888, \nBittner, 1890","figure_index":"fig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).\nfig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carinokoninckina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Koninckinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Koninckinoidea","Family":"Koninckinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Carinokoninckina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carinokoninckina JIN & FANG, 1977, p. 59","Type_species":"Koninckina expansa BITTNER, 1890, p. 132, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ctenokoninckina Xu, 1978, p. 283","Synonyms":"Ctenokoninckina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Koninckina but ventral interior bearing many (possibly pallial) ridges extending radially from ventral muscle scars.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1093,6. C. jindingensis JIN & FANG; ventral valve interior, \u00d73 (Jin & Fang, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Koninckella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Koninckinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Koninckinoidea","Family":"Koninckinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Koninckella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Koninckella M UNIER -C HALMAS , 1880, p. 280","Type_species":"Leptaena liasiana BOUCHARD in DAVIDSON & MORRIS, 1847, p. 250; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Koninckina but rounded subtriangular in outline and with less curvature of ventral umbo; hinge line generally less than half maximum width; narrow, triangular interareas clearly visible in adults; small permesothyrid pedicle foramen; smooth, convex symphytium arching over small, commonly trilobed, posteromedian callosity in dorsal valve.  [Location of type specimen unknown.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic\u2013Lower Jurassic:","Geography":"France, Austria, Italy (Dolomites)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1093, 5a\u2013b. K. triadica B ITTNER , Upper Triassic, Dolomites; dorsal, anterior view, \u00d78.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Koninckodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Koninckinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Koninckinoidea","Family":"Koninckinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Koninckodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Koninckodonta BITTNER, 1893, p. 137","Type_species":"K. fuggeri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"concavoconvex, smooth, transversely subquadrate with rounded lateral margins, hinge line generally greater than half maximum width, ventral interarea low and wide, small permesothyrid pedicle foramen, smooth convex symphytium, valve interiors strongly tuberculate around valve margins","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Austria, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1093, 4a. *K. fuggeri, dorsal interior, x2 (adapted from Bittner, 1893).,   Fig. 1093, 4b-e. K. davidsoni (EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS); b\u2013c, ventral, dorsal interior; d\u2013e, ventral, dorsal exterior, \u00d72 (Davidson & Morris, 1847).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Bittner, 1893","figure_index":"fig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).\nfig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamellokoninckina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Koninckinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Koninckinoidea","Family":"Koninckinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lamellokoninckina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamellokoninckina Jin & FANG, 1977, p. 57","Type_species":"L. heqingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"May be synonymous with Koninckina.","Synonyms":"Koninckina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar in external outline to Koninckina but bearing concentric growth lamellae, which are adorned with very fine radial striae.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1093, 7a-b. *L. heqingensis, Yunnan, dorsal valve interior, dorsal exterior showing concentric growth lamellae, x4 (Jin & Fang, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & Fang, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septamphiclina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Koninckinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Koninckinoidea","Family":"Koninckinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septamphiclina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septamphiclina Jin & FANG, 1977, p. 57","Type_species":"S. qinhaiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"May be synonymous with Amphiclinodonta","Synonyms":"Amphiclinodonta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Carinokoninckina but submarginal tubercles well developed on valve interiors","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1093, 8a-o. * S. qinhaiensis, Yunnan, a-n, transverse serial sections, x3 (adapted from Jin & Fang, 1977), o, part ventral exterior, part ventral internal mold showing multisepta (possibly pallial markings), x3 (Jin & Fang, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Jin & Fang, 1977, \nJin & Fang, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1093. koninckinidae (p. 1602-1604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-722.jpg?height=109&width=1261&top_left_y=1732&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dayia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dayioidea","Family":"Dayiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dayia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dayia DAVIDSON, 1881c, p. 291","Type_species":"Terebratula navicula J. de C. SOWERBY, 1839, p. 611, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dayia Koken, 1896, p. 240, incorrect subsequent spelling (Art. 33.3, ICZN, 1999)","Synonyms":"Dayia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, longitudinally ovate to subcircular or subpentagonal, ventri- to planoconvex, relatively thick shell, mainly posterior of ventral valve, small, hypercline beak, commissure weakly sulcate-rectimarginate, teeth small, short, solid, dental plates absent, narrow groove for small ventral adductors, ventral diductor scars wide, diverging anteriorly, dorsal valve with long, low septum to near midshell, flabellate adductor scars, spiralia with 3 to 7 whorls, jugum angular, situated anteriorly, may project posteriorly as a short stem. Distinct from Protozeuga in relatively flat dorsal valve, more complex spiralium.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed), Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed), Lower Devonian (?Lochkovian)","Geography":"Ireland, United Kingdom, Baltic Basin, Ukraine, ?western slopes Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1094, 2a-u. *D. navicula (J. de C. Sowerby), Ludlow, England, a-c, neotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, Herefordshire, GSM 103291, x2, d-o, transverse serial sections, 1.18, 1.95, 2.3, 2.51, 2.93, 3.98, 5.0, 5.91, 6.47, 7.03, 7.59, 7.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, Herefordshire, x3 (Tucker, 1968), p-q, ventral and lateral views showing reconstructed spiralium and jugum, x3 (new), r-t, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, Shropshire, x2.3, u, view of specimen with most of its dorsal valve broken to show jugum and spiralium, Shropshire, x3 (Glass in Davidson, 1882).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nTucker, 1968, \nGlass in Davidson, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1094. dayiidae (p. 1605).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-725.jpg?height=1207&width=1296&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protozeuga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dayioidea","Family":"Dayiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protozeuga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protozeuga Twenhofel in SAVAGE, 1913a, p. 51","Type_species":"Waldheimia ? mawei DAVIDSON, 1881b, p. 145, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small shell (less than 3 to 4 mm wide), weakly ventribiconvex to planoconvex, sulcate commissure with small fold in sulcus to produce plicosulcate condition, teeth minute, solid, crura medial to slightly laterally directed, spiralia of fewer than 2 whorls, jugum simple, medial, apex slightly posteriorly directed. Distinguished from derived Dayia by its very small shell, weakly plicosulcate commissure, small spiralia with few whorls, smaller jugum.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Llandovery, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (?Llandovery, Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Llandovery, Wenlock)","Geography":"United Kingdom, Baltic Basin","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1094, 1a-g. *P. mawei (Davidson), Wenlock, Shropshire, United Kingdom, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, e, anterior view showing plicosulcate anterior commissure, \u00d77.5 (Davidson, 1881b), f-g, ventral and lateral views of reconstructed spiralium and jugum, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Davidson, 1881","figure_index":"fig. 1094. dayiidae (p. 1605).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-725.jpg?height=1207&width=1296&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anoplotheca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Anaplothecinae","Genus":"Anoplotheca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anoplotheca SANDBERGER, 1855, p. 5","Type_species":"Terebratula venusta Schnur, 1853, p. 180, OD, =Productus lamellosus Sandberger & SANDBERGER, 1856 in 1849-1856, p. 351","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hoplotheca Bigsby, 1878, p. 36, obj.","Synonyms":"Hoplotheca","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, planoconvex to weakly ventribiconvex shells, with lenticular outline, ribs clearly present apically, shell commonly smooth anteriorly, about midventral valve a median rib starts, reaching anterior commissure, ventral valve with long thin septum dividing muscle field, dorsal muscle field strongly impressed, cardinal process prominent, bilobed, spiralia ventrally slightly laterally directed, 6 to 8 whorls, structure of jugum unknown. Differs from Bifida in larger size, less carinate shell, with weaker ribs.  [This genus requires revision.]\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Germany (Eifel region), France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1095a-c. *A. venusta (Schnur), Eifel, a-b, dorsal and ventral views, x1.5 (Hall & Clarke, 1895), c, mold of interior of ventral valve, USNM 140384, x2 (Boucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964)., Fig. 1095d-e. A. sp., upper Emsian, Germany, dorsal and ventral views of internal mold, USNM 140383, \u00d73 (Boucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHall & Clarke, 1895, \nBoucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964, \nBoucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1095. anoplothecidae (p. 1607).\nfig. 1095. anoplothecidae (p. 1607).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-726.jpg?height=685&width=639&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=849)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-726.jpg?height=685&width=639&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=849)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bifida":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Anaplothecinae","Genus":"Bifida","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bifida Davidson, 1882, p. 27","Type_species":"Terebratula lepida d'Archiac & de VERNEULE, 1842, p. 368, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dahlispira Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1998, p. 119 (type, Anoplotheca (Bifida) dahlia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956, p. 590)","Synonyms":"Dahlispira","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small ventribiconvex shells, commonly with carinate ventral midrib pair, concentric growth lamellae, distinct, rhythmic, commonly developed as bushy, spinose external layer covering shell, commissure rectimarginate or weakly sulcate, short, small, solid teeth with inner notch for dorsal socket plates, strong ventral median septum, thick cardinal plate with weak cardinal process, crura medial, with high angles at junction with spiralia, spiralia grooved, with 3 to 7 whorls, jugal saddle resting on high dorsal septum, slightly projected as abortive accessory lamellae. Similarly grooved spiralia as in Navispira and Coelospira, but differing externally in small shell, very enlarged ventral midrib pair, differs from Anoplotheca mainly in smaller size, distinct concentric growth lamellae, and bushy spinose fibers.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"Eurasia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1096, 1 a-p. * B. lepida (d'Archiac & de Verneuil)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1096. anoplothecidae (p. 1607-1609).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-727.jpg?height=180&width=1271&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Butkovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Anaplothecinae","Genus":"Butkovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Butkovia BARANOV, 1987, p. 113","Type_species":"B. eximia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, ventribiconvex to planoconvex shells, smooth except for strong ventral midrib pair and small rib in sulcus, thick shelled, small, protruding umbo, possibly lacking deltidial plates, sulcate to plicosulcate commissure, cardinalium massive, high dorsal septum strong, brachidia unknown. Similar to Bifida, Anoplotheca, and Coelospirina but lateral ribs and concentric ornamentation weakly developed or absent.  [Interior poorly known, spiralia and jugum unknown, requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia (Chilmaga Range, Kolyma)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1096, 2a-d. * B. eximia, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, YaTGU 120\/40, \u00d75 (Baranov, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1096. anoplothecidae (p. 1607-1609).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-727.jpg?height=180&width=1271&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dnestrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Anaplothecinae","Genus":"Dnestrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dnestrina Nikiforova & MODZALEVSKAYA, 1968, p. 206","Type_species":"D. gutta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute to small, concavoconvex to planoconvex, longitudinally ovate to subpentagonal shells covered by numerous, lamellose growth lines, ribs absent, dorsal sulcus shallow, originating in umbo, ventral median fold high but poorly defined laterally, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly sulcate, ventral interior relatively short, prominent, bulbous, widening anteriorly, ventral median septum dividing small muscle fields, pressed against similar median septum on dorsal valve that thickens medially, bifurcating slightly and sharply reduced anteriorly, cardinal process small, marginal borders present, spiralium and jugum unknown. Differs from Anoplotheca and Bifida in lacking ribs, and in prominent concentric growth lamellae.  [Needs revision. When erected, this genus was included in the Atrypidae.]","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Podolia, Moldavia, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1096, 3a-r. *D. gutta, Moldavia, ad, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, CNIGR 1\/9543, \u00d73 (Nikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), e, dorsal view showing pedicle foramen and lamellose growth lines, x5.2 (new, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), f, dorsal interior, x4, g, ventral interior, x6, h, ventral interior showing median septum and well-developed marginal borders, x6, i-j, dorsal and ventral internal molds, x4 (Nikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968, photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya), k-r, transverse serial sections, 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, 3.1, 4.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, x5 (adapted from Nikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCNIGR, \nNikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968, \nNikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968, \nadapted from Nikiforova & Modzalevskaya, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1096. anoplothecidae (p. 1607-1609).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-727.jpg?height=180&width=1271&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coelospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Coelospirinae","Genus":"Coelospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coelospira HALL, 1863b, p. 60","Type_species":"Leptocoelia concava HALL, 1857a, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex to planoconvex, longitudinally to transversely ovate shells with evenly convex profile, surface with numerous, relatively fine ribs, commonly median ventral ribs tending to be smaller than laterals, poorly developed growth lines commonly occurring at irregular intervals, few growth lamellae may develop anteriorly, anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly sulcate, ventral diductor scars long, large, elliptical, broadening anteriorly, commonly divided by thin, bladelike median septum, platform elevating ventral muscle attachment area poorly developed or absent, cavity anterior to adductor scars much shallower than in Navispira, short, solid teeth, dental sockets well developed, inner socket ridges broadly divergent, may extend anterolaterally parallel to internal dorsal valve margin, cardinal process commonly bilobate to trilobate, a broad and posteriorly thick crest commonly dividing small, posterior, adductor scars, quickly narrowing anteriorly, separating broad triangular anterior adductor scars. Differs from Navispira in lack of prominent, carinate ventral midrib pair.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"North America, Venezuela, Argentina, Turkey, northern China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1097, 4a-d. * C. concava (Hall), Lochkovian, Albany County, New York, USA, a, lectotype, ventral view, AMNH 28456, b, ventral view, AMNH 28461, c, dorsal view, AMNH 28457, d, ventral valve internal mold, Gasp\u00e9, Lochkovian, USNM 156281, \u00d73 (Boucot & Johnson, 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nUSNM, \nBoucot & Johnson, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1097. anoplothecidae (p. 1609-1612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-729.jpg?height=1747&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coelospirina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Coelospirinae","Genus":"Coelospirina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coelospirina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 586","Type_species":"C. modica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shells resembling Coelospira with few irregularly spaced, anteriorly concentrated growth lamellae, stronger and sharply edged plications, cardinal Similar to Coelospira, but smaller, longitudinally ovate, with strong ventral midrib pair, producing carination, separated by smaller central rib, ventral diductor scars relatively narrow and small, separated by short, stout median septum commonly thickening anteriorly, ventral muscle attachment area elevated on platform of thickened shell material, thinning abruptly at its anterior margin to produce conspicuous cavity, dorsal interior similar to Coelospira, but with cardinal process smaller and knoblike or absent.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock, lower Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Wenlock, lower Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Venezuela, Bolivia, Gotland, Kazakhstan, Ludlow, North America, Lochkovian, Australia, Emsian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1097, 1a\u2013g. *C. modica, Zlichov Limestone, PrahaHlubocepy, Czech Republic; a\u2013e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, USNM 140379; f, dorsal valve interior, USNM 140380; g, ventral valve interior, USNM 140379, \u00d73 (Boucot, Johnson, & Staton, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1097. anoplothecidae (p. 1609-1612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-729.jpg?height=1747&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Navispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Coelospirinae","Genus":"Navispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Navispira AMSDEN, 1983b, p. 1253","Type_species":"Anoplotheca (Coelospira) saffordi FOERSTE, 1903, p. 709, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Coelospira, but smaller, longitudinally ovate, with strong ventral midrib pair, producing carination, separated by smaller central rib, ventral diductor scars relatively narrow and small, separated by short, stout median septum commonly thickening anteriorly, ventral muscle attachment area elevated on platform of thickened shell material, thinning abruptly at its anterior margin to produce conspicuous cavity, dorsal interior similar to Coelospira, but with cardinal process smaller and knoblike or absent","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Wenlock, lower Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Wenlock, lower Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Venezuela, Bolivia, Gotland, Kazakhstan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1097, 2a-d. *N. saffordi (Foerste), Ludlow, Perrysville Quadrangle, Tennessee, a-b, dorsal and ventral views, USNM 339088, c, posterior view, USNM 339091, d, interior of ventral valve, USNM 339090, x4 (Amsden, 1983b)., \u2014 Fig. 1097, 2e. N. virginia (Amsden), Ludlow, Jeannette Quadrangle, Tennessee, interior of dorsal valve, USNM 339093, x4 (Amsden, 1983b)., \u2014 Fig. 1097, 2f-g. N. kennethensis (Boucot & Johnson), Ludlow, Logansport, Indiana, f, dorsal valve interior, USNM 156318, x4, g, ventral, slightly lateral, view of brachiojugal structures, USNM 156320, x10 (Boucot & Johnson, 1967b)., \u2014 Fig. 1097, 2b-i. N. dayi Chatterton, Emsian, New South Wales, Australia, ventral and dorsal views of reconstructed brachiojugal structures, approximately x10 (Campbell & Chatterton, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nAmsden, 1983, \nAmsden, 1983, \nBoucot & Johnson, 1967, \nCampbell & Chatterton, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1097. anoplothecidae (p. 1609-1612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-729.jpg?height=1747&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kayseria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Kayseriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kayseria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kayseria DAVIDSON, 1882, p. 21","Type_species":"Orthis lens PHILLIPS, 1841, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, rather flat, subcircular to subpentagonal or elongate oval shell, tiny, slightly curved, ventral beak, minute foramen, 2 thick ribs may define sulcus laterally on both valves, rare growth lamellae projecting outwardly, ragged-edged cardinal process internally","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1098, 2a-c. * K. lens (Phillips), upper Eifelian, Devon, England, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, GSM 50872, x2 (Copper, 1973b), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1098, 2d-f. K. nohnensis Copper, lower Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, BMNH BB 58563, x2 (Copper, 1973b), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1098, 2g-q. K. dividua (Schnur), lower Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, g-h, dorsal and ventral views, BMNH BB 59010, \u00d72 (Copper, 1973b), i-p, transverse serial sections, 0.9, 1.2, 1.9, 2.6, 3.1, 3.6, 4.2, 4.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, BMNH BB 59010, x5 (adapted from Copper, 1973b), q, ventral view of dorsal interior showing reconstructed spiralium and jugum, BMNH BB 59010, x5 (Copper, 1973b)","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nGSM, \nCopper, 1973, \nCopper, 1973, \nCopper, 1973, \nadapted from Copper, 1973, \nCopper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1098. kayseriidae (p. 1612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-730.jpg?height=1745&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anoplothecoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neocoelia MCKELLAR, 1966, p. 2","Type_species":"N. boucoti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with very numerous, fine, low ribs, most of which bifurcate, ventral muscle field poorly defined with a short, low septum, teeth solid, lacking dental cavities, cardinal process small, bilobate, dorsal median septum high, extending to midline, spiralium and jugum unknown.  [Poorly represented and known, requires revision. When erected, Neocoelia was regarded as a close relative to Anoplothera and Kayseria, with its shape suggesting closer affinity to the former. In the absence of revision of this genus, Alvarez prefers to regard it tentatively as belonging to the Anoplothecidae, while Copper suggests a closer relationship with Kayseria, of which Neocoelia seems to be an early relative.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (?Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Australia (Queensland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1098, 1a-f. * N. boucoti, a-b, holotype, external mold of dorsal valve and rubber mold, GSQ F3696, c, holotype, rubber mold of dorsal interior, GSQ F3696, d, rubber mold of dorsal valve exterior, GSQ F9537, e, rubber mold of incomplete ventral valve exterior, GSQ F3695, f, rubber mold of dorsal interior, GSQ F3689, \u00d72 (McKellar, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"McKellar, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1098. kayseriidae (p. 1612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-730.jpg?height=1745&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uncites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Uncites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uncites Defrance in de BLAINVILLE, 1825, p. 630","Type_species":"Terebratulites Gryphus sic von Schlotheim, 1820 in 1820-1823, p. 259, OD, =Uncites gryphoides DEFRANCE, 1827, p. 152","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Evenly ribbed, biconvex, generally elongate, highly variable, asymmetrical shells, shell wall thick, massive, very large, talonlike, protruding, pointed, ventral beak, concentric growth lines present, irregularly spaced, flanks lateral to delthyrium, smooth, foramen absent, but some shells possessing koskinoid perforations, large delthyrium occupied by single, concave deltidium, rarely with medial separation into separate plates, teeth solid, lacking dental plates or cavities, no clear median septa evident in either valve, muscle impressions weak, massive cardinalium, spiralia lateral to ventrolateral, with 6 or more whorls, simple, arched jugum pointed posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Eurasia, western Europe, China, Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1099,1a\u2013f. *U. (U.) gryphus (VON SCHLOTHEIM ), Germany; a\u2013c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views; d, dorsal view, \u00d71; e\u2013f, interiors of dorsal, ventral valves (Jux & Strauch, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"U. (Uncites)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"U. (Uncites)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"U. (Uncites) Defrance in de BLAINVILLE, 1825, p. 630","Type_species":"Terebratulites Gryphus sic von Schlotheim, 1820 in 1820-1823, p. 259, OD, =Uncites gryphoides DEFRANCE, 1827, p. 152","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Beak with narrow smooth \ufb02anks; large, triangular, concave deltidium; hinge plate short, in comparison with long, \ufb02at outer hinge plates, short, laterally divergent crura; 6 or more lateroventral spiral whorls; simple wide jugum. Distinct from Winterfeldia in lacking brood pouches and possessing broad cardinal plate, widely diverging crura, wide jugum.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Eurasia, China, ? North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1099,1a\u2013f. *U. (U.) gryphus (VON SCHLOTHEIM ), Germany; a\u2013c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views; d, dorsal view, \u00d71; e\u2013f, interiors of dorsal, ventral valves (Jux & Strauch, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"U. (Winterfeldia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"U. (Winterfeldia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"U. (Winterfeldia) SPRIESTERSBACH, 1942, p. 197","Type_species":"U. paulinae WINTERFELD, 1895, p. 658, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Generally smaller than Uncites, and distinguished by presence of brood pouches (parathyridia), W-shaped cardinal margin, narrow cardinal plate with thick process on top, medial and subparallel crura, narrow jugum, widely spaced spiralial whorls.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1099, 2a-g. *U. (W.) paulinae Winterfeld, upper Givetian, Germany, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, e, interior view of brood pouches, x1, f-g, interiors of dorsal, ventral valves (Jux & Strauch, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jux & Strauch, 1966","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Weibeia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order, Suborder and Family uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Weibeia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Weibeia FU, 1982, p. 171","Type_species":"W. spiriferoides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small shell, subequally biconvex, subpentagonal, with growth lines, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus slightly developed only anteriorly, interior poorly known, dental plates and crural plates high and parallel, spiralia and jugum unknown. Poorly known, needs revision.  [When erected, this genus was included in the Athyrididina, Meristellidae.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","Geography":"northern China (Dongzhuang, Liquan, Shaanxi Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1100a-e. *W. spiriferoides, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x3 (Fu, 1982, photographs courtesy of Fu Li-pu).","Museum_or_author_information":"Fu, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1100. uncertain (p. 1614).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-733.jpg?height=494&width=1270&top_left_y=1690&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":454.11,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Obolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obolus labradoricus BILLINGS, 1861a, p. 6","Type_species":"Obolus labradoricus BILLINGS, 1861a, p. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate to subquadrate, ventribiconvex, hinge line nearly straight, ventral pseudointerarea variably defined, high, apsacline or catacline, homeodeltidium unknown, dorsal pseudointerarea low, ?catacline, homeochilidium unknown, ornament of irregular, fine, concentric fila, commonly broken by nick points into sets of drapes. Upper Lower Cambrian-Middle Cambrian: England, France, Spain, USA, Canada (Newfoundland), upper Lower Cambrian, Siberia, Middle Cambrian.","Beginning_age":"Middle  Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Wuliuan","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian\u2013Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Russia (Ingria), Estonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 13,1a\u2013d. *O. apollinis VON E ICHWALD , Tosna Formation, Cordylodus proavus Biozone, Lava River, Ingria; a, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR 5\/12348, \u00d73.3; b, ventral valve interior, TAGI BR 1703, \u00d73.3; c, dorsal valve exterior, CNIGR 8\/12348, \u00d7 3.3 (Popov & others, 1989); d, dorsal valve interior, TAGI BR 1706, \u00d73.3 (Kaljo & others, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC","figure_index":"fig. 13. obolidae (p. 40-43).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-073.jpg?height=1666&width=1288&top_left_y=145&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":509,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ottenbyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ottenbyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ottenbyella Popov & HOLMER, 1994, p. 114","Type_species":"Acrotreta carinata Moberg & SEGERBERG, 1906, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve highly conical with maximum height at beak, ventral pseudointerarea invariably procline, with distinct interridge, external pedicle","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc)","Geography":"Sweden, Norway","Figure_captions":"Fig. 60,2a\u2013g. *O. carinata (MOBERG & SEGERBERG, 1906); a\u2013c, Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5sholmen Limestone, Oslo region,Norway, RMS Br 135908; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d746.7; b, lateral view, \u00d7 50; c, lateral view of the larval shell, \u00d7188; d, ventral valve, posterior view, Ottenby, Sweden, LO 6561t, \u00d714.2; e, dorsal valve exterior, Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5sholmen Limestone, Oslo region, Norway, RMS Br 135905, \u00d7 24.2; f, dorsal valve interior, Ottenby, Sweden, LO 6559t, \u00d7 26.7; g, dorsal valve interior, Bj\u00f8rk\u00e5sholmen Limestone, Oslo region, Norway, RMS 135899, \u00d722.5 (Popov & Holmer, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 60. acrotretidae (p. 115-118).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-147.jpg?height=1715&width=1282&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":481.96,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Opsiconidion":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Biernatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Opsiconidion","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Opsiconidion LUDVIGSEN, 1974, p. 143","Type_species":"O. arcticon, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Caenotreta Cocks, 1979, p. 94 (type, Caenotreta aldridgei","Synonyms":"Caenotreta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Biernatia but dorsal median septum with rodlike projection or flat surmounting plate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"?Upper Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)-Middle Devonian, ?Upper Devonian","Geography":"Estonia, Ashgill-Wenlock; England, Llandovery; Bohemia, Llandovery-Lochkovian; Sweden, Llandovery-Wenlock; Poland, Wenlock, Russia (Novaya Zemlya), Lower Devonian; USA (Alaska), Canada (Yukon Territory, Ontario), Australia (Victoria, New South Wales), Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian; Germany, Austria, Lower Devonian, ?Upper Devonian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 71,2a\u2013g. *O.arcticon, Canada; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d773.3; b, detail of dorsal larval shell, ROM 37373, \u00d7271; c, dorsal valve interior, ROM 37376, \u00d764.2; d, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 65; e, detail of larval pitted microornamentation, ROM 37377, \u00d7933; f, detail of ventral larval shell, Onondaga Formation, Middle Devonian, Ontario, ROM 37378, \u00d7210; g, ventral valve exterior, Michelle Formation, lower Emsian, Yukon Territory, ROM 37381, \u00d755.8 (von Bitter & Ludvigsen, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 71. biernatidae (p. 131-132).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-161.jpg?height=1366&width=1271&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acanthocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthocrania WILLIAMS, 1943, p. 71","Type_species":"Crania spiculata ROWLEY, 1908, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve convex to subconical, ornament of fine papillae disposed concentrically with coarser, hollow spines, beak excentric, posterior face normally steep, anterior adductor scars generally larger than posterior pair, muscle field bisected by weak myophragm, valve margin not thickened, limbus developed rarely, encrusting, ventral valve unknown","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc upper Champlainian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Champlainian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc [upper Champlainian])\u2013Lower Carboniferou","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 97,1a\u2013c. A. spinosa RODRIGUEZ & GUTSCHICK, Sappington Formation, unit E (lower Mississippian), Antelope Valley, western Montana; a,b, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, lateral, UND 352, \u00d73; c, paratype, dorsal valve exterior, UND 353, \u00d7 3 (Rodriguez & Gutschick, 1967).\u2014\u2014Fig. 97,1d\u2013g. A. papillifera (ROEMER), Ashgill, near Llanfyllin, North Wales; d\u2013f, latex cast of dorsal valve exterior, internal mold, lateral, \u00d73; g, detail of ornamentation on anterolateral surface, BMNH BB34089, \u00d75 (Wright, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rodriguez & Gutschick, 1967, \nWright, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 97. craniidae (p. 171-172).\nfig. 97. craniidae (p. 171-172).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-203.jpg?height=1601&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-203.jpg?height=1601&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":461.55,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ingria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Plectambonitinae","Genus":"Ingria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ingria \u00d6 PIK , 1930, p. 57","Type_species":"Orthisina nefedyevi VON EICHWALD, 1855, pl. 36, \ufb01g. 13; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Palinorthis ULRICH & COOPER, 1936b, p. 625 (type, P. cloudi; OD)","Synonyms":"Palinorthis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Flat to gently resupinate pro\ufb01le; unequally parvicostellate ornament; narrow chilidium, pseudodeltidium not \ufb01lling delthyrium; denticles over half valve width; dental plates present with short straight or slightly curved ventral muscle-bounding ridges laterally only; muscle \ufb01eld poorly impressed anteriorly; socket plates short, ridgelike, widely divergent, subparallel with hinge line; complex side septa similar to Plectambonites; weak dorsal platform present.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Baltic, North America, Tuva, northern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 198, a\u2013d. *I. nefedyevi ( VON E ICHWALD ); a,b, ventral, dorsal views of conjoined valves, Volkhov Horizon, upper Arenig, Obukova Village, St. Petersburg, Russia, BMNH BC 12876, \u00d72; c, ventral interior, Jagala-Joa, Estonia, \u00d72.5; d, dorsal interior, Kunda Stage, upper Arenig, Ingria, Russia, TAGI BR 314, \u00d7 4 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig . 198, e,f. I. cloudi, Orthidiella Zone, lower Llanvirn, Frenchman\u2019s Flat, Nevada; e, ventral interior, BMNH BC 10310, \u00d72; f, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 10306, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"K. (Trimurellina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Hesperomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"K. (Trimurellina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"K. (Trimurellina) M ITCHELL , 1977, p. 74","Type_species":"T. superba; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavoconvex pro\ufb01le; semicircular outline; similar to K. (Kassinella) but with dorsal valve median septum extending anteriorly of platform (but not of peripheral rim).","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Ireland, Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 223, 2a\u2013d. *K. (T.) superba, Killey Bridge Formation, middle Ashgill, Pomeroy, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland; a, dorsal external latex, GSM GU 1112, \u00d715; b, ventral internal mold, GSM GU 1113, \u00d7 15; c, dorsal internal mold, GSM GU 1124, \u00d715; d, holotype, dorsal internal latex, GSM GU 1109, \u00d715 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chonetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Chonetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chonetina KROTOW , 1888, p. 500, nom. nov. pro Chonetella KROTOW , 1885, p. 274, 309, non WAAGEN, 1884, p. 613, obj.","Type_species":"Chonetella artiensis K ROTOW , 1885, p. 275; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, highly concavoconvex with dorsal median fold, deep ventral sulcus; shell smooth with growth lines; spines developed; dorsal valve interior with several platelike septa formed from fused papillae; no median septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)","First_Occurrence":"Stephanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian)-Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 249, 3a\u2013c. *C. artiensis (KROTOW), Russia, Urals; ventral valve, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 3 (Krotow, 1885).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 249. anopliidae (p. 382-385).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-413.jpg?height=1814&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cathaysia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Cathaysia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cathaysia Ching in Wang, Ching, & FANG, 1966, p. 327","Type_species":"Productus chonetoides CHAO, 1927b, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with transverse to quadrate outline, concavoconvex profile, ears distinct, sulcus shallow or absent, ribbing branched, rugae on ears, near hinge only, single large spine on each ear, one or two on each side of trail, ventral muscle scars smooth with slightly excavated adductor scars, prostrate endospines, dorsal interior with numerous endospines","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic (?lower Scythian)","Last_Occurrence":"Induan","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Changhsingian), Lower Triassic (?lower Scythian)","Geography":"southern China, Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig . 282,1a\u2013d. *C. chonetoides (CHAO), Permian Coal Series, Jiangsu Province; a,b, ventral views of two incomplete specimens, Changhsingian, Zhejiang Province, \u00d7 1 (new); c, replica of dorsal valve interior, Fujian Province, \u00d72; d, ventral valve exterior, \u00d72 (Xu & Grant, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Grant, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 282. productellidae (p. 429-432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-463.jpg?height=1530&width=1288&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":249.88,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugivestis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Rugivestis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugivestis Muir-Wood & COOPER, 1960, p. 235","Type_species":"Proboscidella carinata Muir-Wood & Cooper in COOPER, 1957, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, trigonal outline with trail folded into broad nasute extension, short flanges at start of trail continuous with ears, disks concavoconvex, reticulate, ribbing well developed on trails, spines few, symmetrically placed, marginal ridges in both valves","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (?Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Artinskian, ?Kungurian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 282, 5a-c. *R. carinata (Muir-Wood & Cooper), Permian, Coyote Butte Formation, Oregon, a, holotype, viewed ventrally, USNM 124156a, X1, b, c, holotype, viewed anteriorly, laterally, USNM 124156a, X2 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 282, 5d. R. kutorgae (Tschernyschew), Lower Permian, Schwagerina Limestone, southern Ural Mountains, ventral view, X1 (MuirWood & Cooper, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960, \nMuirWood & Cooper, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 282. productellidae (p. 429-432).\nfig. 282. productellidae (p. 429-432).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-463.jpg?height=1530&width=1288&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-463.jpg?height=1530&width=1288&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Selloproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Selloproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Selloproductus TERMIER & others, 1974, p. 143","Type_species":"S. sellatus; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Possibly a synonym of Linoproductus.","Synonyms":"Linoproductus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Poorly known elongate taxon with no information on characters of importance.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"No image of genus provided.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Semiplanus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Semiplanini)","Genus":"Semiplanus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Semiplanus Sarytcheva in Sarytcheva & SOKOLSKAYA, 1952, p. 119","Type_species":"Productus semiplanus Schwetsov, 1922, p. 10; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Semiplanus, but lacking dorsal spines and with somewhat thicker ventral spines, ribbing, cardinal process trifid with short middle lobe. Lower Carboniferous (Brigantian-lower Serpukhovian): Eurasia, northern, Resembles Semiplanus, but with thick-shelled valves and sessile cardinal process with strong but short median lobe, cardinal ridges obscure, spines fine, more common ventrally, brachial ridges well defined. Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an): western Europe, ?central Asia, ?northern Africa.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 392, 1a\u2013d. *S. semiplanus (SCHWETSOV), Asbian, Isle of Anglesey, north Wales; a, dorsal valve interior viewed posteriorly, \u00d71.5 (Sarytcheva & Legrand-Blain, 1977); b,c, ventral valve exterior viewed anteroventrally, posteroventrally, \u00d7 1; d, detail of ear showing ornament, spine bases, \u00d73 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 392,1e. Semiplanus sp., Derbyshire; ventral valve exterior showing spine bases, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 392. monticuliferidae (p. 556-559).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-589.jpg?height=1815&width=1280&top_left_y=156&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hontorialosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Hontorialosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hontorialosia MART\u00cdNEZ CHAC\u00d3N, 1979, p. 119","Type_species":"*H. uniplicata; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, up to 10 mm wide; narrow ventral interarea; outline anteriorly emarginate, with ventral sulcus, dorsal fold; rugae weak posteriorly, somewhat lamellose anteriorly; spines relatively \ufb01ne, bidirectional ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","Geography":"southwestern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 406, 2ad. *H. uniplicata, upper Moscovian, Bolsovian, northern Spain; a, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, DPO 8763, \u00d73.5; b, ventral valve viewed ventrally, \u00d73.5; c,d, ventral valve viewed laterally, posteriorly, \u00d73 (Mart\u00ednez Chac\u00f3n, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 406. strophalosiidae (p. 572-574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-605.jpg?height=1330&width=1267&top_left_y=468&top_left_x=177)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":309.78,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taeniothaerus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Agelesiinae","Genus":"Taeniothaerus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taeniothaerus WHITEHOUSE, 1928, p. 281","Type_species":"P. subquadratus Morris in STREZELECKI, 1845, p. 284, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, relatively thick-shelled, sulcate ventral valve with irregular concentric bands of coarse, elongate spine bases and relatively thick spines interspersed with fewer finer spines anteriorly, plus stronger posterolateral spines, dorsal valve with concentric coarse dimples and few spines, dorsal adductor scars posteriorly bordered by ridges extending from the cardinal process shaft.    [The erection of Carilya results in the need for a redefinition of this genus.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1778 a-d. * T. subquadratus (Morris), a-b, lectotype, partly exfoliated ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally and laterally, near Hobart, Tasmania, BMNH B91171, x1 (new), c, dorsal valve interior with exposed external mold anteriorly showing positions of spine bases, Berriedale Limestone, near Granton, Tasmania, x0.8, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, Counsel Creek Formation, Maria Island, Tasmania, \u00d7 1 (Parfrey, 1983). \u2014\u2014Fig. 1779 a\u2013b. * T. subquadratus ( Morris); a, ventral valve exterior showing finer spines anteriorly, Enstone Park Limestone, Elephant Pass, Tasmania, \u00d70.6 (Parfrey, 1983); b, replica of ventral valve exterior, Tiverton Formation, \u00d7 1 (Waterhouse, Briggs, & Parfrey, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1778. aulostegidae (p. 2670).","figure_link":"NEED FIG. 1779 ALSO\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-403.jpg?height=1786&width=1276&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoschuchertella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Areostrophiidae","Subfamily":"Adectorhynchinae","Genus":"Eoschuchertella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoschuchertella GRATSIANOVA, 1974, p. 83","Type_species":"E. popovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Floweria but strongly ventribiconvex, finely costellate by bifurcation with concentric fila in interspaces, socket ridges divergent at about 100\u00b0, tips extending ventrolaterally, muscle scars ill defined with occasional weak dorsal myophragm","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Russia (Gorno-Altai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 491, 3a-e. *E. popovi, upper Emsian, Gorno-Altai, southwestern Siberia, a-c, holotype, cast of ventral valve, interarea, dorsal valve, x2, d, mold of concentric growth lines in intercostal spaces, X, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1.5 (Gratsianova, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gratsianova, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 491. areostrophiidae (p. 680-681).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-711.jpg?height=1519&width=1289&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Martellia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Martellia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Martellia WIRTH, 1936, p. 300","Type_species":"Orthisina giraldii MARTELLI, 1901, p. 305, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to ventribiconvex, median ridge extending in front of ventral muscle field, chilidium and cardinal process present, strong dorsal median septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"central and southwestern China, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 511, 1a-c. M. ichangensis Wang, upper Arenig, Hubei, China, a, b, exterior, interior views of dorsal valve, X3, c, ventral valve interior, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 511. polytoechiidae (p. 708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-738.jpg?height=1720&width=1284&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthostrophia HALL, 1883, pl. 36, fig. 32-34","Type_species":"Orthis strophomenoides HALL, 1857, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized to large, dorsibiconvex to resupinate, unisulcate, ramicostellate, ventral muscle scar subtriangular with broadly triangular, undifferentiated adductor track, cardinal process ridgelike, occasionally flanked by pair of low notothyrial ridges, mantle canal systems of both valves normally impressed, saccate with ventral vascula media curving posterolaterally toward posterior part of valve and branching repeatedly toward anterior margin.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Pr\u00eddoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Pr\u00eddoli)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"North America, Bohemia, Australia, South America (Argentina), northern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 524, 2a-c. *O. strophomenoides (Hall) Lochkovian, a, rubber replica of dorsal interior, New York, X2, b, c, ventral, dorsal exteriors, Tennessee, X1 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 524, 2d. O. sp. aff. O. strophomenoides, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Oklahoma, internal mold of ventral valve, X1.5 (Schuchert & Cooper, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schuchert & Cooper, 1932, \nSchuchert & Cooper, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 524. orthidae (p. 724-727).\nfig. 524. orthidae (p. 724-727).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-758.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-758.jpg?height=1882&width=1291&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=172)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Molongella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Resserellinae","Genus":"Molongella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Molongella Savage, 1974, p. 13, Bouskia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 233","Type_species":"M. talenti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bouskia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1975, p. 233","Synonyms":"Bouskia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely semioval, small, ventribiconvex, sharply unisulcate, coarsely costellate valves, ventral interior with divergent dental plates and bilobed muscle scar on callus","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 577, 1a-c. *M. talenti, Pragian, Australia, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X5, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X5, c, rubber replica of ventral exterior, x5 (Savage, 1974). Fig. 577, 1d-g. M. lineata (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Lochkovian, Bohemia, d, ventral exterior, x7.1, e, dorsal exterior, x6 . 8, f, ventral interior, x6, g, dorsal interior, X. 6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage, 1974, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 577. dalmanellidae (p. 795-798).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-829.jpg?height=1638&width=1289&top_left_y=139&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jolvia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Pentameridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pentameroidea","Family":"Pentameridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Jolvia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jolvia SAPELNIKOV, 1960b, p. 56","Type_species":"J. multiplexa SAPELNIKOV, 1960b, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Low, broad costae variably present, long median septum, ventribiconvex, variably developed ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, massive cardinal process commonly developed","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Wenlock)","Geography":"eastern slope Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 653, 1a-i. * J. multiplexa, basal Wenlock, Novo-Lialinsk region, a-c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views, x1, d-i, serial sections, x0.875 (Sapelnikov, 1960b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sapelnikov, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 653. pentameridae (p. 975-976).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-093.jpg?height=1893&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":430.62,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Astutorhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Camarotoechiidae","Subfamily":"Linguopugnoidinae","Genus":"Astutorhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Astutorhyncha HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1961, p. 105","Type_species":"Rhynchonella proserpina BARRANDE, 1847, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline, strongly biconvex profile, anteriorly inflated, sides and anterior nearly vertical. Beak incurved. Fold and sulcus strong, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, subrectangular, serrate. Costae strong, simple, subangular, arising just anterior of umbones, present in sulcus and on fold and flanks. Dental plates short, subvertical, ventral muscle field weakly impressed. Dorsal median septum slender, low, supporting short septalium, hinge plates dividing anterior of septalium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia, central Asia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 770, 2a-j. *A. proserpina (Barrande), upper Emsian, Suchomasty Limestone, Koneprusy, Bohemia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1.5, f-j, serial sections 19.4, 19.3, 18.8, 18.7, 18.5 ~mm from anterior, x2.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 770. camarotoechiidae (p. 1132-1133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-253.jpg?height=1633&width=1293&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sagueresia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Septalariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sagueresia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sagueresia MOHANTI, 1972, p. 172","Type_species":"S. saguerana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline and biconvex, globular profile, Beak incurved, Fold and sulcus moderate, from umbones, Anterior commissure sulciplicate, Costae few, large, simple, rounded, arising at midlength, Dental plates absent or obscured by callus, Ventral muscle field well impressed, Dorsal median septum high and thin, Septalium short to absent, Hinge plates undivided, Cardinal process absent, Crura long, almost straight, closely set, laterally compressed","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 792, 3a-j. * S. saguerana, EifelianGivetian boundary, Portilla Formation, Cantabrian Mountains, Saguera, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x3, e-j, serial sections, x5.6 (Mohanti, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mohanti, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 792. septalariidae (p. 1164).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-282.jpg?height=1847&width=1297&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kwangsirhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Pugnacidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kwangsirhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kwangsirhynchus Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 38","Type_species":"K. liujingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, strongly inflated anteriorly, Beak suberect, Fold and sulcus from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate with high tongue trapezoid to acuminate, Costae subangular, simple, from beak, present on entire surface, Dental plates short, thin, vertical, Hinge plates divided, horizontal, crural plates not meeting valve floor, dorsal septum and septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"southern China, Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 797, 2a-i. * K. liujingensis, Pragian-lower Emsian, Nagaoling Formation, Guangxi, Hengxian County, Liujing, southern China, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Hou & Xian, 1975), e-i, serial sections 1.0, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 5.5 ~mm from posterior, x3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hou & Xian, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 797. pugnacidae (p. 1171-1174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-291.jpg?height=1886&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paranorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Paranorellidae","Subfamily":"Paranorellinae","Genus":"Paranorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paranorella CLOUD, 1944, p. 59","Type_species":"P. imperialis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline and ventribiconvex profile, Beak incurved, Ventral fold and dorsal sulcus weak, extending from midlength, Surface smooth, Dental plates short, ventral muscle field elliptical, with bounding ridge, Socket ridges strongly recurved, Hinge plates undivided but deeply notched, short, Crural bases stout, with keels that unite with low median septum to form narrow septalium, Dorsal muscle field elliptical, divided by median ridge","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian-Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian-Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian-Kazanian)","Geography":"Mexico, USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 816, 1a-e. *P. imperialis, Wordian, Waagenoceras Shale, southwestern Coahuila, Mexico, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, x1 (Cloud, 1944), d-e, hypotype, dorsal and anterior view, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a)., Fig. 816, 1f-g. Paranorella sp., Wordian, Word Formation, western Texas, USA, f, ventral interior, x1.5, g, dorsal interior, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1944, \nCooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 816. paranorellidae (p. 1196-1199).\nfig. 816. paranorellidae (p. 1196-1199).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-317.jpg?height=1883&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-317.jpg?height=1883&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boloria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Paranorellidae","Subfamily":"Paranorellinae","Genus":"Boloria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boloria GRUNT, 1973, p. 119","Type_species":"B. garmoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular to subpentagonal outline and ventribiconvex profile. Beak long, suberect, foramen small and circular. Ventral fold and dorsal sulcus arising at umbones, deep, wide, with gentle margins. Costae absent. Tongue pronounced, subtrapezoid. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum absent but with low, short ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 816, 2a-g. *B. garmoensis, Darvaz Stage, Mamazair, southeastern Pamir, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-g, serial sections 0.2, 0.5, 0.7 ~mm from posterior, x2.8 (Grunt, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 816. paranorellidae (p. 1196-1199).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-317.jpg?height=1883&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loborina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lambdarinoidea","Family":"Lambdarinidae","Subfamily":"Loborininae","Genus":"Loborina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loborina BALINSKI, 1982, p. 130","Type_species":"L. lobata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small with outline strongly bilobed, lobes diverging at 45 degrees, profile weakly biconvex. Bisulcate, with strong dorsal sulcus, weak ventral sulcus, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulcate. Surface smooth. Beak straight, elongate, foramen ovate, large, apical, delthyrium open. Symphytium absent. Dental plates arising from valve walls, supporting long massive teeth. Hinge plates and notothyrial platform poorly developed, sockets long, bounded by strong inner and outer socket ridges.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Fammenian)","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 839, 3a-d. *L. lobata, Cracow, a, holotype, dorsal view, b, hypotype, ventral view, approximately x15, c, interior of ventral valve posterior, d, interior of dorsal valve posterior, x50 (Balinski, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Balinski, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 839. lambdarinidae (p. 1230-1232).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-350.jpg?height=1350&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Herangirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Herangirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Herangirhynchia MACFARLAN, 1992, p. 155","Type_species":"H. herangiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subpentagonal, equibiconvex to dorsibiconvex, moderately inflated, almost subcynocephalous, dorsal valve possibly bearing faint posterior sulcation, generally with strong narrow sulcus and fold, uniplication fairly high, usually bidentate or acuminate, beak small, broad with small foramen and sharp beak ridges. Dental plates short, thick, slightly ventrally divergent, median septum long, massive, hinge plates dorsally inclined with shallow septalium, crura raduliform, transversely crenulated hinge teeth.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), ?Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)-Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), ?Middle Jurassic (?Aalenian)","Geography":"New Zealand, New Caledonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 871, 2a-j. *H. herangiensis, Toarcian, upper Ururoan, Awakino, New Zealand, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, OU NZ 16719, x2, e-j, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.4, 2.8, OU NZ 17307 (MacFarlan, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacFarlan, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 871. rhynchonellidae (p. 1280-1283).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-400.jpg?height=1858&width=1296&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gnathorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Diholkorhynchiinae","Genus":"Gnathorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gnathorhynchia Buckman, 1918, p. 29, *Rhynchonella liostraca BUCKMAN, 1886, p. 217, OD","Type_species":"Rhynchonella liostraca BUCKMAN, 1886, p. 217, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gnathorhynchia Buckman, 1914, p. 1, and 1915, p. 76, both suppressed (ICZN, 1971, Opinion 957)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Holcorhynchia but triangular to securiform in outline, depressed equibiconvex to ventribiconvex, wide and flat anteriorly, posteriorly smooth, paucicostate anteriorly, with shallow dorsal sulcus and evenly serrate anterior commissure. Dorsal median septum strong, septalium wide, crura allegedly septiform, but arcuiform rather.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian, ?Bathonian, ?Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian, ?Bathonian, ?Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian, ?Bathonian, ?Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Austria, ?Morocco, ?Algeria, USA (?California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 892, 4a-l. *G. liostraca (Buckman), Aalenian, Vilser Alps, Austria, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, x2, d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 3.1, 3.6 (new, courtesy of F. Garc\u00eda Joral).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 892. norellidae (p. 1314-1316).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-434.jpg?height=1865&width=1284&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anazyga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Anazygidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anazygoidea","Family":"Anazygidae","Subfamily":"Anazyginae","Genus":"Anazyga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anazyga DAVIDSON, 1882, p. 128","Type_species":"Atrypa recurvirostra HALL, 1847, p. 140, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hallina Winchell & Schuchert, 1892, p. 291 (type, H. saffordi, OD), Nuria Misius, 1986, p. 199 (type, N. mediasiatica, OD)","Synonyms":"Hallina, Nuria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, rounded to elongate, noncarinate; short hinge; protruding beak; small orthocline area; minute apical foramen; deltidial plates minute or lacking; ribs \ufb01ne, anteriorly slightly expanding, bifurcating-intercalating; sulcate commissure; interior thin shelled; small, medially directed teeth with minute dental cavities; small, delicate hinge plate; crura vertical; spiralia medially directed, normally fewer than 5 whorls, occupying only part of shell interior; jugum \ufb02at, dorsomedially located, near shell anterior.  [Distinguished from Zygospira by rounded-elongate shape, lack of carination, \ufb01ne ribs, short hinge, medially oriented spiralia.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (?Llandeilo, Caradoc, ?middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (?Llandeilo, Caradoc, ?middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (?Llandeilo, Caradoc, ?middle Ashgill)","Geography":"worldwide","Figure_captions":"Fig. 976, 2a-i. *A. recurvirostra (Hall), Caradoc, New York, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, x3, e-h, serial sections, x5, reconstruction of brachidium, x5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 976. anazygidae (p. 1440).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-560.jpg?height=1512&width=1282&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Davidsonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Davidsoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Davidsonioidea","Family":"Davidsoniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Davidsonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Davidsonia BOUCHARD -CHANTEREAUX , 1849, p. 92","Type_species":"D. verneuillii; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, commonly asymmetrical, wider than long, subquadrate to rounded in outline, smooth, \ufb02at to ventribiconvexplanoconvex; cemented ventral valve thick in gerontic stages, usually cemented to hard substrates from apex to commissure, rarely free; dorsal valve \ufb02at to weakly concave; enlarged, \ufb02at, normally apsacline area; pointed, triangular beak; delthyrial cavity normally completely sealed by conjunct deltidial plates (foramen, deltidium, chilidium absent); surface smooth to concentrically wrinkled; rectimarginate commissure; pedicle collar lining apical cavity; teeth solid; hinge plate short, thick, lacking cardinal pit, capped by prominent, bushy cardinal process; crura projected from inner socket ridges; spiralia, rarely preserved, impressed in grooves of raised cones on ventral valve, fewer than 6 whorls, dorsally directed; jugal processes undescribed (except as fragments).  [Distinct from other davidsoniids in \ufb01xosessile cementation of ventral valve, common asymmetry, lack of foramen.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)\u2013Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, central Asia, China, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 979,1a\u2013f. *D. verneuillii, upper Eifelian, Germany; a\u2013c, exterior dorsal view, interior ventral valve (cemented to alveolitid coral), interior dorsal valve, \u00d72 (new); df, serial sections, \u00d75 (Copper, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 979. davidsoniidae (p. 1444-1446).","figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gissarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzielloidea","Family":"Retziellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gissarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gissarina MENAKOVA & NIKIFOROVA , 1986, p. 71","Type_species":"Parazyga ? argensis NIKIFOROVA, 1949, p. 19; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Retziella but sulcus may develop in both valves; delthyrium covered by deltidial plates; septalium and median septum extremely short or absent.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"Tajikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1077, 7a\u2013s. *G. argensis (NIKIFOROVA); a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, TsNIGRA 4\/8639, \u00d72 (Nikiforova, 1949; photographs courtesy of T. L. Modzalevskaya); e\u2013j, transverse serial sections showing umbonal regions 0.2, 0.55, 0.80, 0.95, 1.00, 1.45 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to \ufb01rst section approximate, TsNIGRA 19\/6228; k\u2013q, transverse serial sections showing cardinalia and brachidium 0.6, 1.2, 1.5, 2.25, 3.50, 4.90, 5.30 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to \ufb01rst section approximate, TsNIGRA 20\/6228 (adapted r\u2013s, ventral and lateral views of reconstructed jugum (Menakova & Nikiforova, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1077. retziellidae (p. 1580-1583).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-701.jpg?height=1895&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coelospirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyridida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Anoplothecoidea","Family":"Anaplothecidae","Subfamily":"Coelospirinae","Genus":"Coelospirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coelospirella SU, 1976, p. 202","Type_species":"C. dongbeiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, plano- to concavoconvex shells, resembling Navispira but with weak ribs that do not bifurcate, internally short dental plates were reported, but additional information (provided by Su Yangzheng, 2001) confirms that dental plates are absent and that spiralium and jugum are as in Coelospira. Said to differ from Coelospira by lacking bifurcating ribs, from Bifida in convexity, from Anoplotheca by its muscle area and vascular marking, from Coelospirina by convexity, type of cardinal process, and nature of ventral muscle field.  [Poorly represented and known, requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Inner Mongolia, northern China, Kazakhstan, eastern Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1097, 3a-d. *C. dongbeiensis, Emsian, Inner Mongolia, northern China, a, dorsal view, NS12014, b, ventral view, NS12003, c, posterior view, NS12303; d, internal mold of ventral valve, NS12006, \u00d73 (Su, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1097. anoplothecidae (p. 1609-1612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-729.jpg?height=1747&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Janiomya)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Shaleriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Janiomya)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Janiomya) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 174","Type_species":"J. parallelomya, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament unequally parvicostellate to uniformly costellate, similar to Shaleria (Shaleria) but with only a single pair of weak, abbreviated lateral dorsal side septa.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159\u00eddoli)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 192, 1a, b. *S. (J.) parallelomya, Pozary Formation, P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, Svaty Jan pod Skalou, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, holotype, ventral internal mold, OMR VH 445b, X1.5, b, dorsal internal mold, OMR VH 445a, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967)., Fig. 192, 1c. S. (J.) flexa (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), ventral external mold, Kopanin\u00e1 Formation, Ludlow, Morina, OMR VH 4230, X4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"OMR, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 192. shaleriidae (p. 300-302).\nfig. 192. shaleriidae (p. 300-302).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-331.jpg?height=1774&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-331.jpg?height=1774&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shaleriella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Shaleriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Shaleriella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shaleriella Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 160","Type_species":"S. delicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornament of distinctive zigzag rugae interrupted by primary costellae over most of the central area of the valve, but often absent anteriorly, similar to Shaleria (Shaleria) but dorsal side septa absent, gently geniculate dorsally","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (P\u0159\u00eddoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-P\u0159idoli)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 192, 2a-c. * S. delicata, Hemse Marl, Gorstian, Hemse Station, Gotland, Sweden, a, holotype, ventral exterior, USNM 220911, X3, b, ventral interior, USNM 220913, X3, c, dorsal interior, USNM 220914, X3 (Harper & Boucot, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHarper & Boucot, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 192. shaleriidae (p. 300-302).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-331.jpg?height=1774&width=1288&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Protochonetinae","Genus":"Protochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protochonetes MUIR-WOOD, 1962, p. 50","Type_species":"P. ludloviensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, transverse, almost plano- to concavoconvex, surface costellate, pseudodeltidium, chilidium present, long, variably developed dorsal median septum supporting cardinal process, short curved inner socket ridges, cardinal process internally deeply bilobed, short, free anderidia anteriorly divergent at 40\u00b0 to 45\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"England, Sweden, Russia, Quebec, USA (New York)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 246, 6a, b. *P. ludloviensis, Wenlock, England, ventral valve, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Muir-Wood, 1962)","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 246. strophochonetidae (p. 377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-408.jpg?height=1708&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoplicanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Protochonetinae","Genus":"Eoplicanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoplicanoplia Boucot & HARPER, 1968, p. 168","Type_species":"Chonetes colliculus FOERSTE, 1909c, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, strongly concavoconvex, surface costellate, ventral interarea orthocline with pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea unknown, dorsal interior with long inner socket ridges slightly divergent from hinge line, well-developed anderidia, faint median septum","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlowi)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159idoli)","Geography":"northeastern USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 246, 2a-c. *E. collicula (Foerste), Ludlow, North America, ventral valve, ventral, posterior views, ventral valve interior, X4 (Boucot & Harper, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Harper, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 246. strophochonetidae (p. 377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-408.jpg?height=1708&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hypselonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Protochonetinae","Genus":"Hypselonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hypselonetes RACHEBOEUF, 1981b, p. 43","Type_species":"Strophochonetes (Hypselonetes) vinearum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Strophochonetes (Hypselonetes) vinearum","Synonyms":"Strophochonetes (Hypselonetes)","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, median enlarged costa often ill developed, inner socket ridges, median septum, anderidia posteriorly fused, supporting stout cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (Ludlowi)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (Ludlow-P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed)","Geography":"France, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 246,1d. H. arauzensis RACHEBOEUF, \u02c7Pr\u00eddol\u00ed, Spain; dorsal valve interior, \u00d75 (Racheboeuf, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 246. strophochonetidae (p. 377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-408.jpg?height=1708&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nabarredia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Protochonetinae","Genus":"Nabarredia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nabarredia Havl\u00ed\u010dek & RACHEBOEUF, 1979, p. 96","Type_species":"Chonetes minor BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subrectangular in outline, with ventral valve longitudinally weakly depressed, radial ornamentation of rounded costellae, median enlarged costa restricted to posterior half of juvenile shells only, visceral disk surrounded by wide, low, rounded ridge, dorsal interior with short anderidia anteriorly divergent at 35\u00b0 to 40\u00b0, reduced inner socket ridges posteriorly overhanging sockets, anteriorly divergent at 115\u00b0 to 125\u00b0, no cardinal process pit, median septum lacking or reduced to low, narrow ridge","Beginning_age":"upper Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"upper Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Bohemia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 246, 5. *N. minor (Barrande), Lochkovian, Bohemia, partly exfoliated ventral valve, X 4.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Racheboeuf, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 246. strophochonetidae (p. 377).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-408.jpg?height=1708&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eccentricosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Parachonetinae","Genus":"Eccentricosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eccentricosta BERDAN, 1963, p. 254","Type_species":"Chonetes jerseyensis WELLER, 1900, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, transverse, moderately concavoconvex, spines orthomorph perpendicular, symmetrically arranged, radial ornamentation of costae, posterolateral costae originating along posterior margin, ventral interior with short, wide hinge teeth, stout, short median septum, dorsal interior with small internally bilobed cardinal process, inner socket ridges narrow, rounded, weakly curved posteriorly, extending along hinge line, median septum low, short, anderidia long, low, narrow, anteriorly divergent at 35\u00b0 to 40\u00b0","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlowi)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddol\u00ed)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-Pr\u00eddoli)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 247, 4a, b. *E. jerseyensis (Weller), P\u0159\u00eddol\u00ed, North America, ventral valve, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Berdan, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Berdan, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 247. strophochonetidae (p. 378-380).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-409.jpg?height=1704&width=1280&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Permochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Permochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Permochonetes AFANAS \u2019 EVA , 1977a, p. 148","Type_species":"P. pamiricus; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell relatively large for family; exterior \ufb01nely costellate; spines orthomorph oblique, low angled; dorsal valve interior without accessory septa, median septum; anderidia reduced; rows of radial papillae present.","Beginning_age":"Permian(Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian(Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian(Artinskian)","Geography":"Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 252 ,4a\u2013c. *P. pamiricus, Artinskian, Pamirs; ventral valve exterior, ventral valve internal cast, dorsal valve interior, \u00d73 (Afanas\u2019eva, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanas\u2019eva, 1977a","figure_index":"fig. 252. anopliidae (p. 387-388).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-419.jpg?height=1858&width=1282&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phragmophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Prokopiinae","Genus":"Phragmophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phragmophora COOPER, 1955, p. 50","Type_species":"P. schnuri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrate, medium-sized, unisulcate to rectimarginate valves with long, straight ventral interarea, delthyrium covered by variably developed notodeltidium with minute apical foramen, cardinal process bilobed, expanded, and medially cleft, fulcral plates developed in adult shells","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 574, 1a-i. * P. schnuri, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, lateral views of conjoined valves, Eifelian, Germany, X1, e, internal mold of ventral valve, Eifelian, Germany, X2, f, g, normal, tilted views of dorsal interior, x2 (Cooper, 1955), h, ventral interior, Givetian, Poland, x5, i, dorsal interior, Givetian, Poland, x5 (Biernat, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1955, \nBiernat, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 574. dalmanellidae (p. 793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-827.jpg?height=1326&width=1282&top_left_y=154&top_left_x=168)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Porostictia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Petasmariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Porostictia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porostictia COOPER, 1955, p. 62","Type_species":"Paraphorhynchus perchaensis STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 316, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex, anteriorly inflated profile, beak suberect, deltidial plates disjunct or just meeting anteriorly, foramen large, fold and sulcus strong, from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue broad, high, dentate, costae strong, angular, from umbones, weak on flanks, well-preserved specimens surface with radial striae separated by rows of fine pits, dental plates short, ventrally convergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 811,1a\u2013m. *P. perchaensis (STAINBROOK), Percha Formation, Box Member, Hillsboro; a\u2013e, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1; f,paratype, side view, showing striae and pits, \u00d72; gm, serial sections 1.5, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.7 mm from posterior, \u00d73.5 (Cooper, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atrypid":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":null,"Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":null,"Order":"Uncertain","Suborder":null,"Infraorder":null,"Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncertain","Subfamily":null,"Genus":"Atrypid","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Novyi rod atripid iz Silura vostochnogo sklona Urala Mizens, L. I., & V. P. SAPELNIKOV, 1975, 43-46, 1 pl.","Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Silurian","First_Occurrence":"Silurian","Ending_age":"Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"Silurian","Geological_periods":"Silurian","Geography":"eastern slopes of the Urals","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":0,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"C":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":null,"Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":null,"Order":"Uncertain","Suborder":null,"Infraorder":null,"Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncertain","Subfamily":null,"Genus":"C","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"C nysti (Davidson), 1959, p. 1959","Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth rhynchonellide shells, with large deltoid foramen slightly restricted by elongate, triangular, auriculate deltidial plates, distant from each other, beak ridges sharp. Dental plates variably developed to absent, crura moderately long, maniculiform, continuous with socket ridges, dorsal median septum usually elevated anteriorly, cardinal process a bilobate thickening between socket ridges, single pair of metanephridia, 2 pairs of adductor muscles and circinate spirolophe.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)-Holocene","Geography":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)-Holocene","Figure_captions":"C. nysti (Davidson), dorsal view showing auriculate deltidial plates and incomplete foramen, upper Miocene, Antwerp, Belgium, USNM 549422a, \u00d7 20 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":0,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemithiridoidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":null,"Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":null,"Order":"Uncertain","Suborder":null,"Infraorder":null,"Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncertain","Subfamily":null,"Genus":"Hemithiridoidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemithiridoidea D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 268","Type_species":"Based on unjustified emendation of Hemithiris d'Orbigny, 1847, p. 268, herein corrected in accordance with Article 35.4.1 of ICZN, 1999.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsibiconvex, globose, typically bearing numerous, fine, dense, radial costellae, commissure broadly to narrowly uniplicate, but dorsal fold indistinct, squama and glotta junction dorsally convex. Crura strong, slender, curved raduliform, attached to small outer hinge plates by their posterodorsal face or to thick socket ridges, crura raduliform, distally pointed and horizontally flattened, somewhat sunken biconcave cardinal process. Two pairs of metanefridia, intestines with curved distal end and terminal expansion, conoidal spirolophe bearing up to 5 whorls. Living species range from subtidal to circalittoral, even bathyal. Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene: England, Belgium, Japan, Alaska, Canada, Sicily, Pliocene-Pleistocene, from Alaska to Japan via European Mediterranean and North Atlantic to North Pacific, Holocene, Antarctica (Cockburn and Seymour Islands), Eocene-Oligocene.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Eocene-Oligocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Eocene-Oligocene","Geography":"England, Belgium, Japan, Alaska, Canada, Sicily, Pliocene-Pleistocene, from Alaska to Japan via European Mediterranean and North Atlantic to North Pacific, Holocene, Antarctica (Cockburn and Seymour Islands), Eocene-Oligocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 899, 2a-f. *H$. psittacea (Gmelin), Holocene, Alaska, $a-c$, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, USNM 111004a, x1$, d, internal view of dorsal valve showing crura and low median ridge, x2$, $e$, ventral interior showing dental plates and teeth, x2, f$, dorsal interior showing crura, USNM 111004b, x3$ (Cooper, 1959).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 899. hemithirididae (p. 1326).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-446.jpg?height=1435&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":0,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Procerulina (synonym Gypidula)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":null,"Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":null,"Order":"Uncertain","Suborder":null,"Infraorder":null,"Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncertain","Subfamily":null,"Genus":"Procerulina (synonym Gypidula)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Procerulina ANDRONOV, 1961, p. 76","Type_species":"Pentamerus acutolobatus procerulus BARRANDE, 1879b, p. 60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pentamerus acutolobatus procerulus Barrande, 1879b, p. 60","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to I. (Ivdelinia), but differs in lacking a ventral median septum and having very low costae","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":0,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wellerellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":null,"Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":null,"Order":"Uncertain","Suborder":null,"Infraorder":null,"Superfamily":"Uncitoidae","Family":"Uncertain","Subfamily":null,"Genus":"Wellerellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wellerellina Shen, He, & ZHU, 1992, p. 183","Type_species":"W. chongqingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subcircular to ovate, profile inflated dorsibiconvex. Beak straight to suberect, delthyrium open or with small deltidial plates. Fold and sulcus prominent anteriorly, tongue high, trapezoid, typically tridentate. Costae coarse, rounded, simple, from umbones. Dental plates short, vertical. Hinge plates undivided, inner hinge plates arched, crural bases arising from dorsal edges of hinge plates, crura twisted, dorsally carinate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic (Scythian)","Last_Occurrence":"Scythian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)-Lower Triassic (Scythian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 867, 2a-k. *P. pseudoutah (Huang), Tatarian, Changxing Formation, Sichuan Province, $a-d$, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x3, e-k$, serial sections (Xu & Grant, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Grant, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 867. pontisiidae (p. 1272-1275).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-393.jpg?height=1842&width=1303&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=188)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":0,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophodonta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Strophodonta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophodonta Hall, 1850, p. 348, Strophodonta cymbiformis SWALLOW, 1860, p. 635","Type_species":"Strophomena demissa CONRAD, 1842, p. 258, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cymbistropheodonta Harper & Boucot, 1978, p. 38 (type, Strophodonta cymbiformis Swallow, 1860, p. 635, OD)","Synonyms":"Cymbistropheodonta","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile moderately to strongly concavoconvex, uniformly costellate ornamentation, varying from fine to coarse, entire hinge line denticulate, ventral muscle field moderately impressed, bilobed, but with no bounding ridges, adductor, diductor scars clearly differentiated, radial ridges variably developed in anterior part of diductor scars, cardinal process lobes strong, posteriorly directed, usually joined at their bases to form Ushaped structure, socket ridges very small, divergent, variably elevated dorsal muscle field with two pairs of adductor scars, lateral pair larger than median pair, prominent muscle-bounding ridges, short central dorsal median septum, short dorsal side ridges variably developed, subperipheral rim usually present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159idol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed), Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fog\/ 186, 2a\u2013e. *S. (S.) demissa (CONRAD); a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, Hamilton Group, Eifelian\u2013Givetian, Arkona, Ontario, Canada, BMNH B 75070, \u00d7 1.5; d, ventral interior, Hamilton Group, EifelianGivetian, Sylvania, Ohio, BMNH BB 23316, \u00d71; e, dorsal interior, Upper Ferron Point Formation (Givetian), Alpena County, Michigan, BMNH BB 16568, \u00d7 1.5 (new).\u2014\u2014 Fig. 186, 2f,g. S. (S.) cymbiformis (SWALLOW), Hamilton Group, Frasnian, Fulton, Missouri; f,g, ventral, lateral views of ventral exterior, BMNH B 39797, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 186. strophodontidae (p. 292-294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-323.jpg?height=1857&width=1284&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Strophodonta)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophodontidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"S. (Strophodonta)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Strophodonta) Hall, 1850, p. 348, Strophodonta cymbiformis SWALLOW, 1860, p. 635","Type_species":"Strophomena demissa CONRAD, 1842, p. 258, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to S. (Asturistrophia) but with weaker socket ridges and elevated dorsal muscle \ufb01eld.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed)","First_Occurrence":"P\u0159idol\u00ed","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159idol\u00ed), Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fog\/ 186, 2a\u2013e. *S. (S.) demissa (CONRAD); a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, lateral views of conjoined valves, Hamilton Group, Eifelian\u2013Givetian, Arkona, Ontario, Canada, BMNH B 75070, \u00d7 1.5; d, ventral interior, Hamilton Group, EifelianGivetian, Sylvania, Ohio, BMNH BB 23316, \u00d71; e, dorsal interior, Upper Ferron Point Formation (Givetian), Alpena County, Michigan, BMNH BB 16568, \u00d7 1.5 (new).\u2014\u2014 Fig. 186, 2f,g. S. (S.) cymbiformis (SWALLOW), Hamilton Group, Frasnian, Fulton, Missouri; f,g, ventral, lateral views of ventral exterior, BMNH B 39797, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 186. strophodontidae (p. 292-294).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-323.jpg?height=1857&width=1284&top_left_y=157&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Serbarinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Gigantoproductinae (Tribe Gigantoproductini)","Genus":"Serbarinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Serbarinia MOROZOV, 1985, p. 115","Type_species":"Productus kalugensis SARYTCHEVA, 1928, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Gigantoproductus, but thin shelled, cardinal process trifid with strong median ridge, posterolateral internal surfaces strongly pustulose","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Visean","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 391 a-d . S. kalugensis (Sarytcheva), lower Alexin, Moscow basin, a, b, replica of holotype, viewed ventrally, posteriorly, MGRI 30\/27, x0.5 (new), c, ventral valve interior, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Sarytcheva, 1928).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, 1928","figure_index":"fig. 391. monticuliferidae (p. 554).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-588.jpg?height=1495&width=1276&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiinae","Genus":"Cyrtia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtia DALMAN, 1828, p. 97","Type_species":"Anomites exporrectus Wahlenberg, 1821, p. 64, SD DAVIDSON, 1853, p. 83","Synonyms_with_authors":"Anomites exporrectus Wahlenberg, 1821, p. 64, SD Davidson, 1853, p. 83","Synonyms":"Anomites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Nontransverse to transverse, lacking plications. Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Ludlow): cosmopolitan","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Ludlow)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1105, 1a-d. *C. exporrecta (WAHlenberg), upper Llandovery, Gotland, posterior, anterior, side, and ventral views, X3 (Boucot, 1963a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1105. cyrtiidae (p. 1695).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-054.jpg?height=1028&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dongbeiispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiinae","Genus":"Dongbeiispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dongbeiispirifer Liu in Liu & HUANG, 1977, p. 58","Type_species":"D. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, transverse, with a prominent catacline ventral interarea, planoconvex, with an ill-defined fold, and has very short dental plates. The dorsal interior is unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"northeastern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicocyrtia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiinae","Genus":"Plicocyrtia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicocyrtia BOUCOT, 1963a, p. 704","Type_species":"Spirifer petasus BARRANDE, 1848, p. 183, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, with plicate flanks, sulcus-bounding dental plates","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Geography":"Czech Republic, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1105, 2 a-f .*P. petasus (Barrande), Czech Republic, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, X1, d, microornament, X3, e-f, dorsal and ventral internal molds, X2 (Boucot, 1963a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1105. cyrtiidae (p. 1695).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-054.jpg?height=1028&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Eospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eospirifer SCHUCHERT, 1913, p. 411","Type_species":"Spirifer radiatus J. de C. Sowerby, 1835, p. 245, OD, =Spirifer lineatus J. de C. Sowerby, 1825 in 1823-1825, p. 151, non Conchyliolites anomites lineatus Martin, 1809, = Terebratula? lineata SOWERBY, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 39","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth or with broad low plications that originate on flanks, extrasinal dental plates, cardinal process lacking, crural plates absent in some early species","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"upper Upper Ordovician","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Ordovician, Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1106, 1a-f. * E. radiatus (Sowerby), Wenlock, Gotland, a-c, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, d-e, dorsal and ventral views, f, posterior view of internal mold, X1 (Boucot, 1963a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1106. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-055.jpg?height=1905&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Badainjarania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Badainjarania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Badainjarania Zhang YAN, 1981, p. 388","Type_species":"B. striata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, ventral interarea narrow, sulcus lacking and fold low, flat, with median groove, plications on flanks low, rounded, surface capillate, dental plates thin and long, platelike crural bases","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northwestern China (Inner Mongolia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1106, 2a-e. *B. striata, upper Emsian, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X2, e, exterior showing fine ornament, X5 (Zhang, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1106. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-055.jpg?height=1905&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Endospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Endospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Endospirifer TACHIBANA, 1981a, p. 36","Type_species":"*E. nipponicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with deltidium, few low plications near fold and sulcus, extrasinal dental plates, rudimentary ctenophoridium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock, ?Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-Wenlock, ?Ludlow)","Geography":"eastern Australia, Japan, southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1106, 5a-g. *E. nipponicus, ?Ludlow, Japan, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, X5, e, ventral valve ornament, X6, f, ventral internal mold, X5, g, posterior view of dorsal mold, X4 (Tachibana, 1981a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tachibana, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1106. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-055.jpg?height=1905&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Espella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Espella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Espella NILOVA, 1965, p. 102","Type_species":"E. kazachstanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Laevispirifer Ushatinskaia, 1977, p. 137 (type, L. zhamankonensis Ushatinskaia, 1977, p. 138, OD)","Synonyms":"Laevispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea short, apsacline, fold and sulcus absent, flattened capillae, thin dental plates, long crural plates joining valve posteriorly, converging anteriorly with short median septum, forming cruralium","Beginning_age":"Silurian (middle Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"middle Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (middle Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"central Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1107, 2a-g. *E. kazachstanica, a-c, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, X1, d-g, serial sections, X2 (Nilova, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nilova, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1107. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1696).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-056.jpg?height=1889&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":439.24,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Havlicekia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Havlicekia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Havlicekia BOUCOT, 1963a, p. 693","Type_species":"Spirifer secans BARRANDE, 1848, p. 168, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Plicate in early growth stages, smooth in later growth stages, with narrow intercapillar grooves","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow), Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Salair, Gorny Altai, Bithynia, northern Africa, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1107, 1 a-f .* H. secans (Barrande), Pragian, Bohemia, a-b, dorsal and anterior views, c-f, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1107. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1696).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-056.jpg?height=1889&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hedeina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Hedeina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hedeina BOUCOT, 1957b, p. 323","Type_species":"Anomia crispa LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 702, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With broad, low plications.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1107, 3a-f. * H. crispa (Linnaeus), origin uncertain, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X3.7 (Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1107. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1696).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-056.jpg?height=1889&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Janius":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Janius","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Janius HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1957a, p. 245","Type_species":"* Spirifer nobilis BARRANDE, 1848, p. 184, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly plicate with plications that bifurcate and intercalate, small plications may be present in sulcus","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1106, 4a-d. J. exsul (Barrande), upper Wenlock, Bohemia, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1106, 4e. J. bouskai Havl\u00ed\u010dek, Ludlow, Bohemia, ornament, \u00d76 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980)","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1106. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1701).\nfig. 1106. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-055.jpg?height=1905&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-055.jpg?height=1905&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lobvia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Lobvia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lobvia Breivel & BREIVEL, 1977, p. 97","Type_species":"Theodossia (L.) praesuperbus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth posteriorly, low, rounded plications anteriorly on flanks, ctenophoridium probable","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1107, 4a-d. * L. praesuperbus Breivel & Breivel, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Breivel & Breivel, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Breivel & Breivel, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1107. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1696).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-056.jpg?height=1889&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Macropleura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Macropleura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Macropleura Boucot, 1963a, p. 690","Type_species":"Delthyris macropleura CONRAD, 1840, p. 207, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ejnespirifer Fu, 1982, p. 176 (type, E. styphelus Fu, 1982, p. 177, OD)","Synonyms":"Ejnespirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"With few prominent plications and deep, U-shaped interspaces, dental plates extrasinal.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery), Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Kazakhstan, northeastern China, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1108, 1a-g. *M. macropleura (Conrad), Lochkovian, New York, USA; a\u2013e, anterior, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; f, ventral interior; g, dorsal interior, \u00d72 (Boucot, 1963a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1108. cyrtiidae (p. 1696-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-057.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mictospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Mictospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mictospirifer Johnson, 1995b, p. 607","Type_species":"* M. jini, OD, =Howellella elegans Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993, p. 106, non MUIR-WOOD, 1925","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With few prominent plications and deep, U-shaped interspaces, dental plates short, extrasinal, crural plates and ctenophoridium rudimentary or evanescent.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1109, la-f. * M. jini, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views of hypotype, X4, f, microornament, X12 (Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin, Caldwell, & Norford, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1109. cyrtiidae (p. 1700-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-058.jpg?height=1388&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Myriospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Myriospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Myriospirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1978, p. 105","Type_species":"M. myriofila HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1978, p. 106, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acutilineolus Amsden, 1978, p. 31 (type, Eospirifer acutolineatus Amsden, 1968, p. 64, OD)","Synonyms":"Acutilineolus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Nonplicate, with narrow intercapillar interspaces","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1110, 1a-e. *M. myriofila, Pragian, Bohemia, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X1, e, ornament, X6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1110. cyrtiidae (p. 1700-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-059.jpg?height=915&width=1273&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nurataella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Nurataella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nurataella LARIN, 1973, p. 135","Type_species":"N. miranda LARIN, 1973, p. 137, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Baterospirifer Rong, Su, & Li, 1984, p. 64 67 (type, B. rectimarginatus Rong, Su, & Li, 1984, p. 65, OD)","Synonyms":"Baterospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve nearly flat but with faint posterior fold, sulcus lacking, rudimentary delthyrial plate present","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Pridoli)","Geography":"central Asia, China (Inner Mongolia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1110, 2a-e. *N. miranda, upper Wenlock, Russia, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X4, e, transverse section of dorsal valve, X11 (Larin, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Larin, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1110. cyrtiidae (p. 1700-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-059.jpg?height=915&width=1273&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Striispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striispirifer Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Schuchertia Frederiks, 1926, p. 406, non Gregory, 1899, p. 351","Type_species":"Delthyris niagarensis CONRAD, 1842, p. 261, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With numerous low, rounded, simple plications on flanks","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Ludlow)","Geography":"Europe, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1108, 2a-f. *S. niagarensis (ConRAD), New York, USA, a, posterior view of dorsal mold, b-f, lateral, posterior, anterior, dorsal, and ventral views, X2 (Boucot, 1963a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1108. cyrtiidae (p. 1696-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-057.jpg?height=1872&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yingwuspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Yingwuspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yingwuspirifer Rong, Xu, & YANG, 1974, p. 201","Type_species":"Y. orientalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with single prominent plication in sulcus and median groove on fold, flanks nonplicate","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhuddanian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhuddanian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Rhuddanian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1109, 2a-c. *Y. orientalis, a-b, ventral and dorsal views, X1, c, microornament, X4 (Rong, Xu, & Yang, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, Xu, & Yang, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1109. cyrtiidae (p. 1700-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-058.jpg?height=1388&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":440.49,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinanospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Cyrtiidae","Subfamily":"Eospiriferinae","Genus":"Xinanospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinanospirifer Rong, Xu, & YANG, 1974, p. 206","Type_species":"X. flabellum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"numerous low, rounded, simple plications on flanks and same size plications, increasing by insertion, in sulcus, dental plates thin, bounding sulcus, short crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","First_Occurrence":"Telychian","Ending_age":"Silurian (Telychian)","Last_Occurrence":"Telychian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Telychian)","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1106, 3a-b. *X. flabellum, ventral and dorsal valves, X1.5 (Rong, Xu, & Yang, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rong, \\\\mathrm{Xu}, & Yang, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1106. cyrtiidae (p. 1695-1701).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-055.jpg?height=1905&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hedeinopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Hedeinopsidae","Subfamily":"Hedeinopsinae","Genus":"Hedeinopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hedeinopsis GOURVENNEC, 1990, p. 142","Type_species":"H. hispanica GOURVENNEC, 1990, p. 143, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse, with low, apsacline ventral interarea, strong simple plications, with fine capillae, small apical delthyrial plate present, dental plates partly obscured by umbonal callus, short crural plates may be obscured by thick shell, narrow ctenophoridium present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Spain, Morocco, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1111, 1a-b. * H. hispanica hispanica, Spain, a, mold of dorsal valve, b, holotype, mold of ventral valve, X2 (Gourvennec, 1990).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1111, 1c-d. H. hispanica disparisulcata G OURVENNEC , Wenlock, Spain; c, steinkern of complete specimen, \u00d72; d, microornament, \u00d710 (Gourvennec, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1111. hedeinopsidae (p. 1701-1702).\nfig. 1111. hedeinopsidae (p. 1701-1702).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-060.jpg?height=1188&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-060.jpg?height=1188&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tannuspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtioidea","Family":"Hedeinopsidae","Subfamily":"Hedeinopsinae","Genus":"Tannuspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tannuspirifer IVANOVA, 1960, p. 267","Type_species":"Spirifer pedaschenkoi CHERNYSHEV, 1937, p. 51, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve hemipyramidal, with high interarea, dorsal valve flat or weakly convex, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, flanks with strong, rounded, simple plications, microornament of fine capillae and fila of reticulate pattern, thin dental plates with well-developed delthyrial plate present, ctenophoridium present, crural plates absent.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow-Pridoli)","Geography":"Altai, Sayan, Tuva basin, Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1111, 2a-e. T. dixoni Jones, Pridoli, Arctic Canada, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1111. hedeinopsidae (p. 1701-1702).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-060.jpg?height=1188&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adolfia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Adolfia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adolfia G\u00dcRICH, 1909, p. 136","Type_species":"Spirifer deflexus Roemer, 1843, p. 13, SD SCHUCHERT, 1929, p. 27","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, or with a few incipient plications, flanks with numerous, bifurcating, rounded plications and narrow, U-shaped interspaces, microornament of subradial capillae, dental plates free of umbonal callus, ctenophoridium without crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian), Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1112, 2a-d. *A. deflexa (Roemer), lower Frasnian, Germany, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Vandercammen, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1112. adolfiidae (p. 1703-1707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-062.jpg?height=1865&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acutatheca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Acutatheca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acutatheca STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 55","Type_species":"A. proparia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, equidimensional, cardinal angles obtuse, ventral interarea high, flat to slightly curved, steeply apsacline to catacline, delthyrium partially closed by apical plate, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks strongly pauciplicate, with fine capillae, slightly divergent dental plates present, hinge plates supported by median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"midcontinent and western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1113, 2a-b. *A. proparia, Iowa, USA, a, ventral valve, X1.5, b, posterior view, X3 (Stainbrook, 1945).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stainbrook, 1945","figure_index":"fig. 1113. adolfiidae (p. 1703-1706).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-063.jpg?height=1956&width=1287&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Allanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Allanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Allanella CRICKMAY, 1953b, p. 5","Type_species":"Spirifer allani WARREN, 1944, p. 123, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Minutilla Crickmay, 1967, p. 10 (type, Acutatheca (M.) layeri, OD)","Synonyms":"Minutilla","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, equidimensional, cardinal angles obtuse to slightly acute, ventral interarea of moderate height, slightly curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus broad, fold not elevated, flanks with simple, low rounded plications, surface capillate, with fila, dental plates extrasinal, ctenophoridium and short crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1113, 1a-e. *A. allani (Warren), upper Givetian, Alberta, Canada, lectotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, X1.5 (Crickmay, 1953b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Crickmay, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 1113. adolfiidae (p. 1703-1706).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-063.jpg?height=1956&width=1287&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chimaerothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Chimaerothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chimaerothyris Paulus, Struve, & WOLFART, 1963, p. 463","Type_species":"C. hotzi Paulus, Struve, & WOLFART, 1963, p. 465, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, transverse with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea long, low, apsacline to orthocline, fold and sulcus prominent, unplicated, flanks with numerous, simple, rounded plications, microornament of subradial capillae crossed by irregularly spaced growth lines, dental plates straight, strong, partly obscured by umbonal callus, ctenophoridium elongate, situated on inner hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1112, 3a-b. *C. hotzi, Germany, holotype, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Paulus, Struve, & Wolfart, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Paulus, Struve, & Wolfart, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1112. adolfiidae (p. 1703-1707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-062.jpg?height=1865&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Eospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eospiriferina GRABAU, 1931b, p. 494","Type_species":"*Spiriferina (E.) lachrymosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, slightly transverse, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with a few strong, rounded plications separated by U-shaped interspaces, microornament of oval to elongate-oval pustules arranged quincuncially or subradially, strong, thin, intrasinal dental plates present, anteriorly convergent crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China (Guangxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1113, 3a-c. * E. lachrymosa Grabau, Eifelian, a-b, ventral and dorsal internal molds, \u00d7 2, c, exterior showing fine ornament, \u00d7 5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1113. adolfiidae (p. 1703-1706).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-063.jpg?height=1956&width=1287&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fidespirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Fidespirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fidespirifer LIASHENKO, 1973, p. 129","Type_species":"F. striatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, slightly transverse, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with few, very low, rounded plications, surface capillate, divergent dental plates present, short crural plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"southern Timan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1114, 1a-e. * F. striatus, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X2 (Liashenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liashenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1114. adolfiidae (p. 1706-1707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-064.jpg?height=965&width=1282&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guicyrtia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Guicyrtia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guicyrtia WANG & ZHU, 1979, p. 59","Type_species":"G. triangulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea high, apsacline to catacline, with deltidium, fold and sulcus narrow, rounded, with few strong, rounded plications on flanks, microornament of teardrop-shaped pustules and weak growth lines, interior unknown. Middle Devonian: China.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1114, 3a-e. *G. triangulata, Eifelian, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X2.5, e, exterior showing fine ornament, X14 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1114. adolfiidae (p. 1706-1707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-064.jpg?height=965&width=1282&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Spinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinella TALENT, 1956, p. 21","Type_species":"S. buchanensis TALENT, 1956, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Equidimensional, with curved, apsacline ventral interarea, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth, flanks with numerous, simple, rounded plications and narrow, U-shaped interspaces, microornament of very fine oval to elongate-oval spine bases arranged quincuncially or subradially, long dental plates present, bilobed ctenophoridium present, crural plates lacking.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1112, 1a-g. *S. buchanensis, a-d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, X1.5, e, microornament, X10.5, f, transverse section, X1, g, transverse section of cardinalia, enlarged (Talent, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Talent, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1112. adolfiidae (p. 1703-1707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-062.jpg?height=1865&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Volgospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Volgospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Volgospirifer SHEVCHENKO, 1970, p. 111","Type_species":"V. volgensis SHEVCHENKO, 1970, p. 113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, ventribiconvex, hemipyramidal, cardinal angles slightly acute, ventral interarea high, flat, catacline, fold and sulcus smooth, faintly developed or absent, fold with median furrow, flanks smooth or pauciplicate, surface with bifurcating capillae, dental plates and low, distally grooved median septum present","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1114, 2a-c. * V. volgensis holotype, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (Shevchenko, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1114. adolfiidae (p. 1706-1707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-064.jpg?height=965&width=1282&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pinguispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Pinguispiriferinae","Genus":"Pinguispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pinguispirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1957a, p. 246","Type_species":"* Spirifer infirmus BARRANDE, 1879, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus nonplicate, flanks with a few low, rounded plications, dental plates partly concealed by secondary shell material.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1115, 1 a-e. * P. infirmus (Barrande), upper Emsian, Bohemia, ventral, dorsal, side, and anterior views, and ventral view of exfoliated specimen, \u00d7 1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1115. adolfiidae (p. 1707-1709).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-065.jpg?height=944&width=1267&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amoenospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Pinguispiriferinae","Genus":"Amoenospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amoenospirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1957b, p. 436","Type_species":"Spirifer thetidis BARRANDE, 1848, p. 176, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus nonplicate, flanks with few prominent, rounded plications, dental plates lacking, ventral umbonal area with thick secondary shell material, vascular impressions strong.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1115, 4a-d. A. amoenoides HavL\u00ed\u010dek, upper Emsian, Bohemia, ventral, dorsal, side, and anterior views, \u00d7 1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1115. adolfiidae (p. 1707-1709).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-065.jpg?height=944&width=1267&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brevispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Pinguispiriferinae","Genus":"Brevispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brevispirifer COOPER, 1942, p. 231","Type_species":"Spirifer gregaria Clapp in HALL, 1857, p. 127, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Equidimensional or elongate, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, or with medial plication in sulcus, flanks with a few rounded plications, dental plates thick, partly buried in umbonal callus, crural plates short or lacking","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern and midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1115, 2 a-c. *B. gregarius (Clapp), New York, USA, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, \u00d7 1, c, dorsal interior, enlarged (Cooper, 1944).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1944","figure_index":"fig. 1115. adolfiidae (p. 1707-1709).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-065.jpg?height=944&width=1267&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ljudmilispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Pinguispiriferinae","Genus":"Ljudmilispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ljudmilispirifer CHERKESOVA, 1976, p. 90","Type_species":"Delthyris irregularis Nalivkin in MARKOVSKI, 1960, p. 396, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"One or more plications in sulcus, flanks with few prominent, rounded plications, dental plates absent, ventral umbonal region with secondary prismatic shell, vascular impressions strong.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"Russia (Novaya Zemlya)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1116, 1a-d. * L. irregularis (NALIVKin), Nikiforovaena Boucot, 1963a, p. 697 *Spirifer (Eospirifer) ferganensis Nikiforova, 1937, p. 48, OD. One or more plications in sulcus, flanks with numerous low, rounded plications, dental plates present, ctenophoridium and short divergent crural plates present. Silurian (Pridoli)-Lower Devonian (Emsian): Turkestan, Salair, Altai, Yunnan, Japan, Australia.-FFig. 1115, 3a-f. * N. ferganensis (Nikiforova), Ludlow, Ferghana, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1116. adolfiidae (p. 1708-1709).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-066.jpg?height=1325&width=1272&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nikiforovaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Pinguispiriferinae","Genus":"Nikiforovaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nikiforovaena BOUCOT, 1963a, p. 697","Type_species":"Spirifer (Eospirifer) ferganensis NIKIFOROVA, 1937, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"One or more plications in sulcus, flanks with numerous low, rounded plications, dental plates present, ctenophoridium and short divergent crural plates present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Pridoli)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Turkestan, Salair, Altai, Yunnan, Japan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1115, 3a-f. * N. ferganensis (Nikiforova), Ludlow, Ferghana, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1115. adolfiidae (p. 1707-1709).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-065.jpg?height=944&width=1267&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spurispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Pinguispiriferinae","Genus":"Spurispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spurispirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971, p. 27","Type_species":"Spirifer spurius BARRANDE, 1848, p. 174, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Deltidium apical, fold and sulcus nonplicate, or fold with median groove, flanks with few low, rounded plications","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1115, 3a-f. * N. ferganensis (Nikiforova), Ludlow, Ferghana, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1115. adolfiidae (p. 1707-1709).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-065.jpg?height=944&width=1267&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Callispiriferinae","Genus":"Callispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callispirifer PERRY, 1984, p. 115","Type_species":"* C. teniostrakon, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transverse, ventral interarea high, flat, procline or catacline, with apical deltidium, cardinal angles acute, flanks with few rounded plications, fold and sulcus smooth with fold flattened or medially grooved, growth lines may be prominent anteriorly, dental plates short, thin, closely spaced, ctenophoridium without crural plates.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic Islands, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1117,1a\u2013g. *C. teniostrakon, Yukon Territory; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71.3; f\u2013g, holotype, exterior and interior views of dorsal valve, \u00d72.5 (Perry, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1117. adolfiidae (p. 1709-1710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-067.jpg?height=1176&width=1273&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rochtex":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Callispiriferinae","Genus":"Rochtex","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rochtex Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & KUKAL, 1990, p. 175","Type_species":"R. lissopleura Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & KUKAL, 1990, p. 176, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with hemipyramidal ventral valve, ventral interarea catacline to procline, flat or slightly curved, with large imperforate deltidium, dorsal valve flat or weakly convex, flanks with few low, rounded plications, fold and sulcus smooth, dental plates short, slightly divergent, crural plates absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1117, 2a-d. *R. lissopleura, Bohemia, anterior, dorsal, posterior, and side views, \u00d72 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Kukal, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Kukal, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1117. adolfiidae (p. 1709-1710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-067.jpg?height=1176&width=1273&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eurekaspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Eurekaspiriferinae","Genus":"Eurekaspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eurekaspirifer JOHNSON, 1966b, p. 1, 045","Type_species":"Spirifer (Trigonotreta) pinyonensis \u041c\u0415\u0415\u041a, 1870, p. 60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, transverse to equidimensional, with curved, apsacline ventral interarea, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth, or with median groove on fold anteriorly, flanks with numerous, simple, rounded plications and U-shaped interspaces, growth lamellae absent or irregularly spaced, crossed by subradial capillae, dental plates long, recurving anteriorly toward midline, ctenophoridium bilobed, anterior to notothyrial chamber, dorsal adminicula long, crural plates lacking.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1118a-e. *E. pinyonensis (\u041c\u0435\u0435\u043a), a, ventral view, X1, b, ventral interior, X2, c, dorsal interior, X3, d, cardinalia showing bilobed ctenophoridium, e, ventral view showing capillae, X5 (Johnson, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1118. adolfiidae (p. 1711).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-068.jpg?height=1437&width=1283&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Echinospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinospirifer LIASHENKO, 1973, p. 109","Type_species":"* E. distinctus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, transverse with rounded acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea moderately high, curved, apsacline, prominent fold and sulcus with small plications tending to obsolescence anteriorly, flanks with simple, rounded plications, tuberculate surface with fila, dental plates thickened medially in apex, crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Russian Platform, Urals, Timan, Siberian Platform, Russian Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1119, 2a-f. *E. distinctus, Timan, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X10 (Liashenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liashenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1119. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-070.jpg?height=1813&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adolfispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Adolfispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adolfispirifer KRYLOVA, 1962, p. 75","Type_species":"*Spirifer Jeremejewi CHERNYSCHEV, 1887, p. 61, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, transverse with rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea moderately high, curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus plicate, flanks with simple, rarely bifurcating plications, surface with subradial capillae, dental plates thickened","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Urals, Siberian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1119, 4a-d. *A. jeremejewi (ChernysChev), Siberian Platform, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Krylova, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Krylova, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1119. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-070.jpg?height=1813&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arctospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Arctospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arctospirifer STAINBROOK, 1950, p. 382","Type_species":"A. constrictus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, equidimensional, rarely auriculate, low, apsacline ventral interarea with apical pseudodeltidium, fold and sulcus weak, plicate, flanks with simple or bifurcating plications, microornament of intrasinal capillae and numerous tubercles mostly on crests of ribs, short dental plates present, crural plates lacking","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1119,1a\u2013f. *A. constrictus, Iowa, USA; a\u2013e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71.5; f, holotype, microornament, \u00d74 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1119. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-070.jpg?height=1813&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enchondrospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enchondrospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enchondrospirifer BRICE, 1971, p. 175","Type_species":"* E. ghorensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, slightly transverse with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea moderately high, incurved, apsacline, fold, sulcus, and flanks with numerous low, rounded plications, surface capillate, becoming tuberculate, dental plates intrasinal, ctenophoridium and crural plates present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1120, 1a-e. * E. ghorensis, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and side views, X1 (Brice, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1120. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711-1714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-071.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hispidaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hispidaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hispidaria Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 110","Type_species":"H. posterogranulosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, transverse with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea moderately high, slightly curved, steeply apsacline, fold and sulcus plicate, with strong plications bounding sulcus, flanks with narrow, rounded simple plications and U-shaped interspaces, surface, including interarea, tuberculate, interior unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1119, 3a-e. * H. posterogranulosa, upper Famennian, New Mexico, USA, a-d, holotype, anterior, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, X2, e, posterior view, X4 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1119. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-070.jpg?height=1813&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Howittia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Howittia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Howittia Talent, 1956, p. 34","Type_species":"Spirifer howitti CHAPMAN, 1905, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Glyptospirifer Hou & Xian, 1975, p. 72 (type, Spirifer chui Grabau, 1931b, p. 376, OD)","Synonyms":"Glyptospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, with curved, apsacline ventral interarea, fold and sulcus prominent, sulcus with one or more plications, flanks with numerous, simple, rounded or subangular plications and narrow, U-shaped interspaces, growth lamellae may be prominent anteriorly, fila crossed by subradial capillae, dental plates extrasinal, ctenophoridium may be bilobed, without crural plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Australia, Mongolia, southern China, northern Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1121 a-e .\\* H. howitti (Chapman), Australia, a-c, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d7 1.5, d, transverse section of ventral valve, \u00d7 3, e, transverse section of dorsal valve, \u00d7 10 (Talent, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Talent, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1121. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-072.jpg?height=689&width=626&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Indospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Indospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Indospirifer GRABAU, 1931b, p. 359","Type_species":"Spirifer padaukpinensis REED, 1908, p. 101, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Schizospirifer Grabau, 1931b, p. 353, nom. nud. (type, Spirifer aperturatus var. latistriatus Frech, 1911, p. 53, OD)","Synonyms":"Schizospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, transverse, with obtuse or acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline to nearly orthocline, fold and sulcus prominent, with small, nonradial plications, flanks with rounded, elevated plications, commonly simple, less commonly branching, microornament of prominent growth lines anteriorly and subradial capillae, delthyrial cavity with some callus, dental plates extrasinal, short crural plates converging anterodorsally that may be obscured by callus and elevated ctenophoridium. Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian): Salair, Guangxi, northern Vietnam, Burma.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"Salair, Guangxi, northern Vietnam, Burma","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1120, 2a-f. *I. padaukpinensis (Reed), Eifelian, Burma, a-c, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, X2, d, ventral sulcus showing capillae, X5, e-f, dorsal and posterior views of internal mold, \u00d72 (Anderson, Boucot, & Johnson, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1120. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711-1714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-071.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rigauxia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rigauxia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rigauxia BRICE, 1988, p. 371","Type_species":"Spirifer acutosinu RIGAUX, 1908, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, ventribiconvex, transverse, with obtuse or acute cardinal angles, commonly rounded, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus with small plications, flanks with simple, rounded plications, surface with subradial capillae, becoming tuberculate, delthyrial cavity with apical callus, dental plates strong, extrasinal, weakly divergent, short crural plates may be obscured by callus and elevated ctenophoridium. Upper Devonian (Frasnian): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1120, 4a-e. * R. acutosinu (Rigaux), lower Frasnian, France, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X2, e, exterior showing fine ornament, X10 (Brice, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1120. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711-1714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-071.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sergunkovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Echinospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sergunkovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sergunkovia NALIVKIN, 1979, p. 129","Type_species":"Paulonia talassica Vasileva in Vasileva & POIARKOV, 1957, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, slightly transverse, cardinal angles obtuse, ventral interarea short, curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus prominent, plicate or with plications becoming obsolescent, flanks with numerous, rounded plications, surface capillate, short dental plates present, hinge plates discrete","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Urals, Kazakhstan, northern Tian Shan, Karatau and Talassk Alatau ranges","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1120, 3a-e. *S. talassica (Vasileva), northern Tian Shan, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Vasileva & Poiarkov, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vasileva & Poiarkov, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1120. echinospiriferidae (p. 1711-1714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-071.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Theodossia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Theodossiidae","Subfamily":"Theodossiinae","Genus":"Theodossia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Theodossia NALIVKIN, 1925, p. 267","Type_species":"Spirifer Anosso\ufb01 DE VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 153; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Vandergrachtella CRICKMAY, 1953b, p. 7 (type, V. arcuum CRICKMAY, 1953b, p. 8, OD)]","Synonyms":"Vandergrachtella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, equidimensional to moderately transverse; cardinal angles obtusely rounded; ventral interarea strongly curved, apsacline to orthocline; fold and sulcus not prominent, blending with \ufb02anks; costae simple on fold, sulcus, and \ufb02anks, rarely bifurcating anteriorly on fold and sulcus; capillate; dental plates thin, straight, extrasinal; short crural plates obscured by callus; ctenophoridium elevated.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1122a\u2013b. *T. anosso\ufb01 (DE VERNEUIL), Russia; lectotype, dorsal and anterior views, \u00d71 (Vandercammen, 1959).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1123a\u2013b. *T. anosso\ufb01 (DE VERNEUIL), Russia; lectotype, lateral and ventral views, \u00d71 (Vandercammen, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paralazutkinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Theodossiidae","Subfamily":"Theodossiinae","Genus":"Paralazutkinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paralazutkinia Jiang in Xian & Jiang, 1978, p. 314","Type_species":"P. pinghuangshanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pinghuangella Jiang in Xian & Jiang, 1978, p. 315 (type, P. bisulcata Jiang in Xian & Jiang, 1978, p. 316, OD)","Synonyms":"Pinghuangella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, moderately transverse, ventral interarea long, curved, apsacline, surface with low, rounded plications, strongest medially, with fold and sulcus indistinct or lacking, microornament of fine capillae, shell thick with short dental plates, ctenophoridium located on cruralium and low median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1124, 2a-c. *P. pinghuangshanensis, ventral, dorsal, and side views, X2 (Xian & Jiang, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian & Jiang, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1124. theodossiidae (p. 1715).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-076.jpg?height=762&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Urella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Theodossiidae","Subfamily":"Theodossiinae","Genus":"Urella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Urella Rzhonsnitskaia in Markovski, 1960, p. 402","Type_species":"* U. asiatica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Retzispirifer Kulkov, 1960, p. 929 (type, R. uriensis Kulkov, 1960, p. 930, OD)","Synonyms":"Retzispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex with obtuse cardinal angles, interarea curved, narrow, poorly defined, surface with numerous low, rounded, simple or bifurcating plications, fold and sulcus lacking, microornament capillate, shell thin, dental plates short, ctenophoridium with outer hinge plates attached to median ridge posteriorly, free anteriorly, crural plates absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Urals, Kuznets basin, Salair","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1124, 1a-c. * U. asiatica, Kuznets basin, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, X1 (Markovski, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Markovski, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 1124. theodossiidae (p. 1715).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-076.jpg?height=762&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Branikia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Theodossiidae","Subfamily":"Branikiinae","Genus":"Branikia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Branikia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1957b, p. 437","Type_species":"Spirifer Ascanius BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 74, case V, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bidentatus Khodalevich & Breivel, 1972, p. 202 (type, B. strabo, OD)","Synonyms":"Bidentatus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, nearly orthocline, surface with numerous low, rounded plications, fold and sulcus indistinct or lacking, microornament of concentric lamellae, shell thick, dental plates short, hinge plates with elevated, knoblike cardinal process, lacking crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, central Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1125, 2 a-d. * B. ascania (Barrande), Czech Republic, lectotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1125. theodossiidae (p. 1715).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-076.jpg?height=725&width=1275&top_left_y=1419&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jilinospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Theodossiidae","Subfamily":"Branikiinae","Genus":"Jilinospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jilinospirifer SU, 1980, p. 317","Type_species":"J. yungjiensis SU, 1980, p. 318, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, transverse, ventral interarea high, apsacline, plications on flanks numerous, simple, but smooth posterolaterally, fold and sulcus lacking, dental plates lacking, microornament and dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"China (Jilin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1125, 1a-e. *J. yungjiensis, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Su, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Su, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1125. theodossiidae (p. 1715).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-076.jpg?height=725&width=1275&top_left_y=1419&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lenzia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Theodossiidae","Subfamily":"Branikiinae","Genus":"Lenzia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lenzia Perry, Boucot, & GABRIELSE, 1981, p. 35","Type_species":"* L. pachyostrakon, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, equidimensional, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea slightly curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus indistinct, flaring, with 2 or 3 plications, tending to obsolescence in sulcus, flanks with few simple, strong, rounded or subangular plications, dental plates short, obsolescent in umbonal callus, cardinal process low, moundlike, without crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1125, 3a-d. * L. pachyostrakon, British Columbia, a-b, ventral valve exterior and interior, c-d, dorsal valve exterior and interior, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1125. theodossiidae (p. 1715).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-076.jpg?height=725&width=1275&top_left_y=1419&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ulbospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Ulbospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Ulbospiriferinae","Genus":"Ulbospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ulbospirifer GRECHISHNIKOVA, 1965, p. 33","Type_species":"* U. altaicus GRECHISHNIKOVA, 1965, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, equidimensional or slightly transverse, cardinal angles obtuse, ventral interarea of moderate height, curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus costate as on flanks, with numerous rounded costae, surface tuberculate, ventral umbones thick, with short median septum, dental plates thick and slightly recurved, hinge plates unsupported.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Rudny Altai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1126,1a\u2013g. *U. altaicus; a, holotype, ventral valve, \u00d71; b, microornament, \u00d78; c\u2013g, transverse sections of ventral valve, \u00d71.7 (Grechishnikova, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1126. ulbospiriferidae (p. 1715-1718).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-077.jpg?height=1806&width=1280&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtiorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Ulbospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Ulbospiriferinae","Genus":"Cyrtiorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtiorina Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 111","Type_species":"Cyrtospirifer kindlei STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 318, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, sulcus absent or poorly developed, costate as on flanks, with numerous rounded costae, surface capillate, umbones thick, dental plates thick and slightly recurved, hinge plates supported by median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1126, 3a-b. *T. dada (NaLIvkin), holotype, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Nalivkin, 1937).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nNalivkin, 1937","figure_index":"fig. 1126. ulbospiriferidae (p. 1715-1718).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-077.jpg?height=1806&width=1280&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenisia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Ulbospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Ulbospiriferinae","Genus":"Tenisia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenisia MARTYNOVA, 1970, p. 68","Type_species":"Spirifer (Cyrtospirifer) dada NALIVKIN, 1937, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Omolonospirifer Simakov in Afanas'eva & Simakov, 1970, p. 86, obj.","Synonyms":"Omolonospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, biconvex, equidimensional, cardinal angles obtuse, ventral interarea low, strongly curved, fold and sulcus absent or poorly developed, costate as on flanks, with numerous rounded costae, surface capillate, umbones thick, dental plates thick and slightly recurved, hinge plates supported by median ridge.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1126, 3a-b. *T. dada (NaLIvkin), holotype, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Nalivkin, 1937).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nNalivkin, 1937","figure_index":"fig. 1126. ulbospiriferidae (p. 1715-1718).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-077.jpg?height=1806&width=1280&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Ulbospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Palaeospiriferinae","Genus":"Palaeospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeospirifer Martynova & SVERBILOVA, 1968, p. 26","Type_species":"Cyrtospirifer? karagatshicus Sverbilova in Litvinovich & SVERBILOVA, 1963, p. 286, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Goungjunspirifer Zhang F. M. in Zhang Chuan & others, 1983, p. 346 (type, G. sinicus, OD)","Synonyms":"Goungjunspirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transversely subovate, cardinal angles well rounded, interarea low, fold and sulcus moderately developed, moderately wide, flanks with few broad rounded plications, one or more of which may bifurcate, sulcus with distinct simple median plication and 1 or 2 pairs of lateral sulcal plications, surface strongly capillate, dental plates very short, divergent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1127 a-f . *P. karagatshicus (Sverbilova), a-c, ventral, dorsal, and side views, \u00d7 1, d-f, transverse sections, \u00d7 3 (Martynova & Sverbilova, 1968)., Fig. 1127 g-j. P. sinicus (Zhang), China, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, \u00d7 1 (Zhang Chuan & others, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Martynova & Sverbilova, 1968, \nZhang Chuan & others, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1127. ulbospiriferidae (p. 1720).\nfig. 1127. ulbospiriferidae (p. 1720).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-078.jpg?height=770&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-078.jpg?height=770&width=1279&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Palaeochoristites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Palaeochoristitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Palaeochoristites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Palaeochoristites SOKOLSKAYA, 1941, p. 26","Type_species":"Spirifer cinctus KEYSERLING, 1846, p. 229, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transversely subovate in outline, moderately and subequally biconvex, ventral umbonal region broad, evenly rounded, poorly differentiated from lateral slopes, beak small, incurved, ventral interarea acutely triangular, cardinal extremities rounded to subangular, maximum width attained anterior to hinge line, fold and sulcus absent, hinge line nondenticulate, entire surface multicostate, costae numerous, flattened, freely bifurcating or trifurcating, with narrow interspaces, ventral interior with long, slender, slightly diverging dental adminicula, dorsal interior with long, slender, subparallel, vertical dorsal adminicula, vascular impressions unknown, umbonal region of ventral valve greatly thickened","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1128, 2a-f. *P. cinctus (Keyserling), European Russia, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (new), f, transverse section, X3 (Ivanova, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ivanova, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 1128. palaeochoristitidae (p. 1720-1721).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-079.jpg?height=1278&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eochoristites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Theodossioidea","Family":"Palaeochoristitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eochoristites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eochoristites CHU, 1933, p. 28, *=E. neipentaiensis, OD","Type_species":"E. neipentaiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Centrospirifer Tien, 1938, p. 110 (type, Spirifer (Sinospirifer) chaoi Grabau, 1931b, p. 263, OD)","Synonyms":"Centrospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subequally and moderately biconvex, ventral umbo broad, weakly inflated, ventral beak small, moderately incurved, ventral interarea truncated, hinge line nondenticulate, fold and sulcus narrow to moderately wide, weakly developed, costae mostly simple on lateral slopes, sulcus with strong, simple, or bifurcating median costa and several, mostly simple, lateral sulcal costae that bifurcate from bounding costae, dorsal adminicula moderately long, otherwise similar to Palaeochoristites","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"southeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1128, 1a-j. *E. neipentaiensis, Tournaisian, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, f, transverse section of dorsal valve, g-j, transverse sections of ventral valve, \u00d7 1 (Chu, 1933).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chu, 1933","figure_index":"fig. 1128. palaeochoristitidae (p. 1720-1721).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-079.jpg?height=1278&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinocyrtia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spinocyrtia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinocyrtia FREDERIKS, 1916, p. 18","Type_species":"Delthyris granulosa Conrad, 1839, p. 65, SD FREDERIKS, 1926, p. 411","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transverse, ventral interarea flat or slightly curved, apsacline, stegidial plates present, cardinal angles acute, auriculate, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, with plications tending to form on parietal slopes anteriorly, fold may have median groove, flanks with numerous low, rounded plications separated by narrow interspaces, surface tuberculate, with radially arranged, tear-shaped granules on microfila, dental plates straight, divergent, mostly buried in umbonal callus with impressed muscle field, broad ctenophoridium impressed in thick shell.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1129, 1a-d. * S. granulosa (Conrad), Givetian, New York, USA, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (Ehlers & Wright, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ehlers & Wright, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 1129. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-081.jpg?height=1882&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acutoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acutoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acutoria Cooper & DUTRO, 1982, p. 100","Type_species":"A. angulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, transverse, cardinal angles acute to rounded, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, angular, becoming carinate with flanks, flanks with numerous, simple, flat plications, surface capillate, dental plates long, divergent, ctenophoridium supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1130, 4a-b. *A. angulata, New Mexico, USA, dorsal and ventral valves, X1 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1130. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722-1725).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-082.jpg?height=1743&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alatiformia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alatiformia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alatiformia STRUVE, 1963, p. 499","Type_species":"Spirifer alatiformis Drevermann, 1907, p. 126, OD, =Spirifer subcuspidatus var. alata KAYSER, 1871, p. 573","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, strongly transverse, ventral interarea flat, steeply apsacline to catacline, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, flanks with numerous simple plications crossed by closely spaced, nodose growth lines, dental plates widely divergent","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1129, 2a-c. *A. alatiformis (Drevermann), Emsian, Germany, posterior, ventral, and dorsal views of natural internal mold, X1.5 (Struve, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1129. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-081.jpg?height=1882&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carpinaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Carpinaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carpinaria STRUVE, 1982, p. 213","Type_species":"Spinocyrtia (Carpinaria) carpinensis STRUVE, 1982, p. 213, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Microornament as in Spinocyrtia, ventral interarea very high, nearly catacline, otherwise similar to Orthospirifer","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Germany, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1130, 1a-e. *C. carpinensis, upper Givetian, Germany, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Struve, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1130. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722-1725).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-082.jpg?height=1743&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Duryeella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Duryeella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Duryeella BOUCOT, 1975, p. 370","Type_species":"Spirifer macra HALL, 1857, p. 134, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly transverse, ventral interarea apsacline, slightly curved, cardinal angles acute, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with numerous rounded plications, growth lines closely spaced, dental plates largely buried in umbonal callus","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1129, 4a-c. *D. macra (Hall), lower Eifelian, New York, USA, a, ventral valve, X1 (Hall, 1867b), b-c, dorsal and posterior views of dorsal internal mold, X2 (Boucot, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall, 1867, \nBoucot, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1129. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-081.jpg?height=1882&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eosyringothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eosyringothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eosyringothyris STAINBROOK, 1943, p. 431","Type_species":"Spirifer aspera HALL, 1858, p. 508, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, transverse, ventral interarea high, flat, steeply apsacline to procline, stegidial plates present, cardinal angles acute, fold and sulcus broad, low, smooth, surface papillose, delthyrial plate with median anterior spine, dental plates straight or slightly curved","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1129, 3a-c. *E. aspera (Hall), upper Givetian, Iowa, USA, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, X1 (Stainbrook, 1943).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stainbrook, 1943","figure_index":"fig. 1129. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-081.jpg?height=1882&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mediospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mediospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mediospirifer BUBLICHENKO, 1956, p. 102","Type_species":"Delthyris medialis Hall, 1843, p. 208, OD, =Delthyris audacula CONRAD, 1842, p. 262","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea of moderate height, slightly curved, steeply apsacline, stegidial plates present, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, flanks with numerous simple plications crossed by closely spaced growth lines","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1130, 3a-e. *M. audaculus (C ONRAD ), New York, USA; ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1130. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722-1725).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-082.jpg?height=1743&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthospirifer Pitrat, 1975, p. 387","Type_species":"O. missouriensis PITRAT, 1975, p. 389, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transverse, ventral interarea of medium height, slightly curved, apsacline, cardinal angles acute, fold and sulcus broad, low, smooth, flanks with numerous, simple, low, rounded to flat plications, surface with prominent nodose capillae, ctenophoridium supported by myophragm","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"eastern and midcontinent North America, western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1131, 1a-f. *O. missouriensis, Frasnian, Missouri, USA, a, microornament, X5, b-f, holotype, lateral, posterior, anterior, dorsal, and ventral views, X1 (Pitrat, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pitrat, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1131. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1724-1726).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-083.jpg?height=1205&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platyrachella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Platyrachella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platyrachella Fenton & FENTON, 1924, p. 158","Type_species":"Spirifera macbridei CALVIN, 1883, p. 433, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, ventribiconvex, transverse, ventral interarea high, flat, steeply apsacline or catacline, cardinal angles acute, fold and sulcus broad, low, smooth, or with low anterior plication in sulcus, flanks with numerous, simple plications, surface with fine capillae, dental plates short, straight, divergent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1130, 2a-d. *P. macbridei (Calvin), Iowa, USA, a-c, anterior, posterior, and dorsal views, X1, d, ventral interior, enlarged (Fenton & Fenton, 1924).","Museum_or_author_information":"Fenton & Fenton, 1924","figure_index":"fig. 1130. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1722-1725).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-082.jpg?height=1743&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subcuspidella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Spinocyrtiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Subcuspidella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subcuspidella MITTMEYER, 1965, p. 80","Type_species":"Spirifer subcuspidatus SCHNUR, 1851, p. 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, ventral interarea high, flat, apsacline or catacline, cardinal angles acute, flanks with numerous rounded plications, fold and sulcus smooth, crossed by closely spaced, nodose growth lines, dental plates straight, divergent, ctenophoridium and short crural plates present.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1131, 2a-c. * S. subcuspidatus (SCHNUR), Germany; posterior, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (Schnur, 1853 in 1853\u20131854).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1131. spinocyrtiidae (p. 1724-1726).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-083.jpg?height=1205&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Cyrtospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtospirifer Nalivkin in FREDERIKS, 1924, p. 312","Type_species":"Spirifer Verneuili MURCHISON, 1840, p. 252, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hunanospirifer Tien, 1938, p. 113 139 (type, Spirifer (H.) wangi, OD), Grabauispirifer Gatinaud, 1949, p. 413 (type, Spirifer (Sinospirifer) archiaciformis Grabau, 1931b, p. 257, OD), Eurytatospirifer Gatinaud, 1949, p. 487 (type, Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby in Sedgwick & Murchison, 1840, p. 704, OD), Deothossia Gatinaud, 1949, p. 488 (type, Spirifer (Sinospirifer) anossofioides Grabau, 1931b, p. 273, OD), Lamarckispirifer Gatinaud, 1949, p. 489 (type, Spirifer (Sinospirifer) hayasakai Grabau, 1931b, p. 305, OD), Subquadriangulispirifer Sartenaer, 1982, p. 153 (type, Spirifer Malaisi Gosselet, 1894, p. 47, OD)","Synonyms":"Hunanospirifer, Grabauispirifer, Eurytatospirifer, Deothossia, Lamarckispirifer, Subquadriangulispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, moderately transverse, cardinal angles acute, commonly auriculate, ventral interarea high, strongly curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus broad, well defined, not prominent, costae of fold and sulcus increasing by implantation, flanks with numerous simple, rounded costae, surface with capillae and fila, dental plates extrasinal to sulcus bounding, ctenophoridium on median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian-lower Famennian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1132, la-f. *C. verneuili (MURchISON), Frasnian, France, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, f, ventral valve internal mold, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1132. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-085.jpg?height=1796&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austrospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Austrospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austrospirifer GLENISTER, 1956, p. 58","Type_species":"A. variabilis GLENISTER, 1956, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, biconvex, strongly transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, orthocline to apsacline, with apical pseudodeltidium, fold and sulcus well defined, narrow, plicate, flanks with numerous simple, rounded plications and U-shaped interspaces, surface with inconspicuous growth lines, dental plates short","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1132, 4ad. *A. variabilis, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, X2 (Glenister, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Glenister, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1132. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-085.jpg?height=1796&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geminisulcispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Geminisulcispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geminisulcispirifer SARTENAER, 1982, p. 149","Type_species":"Spirifer bisinus Le HON, 1870, p. 497, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large size, biconvex, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline, with pseudodeltidium, fold and sulcus well defined, costate, sulcus triangular, fold with anteriorly widening median furrow, flanks with numerous simple and bifurcating costae, surface with capillae interrupted by microfila, giving rise to small granules, dental plates intrasinal in type species.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian)","Geography":"Europe, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1132, 2a-e. *G. bisinus (Le Hon), Frasnian, France, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Sartenaer, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1132. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-085.jpg?height=1796&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liraspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Liraspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liraspirifer STAINBROOK, 1950, p. 380","Type_species":"L. tricostatus STAINBROOK, 1950, p. 381, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, biconvex, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea slightly curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus plicate, well defined, with fold low, flanks with numerous low, rounded costate plications and wide interspaces (or plications flattened and longitudinally grooved), dental plates straight, divergent, extrasinal, with short delthyrial plate, broad ctenophoridium on notothyrial platform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"midcontinent North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1133, 1a-e. * L. tricostatus, Iowa, USA, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1133. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-086.jpg?height=1569&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Petshorospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Petshorospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Petshorospirifer FOTIEVA, 1985, p. 56","Type_species":"P. petshorensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, ventribiconvex, hemipyramidal, cardinal angles slightly acute, ventral interarea high, flat, catacline, flanks smooth or with faint plications, surface capillate to tuberculate, delthyrial plate short.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"northwestern Russia (Petshora region)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Regelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Regelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Regelia CRICKMAY, 1952b, p. 2","Type_species":"Cyrtospirifer glaucus CRICKMAY, 1952a, p. 600, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, ventribiconvex, strongly transverse and mucronate, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus costate, with prominent plications bounding sulcus, flanks with numerous, simple costae, surface with fine capillae, long, extrasinal dental plates and umbonal thickening present.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1132, 5a-c. *R. glaucus (Crickmay), Alberta, two ventral valves and one dorsal valve, X1 (Crickmay, 1952a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Crickmay, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 1132. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-085.jpg?height=1796&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Sinospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinospirifer Gatinaud, 1949, p. 413 (GRABAU, 1931b, p. 231)","Type_species":"Spirifer (Sinospirifer) chinensis Grabau, 1923 in 1923-1924, p. 169, OD, nom. imperf.;  =Spirifer (Sinospirifer) sinensis GRABAU, 1931b, p. 241","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transverse, with acute or auriculate cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus well defined, costate, costae increasing by Spiriferida\u2014Cyrtospiriferoidea implantation, flanks with simple rounded costae, surface capillate, ventral interior with thickened umbonal region and myophragm, dorsal interior with strong, platelike crural bases but without crural plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian-Famennian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1133, 2a-d. *S. sinensis (Grabau), ventral, dorsal, side, and anterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1133. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-086.jpg?height=1569&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphenospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Sphenospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphenospira COOPER, 1954b, p. 330","Type_species":"Spirifera alta HALL, 1867b, p. 248, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly ventribiconvex, transverse, with semiconical ventral valve, ventral interarea high, flat, catacline, sometimes with frills, delthyrium occluded by long delthyrial plate and stegidium, cardinal angles acute, fold and sulcus rounded, relatively narrow, surface tuberculate, dental plates long, divergent, ctenophoridium bilobed","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1132, 3a-b. *S. alta (Hall), Ohio, posterior and lateral views, X1 (Cooper, 1954b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1954","figure_index":"fig. 1132. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-085.jpg?height=1796&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syringospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Syringospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syringospira KINDLE, 1909, p. 28","Type_species":"* S. prima KINDLE, 1909, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly ventribiconvex, transverse, with semiconical ventral valve, ventral interarea high, flat, catacline, delthyrium occluded by long delthyrial plate and stegidium, cardinal angles acute, fold and sulcus rounded, relatively narrow, surface tuberculate, dental plates short, umbonal chambers with blisterlike plates, ctenophoridium bilobed","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1133, 4a-c. *S. prima, upper Famennian, New Mexico, USA, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, X1 (Cooper, 1954b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1954","figure_index":"fig. 1133. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-086.jpg?height=1569&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tarandrospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Tarandrospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tarandrospirifer Simakov in Afanas'eva & SIMAKOV, 1970, p. 88","Type_species":"Cyrtospirifer tarandrus Nalivkin in MARKOVSKI, 1960, p. 384, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, ventribiconvex, hemipyramidal, cardinal angles slightly acute, ventral interarea high, flat, catacline, fold and sulcus smooth or with 1 or 2 pairs of costae in sulcus, flanks with simple, rounded plications, surface capillate, delthyrial plate short","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Omolonsk massif, Kolyma region, Pai Khoi, Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1133, 5ac. * T. tarandrus (Nalivkin), Arctic Siberia, a-b, holotype, ventral valve, ventral and posterior views, X1, c, microornament, X6 (Markovski, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMarkovski, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 1133. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-086.jpg?height=1569&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenticospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Tenticospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenticospirifer TIEN, 1938, p. 113","Type_species":"Spirifer tenticulum de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 159, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Conispirifer Liashenko, 1985, p. 16 (type, C. rotundus, OD)","Synonyms":"Conispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, ventribiconvex, hemipyramidal, cardinal angles slightly acute, ventral interarea high, flat, catacline, fold, sulcus, and flanks with simple, rounded plications, surface capillate, ctenophoridium elevated on median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1133, 3a-e. T. tenticulum (De Vernevil), Russian Platform, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1133. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1726-1729).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-086.jpg?height=1569&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtiopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Cyrtiopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtiopsis Grabau, 1923 in 1923-1924, p. 194, SD GRABAU, 1931b, p. 435","Type_species":"C. davidsoni Grabau, 1923 in 1923-1924, p. 195, SD GRABAU, 1931b, p. 435","Synonyms_with_authors":"Grabauicyrtiopsis Gatinaud, 1949, p. 490 (type, Cyrtiopsis graciosa Grabau, 1923 in 1923-1924, p. 195, OD), Sinocyrtiopsis Gatinaud, 1949, p. 491 (type, Cyrtiopsis transversa Grabau, 1924 in 1923-1924, p. 466, OD)","Synonyms":"Grabauicyrtiopsis, Sinocyrtiopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, biconvex to ventribiconvex, equidimensional or elongate, with obtuse cardinal angles, deltidium present, ventral interarea high, slightly curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus prominent, costate, flanks with numerous small, simple plications, surface with radial or subradial capillae, becoming tuberculate, dental plates intrasinal, subparallel, with rudimentary delthyrial plate, ctenophoridium elevated.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1134, 3a-e. *C. davidsoni, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X1.5 (Ma & Day, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ma & Day, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1134. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-088.jpg?height=1435&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acutella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Acutella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acutella LIASHENKO, 1973, p. 119","Type_species":"Uchtospirifer angulosus LIASHENKO, 1959, p. 128, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, equidimensional to transverse, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, ventral beak prominent, fold and sulcus prominent, fold strongly arched or acuminate, costate posteriorly, costae becoming obsolescent anteriorly, flanks with numerous, low, rounded costae and narrow interspaces, surface with radial or subradial capillae and fila, dental plates extrasinal or bordering.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Russian Platform, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1135, 1a-e. *A. angulosa (Liashenko), Timan, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Liashenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liashenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1135. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1730).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-089.jpg?height=956&width=1265&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dichospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Dichospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dichospirifer BRICE, 1971, p. 192","Type_species":"D. thylakistoides BRICE, 1971, p. 194, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, equidimensional, cardinal angles obtuse, less than maximum width, ventral interarea low, strongly curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus indistinct, fold, sulcus, and flanks with bifurcating costae, microornament of growth fila and faint capillae, dental plates extrasinal, with rudimentary delthyrial plate, dorsal interior with short crural plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Afghanistan, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1136, 3a-f. *D. thylakistoides, upper Fammenian, Afghanistan, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and side views, X1, f, exterior showing fine ornament, X12 (Brice, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1136. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-090.jpg?height=1776&width=1279&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dmitria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Dmitria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dmitria SIDIACHENKO, 1961, p. 80","Type_species":"Spirifer (Cyrtospirifer) Romanowskii NALIVKIN, 1930, p. 127, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, strongly biconvex, equidimensional or elongate, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea short, strongly incurved, fold and sulcus poorly differentiated, entire surface with numerous fine costellae and capillae, dental plates long, thin, intrasinal, ctenophoridium elevated on median ridge","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Tian Shan, Kazakhstan, western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1134, 2a-d. *D. romanowskii (Nalivkin), Tian Shan, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 0.7 (Nalivkin, 1930).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nalivkin, 1930","figure_index":"fig. 1134. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-088.jpg?height=1435&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodmitria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Eodmitria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodmitria BRICE, 1982a, p. 575","Type_species":"*E. supradisjuncta boloniensis BRICE, 1982a, p. 578, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex to lenticular, transverse with obtuse to acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, narrow, apsacline, fold low, sulcus poorly defined, costae of fold-sulcus increasing by implantation, flanks with simple rounded costae, surface papillose, dental plates extrasinal, ctenophoridium elevated","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian-middle Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1135, 2a-d. *E. supradisjuncta boloniensis, lower Frasnian, France, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Brice, 1982a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1135. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1730).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-089.jpg?height=956&width=1265&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mennespirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Mennespirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mennespirifer LIASHENKO, 1973, p. 101","Type_species":"Uchtospirifer menneri LIASHENKO, 1959, p. 129, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Komispirifer Liashenko, 1973, p. 105 (type, Uchtospirifer formosus Liashenko, 1960, p. 25, OD)","Synonyms":"Komispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus costate, flanks with low rounded costae and narrow interspaces, surface with radial or subradial capillae, becoming tuberculate, dental plates extrasinal.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Russian Platform, Timan Range, Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1134, 1a-d. *M. menneri (LIASHENKO), lower Frasnian, Timan; holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (Liashenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1134. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-088.jpg?height=1435&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platyspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Platyspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platyspirifer GRABAU, 1931b, p. 355","Type_species":"Schizophoria paronai MARTELLI, 1902, p. 365, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, biconvex, transversely oval or equidimensional, with rounded, obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline, fold low, sulcus poorly defined, costae of fold-sulcus increasing by implantation, flanks with simple rounded costae, surface capillate, dental plates thickened, ctenophoridium elevated","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Afghanistan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1136, 1a-e. *P. paronai (Martelli), China, ventral, dorsal, side, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1136. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-090.jpg?height=1776&width=1279&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uchtospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Uchtospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uchtospirifer LIASHENKO, 1957, p. 885","Type_species":"U. nalivkini LIASHENKO, 1957, p. 886, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Timanospirifer Liashenko, 1973, p. 92 (type, Uchtospirifer timanicus Liashenko, 1958, p. 147, OD), Nordispirifer Liashenko, 1973, p. 104 (type, N. celeber, OD), Clivospirifer Liashenko, 1973, p. 108 (type, Uchtospirifer clivosus Liashenko, 1969b, p. 53, OD)","Synonyms":"Timanospirifer, Nordispirifer, Clivospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, equidimensional to transverse, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, ventral beak commonly prominent, fold and sulcus prominent, costate, flanks with numerous, fine, low, rounded costae and narrow interspaces, surface with radial or subradial capillae, becoming tuberculate, dental plates intrasinal, delthyrial plate short","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Russian Platform, Timan Range, Urals, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1136, 2a-e. *U. nalivkini, Frasnian, Timan, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Liashenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liashenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1136. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 1729-1731).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-090.jpg?height=1776&width=1279&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ambocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Ambocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ambocoelia HALL, 1860, p. 71","Type_species":"Orthis umbonata CONRAD, 1842, p. 264, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to concavoconvex, megathyrid, ventral interarea low, with beak incurved, commissure uniplicate or straight, with faint growth lines and weak to obscure capillae","Beginning_age":"Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Devonian","Ending_age":"Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Devonian","Geological_periods":"Devonian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1137, 1 a-c .* A. umbonata (Conrad), ventral, dorsal, lateral views, X1.5, d-e, dorsal and ventral interiors, X3 (Pitrat, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pitrat, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1137. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-092.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Attenuatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Attenuatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Attenuatella STEHLI, 1954, p. 343","Type_species":"A. texana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve strongly inflated, longitudinally elongated, with strongly incurved beak and shallow sulcus, dorsal valve nearly flat, nonsulcate, ventral interior with diductor scars raised on long, low narrow ridge with low lateral flanges, dorsal interior with diverging crural bases nearly touching poste- rior of valve, crura very long, rodlike, spiralia absent, microornament as in Crurithyris","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Lopingian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Russia, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1137, 4ad. *A. texana, Artinskian, Texas, ventral, posterior, lateral, and interior views of ventral valve, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a), Fig. 1137, 4e-f. A. attenuata (Cloud), Wordian, Mexico, internal molds of both valves, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1137. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).\nfig. 1137. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-092.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-092.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aviformia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Aviformia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aviformia XIAN, 1988, p. 227","Type_species":"**A. grandia XIAN, 1988, p. 228, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventribiconvex, transversely triangular, megathyrid, fold and sulcus distinct, narrow, growth lines with capillae, umbonal callus present, hinge plates widely discrete, cardinal process not observed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1137, 3a-b. *A. grandia, Eifelian, ventral, dorsal views, X1 (Xian, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1137. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-092.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biconvexiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Biconvexiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biconvexiella WATERHOUSE, 1983b, p. 154","Type_species":"*Attenuatella convexa ARMSTRONG, 1968, p. 788, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve moderately inflated, dorsal valve evenly convex, ventral umbo moderately incurved, not obscuring delthyrium, ventral adductor ridge moderately developed, anterior median ridge short, crura long, rodlike, terminating in posteriorly reflexed S-shaped extensions, otherwise similar to Attenuatella","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1138, 1a-e. *B. convexa (Armstrong), a, holotype, dorsal valve, b-c, ventral and lateral views of ventral valve, d-e, internal molds of both valves, \u00d7 4 (Armstrong, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Armstrong, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1138. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-093.jpg?height=1975&width=1294&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bisinocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Bisinocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bisinocoelia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1953, p. 7","Type_species":"B. bisinuata HAVL\u00cd\u010c\u00c9, 1953, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex with prominent ventral umbo, megathyrid, valves bisulcate, notothyrial cavity with pair of ridges that join low median septum, exterior ornament weak","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian-Middle Devonian","Geography":"central Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1137, 5a-b. *B. bisinuata, Pragian, ventral and anterior views of dorsal interior, X7.8 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1137. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-092.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cruricella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Cruricella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cruricella GRANT, 1976, p. 187","Type_species":"* C. couria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Sulci lacking in either valve, cardinal extremities subangular, cardinal process knoblike, finely striate, microornament absent or of fine pustules, not spinose, otherwise similar to Crurithyris","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian), ?Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian (Lopingian), ?Triassic","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1137, 2a-g. * C. couria, Lopingian, Thailand, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, f-g, dorsal and ventral interiors, X6 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1137. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-092.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crurithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Crurithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crurithyris GEORGE, 1931, p. 42","Type_species":"Spirifer urei FLEMING, 1828, p. 376, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, both valves with weak sulci, anterior commissure emarginate, microornament of fine spinules of 2 distinct sizes, roughly concentrically arranged, cardinal process knoblike, dorsal interior with adductor scars in normal position, otherwise similar to Ambocoelia","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian-Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1138, 4 a-d .*C. urei (Fleming), Mississippian, Carboniferous, Great Britain, a-b, lectotype, ventral and dorsal views, X9 (George, 1931), c, dorsal interior, X20, d, microornament, X75 (Brunton, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"George, 1931, \nBrunton, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1138. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-093.jpg?height=1975&width=1294&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtinoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Cyrtinoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtinoides Iudina & RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1985, p. 82","Type_species":"C. ajica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mucroclipeus Goldman & Mitchell, 1990, p. 85 (type, M. eliei Goldman & Mitchell, 1990, p. 88, OD)","Synonyms":"Mucroclipeus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral median septum and tichorhinum present, tichorhinum lacking dividing partition. No satisfactory illustration of the type is available.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"North America, Russian Platform, southern Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1138, 2a-g. C. septata (Johnson), Eifelian, Nevada, USA, a, ventral posterior view, b, dorsal interior view, X6 (Johnson, 1971), c-g, ventral, anterior, interior, posterior, and side views, X4 (Johnson, Klapper, & Trojan, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1971, \nJohnson, Klapper, & Trojan, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1138. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-093.jpg?height=1975&width=1294&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dicoelospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Dicoelospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dicoelospirifer Zhang NING, 1989, p. 18","Type_species":"D. dicoelospirifer, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, interareas lacking, submegathyrid, valves bisulcate, concentric growth lines","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Arctic Islands, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1138, 3a-d. *D. dicoelospirifer, ab, holotype, external and interior views of dorsal valve, X8, c, external view of ventral valve, X6, d, interior view of ventral valve, X8 (Zhang, 1989)","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1138. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-093.jpg?height=1975&width=1294&top_left_y=141&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Echinocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinocoelia Cooper & WILLIAMS, 1935, p. 844","Type_species":"E. ambocoelioides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pyramina LiAShenko, 1969a, p. 23 (type, P. oskolensis Liashenko, 1969a, p. 24, OD)","Synonyms":"Pyramina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex with high apsacline ventral interarea, delthyrium closed by apical plate, megathyrid, with concentric growth lines and spines","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"North America, Russian Platform, China (Guangxi), northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1139, 1a-f. E. denayensis Johnson, Eifelian, Nevada, USA, a-d, anterior, posterior, ventral, and side views, e-f, exterior and interior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 3 (Johnson, 1966a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1966","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoplicoplasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Eoplicoplasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoplicoplasia Johnson & LENZ, 1992, p. 530","Type_species":"Plicoplasia acutiplicata LENZ, 1972, p. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, megathyrid, cardinal extremities slightly mucronate, ventral interarea high, apsacline to catacline, curved to flat, fold and sulcus moderately expressed, valves strongly plicate, with concentric growth lines and weak to obscure capillae, commissure uniplicate to parasulcate, short rudimentary dental plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1139, 2a-f. *E. acutiplicata (Lenz), upper Lochkovian, Yukon Territory, a-c, ventral, dorsal, and dorsal interior views, X3, d-f, posterior, anterior, and side views, X2.8 (Lenz, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lenz, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guangxiispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Guangxiispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guangxiispirifer XIAN SI-YUAN, 1983a, p. 12","Type_species":"G. subaequatus Xian SI-YUAN, 1983a, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea high, curved, apsacline, with deltidial plates, dorsal interarea low, flat, anacline, fold and sulcus lacking, surface with concentric growth lines and capillae, strong dental flanges, inner hinge plates united into triangular platform, with prominent cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1139, 3a-d. *G. subaequatus, Givetian, southern China, a-c, ventral, dorsal, and side views, X1 (new), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Xian, 1983a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Metaplasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Metaplasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Metaplasia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 56","Type_species":"Spirifer pyxidatus HALL, 1859 in 1859-1861, p. 428, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, with beak incurved, valves smooth, lacking spines, commissure intraplicate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1137, 6a-b. *M. pyxidata (Hall), Pragian, Ontario, Canada, dorsal and ventral interiors, X1 (Hall & Clarke, 1893)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1137, 6 c-d. M. paucicostata (Schuchert), Emsian, Nevada, USA, ventral and dorsal exteriors, X5 (Johnson, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall & Clarke, 1893, \nJohnson, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1137. ambocoeliidae (p. 1733-1736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-092.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbicoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Orbicoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbicoelia Waterhouse & PIYASIN, 1970, p. 144","Type_species":"O. fraturculus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Unequally biconvex, cardinal extremities well rounded, fold and sulcus absent, ventral interior lacking plates or ridges, cardinal process composed of 2 low lobes in juveniles, becoming low platform in adults, microornament of long, very fine spinules, otherwise similar to Crurithyris","Beginning_age":"Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1140, 5a-e. *O. fraturculus, a-c, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, d-e, exterior and internal views of ventral valve, X3 (Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paracrurithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Paracrurithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paracrurithyris LIAO, 1981, p. 54","Type_species":"Crurithyris pygmaea LIAO, 1980, p. 264, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve moderately to deeply concave, dorsal interior with small, wedge-shaped cardinal process, thick socket ridges and crural bases, microornament poorly known, otherwise similar to Ambocoelia. Permian (Lopingian)-Lower Triassic: China.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)-Lower Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1140, 3a-d. * P. pygmaea (LiAO), a-b, dorsal exterior and mold of dorsal interior, X4, c-d, two molds of ventral interiors, X4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicoplasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Plicoplasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicoplasia BOUCOT, 1959a, p. 19","Type_species":"P. cooperi BOUCOT, 1959a, p. 20, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, megathyrid, ventral interarea low, with beak incurved, valves plicate, with weak to obscure capillae, commissure parasulcate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"North America, South America, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1140, 4 a-f .* P. cooperi, New York, USA, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, ef, dorsal and ventral interiors, X3 (Boucot, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1959","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinoplasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Spinoplasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinoplasia BOUCOT, 1959a, p. 18","Type_species":"S. gaspensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, with beak incurved, valves smooth, bearing fine spines, commissure intraplicate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1140, 1a-c. *S. gaspensis, Lochkovian, Quebec, a-b, dorsal and ventral internal molds, c, microornament, \u00d7 10 (Boucot, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1959","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Swaicoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Swaicoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Swaicoelia HAMADA, 1968a, p. 6","Type_species":"S. rotunda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, with beak incurved, valves smooth, bearing fine, erect, uniform, randomly distributed spines","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian, Carboniferous (?Mississippian)","Geography":"northern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1140, 2a-d. *S. rotunda, a, holotype, dorsal interior, b-d, dorsal exterior, ventral interior, ventral exterior, X5 (Hamada, 1968a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hamada, 1968","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Rhynchospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchospirifer PAULUS, 1957, p. 51","Type_species":"R. halleri PAULUS, 1957, p. 52, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Biarella Markovski, 1988, p. 82 (type, Orthis hians von Buch, 1837, p. 64, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Biarella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, rarely megathyrid, ventral interarea high, strongly incurved, commissure straight, capillate, dental plates thin, subparallel, closely spaced, cruralium triangular to subquadrate in outline, not anteriorly emarginate, supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1141, 5a-f. * R. halleri, Eifelian, Germany, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X2, f, dorsal interior, X3.3 (Paulus, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Paulus, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1141. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-098.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amboglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Amboglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amboglossa Wang & ZHU, 1979, p. 59","Type_species":"Ambothyris transversa WANG & OTHERS, 1974, p. 242, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, rarely megathyrid, ventral interarea high, flat to incurved, valves bisulcate, dental plates lacking, outer hinge plates form cruralium supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Russian Platform, Urals, Timan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1141, 1a-c. * A. transversa (Wang & others), Eifelian, China, a-b, exterior and interior of ventral valve, X2.5, c, interior of dorsal valve, X6 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1141. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-098.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ambothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Ambothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ambothyris GEORGE, 1931, p. 42","Type_species":"Spirifera infima WHIDBORNE, 1893, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea high, moderately incurved, commissure straight or slightly sulcate, surface capillate, dental plates lacking, crural plates short, discrete, anteriorly convergent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1141, 2a-c. * A. infima (Whidborne), Givetian, Belgium, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X4 (Vandercammen, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1141. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-098.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Changtangella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Changtangella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Changtangella Xian SI-YUAN, 1983a, p. 9","Type_species":"C. bisepta XIAN, 1983a, p. 11, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, rarely megathyrid, ventral interarea high, strongly incurved, commissure straight, valves smooth, with variably developed capillae, dental plates converge with median septum to form spondylium, cruralium supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1141, 4a-d. *C. bisepta, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1141. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-098.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Choperella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Choperella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Choperella LIASHENKO, 1969a, p. 22","Type_species":"C. ilmenica LIASHENKO, 1969a, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, megathyrid, variably alate, ventral interarea flat, catacline, valves bisulcate, with concentric growth lines and variably developed fine capillae, dental plates lacking, crural plates short, discrete","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western North America, Russian platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1142, 3a-e. *C. ilmenica, Eifelian, Russian Platform, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X3 (Liashenko, 1969a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liashenko, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1142. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-099.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crurispina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Crurispina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crurispina Goldman & MITCHELL, 1990, p. 95","Type_species":"Ambocoelia spinosa CLARKE, 1894, p. 177, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex to strongly ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, incurved, commissure uniplicate, spines randomly distributed, dental plates lacking, crural plates short, discrete","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1142, 1 a-e . *C*. spinosa (Clarke), Givetian, New York, USA, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 5 (Goldman & Mitchell, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Goldman & Mitchell, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1142. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-099.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diazoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Diazoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diazoma D\u00dcRKOOP, 1970, p. 195","Type_species":"Emanuella volhynica KELUS, 1939, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kelusia Mamedov, 1978, p. 200, obj.","Synonyms":"Kelusia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, strongly incurved, commissure slightly uniplicate, secondary shell thick, concentric growth lamellae with fine, radially arranged spines, dental plates lacking, cruralium supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1142, 5a-f. *D. volhynica (Kelus), Middle Devonian, Afghanistan, a-e, neotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, X1, f, posterior view of internal mold, X1.5 (D\u00fcrkoop, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"D\u00fcrkoop, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1142. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-099.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Emanuella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Emanuella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Emanuella Grabau, 1923 in 1923-1924, p. 192","Type_species":"Nucleospira takwanensis KAYSER, 1883, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paraemanuella Yang, 1977, p. 415 (type, P. orbicularia Yang, 1977, p. 416, OD)","Synonyms":"Paraemanuella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, strongly incurved, commissure slightly uniplicate, with concentric rows of small spines, dental plates lacking, crural plates short, discrete","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1143, 2a-d. *E*. takwanensis (KAYSER), Givetian, China, a-c, dorsal, side, and anterior views, \u00d7 2 (Grabau, 1931b), d, exterior showing fine ornament, \u00d7 25 (Veevers, 1959b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grabau, 1931, \nVeevers, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1143. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-100.jpg?height=1882&width=1275&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ilmenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Ilmenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ilmenia NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 186","Type_species":"* I. altovae NALIVKIN, 1941, p. 187, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, incurved, commissure slightly uniplicate, capillate, dental plates short, divergent, crural plates short, discrete","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1142, 4a-d. *I. altovae, Russia, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (Nalivkin, 1941).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nalivkin, 1941","figure_index":"fig. 1142. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-099.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ilmeniopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Ilmeniopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ilmeniopsis XIAN, 1983a, p. 15","Type_species":"I. changtangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, incurved, commissure straight, faint concentric growth lines, dental plates short, crural plates short, discrete, connected posteriorly by suspended inner hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1141, 3a-c. * I. changtangensis, posterior, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1141. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-098.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ilmenispina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Ilmenispina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ilmenispina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 180","Type_species":"I. hanaica HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 181, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, incurved, commissure straight, faint capillae and spines, dental plates short, strong, crural plates broad, short, discrete or attached to low median ridge","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Moravia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1143, 1a-e. * I. hanaica, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X2, e, dorsal interior, X2.3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1143. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-100.jpg?height=1882&width=1275&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ilmospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Ilmospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ilmospirifer LIASHENKO, 1969a, p. 18","Type_species":"* I. graciosus LIASHENKO, 1969a, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, megathyrid, ventral interarea low, with beak incurved, valves plicate, commissure episulcate, microornament of concentric rows of small spines, dental plates lacking, crural plates discrete or joined to form cruralium","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1142, 2a-f. *I. graciosus, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X3, f, microornament, X20 (Liashenko, 1969a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liashenko, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1142. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-099.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kosirium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Kosirium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kosirium Ficner & HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 362","Type_species":"K. turbulentum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dental plates very thick, moderately divergent, cruralium short, deeply emarginate anteriorly, otherwise similar to Rhynchospirifer","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1143, 4a-e. *K. turbulentum, upper Eifelian or lower Givetian, Czech Republic, a-b, ventral and lateral views of ventral valve, X1, c, ventral interarea, X1.3, d-e, dorsal and anterior views of dorsal interior, X1.6 (Ficner & Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ficner & Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1143. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-100.jpg?height=1882&width=1275&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ladjia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Ladjia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ladjia VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 125","Type_species":"L. saltica VEEVERS, 1959a, p. 126, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea medium height, incurved, commissure straight, capillate, dental plates lacking, crural plates discrete or joined to form a cruralium","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian), Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1143, 3a-g. *L. saltica, Australia, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X3, f-g, ventral and dorsal interiors, X4.5 (Veevers, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Veevers, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1143. ambocoeliidae (p. 1739-1743).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-100.jpg?height=1882&width=1275&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levibiseptum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Levibiseptum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levibiseptum Xian in Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 31","Type_species":"* L. dushanense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely oval, subequally biconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea of medium height, sulcus narrow, fold lacking, growth lines irregular, dental plates short, cruralium supported by median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-lower Givetian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1144, 1 a-b .^* L. dushanense, lower Givetian, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1144. ambocoeliidae (p. 1743-1744).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-101.jpg?height=1019&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moravilla":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Moravilla","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moravilla HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1953, p. 4","Type_species":"M. ficneri HAVL\u00cd\u010c\u00c9, 1953, p. 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, transverse, megathyrid, ventral interarea catacline, commissure straight, capillate, dental plates short, high, crural plates discrete","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Moravia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1144, 3. M. ficneri, lower Givetian, interior of dorsal valve, X3.4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1144. ambocoeliidae (p. 1743-1744).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-101.jpg?height=1019&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhonghuacoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchospiriferinae","Genus":"Zhonghuacoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhonghuacoelia CHEN, 1978, p. 361","Type_species":"Z. bispina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, submegathyrid, ventral interarea low, strongly incurved, commissure straight, concentric rows of small spines, short dental plates present, crural plates short, discrete","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Givetian, ?Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian, ?Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Givetian, ?Frasnian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1144, 2a-d. *Z. bispina, ?Frasnian, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and side views, X2.1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1144. ambocoeliidae (p. 1743-1744).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-101.jpg?height=1019&width=1280&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lazutkinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Lazutkiniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lazutkinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lazutkinia RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1952, p. 151","Type_species":"L. mamontovensis Rzhonsnitskaia, 1952, p. 152, OD;  = Spirifer (Yavorskiella) mamontoviensis Lazutkin in IAVORSKIL, 1940, p. 44, nom. nud.","Synonyms_with_authors":"Yavorskiella L AZUTKIN in I AVORSKII, 1940, p. 44, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Yavorskiella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea long, curved, apsacline, plications numerous, low, rounded, fold and sulcus indistinct or lacking, microornament of numerous concentric lamellae, dental plates short and thick or lacking, knoblike cardinal process and cruralium sited on low median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Kuznetzk basin, Salair, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1145, 1ad. * L. mamontovensis, Siberia, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 1145. lazutkiniidae and eudoxinidae (p. 1744-1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-103.jpg?height=1863&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prolazutkinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Lazutkiniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Prolazutkinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prolazutkinia Hou & Xian in Xian SI-YUAN, 1983a, p. 7","Type_species":"Lazutkinia lata Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, transverse, with flat, steeply apsacline interarea, fold and sulcus lacking, simple and bifurcating plications numerous, rounded, with U-shaped interspaces, ventral umbonal thickening and long divergent dental plates present, crural plates dorsally converging.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1145, 2a-d. * ? lata (Hou & XIAN), upper Emsian, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and side views, X2.6 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1145. lazutkiniidae and eudoxinidae (p. 1744-1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-103.jpg?height=1863&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eudoxina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Eudoxinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eudoxina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eudoxina Frederiks & KRUGLOV, 1928, p. 801","Type_species":"Spirifer medius Lebedev, 1912, p. 242, SD FREDERIKS, 1929, p. 382","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, with rounded outline, fold and sulcus rounded, weakly to moderately developed, lateral extremities well rounded, entire surfaces of both valves finely costate or coarsely costellate, ribs bifurcating freely, microornament seemingly absent, inner shell layers pitted in some species, ventral interior with strong dental flanges, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, dorsal interior with concave apical area of diductor attachment, finely striate in some species, and high, divergent, inner socket ridges, brachidium unknown.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Russia, Ukraine, USA (Iowa, Illinois)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1145, 3a-e. * E. media (Lebedev), Russia, a, syntype, large ventral valve, b-d, syntype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views of smaller ventral valve, e, syntype, dorsal valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1145. lazutkiniidae and eudoxinidae (p. 1744-1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-103.jpg?height=1863&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costicrura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Eudoxinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Costicrura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costicrura HOOVER, 1981, p. 96","Type_species":"* C. minuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, ventribiconvex, usually transverse, ventral valve hemipyramidal with high catacline to apsacline interarea, dorsal valve weakly convex, fold and sulcus absent, cardinal extremities acute to obtuse, both valves weakly costellate, ventral interior lacking plates or recognizable muscle scars, dorsal interior with bilobed cardinal process divided by coarse median ridge, crural bases arising from posterior valve floor, microornament unknown. Permian (Lopingian): Venezuela.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1145, 6 a-c .* C. minuta, holotype, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, X10 (Hoover, 1981)","Museum_or_author_information":"Hoover, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1145. lazutkiniidae and eudoxinidae (p. 1744-1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-103.jpg?height=1863&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paulonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Eudoxinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paulonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paulonia NALIVKIN, 1925, p. 267","Type_species":"Spirifer ranovensis PEETZ, 1893, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, unequally biconvex, moderately transverse to equidimensional, outline rounded subpentagonal, fold and sulcus poorly to moderately developed, lateral extremities well rounded, hinge line much shorter than maximum width, entire surface with numerous fine simple costellae, microornament consisting of fine oval papillae, inner fibrous shell layer pitted, ventral interior with delthyrial plate, dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Russia, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1145, 5a-b. *P. ranovensis (Peetz), dorsal and lateral views, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1145. lazutkiniidae and eudoxinidae (p. 1744-1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-103.jpg?height=1863&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wilberrya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Eudoxinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wilberrya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wilberrya YANCEY, 1978, p. 301","Type_species":"W. fragilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly biconvex, dorsal valve slightly less inflated than ventral valve, outline subpentagonal, hinge line narrow, indistinct, fold and sulcus weakly developed, anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, ornament of weakly developed irregular costellae, microornament unknown, dorsal interior with strong, high, inner socket ridges, cardinal process absent, crural bases projecting anteriorly from dorsomedial edges of inner socket ridges with long, slender crura set well above valve floor.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1145, 4a-e. *W. fragilis, a, holotype, ventral interior, X5, b-e, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, X4 (Yancey, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yancey, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1145. lazutkiniidae and eudoxinidae (p. 1744-1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-103.jpg?height=1863&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Verneuilia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Verneuiliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Verneuilia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Verneuilia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 58","Type_species":"Spirifer cheiropteryx d\u2019Archiac & de Verneuil, 1842, p. 370, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 762","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, very transverse with pointed cardinal extremities, flanks markedly concave, dental plates lacking, dorsal interior with small, knoblike cardinal process and short crural plates that merge with prominent, medially convergent hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)-Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"USA (Alaska), Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1146, 2a-d. * V. cheiropteryx (d\u2019Archiac & de Verneuil), Middle Devonian, Germany, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, X2 (Gourvennec, 1994a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1146. verneuiliidae (p. 1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-104.jpg?height=661&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Minythyra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Verneuiliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Minythyra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Minythyra BRUNTON, 1984, p. 102","Type_species":"M. lopha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, subcircular, hinge line less than maximum width, interarea low, apsacline with open delthyrium, flanks with 1 or 2 plications, no median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1146, la-b. * M. lopha, Ireland, a, posterodorsal view, b, posterior view, X20 (Brunton, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1146. verneuiliidae (p. 1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-104.jpg?height=661&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nuguschella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Verneuiliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nuguschella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nuguschella TIAZHEVA, 1960, p. 408","Type_species":"N. polita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, megathyrid, ventral interarea low, with beak incurved, valves bisulcate with rounded, opposed plications, capillate, dental plates lacking, crural plates closely discrete, or joined with prominent, medially convergent hinge plates to form cruralium.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Ural Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1146, 3a-c. * N. polita, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, X3 (Tiazheva, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tiazheva, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 1146. verneuiliidae (p. 1746).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-104.jpg?height=661&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenellodermis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Tenellodermidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tenellodermis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenellodermis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971, p. 11","Type_species":"T. microdermis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, slightly transverse with high, catacline to procline ventral interarea, cardinal extremities rounded, sulcus and corresponding fold well delimited, shallow, commissure uniplicate, flanks smooth or bearing few (1 to 4) wide, low, rounded anterior plications, microornament of fine growth lines and minute pits either aligned between radial capillae or randomly arranged, dental plates long, thin, crural plates lacking, cardinal process consisting of simple tubercle.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1147, 2a-b. * T. microdermis, Lochkovian, Czech Republic, dorsal and ventral views, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1147, 2 c-e. T. tenellus (Barrande), Ludlow, Czech Republic, c-d, anterior and lateral views, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959), e, ornament, X50 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1147. tenellodermidae (p. 1747).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-106.jpg?height=800&width=1273&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cingulodermis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Tenellodermidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cingulodermis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cingulodermis HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1971, p. 15","Type_species":"C. cinctus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, equidimensional to slightly transverse, with high, curved ventral interarea, fold and sulcus well defined anteriorly resulting in uniplicate commissure, flanks smooth, microornament of growth lamellae only, dental plates short, muscle field deeply impressed, crural plates short, ctenophoridium lacking, cardinal process occasionally bifid.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Germany, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1147, 1a-f. *C. cinctus, Pragian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X2, e, interior of ventral valve, X2.6 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959), f, ornament, X4.4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1147. tenellodermidae (p. 1747).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-106.jpg?height=800&width=1273&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elythyna":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Elythynidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Elythyna","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elythyna RZHONSNITSKAIA, 1952, p. 61","Type_species":"E. salairica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, with rounded cardinal extremities, apsacline, rather low, curved ventral interarea, fold and sulcus distinct, some species with incipient costation on fold, flanks with 4 to 6 low, rounded, lateral plications, in some faintly expressed, microornament of concentric growth lines and randomly arranged pits, dental plates long, thick, muscle field deeply impressed, crural plates (or possible dorsal adminicula) and ctenophoridium well developed, strong apical thickening in both valves","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Turkestan, Gansu Mongol, Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1148, 1a-i. * E. salairica, Eifelian, Salair, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, \u00d7 0.7, f, ornament, \u00d7 6, g-h, dorsal, ventral views of internal mold, \u00d7 1 (Rzhonsnitskaia, 1952), i, transverse section, \u00d7 2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rzhonsnitskaia, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 1148. elythynidae (p. 1747-1748).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-107.jpg?height=1884&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Najadospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Elythynidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Najadospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Najadospirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1957a, p. 246","Type_species":"Spirifer najadum BARRANDE, 1848, p. 171, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"N\u00e4adospirifer Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9, 1957a, p. 246, lapsus calami, obj.","Synonyms":"N\u00e4adospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse or equidimensional with rounded cardinal extremities, ventral interarea high, gently curved, apsacline to catacline, fold and sulcus absent posteriorly, more or less distinct anteriorly, anterior commissure strongly uniplicate, producing very high tongue, plicae lacking posteriorly, present only on anterior part of shell, microornament of radial rows of variably elongate minute pits and tubercles, dental plates long, divergent, crural plates short, ctenophoridium present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Germany, Carnic Alps, ?Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1148, 3a-f. *N. najadum (Barrande), Pragian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X1, e, transverse section, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959), f, ornament, X12 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1148. elythynidae (p. 1747-1748).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-107.jpg?height=1884&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tatjanaspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Elythynidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tatjanaspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tatjanaspirifer CHERKESOVA, 1991, p. 91","Type_species":"T. variabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, usually elongate with apsacline curved interarea and rounded cardinal extremities, ventral valve strongly swollen, sulcus and fold distinct, flanks with 1 to 3 wide, uncommonly bifurcating plications, microornament of concentric growth lines with marginal spines and somewhat coarser, randomly distributed spines, dental plates thick, muscle field and genital markings well impressed, crural plates short, ctenophoridium bilobed","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Siberian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1148, 2a-g. *T. variabilis, Taymyr, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views of partially decorticated specimen, X1, e-f, spinose ornament and pits, X10, g, interior of ventral valve, X2 (Cherkesova, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCherkesova, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1148. elythynidae (p. 1747-1748).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-107.jpg?height=1884&width=1289&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Martinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Martinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Martinia M'COY, 1844, p. 128","Type_species":"Spirifer glaber Sowerby, 1820 in 1818-1821, p. 123, SD ICZN Opinion 421, 1956b, p. 171","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudomartinia Leidhold, 1928, p. 82, obj., Paramartinia Reed, 1949, p. 471 (type, Martinia (Paramartinia) lingulata Reed, 1949, p. 471, OD)","Synonyms":"Pseudomartinia, Paramartinia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Unequally biconvex, outline subovate to subpentagonal, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, well rounded, often poorly delimited, ventral interarea well developed, apsacline, macroornament absent, microornament often absent, rarely with shagreen (finely pitted) surface, inner shell layers more commonly pitted, ventral interior simple, with dental flanges and impressed lanceolate muscle scar bisected by weak, narrow medial groove that extends from beak region to or near anterior margin, dorsal interior simple, with small ctenophoridium and narrow medial groove similar to that of opposite valve, vascular impressions of both valves pinnate.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1149, 2a-b. *M. glabra (Sowerby), Visean, England, lectotype, anterior and dorsal views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1951).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1951","figure_index":"fig. 1149. martiniidae (p. 1748-1750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-109.jpg?height=1820&width=1275&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Beschevella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Beschevella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Beschevella POLETAEV, 1975, p. 51","Type_species":"Martinia (Ella) snjatkovi ROTAI, 1931, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, strongly and subequally biconvex, outline transversely subrhomboidal to subpentagonal, surface smooth or vaguely ribbed, thin shelled, well-developed fold and sulcus, dorsal fold flattened or with shallow medial furrow, delthyrium partly closed by convex pseudodeltidium, microornament of numerous small pits, densely and crudely arranged in quincunx, umbonal region of ventral valve with 2 short, broad, weakly diverging ridges, vascular impressions not observed, possibly absent, otherwise similar to Martinia.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Donets basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1149, 1a-f. *B. snjatkovi (Rotat), a-e, ventral, posterior, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, f, microornament, X8 (Poletaev, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Poletaev, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1149. martiniidae (p. 1748-1750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-109.jpg?height=1820&width=1275&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Implexina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Implexina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Implexina POLETAEV, 1971, p. 79","Type_species":"Spirifer (Martiniopsis?) implex ROTAR, 1931, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, unequally biconvex, moderately to strongly inflated, relatively thin shelled, outline subovate, fold and sulcus absent, ventral valve with broad, posteriorly extended umbonal region, posterolateral slopes of ventral valve bent strongly inward, forming large palintrope lateral to ventral interarea, ventral interarea high, narrow, clearly defined, strongly apsacline, radial ornament absent, microornament of small, elongate pits, ventral interior with strong dental flanges, muscle field moderately impressed with pair of long narrow furrows medially separated by low median ridge and bounded laterally by low ridges, dorsal interior with analogous muscle impressions and low ridges and thick, arcuate, bilobed ctenophoridium.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1150, 2a-d. * I. implex (Rotai), a-c, ventral, posterior, and lateral views of ventral valve, d, dorsal valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1150. martiniidae (p. 1750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-110.jpg?height=1795&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jilinmartinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Jilinmartinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jilinmartinia Li & GU, 1980, p. 488","Type_species":"Brachythyris shansiensis \u0421\u043d\u0430\u043e, 1929, p. 55","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kalitvella Lazarev & Poletaev, 1982, p. 92 (type, Spirifer (Brachythyris) sokolovi var. laevis Likharev, 1938, p. 83, OD)","Synonyms":"Kalitvella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, lateral plicae absent or very faint, interior with 2 vascula media and reticulate vascular pattern, otherwise similar to Martinia","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian, Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian, Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian, Kasimovian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Donets basin), China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1151, 1a *J. shansiensis (\u0421\u043d\u0430\u043e), ?Kasimovian, China, syntype, ventral valve, X1 (Chao, 1929).,   Fig. 1151, 1b-f. J. laevis (Likharev), Kasimovian, Donets basin, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chao, 1929","figure_index":"fig. 1151. martiniidae (p. 1750).\nfig. 1151. martiniidae (p. 1750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-111.jpg?height=1669&width=1275&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-111.jpg?height=1669&width=1275&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Postamartinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Postamartinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Postamartinia Wang & YANG, 1993, p. 7","Type_species":"*. grandiplica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subpentagonal, ventral interarea low, lateral slopes with 3 to 4 smooth, low, broad plicae, internally similar to Martinia, microornament, if any, unknown","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1151, 2a-d. * P. grandiplica, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Wang & Yang, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang & Yang, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1151. martiniidae (p. 1750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-111.jpg?height=1669&width=1275&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinomartinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Spinomartinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinomartinia WATERHOUSE, 1968, p. 53","Type_species":"S. spinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Microornament of fine erect spines, otherwise similar to Martinia\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Lopingian)","Geography":"Thailand, Australia, Cisuralian, New Zealand, Lopingian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1152, 2a-c. *S. spinosa, Cisuralian, Thailand, holotype, dorsal, posterior, and ventral views, X2 (Waterhouse, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1152. martiniidae (p. 1750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-112.jpg?height=1076&width=1285&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tiramnia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Tiramnia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tiramnia GRUNT, 1977b, p. 64","Type_species":"Martinia uralica CHERNYSHEV, 1902, p. 183, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With ramiform vascular impressions, otherwise similar to Martinia","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Moscovian), Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Arctic Russia, Greenland, Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1152, 1 a-f. * T. uralica (Chernyshev), Cisuralian, Arctic Russia, a-b, large syntype, ventral and dorsal views, c-f, small syntype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1152. martiniidae (p. 1750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-112.jpg?height=1076&width=1285&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Weiningia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Weiningia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Weiningia Jin & LIAO, 1974, p. 282","Type_species":"W. transversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"=Elenchus Aleksandrov in Aleksandrov & Solomina, 1973, p. 118 (type, E. areatus, OD), non Curtis, 1840","Synonyms":"Elenchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subequally biconvex, outline subovate, subtrigonal, or guttate with acuminate ventral beak, hinge line much shorter than maximum width, fold absent, valves evenly convex or with weak sulci in one or both valves, ventral interarea moderately high, triangular, concave, poorly defined, low dorsal interarea variably present, ornament absent except for growth varices and indistinct plications, microornament absent or with weak indistinct capillae, ventral interior with obscure dental flanges, ventral muscle scars deeply incised, in 2 distinct pairs, separated by low median ridge, dorsal interior with large cardinal process, thick crural bases, and median ridge, both valves greatly thickened by callus, vascular impressions pinnate.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-Bashkirian)","Geography":"China (Guizhou), Russia (southern Urals), Japan (Akiyoshi Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1150, 1a-c. * W. transversa, Weiningian, Guizhou, China, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, X1 (new), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1150, 1 d-f. W. areatus Aleksandrov, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, X1 (Aleksandrov & Solomina, 1973)","Museum_or_author_information":"Aleksandrov & Solomina, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1150. martiniidae (p. 1750).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-110.jpg?height=1795&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eomartiniopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Eomartiniopsinae","Genus":"Eomartiniopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eomartiniopsis SOKOLSKAYA, 1941, p. 78","Type_species":"E. elongata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subequally biconvex, subovate to subpentagonal in outline, fold and sulcus rounded, moderately to well developed, ornament absent or of few, very weak sinuous plications on flanks, microornament of surficial pits in some species, absent in others, inner shell layers pitted, ventral interior with well-developed dental adminicula, crural plates or dorsal adminicula probably lacking.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (?Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (?Famennian), Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1153, 1 a-d .*E. elongata, Russia, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1153. martiniidae (p. 1754-1756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-113.jpg?height=1894&width=1296&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Eomartiniopsinae","Genus":"Globispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globispirifer TACHIBANA, 1964, p. 37 41","Type_species":"Spirifer (Martiniopsis?) nagasakaensis TACHIBANA, 1956, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, subovate in outline, possibly slightly elongate, ventral beak acute, incurved, ventral interarea poorly delimited, delthyrium open, venter rounded, sulcus absent, lateral slopes of ventral valve smooth, dorsal fold moderately developed, lateral slopes of dorsal valve weakly plicate, microornament not observable, ventral interior with well-developed, slightly divergent dental adminicula and deeply impressed rhomboidal muscle field, dorsal interior with large ctenophoridium and short broad myophragm, crural bases broad, long, and bladelike, dorsal adductor field large, subovate, moderately impressed, longitudinally striated, vascular impressions finely pinnate.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1153, 3a-f. *G. nagasakaensis (Tachibana), syntype, a-b, mold and cast of large ventral valve, c-d, mold and cast of large dorsal valve, e, cast of small ventral valve, f, cast of small dorsal valve, \u00d7 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1153. martiniidae (p. 1754-1756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-113.jpg?height=1894&width=1296&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heteraria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Eomartiniopsinae","Genus":"Heteraria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heteraria Cooper & GRANT, 1976a, p. 2, 275","Type_species":"H. blakemorei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve with short, receding dental adminicula and very wide dental ridges, microornament seemingly absent but poorly known, otherwise similar to Eomartiniopsis","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1153, 4a-d. *H. blakemorei, a-d, holotype, ventral, ventral interior, anterior, and lateral views of ventral valve, e-f, dorsal and anterior views of dorsal valve, X1, g, oblique enlargement of dorsal interior, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1153. martiniidae (p. 1754-1756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-113.jpg?height=1894&width=1296&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kisilia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Eomartiniopsinae","Genus":"Kisilia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kisilia NALIVKIN, 1979, p. 146","Type_species":"K. linguata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline rounded, nearly equidimensional, fold moderately developed, rounded, sulcus very weakly developed, indistinct, faint, thin plicae on both valves, microornament unknown, ventral interior with short, thin dental adminicula and short, thick median ridge, dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Ural Mountains, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1154, 1a-d. * K. linguata; holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1154. martiniidae (p. 1756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-114.jpg?height=718&width=1266&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Merospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Eomartiniopsinae","Genus":"Merospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Merospirifer REED, 1949, p. 467","Type_species":"Martinia (M.) insolita REED, 1949, p. 467, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline broadly subovate, lateral profile rounded, transversely rhombic, lateral slopes with indistinct plicae in late ontogeny, ventral interior with subparallel dental adminicula, microornament of fine pits, dorsal interior unknown","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"Scotland, England, and Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1154, 2a-d. *M. insolita (Reed), a-c, lectotype, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, X1, d, ventral interior, X2 (Brunton, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1154. martiniidae (p. 1756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-114.jpg?height=718&width=1266&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rallacosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Eomartiniopsinae","Genus":"Rallacosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rallacosta Cooper & GRANT, 1976a, p. 2, 277","Type_species":"R. imporcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral interarea absent or much reduced, ventral interior with short dental adminicula, dorsal interior with very small ctenophoridium composed of few plates, ornament of few low plications over entire surfaces of valves, with or without weak fasciculate costae or costellae, microornament seemingly absent but preservation poor, otherwise similar to Eomartiniopsis","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"Texas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1153, 2a-d. * R. imporcata, a, holotype, ventral valve, b, ventral interior, c-d, dorsal valve exterior and interior, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1153. martiniidae (p. 1754-1756).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-113.jpg?height=1894&width=1296&top_left_y=146&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elivella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Elivellinae","Genus":"Elivella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elivella FREDERIKS, 1924, p. 316","Type_species":"Martiniopsis baschkirica Chernyshev, 1902, p. 558, SD FREDERIKS, 1926, p. 403","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, unequally biconvex, outline subovate, ventral umbonal region short, ventral beak incurved, fold and sulcus weakly developed, narrow, entire surfaces of both valves with numerous simple, low, rounded costae, ventral interior with short dental adminicula","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1155, 2a-d. * E. baschkirica (Chernyshev), holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1155. martiniidae (p. 1757).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-115.jpg?height=1139&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Martiniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Elivellinae","Genus":"Martiniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Martiniella Grabau & Tien in GRABAU, 1931a, p. 420","Type_species":"M. nasuta, nom. nud., OD  [M. nasuta Grabau & Tien is a nomen nudum and thus is not available, according to Code Article 13 (ICZN, 1999).]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Microornament capillate, otherwise similar to Merospirifer","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moumina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Elivellinae","Genus":"Moumina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moumina FREDERIKS, 1924, p. 321","Type_species":"Martinia incerta CHERNYSHEV, 1902, p. 569; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, guttate in outline; ventral umbonal region elongated; hinge line narrow; ventral sulcus absent; weak, dorsal median sulcus or groove present; anterior commissure rectimarginate; internally similar to Martinia.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1155,1a\u2013d. *M. incerta (CHERNYSHEV); a\u2013b, large syntype, ventral and anterior views; c\u2013d, small syntype, dorsal and lateral views, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1155. martiniidae (p. 1757).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-115.jpg?height=1139&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ushkolia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Elivellinae","Genus":"Ushkolia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ushkolia Martynova & SVERBILOVA, 1969, p. 96","Type_species":"U. litvinovitchae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, biconvex, equidimensional, cardinal extremities well rounded, hinge line much narrower than maximum width, ventral interarea low, strongly curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth or with faint parietal plications, flanks with broad, low, rounded, simple plications, dental adminicula straight, subparallel.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1155, 3a-e. *U. litvinovitchae, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, microornament, X15 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1155. martiniidae (p. 1757).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-115.jpg?height=1139&width=1280&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crassumbo":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Crassumbidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Crassumbo","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crassumbo CARTER, 1967b, p. 408","Type_species":"C. inornatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subequally biconvex, wider than long, lateral slopes smooth or with very weak, narrow ribs, fold and sulcus poorly to well defined, ventral interarea small, acutely triangular, shell substance thick in umbonal regions of both valves, ventral interior with thin, subparallel dental adminicula, partially buried in callus, ventral muscle field deeply incised posteriorly, ventral median ridge present in juveniles, dorsal interior with strong, high crural bases (possibly adminicula) obscured by callus deposits and reaching floor of valve as crural plates in juveniles, microornament of capillae separated by very narrow interspaces, with scattered nodes or papillae","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1156, 3ah. * C. inornatus, middle Tournaisian, Texas, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1, f-g, transverse sections, X1.5, h, microornament, X10 (Carter, 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1156. crassumbidae (p. 1758).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-117.jpg?height=1034&width=1270&top_left_y=1068&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arktikina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Crassumbidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Arktikina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arktikina GRUNT, 1977b, p. 69","Type_species":"A. longa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell large, massive, with subrhomboidal to subpentagonal outline and wide delthyrium, ventral interior with thick callus deposits and massive dental adminicula that converge to simulate delthyrial plate, broad, thick myophragm present apically, ventral muscle field deeply impressed, lanceolate, ovarian pits numerous, dorsal interior with long, diverging adminicula that delimit dorsal adductor field, microornament unknown.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Arctic Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1156, 2a-e. *A. longa, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1156. crassumbidae (p. 1758).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-117.jpg?height=1034&width=1270&top_left_y=1068&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nodaea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Crassumbidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nodaea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nodaea TACHIBANA, 1981b, p. 67","Type_species":"*N*. okuboi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, cardinal extremities rounded, delthyrium with apical deltidium, fold and sulcus well developed, nonplicate, lateral slopes with 5 or 6 low, broad, rounded simple plicae, microornament of fine capillae, ventral interior with thin, subparallel dental adminicula, lacking median ridge or septum, dorsal interior with short, divergent adminicula, shell material thin, otherwise similar to Crassumbo","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1156, 1a-c. *N. okuboi, a, holotype, ventral valve, \u00d7 0.7, b, dorsal valve, \u00d7 1.2, c, microornament, \u00d7 3.5 (Tachibana, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tachibana, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1156. crassumbidae (p. 1758).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-117.jpg?height=1034&width=1270&top_left_y=1068&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rorespirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Crassumbidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rorespirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rorespirifer Waterhouse & PIYASIN, 1970, p. 156","Type_species":"R. ruinosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, transversely subovate, fold and sulcus lacking, flanks smooth, microornament of numerous fine papillae only, dorsal adminicula long.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1156, 4a-d. * R. ruinosus, a-c, ventral valve, dorsal interior, ventral interior, X2, d, microornament, X10 (Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1156. crassumbidae (p. 1758).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-117.jpg?height=1034&width=1270&top_left_y=1068&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ingelarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Ingelarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ingelarella CAMPBELL, 1959a, p. 340","Type_species":"I. angulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large, biconvex, usually transverse, fold and sulcus generally present, variably developed, sulcus with or without median groove, sometimes with pair of weak plicae, lateral slopes smooth or with several broad, low plicae, microornament of elongate grooves arranged in quincunx, interior with well-developed ventral and dorsal adminicula, dorsal median septum absent, weak myophragm commonly present well anterior to cardinalia. Permian: Australia, New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1157, 3a-e. *I. angulata, a-c, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, X1, d-e, transverse sections, X1 (Campbell, 1959a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1157, 3f. I. profunda (Campbell), microornament, X10 (Armstrong, 1970b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1959, \nArmstrong, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1157. ingelarellidae (p. 1758-1762).\nfig. 1157. ingelarellidae (p. 1758-1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-118.jpg?height=1963&width=1297&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=193)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-118.jpg?height=1963&width=1297&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ambikella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Ambikella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ambikella Sahni & SRIVASTAVA, 1956, p. 207","Type_species":"A. fructiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Morphology inadequately known. Seemingly similar to Ingelarella but based on a single poorly preserved specimen. Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian): India.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1157, 2a-d. *A. fructiformis, a-c, ventral, dorsal, posterior views, X1, d, oblique-posterior view, enlarged (Sahni & Srivastava, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sahni & Srivastava, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1157. ingelarellidae (p. 1758-1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-118.jpg?height=1963&width=1297&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fredericksia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Fredericksia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fredericksia PAECKELMANN, 1931, p. 48, nom. nov. pro Munia FREDERIKS, 1918a, p. 88, non HODGE, 1836","Type_species":"Spiriferina (Mentzelia) simensis C HERNYSHEV , 1902, p. 514; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately biconvex, outline subovate to subpentagonal; fold and sulcus moderately to well developed; lateral slopes with several indistinct plications; ventral interior with thin dental adminicula, septum absent; dorsal interior with moderately long dorsal adminicula; microornament of \ufb01ne, discontinuous radial grooves; otherwise similar to Tomiopsis.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)\u2013Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Urals, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1158,1a\u2013d. *F. simensis (CHERNYSHEV); holotype, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1158. ingelarellidae (p. 1758-1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-119.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Martiniopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Martiniopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Martiniopsis WAAGEN, 1883a, p. 524","Type_species":"* M. inflata, SD Etheridge in Jack & ETHERIDGE, 1892, p. 238","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline subovate, ventral interarea very small, narrow, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed or absent, macroornament absent, microornament of fine, elongate pits or grooves and fine, regular growth lines, ventral interior with long, slender, closely set, subparallel dental adminicula, dorsal interior with short to long adminicula","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1157, 1a-d. * M. inflata, Lopingian, Pakistan, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Waagen, 1883a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1883","figure_index":"fig. 1157. ingelarellidae (p. 1758-1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-118.jpg?height=1963&width=1297&top_left_y=142&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tabellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Tabellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tabellina WATERHOUSE, 1986b, p. 4","Type_species":"Ingelarella denmeadi CAMPBELL, 1961b, p. 171, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Lateral slopes strongly plicate, dorsal interior lacking plates or with very short dorsal adminicula, otherwise similar to Tomiopsis","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1158, 2a-c. *T. denmeadi (CampBELL), a-b, holotype, ventral and anterior views, c, dorsal interior, X1 (Campbell, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCampbell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1158. ingelarellidae (p. 1758-1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-119.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tomiopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Tomiopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tomiopsis Benediktova, 1956, p. 169, nom. conserv. ICZN Opinion 1395, 1986, p. 146, non Tomiopsis COPE, 1893, p. 317","Type_species":"Brachythyris kumpani YANISHEVSKY, 1935, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Danzania Pavlova in Afanas'eva & others, 1988, p. 55 (type, D. khalginica, OD)","Synonyms":"Danzania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline transversely to longitudinally rounded, fold and sulcus usually developed, sulcus, when present, rounded or sometimes with 1 or 2 weak plicae, lateral slopes smooth or more commonly with several low, wide, simple plications, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, rarely parasulcate, ventral interior with subparallel dental adminicula enclosing moderately impressed muscle field, dorsal interior with short to long subparallel dorsal adminicula and short to moderately long, stout median septum, microornament consisting of fine, simple, elongate, narrow grooves crudely to symmetrically arranged in quincunx.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Russia, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1158, 3a-c. * T. kumpani (Yanishevsky), upper Visean or Namurian, Kuznets basin, a-b, spalled ventral exterior and dorsal internal mold showing median septum, X1, c, microornament of external mold, X10\"","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1158. ingelarellidae (p. 1758-1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-119.jpg?height=1792&width=1284&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Notospiriferinae","Genus":"Notospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notospirifer HARRINGTON, 1955, p. 115","Type_species":"Spirifer darwini MORRIS, 1845, p. 279, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely subovate, fold and sulcus well developed, smooth, lateral slopes with moderately strong plicae, dorsal adminicula short or absent, pits penetrating fibrous layer under spinules","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1159, 1 a-e .^* N. darwini (Morris), a-d, holotype, lateral, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, X1 (Harrington, 1955), e, microornament, X10 (Armstrong, 1970b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harrington, 1955, \nArmstrong, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1159. ingelarellidae (p. 1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-121.jpg?height=1127&width=1286&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Farmerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Notospiriferinae","Genus":"Farmerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Farmerella CLARKE, 1992, p. 73","Type_species":"* F. exoporosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally and internally homeomorphic with Glendonia but with microornament as in Notospirifer, Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian): Tasmania","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian)","Geography":"Tasma-nia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1159, 2a-c. * F. exoporosa, a-b, holotype, dorsal and ventral views of internal mold, X1, c, external mold of microornament, X20 (Clarke, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Clarke, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 1159. ingelarellidae (p. 1762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-121.jpg?height=1127&width=1286&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=201)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glendonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Glendoniinae","Genus":"Glendonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glendonia McClung & ARMSTRONG, 1978, p. 2","Type_species":"* G. ulladullensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subequally biconvex, transversely subovate to subrhomboidal in outline, fold and sulcus narrow, lateral slopes with several high, subangular plicae, sulcus with single, narrow, median plica, fold usually with distinct median groove, dorsal interior usually with variably long adminicula","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"eastern Australia, Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1160, 1 a-d .\\* G. ulladullensis, a-c, holotype, anterior, ventral, and dorsal views of internal mold, X1,  d, microornament, \u00d715 (McClung & Armstrong, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1160. ingelarellidae (p. 1762-1763).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-122.jpg?height=1662&width=1297&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Birchsella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Glendoniinae","Genus":"Birchsella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Birchsella CLARKE, 1987, p. 282","Type_species":"* B. spinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus smooth, lateral slopes with few low, rounded plications, ventral valve interior with dental adminicula buried in thick callus, dorsal valve interior lacking adminicula, otherwise similar to Glendonia","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1161, 2 a-d. * B. spinos a, a, dorsal exterior, b-c, ventral and dorsal views of internal mold, X1, d, microornament, X10 (Clarke, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Clarke, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1161. ingelarellidae (p. 1763).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-123.jpg?height=1202&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homevalaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Glendoniinae","Genus":"Homevalaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homevalaria WATERHOUSE, 1986a, p. 110","Type_species":"Ingelarella ovata CAMPBELL, 1961b, p. 177, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Microornament of quincuncially arranged, elongate grooves posteriorly terminated by low C-spines, otherwise closely similar to Ingelarella.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Queensland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1160, 2a-e. *H. ovata (CAMPBELL ); a\u2013c, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views of internal mold; d, dorsal interior, \u00d71; e, microornament, \u00d78 (Campbell, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1160. ingelarellidae (p. 1762-1763).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-122.jpg?height=1662&width=1297&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kelsovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Glendoniinae","Genus":"Kelsovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kelsovia CLARKE, 1990, p. 70","Type_species":"* K. superba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, fold and sulcus well developed, smooth or very weakly grooved, flaring anteriorly, lateral slopes with well-developed, rounded plications, ventral interior with dental adminicula and minor posterolateral thickening, dorsal interior with short, flexed dorsal adminicula and long, low myophragm, microornament as in Glendonia","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian), ?lower Permian","Geography":"Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1161, 1a-e. * K. superba, a-b, holotype, dorsal exterior and dorsal internal mold counterpart, X1, c-e, paratype, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views of internal mold, X1 (Clarke, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Clarke, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1161. ingelarellidae (p. 1763).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-123.jpg?height=1202&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gerkispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Gerkispiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gerkispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gerkispira CARTER, 1983, p. 72","Type_species":"G. spinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subequally biconvex, strongly transverse with rounded lateral extremities, ventral interarea acutely triangular, moderately low, apsacline, delthyrium with narrow, laterally flaring stegidial plates, fold and sulcus moderately well developed but poorly delimited from flanks, numerous simple or rarely bifurcating costae on flanks and fold-sulcus, numerous fine, hollow, erect spinules on crests of costae","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA (Iowa)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1162, 2a-f. * G. spinosa, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 2, f, microornament, \u00d7 5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1162. gerkispiridae (p. 1765-1767).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-124.jpg?height=1670&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthospirina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Gerkispiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acanthospirina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthospirina SCHUCHERT & LEVENE, 1929, p. 119, nom. nov. pro Acanthospira WELLER, 1914, p. 418, non REINSCH , 1877","Type_species":"Spirifer aciculifera ROWLEY , 1893, p. 307; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small; ventribiconvex; moderately transverse, with slightly rounded cardinal extremities; ventral interarea moderately high, \ufb02attened or weakly concave, procline; stegidium short, convex; lateral slopes with few simple, rounded costellae; fold and sulcus narrow, smooth; sulcus well developed; fold low, \ufb02attened, well delimited by deep interspaces; numerous \ufb01ne, hollow spinules crudely arranged in quincunx; spinule bases extending anteriorly as longitudinally elongate tubules within primary layer; dental adminicula short, slender, subparallel; ventral septum absent; very short crural plates and median callus present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1162,3a\u2013b. *A. aciculifera (ROWLEY), Missouri, USA; ventral, dorsal valve, \u00d76 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1162. gerkispiridae (p. 1765-1767).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-124.jpg?height=1670&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oiosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Gerkispiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oiosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oiosia COOPER & DUTRO, 1982, p. 117","Type_species":"Brachythyris putilla STAINBROOK , 1947, p. 322; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex; outline subovate to subquadrate; cardinal extremities well rounded, ventral interarea narrow; delthyrium partially closed by stegidial plates; fold and sulcus well developed, smooth, rounded, \ufb02aring slightly anteriorly; lateral slopes with several weak, low, simple plicae; very \ufb01ne hollow microspines or papillae arranged in quincunx; otherwise similar to Punctothyris.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"USA (New Mexico).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1162,1a\u2013f. *O. putilla (S TAINBROOK ); a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d72; f, microornament, \u00d75 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1162. gerkispiridae (p. 1765-1767).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-124.jpg?height=1670&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punctothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Gerkispiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Punctothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punctothyris HYDE, 1953, p. 287","Type_species":"*P. argus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, ovate to slightly transverse, fold and sulcus well delimited, both valves with a moderate number of simple costae on lateral slopes, sulcus with one to several simple costae, sulcusbounding costae prominent and giving rise to lateral sulcal costae, when present, and occasionally to nearest costae on flanks, numerous fine, hollow, erect or semierect spinules or papillae over the entire surface, including interspaces","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian-upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA (Ohio, Missouri, Oklahoma, Virginia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1163 a-f .*P. argus, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X3, f, microornament, X22 (Carter, 1985).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1985","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":355.15,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Gerkispiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spinospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinospirifer MARTYNOVA, 1961, p. 106, non Spinospirifer Biernat, 1966","Type_species":"Spirifer (?Lamellispirifer) nuraensis SIMORIN, 1956, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, biconvex to ventribiconvex, transverse, cardinal angles acute, ventral interarea low to medium height, curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus costate, with a strong, rounded, median rib in the sulcus and 1 or 2 lateral pairs added anteriorly, flanks with numerous rounded costae that may bifurcate near maximum length, crests of costae with open pustules, microornament of well-defined growth lines and weak capillae, dental plates short, thin.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1162, 4a\u2013e. *S. nuraensis (SIMORIN); a\u2013c, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, \u00d71; d, ventral valve enlarged, \u00d71.5; e, microornament, \u00d712 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1162. gerkispiridae (p. 1765-1767).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-124.jpg?height=1670&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perissothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Perissothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Perissothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perissothyris CARTER, 1967a, p. 587","Type_species":"* P. masonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, outline asymmetrical, dorsibiconvex, both valves entirely ribbed, with numerous weak, simple costae, dorsal umbo much more inflated than ventral, both valves with large, chordate muscle fields","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1164, 2a-j. *P. masonensis, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1164. perissothyrididae (p. 1768).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-126.jpg?height=1411&width=1282&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongoliopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Perissothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mongoliopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongoliopsis GRUNT, 1977a, p. 79","Type_species":"M. orkheinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, outline subovate, lateral slopes smooth or with weak, simple plications, ventral interarea low, strongly incurved, short, very thick median ridge in ventral umbonal region, dorsal interior with short, thick median ridge and pair of subparallel longitudinal ridges, otherwise similar to Perissothyris.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"western Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1164, 1a-e. * M. orkheinensis, a, holotype, spalled ventral valve, X1, b-e, transverse sections, X2.6 (Grunt, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Grunt, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1164. perissothyrididae (p. 1768).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-126.jpg?height=1411&width=1282&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"Spirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spirifer J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 41","Type_species":"Conchyliolithus (Anomia) striatus Martin, 1793, pl. 23, SD ICZN Opinion 100, 1928, p. 12","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spiriferus de Blainville, 1827 in 1825-1827, p. 291, nom. van., Spirifera Phillips, 1836, p. 216, nom. van.","Synonyms":"Spiriferus, Spirifera","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, slightly to strongly transverse with angular to slightly mucronate cardinal extremities, ventral interarea of moderate height, concave, apsacline, delthyrium partially occluded by overlapping stegidial plates in type species, possibly open in others, sulcus variable in development, often weak, shallow, rounded, poorly delimited, fold well defined posteriorly by bounding interspaces but spreading anteriorly and incorporating additional costae, ornament consisting of numerous, commonly bifurcating costae over entire surface, primary costae sometimes trifurcate, producing weak fasciculations on lateral slopes, ventral interior with thick apical callus, usually with strong, diverging dental adminicula and incised muscle field, short delthyrial plate present in at least some species.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean, ?Serpukhovian, ?lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean, ?Serpukhovian, ?lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1165a\u2013d. *S. (S.) striatus (MARTIN ), Lower Carboniferous, British Isles; ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Spirifer)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"S. (Spirifer)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Spirifer) J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 41","Type_species":"Conchyliolithus (Anomia) striatus Martin, 1793, pl. 23, SD ICZN Opinion 100, 1928, p. 12","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly transverse with alate, or more rarely, widely angular cardinal extremities in all but earliest growth stages, never well rounded in adults; ventral umbonal region broad and well developed; fold and sulcus spreading anteriorly in large adults.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean, ?Serpukhovian, ?lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean, ?Serpukhovian, ?lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1165a\u2013d. *S. (S.) striatus (MARTIN ), Lower Carboniferous, British Isles; ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Grandispirifer)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"S. (Grandispirifer)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Grandispirifer) YANG, 1959, p. 116","Type_species":"G. mylkensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, strongly transverse with alate cardinal extremities, ventral umbonal region moderately narrow or weakly developed, extending little posteriorly, lateral slopes and fold-sulcus covered with numerous simple and bifurcating costae, fold and sulcus narrow, weakly to moderately developed, rounded, not appreciably spreading, dental adminicula obscured by thick callus or absent.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1166ac. *S. (G.) mylkensis, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, X1 (Yang, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1166. spiriferidae (p. 1769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-129.jpg?height=1496&width=1271&top_left_y=150&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"S. (Mesochorispira)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"S. (Mesochorispira)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"S. (Mesochorispira) CARTER, 1992, p. 335","Type_species":"Spirifer grimesi HALL, 1858, p. 604, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, outline transverse to elongate subovate, posterior growth form with double reversal from rounded cardinal extremities in juveniles, to slightly transverse and mucronate at midsize, to rounded cardinal extremities in adults, fold and sulcus spreading anteriorly, incorporating additional costae, costae fine to medium, often flattened, with moderately narrow interspaces, ventral interior with thin, divergent dental adminicula.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (middle Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian-middle Visean)","Geography":"North America, Belgium, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1167 a-e. *S. (M.) grimesi (Hall), upper Tournaisian, Oklahoma, USA, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1167. spiriferidae (p. 1769).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-130.jpg?height=1870&width=1270&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":355.15,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ectochoristites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"Ectochoristites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ectochoristites CAMPBELL, 1957, p. 71","Type_species":"E. wattsi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subovate, slightly nasute, or subquadrate, becoming elongate in large adults, distinctly transverse in juveniles, fold and sulcus moderately developed, poorly delineated, ventral umbonal region moderately inflated, ventral interarea laterally truncated, trapezoidal, entire surface multicostate, costae fine, numerous, freely bifurcating, ventral interior with moderately long, diverging dental adminicula, dorsal interior with short dorsal adminicula, vascular impressions absent.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Australia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1168, Ia-g. *E. wattsi, Australia, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e-g, transverse sections, X1 (Campbell, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1168. spiriferidae (p. 1769-1774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-131.jpg?height=1966&width=1289&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Larispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"Larispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Larispirifer Enokian & Poletaev in POLETAEV, 1986, p. 68","Type_species":"Choristites jigulensis riphaeicus Einor in Aleksandrov & EINOR, 1979, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, moderately transverse, fold and sulcus not appreciably spreading anteriorly, costae coarse, bifurcating or trifurcating, forming fasciculations adjacent to fold-sulcus, interspaces moderately wide, ventral interior with thick parallel dental adminicula, otherwise similar to Spirifer (Mesochorispira)","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Kasimovian-Gzhelian)","Geography":"Russia (Bashkiria, Novaya Zemlya, polar Urals, northern Timan), Ukraine (Donets basin), western Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1169, 2a-b. *L. riphaeicus (EINOR), holotype, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Aleksandrov & Einor, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Aleksandrov & Einor, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1169. spiriferidae (p. 1771-1775).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-132.jpg?height=1686&width=1282&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Latispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"Latispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Latispirifer Archbold & THOMAS, 1985, p. 270","Type_species":"L. callytharrensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ornament consisting of numerous fine, simple, bifurcating, or rarely trifurcating costae, very weak fasciculation present only in juvenile stages, ventral interior with thickened delthyrial plate, otherwise similar to Warsawia.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Wordian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1168, 2a\u2013c. *L. callytharrensis, Sterlitimakian; dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, \u00d71 (Archbold & Thomas, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1168. spiriferidae (p. 1769-1774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-131.jpg?height=1966&width=1289&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Warsawia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"Warsawia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Warsawia CARTER, 1974, p. 684","Type_species":"Spirifer lateralis HALL, 1858, p. 661, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, strongly transverse, thick shelled, sulcus shallow and rounded, poorly delimited, fold carinate posteriorly, ventral beak broad and short, numerous fine, simple costae or coarse costellae that rarely bifurcate on lateral slopes and fold-sulcus, ventral interior lacking dental adminicula, cardinal process supported by callus, both valves with thick posterior callus","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (middle Visean)","First_Occurrence":"middle Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (middle Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (middle Visean)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1169, 1a-j. *W. lateralis (Hall), a-d, dorsal, lateral, ventral, and anterior views, e, ventral interior, f, dorsal interior, X1.5, g-j, transverse sections, X1.5 (Carter, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1169. spiriferidae (p. 1771-1775).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-132.jpg?height=1686&width=1282&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":341.32,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Prospirinae","Genus":"Prospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prospira MAXWELL, 1954, p. 35","Type_species":"P. typa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, moderately to strongly transverse in juveniles, often becoming subquadrate or subpentagonal in adults, cardinal extremities moderately to strongly mucronate, fold and sulcus narrow, well defined with variably developed costation, sulcus usually with simple median costa originating well anterior to beak, often with 1 to 3 pairs of simple lateral sulcal costae that originate by bifurcation from sulcus-bounding costae, lateral slopes with moderate number of simple costae, ventral interior with apical callus and short dental adminicula with deeply impressed muscle field.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1170, 1a-b. * P. typa, Queensland, Australia, topotype, dorsal and ventral views, X1 (Maxwell, 1961), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1170, 1c-d. P. laurelensis Thomas, Australia, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Thomas, 1971)","Museum_or_author_information":"Maxwell, 1961, \nThomas, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1170. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).\nfig. 1170. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-134.jpg?height=1637&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-134.jpg?height=1637&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Andreaspira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Prospirinae","Genus":"Andreaspira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Andreaspira Abramov & GRIGOR\u2019EVA, 1986, p. 144","Type_species":"A. soanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, outline transverse in juveniles, transversely to longitudinally subovate in adults, cardinal extremities angular in juveniles, usually rounded in adults, moderately numerous costae usually simple or with occasional bifurcations on both lateral slopes and fold-sulcus, median sulcal costa simple, short dental adminicula present in early growth stages, often buried in thick umbonal callus in adults, otherwise similar to Kinghiria.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Visean)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1170, 2 a-d .* A. soanensis, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1170. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-134.jpg?height=1637&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austrochoristites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Prospirinae","Genus":"Austrochoristites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austrochoristites ROBERTS, 1971, p. 230","Type_species":"A. levisulcatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subtriangular in juveniles, subovate in adults, cardinal extremities extended in juveniles, rounded or subangular in adults, fold and sulcus narrow, moderately well defined posteriorly, poorly to weakly developed anteriorly, fold clearly delimited by deep bounding interspaces, ventral interarea truncated laterally, trapezoidal, lateral slopes with moderately numerous simple or posteriorly bifurcating costae, well defined posteriorly, becoming indistinct anteriorly, floor of sulcus smooth, sides with few simple costae that bifurcate from fold-bounding costae, ventral interior with moderately long, subparallel dental adminicula and much thickened umbonal region, dorsal interior with short crural plates, vascular impressions simple, narrow, linear","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1170, 4a-d. *A. levisulcatus, a, holotype, ventral valve, b, dorsal valve, X1, c-d, transverse sections, X2 (Roberts, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1170. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-134.jpg?height=1637&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Finospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Prospirinae","Genus":"Finospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Finospirifer YIN, 1981, p. 240","Type_species":"* F. taotangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, moderately to strongly transverse, outline subsemicircular to subquadrate, cardinal extremities moderately to strongly mucronate, fold and sulcus well developed, sulcus with disproportionately strong median plication and several pairs of narrow lateral sulcal costae, fold carinate, lateral sloping with moderately numerous simple or rarely bifurcating costae, ventral interior with delthyrial plate, otherwise similar to Unispirifer","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"China (Hunan Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1170, 5 a-f. *F* taotangensis, a-c, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, d-f, transverse sections, \u00d7 1 (Yin, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yin, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1170. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-134.jpg?height=1637&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kinghiria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Prospirinae","Genus":"Kinghiria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kinghiria LITVINOVICH, 1966, p. 98","Type_species":"* K. prima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transverse, cardinal extremities extended, subangular to alate in juveniles and adults, fold and sulcus narrow, moderately developed, costae mostly simple, moderately numerous, ventral interior with greatly thickened umbonal region, dental adminicula buried in thick massive callus, vascular impressions weakly developed.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1171, 2a-d. *K. prima, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1171. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-135.jpg?height=1296&width=1283&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parallelora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Prospirinae","Genus":"Parallelora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parallelora CARTER, 1974, p. 680","Type_species":"Spirifer marionensis SHUMARD, 1855, p. 205, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mariona Nalivkin, 1975, p. 185, obj.","Synonyms":"Mariona","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline variable in adults, juveniles strongly transverse, cardinal extremities strongly mucronate in juveniles, less so or nearly rounded in adults, lateral slopes with moderately numerous rounded costae, several of which may bifurcate, median sulcal costa usually simple, other sulcal costae few, rarely bifurcating, hinge line and beak ridges parallel, forming wide, low, rectangular ventral interarea, thick subdelthyrial callus present, otherwise similar to Prospira","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1171, 1a\u2013g. *P. marionensis (SHUMARD), upper Famennian, Missouri, USA; a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d71; fg, dorsal and ventral interiors, \u00d71 (Carter, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1171. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-135.jpg?height=1296&width=1283&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Prospirinae","Genus":"Subspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subspirifer S HAN & Z HAO , 1981, p. 48","Type_species":"S. chitzechiaoensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"This genus may be a junior synonym of Finospirifer YIN, 1981.","Synonyms":"Finospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small; outline transversely subsemicircular to subtrigonal; fold and sulcus narrow, well de\ufb01ned; ventral umbonal region weakly in\ufb02ated, beak small; lateral slopes with few low, rounded costae, separated by narrow interspaces, those bordering fold-sulcus bifurcate, all others simple; sulcus with single distinct large median costa; fold seemingly smooth, carinate anteriorly; ventral interior with short, moderately strong dental adminicula; otherwise similar to Anthracospirifer.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?upper Visean, ?Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?upper Visean, ?Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?upper Visean, ? Serpukhovian)","Geography":"China (Hunan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1170,3a\u2013e. *S. chitzechiaoensis, ? lower Namurian; dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, \u00d71 (Shan & Zhao, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1170. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-134.jpg?height=1637&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Unispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Prospirinae","Genus":"Unispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Unispirifer Campbell, 1957, p. 67","Type_species":"Spirifer striatoconvolutus Benson & Dun in Benson, Dun, & BROWNE, 1920, p. 350, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lytha Frederiks, 1924, p. 298 (type, Spiriferella? tschernyschewiana FREDERIKS, 1916, p. 30, OD","Synonyms":"Lytha","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, strongly transverse with alate, not mucronate, cardinal extremities in both juveniles and adults, lateral slopes with numerous simple, or rarely bifurcating, costae, sulcus with median costa that may bifurcate and several pairs of simple, or very rarely bifurcating, lateral sulcal costae, otherwise similar to Prospira.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1171, 3a-b. *U. striatoconvolutus (Benson & Dun), Tournaisian, New South Wales, Australia, ventral and dorsal valves, \u00d7 1 (Campbell, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1171. spiriferidae (p. 1775-1777).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-135.jpg?height=1296&width=1283&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sergospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Sergospiriferinae","Genus":"Sergospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sergospirifer IVANOVA, 1952, p. 190","Type_species":"Spirifer okensis NIKITIN, 1890, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, lateral slopes and fold-sulcus with few, coarse, simple, subangular costae, costae bounding fold and sulcus not bifurcating","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean-Moscovian)","Geography":"Russia (Moscow basin), central USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1172, 1a\u2013e. *S. okensis (N IKITIN), upper Moscovian, Moscow basin; ventral, lateral, anterior, dorsal, and posterior views of two syntypes, \u00d72 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1172. spiriferidae (p. 1778-1779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-136.jpg?height=1654&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Afghanospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Sergospiriferinae","Genus":"Afghanospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Afghanospirifer PLODOWSKI, 1968, p. 255","Type_species":"A. burgutschensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subovate to subquadrate, cardinal extremities rounded, maximum width attained slightly anterior to hinge line, fold and sulcus narrow, moderately developed, denticulation of hinge line unknown, lateral slopes with few, low, rounded, simple or bifurcating costae, ventral interior with short protuberent apical callosity and very short dental adminicula, dorsal interior with very short crural plates","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1172, 2a-e. *A. burgutschensis, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Plodowski, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Plodowski, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1172. spiriferidae (p. 1778-1779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-136.jpg?height=1654&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anthracospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Sergospiriferinae","Genus":"Anthracospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anthracospirifer LANE, 1963, p. 387","Type_species":"*A. birdspringensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, slightly to moderately transverse, outline variable from subovate to subpentagonal, cardinal extremities in adults variable from slightly rounded to slightly mucronate, costae adjacent to fold and sulcus invariably bifurcating, costae on lateral slopes few to moderately numerous, simple or more rarely bifurcating.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean-Moscovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1172, 4a-b. *A. birdspringensis, Morrowan, Nevada, USA, syntype, dorsal and ventral views, X2 (Lane, 1963), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1172, 4c-d. A. zitteli (Schellwien), Moscovian-Kasimovian, Austria, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, X1 (Gauri, 1965)","Museum_or_author_information":"Lane, 1963, \nGauri, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1172. spiriferidae (p. 1778-1779).\nfig. 1172. spiriferidae (p. 1778-1779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-136.jpg?height=1654&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-136.jpg?height=1654&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cancellospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Sergospiriferinae","Genus":"Cancellospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cancellospirifer CAMPBELL, 1953, p. 10","Type_species":"C. maxwelli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, slightly transverse, with rounded cardinal extremities, sulcus well delimited by coarse sulcus-bounding costae, lateral slopes with few simple or rarely bifurcating costae, sulcus with 2 or 3 ribs, fold smooth or with several ribs, microornament consisting of fine, slightly imbricate growth lamellae and fine capillae, otherwise similar to Sergospirifer.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Australia (Queensland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1172, 6a-c. * C. maxwelli, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, X1.1 (Campbell, 1953).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 1172. spiriferidae (p. 1778-1779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-136.jpg?height=1654&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eobrachythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Sergospiriferinae","Genus":"Eobrachythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eobrachythyris Brice, 1971, p. 182, emend., Brice, 1997, p. 72, Brice in Brice & NICOLLIN, 2000, p. 57","Type_species":"E. proovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, length and width nearly equal, outline subovate to rounded subquadrate, fold and sulcus weakly developed but well differentiated, lateral slopes with few simple costae or divided costae near sulcus-fold in younger forms, sulcus smooth or with median costa and 1 or 2 obsolete lateral costae, delthyrial plate lacking or rudimentary, buried in apical callosity.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famenian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famenian)-Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Afghanistan, Iran, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1173a-f. *E. proovalis, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1, f, microornament, X12 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1173. spiriferidae (p. 1779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-137.jpg?height=490&width=1021&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=303)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eochoristitella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Sergospiriferinae","Genus":"Eochoristitella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eochoristitella QI, 1983, p. 405","Type_species":"* E. gansuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subovate to subpentagonal, strongly ventribiconvex, delthyrium higher than wide, with narrow stegidial plates, sulcus shallow, V-shaped, fold indistinct, delineated only by deep, bounding interspaces, lateral slopes with few simple or rarely bifurcating or trifurcating costae with moderately wide interspaces, sulcus with weak, simple median costa and several pairs of lateral costae that may bifurcate, fold with distinct deep median interspace, ventral interior with short, thin, slightly diverging dental adminicula.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1172, 3a-b. * E. gansuensis, dorsal and lateral views, X1 ( Q i, 1983 )","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Q} \\\\mathrm{i}, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1172. spiriferidae (p. 1778-1779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-136.jpg?height=1654&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kasakhstania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Sergospiriferinae","Genus":"Kasakhstania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kasakhstania BEZNOSOVA, 1968, p. 179","Type_species":"* K. mikunovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline subovate, nearly equidimensional, cardinal extremities in adults rounded, maximum width near midlength, fold and sulcus moderately developed, lateral slopes with few broad, flattened, simple costae, those near fold and sulcus rarely bifurcating, umbonal region in ventral valve thickened by callus, delthyrial plate absent, otherwise similar to Sergospirifer","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1172, 5a-b. * K. mikunovi, a-b, holotype, ventral and posterior views, \u00d7 2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1172. spiriferidae (p. 1778-1779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-136.jpg?height=1654&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Purdonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Purdonellinae","Genus":"Purdonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Purdonella Reed, 1944, p. 218, nom. nov. pro Munella Frederiks, 1924, p. 314, non BONNIER, 1896","Type_species":"Spirifer nikitini CHERNYSHEV, 1902, p. 542, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, outline subcircular to subovate, ventral umbonal region moderately narrow, moderately inflated, hinge line narrow, not exceeding half of maximum width, fold and sulcus weakly developed, poorly delimited from lateral slopes, entire surface multicostate with numerous, low, flattened, simple or bifurcating costae, ventral interior with short, very thin, subparallel dental adminicula and distinct delthyrial plate, shell substance relatively thin with weak development of prismatic secondary layer in umbonal region","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)-Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"southern Urals, Arctic Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1174, 3a-d. * P. nikitini (Chernyshev), Cisuralian, southern Urals, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1174. spiriferidae (p. 1780).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-139.jpg?height=1878&width=1278&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ala":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Purdonellinae","Genus":"Ala","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ala NALIVKIN, 1979, p. 135","Type_species":"A. tau, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transverse, cardinal extremities rounded in all growth stages, fold and sulcus strongly developed, spreading anteriorly, multicostate with several primary umbonal costae trifurcating to form weak fasciculations on lateral slopes, and numerous freely bifurcating costae on fold-sulcus.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Ural Mountains, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1174, 2 a-c. *A*. tau, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1174. spiriferidae (p. 1780).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-139.jpg?height=1878&width=1278&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Domokhotia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Purdonellinae","Genus":"Domokhotia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Domokhotia Abramov & GRIGOR\u2019EVA, 1983, p. 130","Type_species":"D. laticosta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Fold and sulcus moderately developed, lateral slopes with few, broad, flattened simple, or rarely bifurcating, costae, costae in sulcus often narrower than those on lateral slopes, otherwise similar to Purdonella.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Verkhoian'ia, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1175, la-d. * D. laticosta, ?Bashkirian, Verkhoian'ia, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1175. spiriferidae (p. 1780).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-140.jpg?height=1703&width=1277&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eliva":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Purdonellinae","Genus":"Eliva","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eliva FREDERIKS, 1924, p. 319","Type_species":"Spirifer lyra KUTORGA, 1844, p. 92, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small for subfamily, longitudinally guttate in outline, otherwise similar to Purdonella","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Russia, USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1175, 2a-d. *E. lyra (Kutorga), southern Urals, syntype, dorsal, anterior, lateral, and ventral views, X1 (Chernyshev, 1902).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1175, 2e-f. E. shumardi Cooper & Grant, dorsal and ventral interiors, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chernyshev, 1902, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1175. spiriferidae (p. 1780).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-140.jpg?height=1703&width=1277&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mirifusella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Purdonellinae","Genus":"Mirifusella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mirifusella CARTER, 1971, p. 250","Type_species":"M. fortunata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, adults usually longer than wide, outline longitudinally subovate, hinge line less than maximum width, cardinal extremities rounded to subangular, ventral umbonal region elongated and inflated, fold and sulcus weakly to poorly developed, ornament of few simple, rounded costae on lateral slopes, sulcus with median costa that may bifurcate, other sulcal costae, if present, bifurcate from sulcus-bounding costae, capillae forming faintly reticulate pattern with fine growth lines, ventral interior with short delthyrial plate and moderately to widely divergent dental adminicula, umbonal region thickened in adults.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","Geography":"central United States","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1175, 3a\u2013g. *M. fortunata, Kinderhookian, Iowa, USA; a\u2013c, ventral, lateral, and anteriors views of ventral valve; d\u2013e, lateral and dorsal views of dorsal valve, \u00d71.5; f\u2013g, ventral and dorsal interiors, \u00d72 (Carter, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1175. spiriferidae (p. 1780).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-140.jpg?height=1703&width=1277&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":355.15,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":351,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neomunella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Purdonellinae","Genus":"Neomunella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neomunella OZAKI, 1931, p. 24","Type_species":"Spirifer (N.) chaoi OZAKI, 1931, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, with thick prismatic secondary layer, hinge line always exceeding half of maximum width, fold and sulcus moderately well developed, ventral interior with strong, divergent dental adminicula, otherwise similar to Purdonella","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"northern China, northern Urals, Yukon","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1174, 1a-c. *N. chaoi (Ozaki), Pennsylvanian, northern China, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, X1 (Ozaki, 1931).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ozaki, 1931","figure_index":"fig. 1174. spiriferidae (p. 1780).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-139.jpg?height=1878&width=1278&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Podtsheremia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Purdonellinae","Genus":"Podtsheremia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Podtsheremia KALASHNIKOV, 1966, p. 50","Type_species":"* P. prima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, slightly transverse, outline subovate to subrhomboidal, fold and sulcus moderately developed posteriorly, fold becoming very strong and rising sharply anteriorly in adults, cardinal extremities well rounded in early stages, becoming subangular in adults, hinge line equal to or less than maximum width in adults, entire surface multicostate, costae numerous, simple or bifurcating, rarely trifurcating, ventral interior with slightly convergent dental flanges, long slender diverging dental adminicula, and strong delthyrial plate, shell substance thin.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"middle and northern Urals, Moscow basin, central Kazakhstan, England, French Pyrenees","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1175, 4a-g. *P. prima, a-b, holotype, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Kalashnikov, 1966), c-g, transverse sections, X2.25 (Kalashnikov, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kalashnikov, 1966, \nKalashnikov, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1175. spiriferidae (p. 1780).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-140.jpg?height=1703&width=1277&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Angiospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Angiospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Angiospirifer LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1985, p. 567","Type_species":"Spirifer trigonalis MARTIN, 1809, pl. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subtrigonal to subquadrate, cardinal extremities well rounded in juveniles, becoming angular to alate in adults, ventral umbonal region broad, moderately inflated, fold and sulcus moderately developed, fold well delineated anteriorly, lateral slopes with few simple or rarely bifurcating rounded costae separated by moderately broad, rounded interspaces, sulcus with anteriorly prominent, simple median costa and 1 to 3 pairs of simple or rarely bifurcating lateral costae, ribs bifurcating immediately adjacent to fold-sulcus, microornament of very weak capillae and slightly lamellose growth lines forming faint, radially arranged, weakly granulose texture, ventral interior with short, close set, intrasulcal dental adminicula and thick, elongate internally and externally convex delthyrial callus, vascular markings crudely reticulate","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean-lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1176, 2a-e. *A. trigonalis (Martin), upper Visean, Great Britain, a-c, neotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Dunlop, 1962), d, vascular markings on ventral valve, X2.3 (Legrand-Blain, 1985), e, transverse section, X15 (Dunlop, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dunlop, 1962, \nLegrand-Blain, 1985, \nDunlop, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1176. choristitidae (p. 1782-1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-142.jpg?height=1877&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anthracothyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Anthracothyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anthracothyrina LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1984, p. 308","Type_species":"Brachythyrina (A.) perextensa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Vascular impressions reticulate, otherwise similar to Brachythyrina","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian-Bashkirian)","Geography":"central Pyrenees","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1176, 3a-b. *A. perextensa (Legrand-Blain), a, holotype, ventral valve, X1, b, ventral interior, X2.5 (Legrand-Blain, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Legrand-Blain, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1176. choristitidae (p. 1782-1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-142.jpg?height=1877&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":326.87,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachythyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Brachythyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachythyrina FREDERIKS, 1929, p. 385","Type_species":"Spirifer strangwaysi de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 164, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Anelasmina Semi\u043ahatova, 1939, p. 324, obj.","Synonyms":"Anelasmina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline usually transverse, cardinal extremities well rounded in juveniles, becoming angular to alate or mucronate in adults, fold and sulcus moderately narrow, well delineated, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, flattened, simple costae, bifurcations rare, interspaces moderately narrow, subangular, sulcus usually with about 5 simple costae, median rib very rarely bifurcating, ribs adjacent to fold-sulcus bifurcating in umbonal region of both valves, microornament finely and regularly cancellate, dental adminicula absent, vascular impressions ramiform","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)-Permian","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1177, 3ac. * B. strangwaysi (de Verneuil), Pennsylvanian, Moscow basin, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, X1 (Sarycheva & Sokolskaya, 1952).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarycheva & Sokolskaya, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 1177. choristitidae (p. 1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-143.jpg?height=1139&width=1273&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elinoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Elinoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elinoria Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195","Type_species":"Spirifer rectangulus KUTORGA, 1844, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, transverse, cardinal extremities rounded in juveniles, becoming subangular to mucronate in adults, ribs on lateral slopes coarse, rounded, simple, bifurcating, or more rarely, trifurcating, valves greatly thickened posteriorly by callus, otherwise similar to Brachythyrina.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)-Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Eurasia, Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1176, 1a-d. * E. rectangula (Kutorga), Cisuralian, Urals, holotype, dorsal, lateral, ventral, and anterior views, X1 (Chernyshev, 1902).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chernyshev, 1902","figure_index":"fig. 1176. choristitidae (p. 1782-1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-142.jpg?height=1877&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eobrachythyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Eobrachythyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eobrachythyrina Lazarev & POLETAEV, 1982, p. 92","Type_species":"Spirifer varians ROTAL, 1931, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, growth form transverse with rounded cardinal extremities in juveniles, becoming elongated in adults with truncated cardinal extremities, lateral slopes with moderately numerous coarse simple or bifurcating ribs, fold and sulcus moderately well developed and delineated, microornament of fine, regularly spaced growth lines and faint capillae, vascular impressions absent in adults, ramiform in juveniles, dental adminicula absent, ventral muscle scars deeply impressed.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Donets basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1177, 1 a-e. *E. varians (Rotal), a-b, syntype, ventral and dorsal views, c-d, syntype, ventral and interior views, e, large ventral valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1177. choristitidae (p. 1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-143.jpg?height=1139&width=1273&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":326.87,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prochoristitella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Prochoristitella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prochoristitella LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1969, p. 220","Type_species":"* P. afghanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Lateral slopes with moderately numerous, simple costae with moderately narrow interspaces, sulcal costae simple, distinctly finer than those on lateral slopes, ventral interior with short, close-set dental adminicula largely buried in callus, vascular impressions weakly reticulate, dorsal valve unknown, otherwise similar to Angiospirifer.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?upper Visean-?lower Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?upper Visean-?lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?upper Visean-?lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1177, 2a-b. * P. afghanensis, ventral valve, ventral interior, X1 (Legrand-Blain, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Legrand-Blain, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1177. choristitidae (p. 1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-143.jpg?height=1139&width=1273&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quizhouspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Quizhouspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quizhouspirifer XIAN SI-YUAN, 1979, p. 116","Type_species":"Spirifer rectangulus triplicata MANSUY, 1913, p. 67, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, sulcus with 1 to 5, usually 2 or 3, very strong angular plicae, occasionally with 1 or 2 pairs of weak additional costae or costellae on sides of sulcus, microornament seemingly absent, dental flanges high, vascular impressions unknown, otherwise similar to Brachythyrina","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian), ?lower Permian","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian), ?lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian), ?lower Permian","Geography":"Vietnam, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1176, 4a-g. *Q. triplicata (Mansuy), Vietnam, ?lower Permian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Mansuy, 1913), e-g, transverse sections, X1.25 (Xian, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mansuy, 1913, \nXian, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1176. choristitidae (p. 1782-1783).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-142.jpg?height=1877&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Choristites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Choristitinae","Genus":"Choristites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Choristites Fischer de WALDHEIM, 1825, p. 7","Type_species":"* C. mosquensis, SD BUCKMAN, 1908, p. 30","Synonyms_with_authors":"Yatsengina Semikhatova, 1936, p. 216 (type, Y. plana), Betachoristites Gatinaud, 1949, p. 492 (type, Choristites kschemyschensis Semikhatova, 1941, p. 80), Jatsengina Ivanova, 1960, p. 270, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Yatsengina, Betachoristites, Jatsengina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, outline longitudinally to transversely subovate, often nearly equidimensional, ventral valve strongly inflated, umbonal region strongly incurved, cardinal extremities abruptly truncated laterally, interarea trapezoidal, hinge line usually less than maximum width, entire surface with numerous flattened, simple or bifurcating costae with narrow interspaces, microornament capillate, fold and sulcus well developed, spreading anteriorly, incorporating additional costae, ventral interior with long, slender, nearly parallel dental adminicula, adductors enclosed within adminicula, adminicula surrounded by small, rounded area of impressed pits, function unknown","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Mississippian, Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian (?Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Mississippian, Pennsylvanian), Permian (?Cisuralian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1178, 1a-c. *C. mosquensis, Moscovian, Moscow basin, ventral and dorsal valves, ventral interior, X1 (Ivanov & Ivanova, 1937).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ivanov & Ivanova, 1937","figure_index":"fig. 1178. choristitidae (p. 1783-1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-145.jpg?height=1832&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alphachoristites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Choristitinae","Genus":"Alphachoristites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alphachoristites Gatinaud, 1949, p. 492","Type_species":"Choristites bisulcatiformis SEMIKHATOVA, 1934b, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trautscholdia UstritskiI, 1967, p. 37 (type, Spirifer trautscholdi Stuckenberg, 1905, p. 47, OD), non Cox & Arkell, 1948","Synonyms":"Trautscholdia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, fold and sulcus well developed, rounded, costae coarse, bifurcating, well rounded, with moderately broad interspaces, otherwise similar to Choristites","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1179, 2a. *A. bisulcatiformis (Semi\u043ahatova), holotype, ventral valve, \u00d7 1 (Semikhatova, 1941)., Fig. 1179, 2b-d. A. trautscholdi (Stuckenberg), holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Likharev, 1939a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Semikhatova, 1941, \nLikharev, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 1179. choristitidae (p. 1785-1786).\nfig. 1179. choristitidae (p. 1785-1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-146.jpg?height=1583&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-146.jpg?height=1583&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Choristitella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Choristitinae","Genus":"Choristitella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Choristitella Ivanov & IVANOVA, 1937, p. 163","Type_species":"Choristites podolskensis Ivanov & IVANOVA, 1937, p. 170, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cardinal extremities rounded, ventral interarea triangular, umbonal region narrow, slightly elongated, ventral interior with short, closeset, subparallel dental adminicula that do not reach muscle field, otherwise similar to Choristites","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1178, 2 a-f. *C*. podolskensis (Ivanov & Ivanova), Moscow basin, a-b, holotype, ventral and dorsal views, \u00d7 1, c-f, paratype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1178. choristitidae (p. 1783-1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-145.jpg?height=1832&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parachoristites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Choristitinae","Genus":"Parachoristites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parachoristites BARKHATOVA, 1968, p. 164","Type_species":"P. volongaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, outline variable, often transversely subtrapezoidal or subovate, both valves moderately to strongly inflated, fold and sulcus moderately well developed, often spreading anteriorly and incorporating additional costae, cardinal extremities may be alate or slightly mucronate in later growth stages, entire surface multicostate, costae on lateral slopes moderately numerous, flattened, simple or bifurcating with narrow interspaces, those on fold and sulcus similar but slightly finer and less likely to bifurcate, ventral interior with long, diverging dental adminicula that posteriorly enclose wide, impressed, ovate muscle field, dorsal interior with short crural plates, vascular impressions reticulate in at least some species","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Timan, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1179, 1a-e. * P. volongaensis, Bashkirian, Timan, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, e, ventral interior, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1179. choristitidae (p. 1785-1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-146.jpg?height=1583&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Settedabania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Choristitinae","Genus":"Settedabania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Settedabania ABRAMOV, 1970, p. 148","Type_species":"S. stepanovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly inflated, subequally biconvex, outline subovate to transversely subtrigonal, cardinal extremitities rounded, hinge line much less than maximum width, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, poorly delineated, entire surface multicostate, costae numerous, simple or bifurcating, flattened, with narrow interspaces, ventral interior with short, parallel, closely set dental adminicula, chordate ventral muscle field enclosed laterally by distinctive high ridges that converge anteriorly as thick median ridge, no indication of vascular impressions","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1178, 3a-c. * S. stepanovi, a, holotype, internal mold, b-c, dorsal and ventral valves, X1 (Abramov, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Abramov, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1178. choristitidae (p. 1783-1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-145.jpg?height=1832&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tangshanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Tangshanellinae","Genus":"Tangshanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tangshanella CHAO, 1929, p. 57","Type_species":"T. kaipingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, greatest width near midlength, fold and sulcus moderately well developed, sulcus spreading anteriorly and with distinctive V-shaped profile, ventral interarea acutely triangular, entire surface multicostate, lateral slopes with few to moderately numerous bifurcations, vascular impressions unknown, externally similar to Choristites","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1180 a-e. * T. kaipingensis, syntype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1180. choristitidae (p. 1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-147.jpg?height=772&width=631&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=850)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alphaneospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Tangshanellinae","Genus":"Alphaneospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alphaneospirifer GATINAUD, 1949, p. 491","Type_species":"Spirifer mahaensis HUANG, 1933, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Semibrachythyrina and its type species are both junior subjective synonyms of Alphaneospirifer and its type species.","Synonyms":"Semibrachythyrina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ribs fine, numerous, with narrow interspaces, bifurcating freely, sometimes forming weak fasciculations posteriorly, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately well developed, broadly flaring anteriorly, otherwise similar to Tangshanella.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1181, 2a-d. *A. mahaensis (Huang), syntype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, X1 (Huang, 1933).","Museum_or_author_information":"Huang, 1933","figure_index":"fig. 1181. choristitidae (p. 1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-148.jpg?height=1884&width=1275&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capillispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Tangshanellinae","Genus":"Capillispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capillispirifer Zhang F. M. in Zhang Chuan & OTHERS, 1983, p. 357","Type_species":"C. xinjiangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subovate, unequally biconvex, hinge line slightly shorter than maximum width, fold and sulcus well developed and well delineated, lateral slopes with few, mostly simple costae separated by moderately wide interspaces, sulcus with simple median costa and 1 or 2 pairs of lateral sulcal costae that bifurcate from sulcus-bounding costae, microornament densely capillate, forming cancellate pattern with fine growth lines.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1181, 1a-e. * C. xinjiangensis, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1181. choristitidae (p. 1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-148.jpg?height=1884&width=1275&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhejiangospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Tangshanellinae","Genus":"Zhejiangospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhejiangospirifer LIANG, 1982, p. 243","Type_species":"Z. depressus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, fold and sulcus variably developed, moderately wide, slightly flaring anteriorly, ornament consisting of few strong, rounded costae, with numerous bifurcations, rare trifurcations, interspaces wide, otherwise similar to Alphaneospirifer.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Gzhelian), Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Gzhelian), Permian (Cisuralian-Lopingian)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1181, 3a\u2013i. *Z. depressus, Cisuralian, China; a\u2013e, holotype, ventral, lateral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views; fi, transverse sections, \u00d72 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1181. choristitidae (p. 1786).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-148.jpg?height=1884&width=1275&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":303.68,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Imbrexia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Imbrexiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Imbrexia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Imbrexia NALIVKIN, 1937, p. 105","Type_species":"Spirifer imbrex HALL, 1858, p. 601, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transversely subquadrate in outline with slightly mucronate to subangular cardinal extremities in adults, juveniles mucronate, maximum width variably.attained, often at hinge line; fold low, subangular to weakly carinate, \ufb02aring anteriorly and incorporating additional costae from \ufb02anks; sulcus V-shaped, moderately deep, \ufb02aring anteriorly, with simple or bifurcate median costa; other sulcal costae simple or bifurcating; lateral slopes of ventral valve convex, those of dorsal valve compressed and concave near lateral extremities; lateral slopes with numerous binary lateral costae, most formed by bifurcation in umbonal region; microornament consisting of weak capillae and imbricate growth lamellae; ventral valve interior with short, divergent dental adminicula and short delthyrial plate.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian\u2013Visean)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1182a\u2013h. *I. imbrex (HALL); a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views; f, holotype, oblique posterior view of dorsal valve, \u00d71; g\u2013h, transverse sections, \u00d71.5 (Carter, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fernglenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Imbrexiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fernglenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fernglenia CARTER, 1992, p. 329","Type_species":"Spirifer vernonensis SWALLOW, 1860, p. 644, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subquadrate to subelliptical, cardinal extremities mucronate in juveniles, truncated or slightly mucronate in adults, rarely alate, maximum width at hinge line or near midlength, both valves well inflated, profile robust, fold and sulcus well defined, usually with 7 or more costae and simple median costa, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, mostly simple, strong costae, first lateral costa bounding fold invariably bifurcates in umbonal region, dental adminicula long for family.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?middle Tournaisian, upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?middle Tournaisian, upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?middle Tournaisian, upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1183a-t. *F. vernonensis (SwalLow), upper Tournaisian, Missouri, USA, a-e, topotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X4 (new), g-t, transverse sections, X1.5 (Carter, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 1183. imbrexiidae (p. 1789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-150.jpg?height=1637&width=1273&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":355.15,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tegulocrea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Imbrexiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tegulocrea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tegulocrea Carter, 1992, p. 331","Type_species":"Spirifer incertus HALL, 1858, p. 602, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Slightly smaller than average for family, outline subquadrate to subsemicircular, lateral profile lenticular, only moderately inflated, cardinal extremities subangular to slightly mucronate in adults, maximum width at or near hinge line, fold and sulcus moderately developed, width variable, flaring anteriorly in large adults, sulcus with rounded shoulders, fold well defined anteriorly, occasionally subcarinate, ornament of numerous simple, bifurcating, or more rarely trifurcating costae, costae in sulcus moderately numerous, median costa simple, first lateral costae bounding fold invariably bifurcate in umbonal region, dental adminicula short or rudimentary.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1184a-s. *T. incertus (Hall), Oklahoma, USA, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (new), f-s, transverse sections, X2.5 (Carter, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCarter, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 1184. imbrexiidae (p. 1789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-151.jpg?height=1557&width=1275&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Neospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neospirifer Frederiks, 1924, p. 311 (NIKITIN, 1900, p. 385, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Spirifer fasciger KEYSERLING, 1846, p. 231, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, thin shelled, transverse with fasciculate and plicate lateral slopes, cardinal extremities rounded in all growth stages of type species, ventral interarea narrowly triangular in type species, subangular fold and sulcus well developed, sulcal costae numerous, not fasciculate, costae on lateral slopes not coarse, bifurcating near beaks, again in umbonal region, continuing to branch anteriorly, resulting in fascicles of 6 to 8 or more at anterior margin, costae nearly equidimensional anteriorly, ventral interior with very short delthyrial plate and short dental adminicula, microornament unknown in type species. Permian: Russia, Pakistan.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Russia, Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1185, 1 a-c. *N*. fasciger (Keyserling), Cisuralian, Russia, a, lectotype, dorsal internal mold, X1 (Archbold & Thomas, 1984b), b-c, paralectotype, ventral and posterior views of ventral valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold & Thomas, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1185. trigonotretidae (p. 1789-1791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-152.jpg?height=1661&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Betaneospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Betaneospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Betaneospirifer GATINAUD, 1949, p. 491","Type_species":"Spirifera moosakhailensis DAVIDSON, 1862, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, strongly transverse, cardinal extremities slightly rounded to mucronate or alate, ventral interarea widely triangular, lateral slopes moderately to strongly plicate and fasciculate, costae numerous on each plica, almost uniform in width anteriorly, microornament regularly imbricate.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Pakistan, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1185, 2a-e. *B. moosakhailensis (Davidson), Cisuralian, Pakistan, lectotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1185. trigonotretidae (p. 1789-1791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-152.jpg?height=1661&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Blasispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Blasispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Blasispirifer KULIKOV, 1950, p. 6","Type_species":"Spirifer blasii de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 168, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subovate to subrhomboidal, cardinal extremities rounded, hinge line shorter than maximum width, ventral interarea short, concave, ventral interior lacking dental adminicula, presence of delthyrial plate unknown, macroornament consisting of costae, some of which may form fasciculate plicae, microornament unknown.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian-Roadian)","Geography":"European Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1186, 3a-c. *B. blasii (De Verneuil), Kazanian, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (Likharev, 1939b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Likharev, 1939","figure_index":"fig. 1186. trigonotretidae (p. 1791-1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-153.jpg?height=1616&width=1280&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cartorhium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Cartorhium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cartorhium Cooper & GRANT, 1976a, p. 2, 191","Type_species":"C. retusum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, outline subcircular to transversely subelliptical, cardinal extremities well rounded in juveniles, rounded to subangular in adults, maximum width anterior to hinge line, fold and sulcus well developed, fold low, ventral interior with short dental adminicula, sometimes partially buried in callus, delthyrial plate absent, ornament consisting of coarse, rounded, asymmetrically fasciculate costae, sometimes forming weak plicae, microornament of weak, irregularly spaced growth lamellae and capillae.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Guadalupian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1186, 1a-d. *C. retusum, Guadalupian, a-b, holotype, ventral valve exterior and interior, c-d, dorsal valve exterior and interior, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1186. trigonotretidae (p. 1791-1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-153.jpg?height=1616&width=1280&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costatispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Costatispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costatispirifer Archbold & THOMAS, 1985, p. 278","Type_species":"* C. gracilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, strongly transverse, cardinal extremities usually rounded, more rarely subangular, maximum width attained slightly anterior to hinge line, sulcus shallow, rounded, fold moderately high, subangular, almost carinate, ventral interarea high, presence of delthyrial plate not established, macroornament consisting of fine, equidimensional, simple or bifurcating costellae that may or may not form weak fasciculations on weak lateral plicae, microornament unknown, otherwise similar to Lepidospirifer.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1186, 4a-d. * C. gracilis, a-b, dorsal and anterior views of dorsal valve; c\u2013d, ventral valve exterior and interior, \u00d71 (Archbold & Thomas, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1186. trigonotretidae (p. 1791-1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-153.jpg?height=1616&width=1280&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crassispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Crassispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crassispirifer Archbold & THOMAS, 1985, p. 282","Type_species":"*Spirifer rostalinus HOSKING, 1931, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, strongly transverse in juveniles, becoming more truncated laterally in adults, outline subquadrate to subtrigonal, cardinal extremities prominent median sulcal costa, microornament of fine cancellate capillae and growth laminae","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Roadian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Tibet, ?northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1187 a-e .*C. rostalinus (Hosking), Artinskian, Western Australia, dorsal, lateral, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Archbold & Thomas, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold & Thomas, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1187. trigonotretidae (p. 1792-1793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-154.jpg?height=1679&width=1268&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cratispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Cratispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cratispirifer Archbold & THOMAS, 1985, p. 280","Type_species":"* C. nuraensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transverse, ventral interarea high, cardinal extremities acutely alate in early growth stages, poorly known in adults, sulcus narrow, shallow, fold moderately high, narrow, subangular, posterior of valves massively thickened, flanks with low, broad plications with fascicles of 3 or 4 coarse, flattened, equidimensional costae, microornament unknown, otherwise similar to Fusispirifer","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1188, 2a-d. *C. nuraensis, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views ventral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d71 (Archbold & Thomas, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1188. trigonotretidae (p. 1793-1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-155.jpg?height=1952&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fusispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Fusispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fusispirifer Waterhouse, 1966, p. 43","Type_species":"Spirifer nitiensis DIENER, 1897b, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Transversaria Waterhouse & Gupta, 1983, p. 240 (type, Fusispirifer marcouiformis Ching in Zhang & Ching, 1976, p. 209, OD)","Synonyms":"Transversaria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly transverse throughout ontogeny, weakly biconvex, beak small, umbonal region poorly differentiated, cardinal extremities acutely alate in most growth stages, becoming rounded in adults of some species, sulcus narrow, with broad, commonly bifurcating median costa, fold narrow, moderately high, ventral interior much thickened by callus, delthyrial plate thickened, large, delthyrium partially occluded by stegidial plates, costae coarse to fine, nearly equidimensional, arranged in weak fascicles of 3 to 5 costae, microornament capillate, some species weakly lamellose","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian-Lopingian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1188, 1a-e. *F. nitiensis (Diener), Lopingian, Nepal, syntype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Diener, 1897b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Diener, 1897","figure_index":"fig. 1188. trigonotretidae (p. 1793-1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-155.jpg?height=1952&width=1273&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibbospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Gibbospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibbospirifer WATERHOUSE, 1971, p. 221","Type_species":"G. ettrainensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline elongate, ventral valve arched, dorsal valve gently convex, cardinal extremities angular in adults, ventral sulcus shallow, narrow, dorsal fold low, ventral interarea moderately high, delthyrium open, ornament on lateral slopes consisting of low, indistinct plicae with bundled costae with rounded crests posteriorly, fading anteriorly, microornament reticulate, concentric lamellae dominant over capillae, dental adminicula short, ventral valve thickened with apical callus","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Moscovian-Gzhelian)","Geography":"Yukon Territory, Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1186, 2a-c. * G. ettrainensis, a, holotype, ventral valve, b-c, paratype, ventral valve and interior, X1 (Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bamber & Waterhouse, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1186. trigonotretidae (p. 1791-1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-153.jpg?height=1616&width=1280&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gypospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Gypospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gypospirifer Cooper & GRANT, 1976a, p. 2, 209","Type_species":"* G. nelsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, cardinal extremities alate, subangular or slightly mucronate, especially in early growth stages, fold and sulcus well developed, fold well rounded, delthyrium partially or completely closed by imbricating stegidial plates, ornament consisting of numerous, fine, well rounded, almost uniform, simple or bifurcating costae that sometimes form weak fascicles posteriorly, fascicles, when present, not producing plicae, growth lamellae regularly to irregularly spaced, sometimes tegulate, ventral interior with dental adminicula usually buried in callus, delthyrial plate absent or obscured by thick callus","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Bolivia, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1189 a-d. * G. nelsoni, Wolfcampian, Texas, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d7 1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1189. trigonotretidae (p. 1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-156.jpg?height=1587&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Imperiospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Imperiospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Imperiospira Archbold & THOMAS, 1993, p. 314","Type_species":"*I. franzjosefi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, outline transversely irregularly subquadrate, lateral margins ventrally recurved and anteriorly extended to form thin, curved flanges, strong fold and sulcus producing long tongue and deeply emarginate anterior commissure, lateral slopes weakly to moderately plicate with numerous fine, even, fasciculate costae, microornament capillate and variably imbricate, dental adminicula short, buried in thick callus, true delthyrial plate very short or absent.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1190 a-b. *I. franzjosefi, holotype, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Archbold & Thomas, 1993).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1191a-b. *I. franzjosefi, holotype, posterior and anterior views, X1 (Archbold & Thomas, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold & Thomas, 1993, \nArchbold & Thomas, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1190. trigonotretidae (p. 1799).\nfig. 1191. trigonotretidae (p. 1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-158.jpg?height=1769&width=1162&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=270)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-159.jpg?height=1087&width=1261&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kaninospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Kaninospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kaninospirifer Kulikov & Stepanov in Stepanov, Kulikov, & SULTANAEV, 1975, p. 63","Type_species":"*Spirifer kaninensis LIKHAREV, 1943b, p. 279, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dental adminicula absent, otherwise similar to Betaneospirifer, poorly known","Beginning_age":"Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Russia (Kanin Peninsula)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1192a-d. *K. kaninensis (Likharev), ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1192. trigonotretidae (p. 1799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-160.jpg?height=1491&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepidospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Lepidospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepidospirifer Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 14","Type_species":"L. angulatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Cardinal extremities well rounded in juveniles, rounded to subangular in adults, lateral slopes costellate to finely costate and weakly fasciculate, often lacking plicae, delthyrial plate very short or absent, growth lamellae finely imbricate and capillate, otherwise similar to Neospirifer","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1193, 1a-e. * L. angulatus, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1193. trigonotretidae (p. 1799-1801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-161.jpg?height=1757&width=1266&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pondospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Pondospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pondospirifer WATERHOUSE, 1978, p. 93","Type_species":"P. magnificus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, thick, transverse, unequally biconvex, outline subquadrate, cardinal extremities subangular or slightly rounded in adults, ventral umbonal region and beak much reduced, poorly differentiated, ventral lateral extremities swollen, fold and sulcus very large, with sulcus engulfing lateral as well as anterior portion of shell, fold high, sloping gradually to each lateral margin, lateral slopes with very low, short, inconspicuous plicae and entire surface covered with fine, distinct, well-rounded costae, microornament of capillae and fine growth lines, ventral interior with dental adminicula, presence of delthyrial plate not confirmed, muscle platform as in Neospirifer. Permian (Lopingian): Nepal.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1194 a-c .* P. magnificus, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, X1 (Waterhouse, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1978","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Septospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septospirifer WATERHOUSE, 1971, p. 222","Type_species":"S. tatondukensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly transverse in all observable growth stages, cardinal extremities mucronate, lateral slopes weakly plicate and weakly fasciculate, ventral interior with distinct myophragm in anterior portion of ventral muscle field, otherwise similar to Neospirifer","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"Canada (Yukon Territory)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1193, 2a-b. *S. tatondukensis, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, X1 (Waterhouse, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1193. trigonotretidae (p. 1799-1801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-161.jpg?height=1757&width=1266&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tibetospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Tibetospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tibetospirifer LiU & WANG, 1990, p. 388","Type_species":"T. xizangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, maximum width at or near hinge line, lateral slopes with moderately numerous plicae separated by broad interspaces, each plica with 2 finer costae, sulcus with several costae, median costa bifurcating, microornament unknown, ventral interior simple, dental adminicula and delthyrial plate apparently absent","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian","Geography":"Tibet, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1193, 3a-c. *T. xizangensis, Pennsylvanian, Tibet, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, X1 (Liu & Wang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nLiu & Wang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1193. trigonotretidae (p. 1799-1801).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-161.jpg?height=1757&width=1266&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Trigonotretinae","Genus":"Trigonotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonotreta K\u00d6NIG, 1825, p. 3","Type_species":"T. stokesi, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 8","Synonyms_with_authors":"Grantonia Brown, 1953, p. 60 (type, G. hobartensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Grantonia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, thick shelled, moderately to strongly transverse, cardinal extremities highly variable, maximum width variable, fold and sulcus moderately developed, lateral slopes strongly plicate with 3 to 5 fasciculate, unequal costae per plica, variably lamellose, ventral interior much thickened by callus, delthyrium occluded by bulbous callus, dental adminicula buried in callus in adults, muscle field deeply incised.","Beginning_age":"Permian (?Asselian-?Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (?Asselian-?Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Permian (?Asselian-?Kungurian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1195, 2a-e. *T. stokesi, Tamarian, Tasmania, a, ventral valve, b-c, lectotype, dorsal and lateral views, d-e, ventral interior, dorsal interior, X1 (Clarke, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nClarke, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1195. trigonotretidae (p. 1801-1805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-164.jpg?height=1515&width=1273&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aperispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Trigonotretinae","Genus":"Aperispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aperispirifer WATERHOUSE, 1968, p. 35","Type_species":"Neospirifer wairakiensis WATERHOUSE, 1964, p. 127, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, alate in early growth stages, cardinal extremities variable in adults, lateral slopes with weak plicae that become weaker or disappear anteriorly, entire surface covered with numerous bifurcating subequal costae, some species lamellose, otherwise similar to Trigonotreta","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"New Zealand, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1196 a-e. *A. wairakiensis (Waterhouse), Ufimian, New Zealand, a, holotype, ventral valve, b-d, paratype, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, X1, e, ventral interior, X2 (Waterhouse, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1196. trigonotretidae (p. 1802).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-165.jpg?height=1503&width=1279&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachythyrinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Trigonotretinae","Genus":"Brachythyrinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachythyrinella Waterhouse & GUPTA, 1978, p. 425","Type_species":"Spirifer narsarhensis REED, 1928, p. 379, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thin shelled for family, outline transversely subovate, cardinal extremities rounded, lateral slopes with several plicae, several of which may weakly bifurcate or trifurcate anteriorly, fold and sulcus plicate, sulcus with coarse median plica and one or more pairs of weak subplicae that split from sulcus-bounding plicae, slightly lamellose, ventral interior with short dental adminicula, lacking delthyrial plate or umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"India, Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1195, 1 a-e .*B. narsarhensis (Reed), India, a-c, syntype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, X2 (Reed, 1928), d-e, topotype, ventral valve and interior, X2 (Thomas, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Reed, 1928, \nThomas, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1195. trigonotretidae (p. 1801-1805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-164.jpg?height=1515&width=1273&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Frechhella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Trigonotretinae","Genus":"Frechhella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Frechella LEGRAND-BLAIN , 1986, p. 32","Type_species":"Neospirifer fascicostatus gwinneriformis LEGRAND-BLAIN, 1971, p. 203; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, strongly transverse, outline subtrigonal to subsemicircular; greatest width at hinge line; cardinal extremities alate to mucronate; lateral slopes with several weak plicae and numerous costae forming fascicles of 3, rarely 2 or 4, unequal ribs per plica; ventral interior with short dental adminicula and thick umbonal callus; microornament \ufb01nely reticulate.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean\u2013Serpukhovian)","Geography":"northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1197,1. *F. gwinneriformis (LEGRAND-BLAIN), upper Visean, Algeria; holotype, ventral valve, \u00d71 (Legrand-Blain, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1197. trigonotretidae (p. 1805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-166.jpg?height=1510&width=1271&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulciplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Trigonotretinae","Genus":"Sulciplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulciplica WATERHOUSE, 1968, p. 25","Type_species":"S. transversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, strongly transverse, cardinal extremities alate, fold and sulcus narrow, moderately well developed, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, usually simple, subangular plicae, costae absent, fold and sulcus with several coarse simple plicae, ventral interarea moderately high, flattened, ventral interior with thick apical callus obscuring internal structures, delthyrium occluded by large, bulbous apical callus, microornament subcancellate, growth lamellae subimbricate","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian)","Geography":"New Zealand, eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1197, 2a-d. *S. transversa, a-b, ventral and dorsal valves, New South Wales, Australia, X1 (Waterhouse, 1968), c-d, ventral and dorsal valves, Tasmania, X1 (Clarke, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1968, \nClarke, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1197. trigonotretidae (p. 1805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-166.jpg?height=1510&width=1271&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiriferella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spiriferella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiriferella CHERNYSHEV, 1902, p. 121","Type_species":"Spirifer saranae de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 169, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, usually elongate, hinge line moderately wide, cardinal extremities rounded in juveniles, variably mucronate or rounded in adults, maximum width usually anterior to hinge line, ventral umbonal region greatly inflated, delthyrium partially or completely covered by stegidia, ribbing in sulcus highly variable, lateral slopes strongly plicate, plicae broad, rounded, simple to costate, with fasciculate costae in some species, fold normally with median groove, microornament consisting of capillae, concentrically arranged pustules, and fine, regular growth lines, ventral valve greatly thickened with secondary shell matter, ventral interior with short, diverging dental adminicula, thick umbonal callus, and deeply impressed muscle field","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1198, 1a-d. *S. saranae (de Verneuil), Cisuralian, Russia, a-c, ventral, lateral, and posterior views of ventral valve, d, dorsal valve, X1 (Chernyshev, 1902).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chernyshev, 1902","figure_index":"fig. 1198. spiriferellidae (p. 1805-1811).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-167.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alispiriferella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alispiriferella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alispiriferella Waterhouse & Waddington, 1982, p. 30","Type_species":"Spirifer (Spiriferella) keilhavii var. ordinaria EINOR, 1939, p. 140, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, moderately transverse, cardinal extremities alate in early growth stages, rounded in adults, outline subrectangular to subovate, fold with wide, well-defined median groove, otherwise similar to Spiriferella","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian-Capitanian)","Geography":"Russia (Novaya Zemlya), Yukon Territory, Canada (Arctic Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1198, 4a-c. *A. ordinaria (Einor), Cisuralian, Novaya Zemlya, a, syntype, ventral valve, b-c, syntype, dorsal and anterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1198. spiriferellidae (p. 1805-1811).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-167.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arcullina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Arcullina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arcullina WATERHOUSE, 1986b, p. 4","Type_species":"Spiriferina polaris WIMAN, 1914, p. 39, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold lacking median groove or sulcus, plicae on lateral slopes possibly lacking costae, otherwise similar to Spiriferella","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian-Roadian)","Geography":"Urals, Western Australia, Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1198, 3a-d. *A. polaris (Wiman), Kungurian, Spitzbergen, a, ventral interior, b-d, anterior, lateral, and dorsal views, \u00d7 1 (Wiman, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wiman, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 1198. spiriferellidae (p. 1805-1811).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-167.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elivina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Elivina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elivina Frederiks, 1924, p. 315","Type_species":"Spirifer tibetanus DIENER, 1897a, p. 45, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dienerina Ozaki, 1931, p. 25, obj.","Synonyms":"Dienerina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline longitudinally ovate to chordate, hinge line narrow, microornament of capillae and fine growth lamellae, pustules variably present, otherwise similar to Spiriferella","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Roadian)","Geography":"India, Australia, Yukon Territory, USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1199, 2a-e. *E. tibetanus (Diener), Chhidruan-Kalabaghian, Himalayas, syntype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Diener, 1897a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Diener, 1897","figure_index":"fig. 1199. spiriferellidae (p. 1805-1811).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-168.jpg?height=1863&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eridmatus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eridmatus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eridmatus BRANSON, 1966, p. 75","Type_species":"Spirifer (?Trigonotreta) texanus \u041c\u0415\u0415\u041a, 1871, p. 179, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, boniferous (Moscovian), Permian (Asselian): North America, Russia","Beginning_age":"Moscovian","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Moscovian, Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1199, 1a-d. *E. texanus (Meek), Desmoinesian, Kansas, USA, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Spencer, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Spencer, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1199. spiriferellidae (p. 1805-1811).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-168.jpg?height=1863&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicatospiriferella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plicatospiriferella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicatospiriferella Waterhouse & WADDINGTON, 1982, p. 34","Type_species":"*. canadensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with 6 or more simple plications on each lateral slope that extend to anterior margin, few costae except in sulcus, fold and sulcus moderately developed, otherwise similar to Eridmatus.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian, ?Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian, ?Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Moscovian, ?Gzhelian)","Geography":"Canada (Yukon Territory)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1199, 4a-c. *P. canadensis, Moskovian, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, X2 (Waterhouse & Waddington, 1982).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Waddington, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1199. spiriferellidae (p. 1805-1811).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-168.jpg?height=1863&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhombospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhombospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhombospirifer DUAN & LI, 1985, p. 134","Type_species":"*R. zhesiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely rhomboidal in outline, with alate cardinal extremities, delthyrium covered by stegidium, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth or with very weak costae, crest of fold slightly flattened, grooved, lateral slopes with few plicae, plicae with bifurcating or trifurcating, slightly fasciculate costae, both valves greatly thickened by secondary shell material","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Inner Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1200 a\u2013d. *R. zhesiensis; ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71 (Duan & Li, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiriferelloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spiriferelloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiriferelloides Li, Gu, & Li in Li & GU, 1985, p. 125","Type_species":"S. xiuqienensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Spiriferellaoides LI, Gu, & Li, 1980, p. 26, nom. nud. (type, S. xiujumuqinensis, OD )\"","Synonyms":"Spiriferellaoides","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventral interarea high, delthyrium large, fasciculate costae on lateral slopes complexly bifurcated, ventral muscle scars sagittate, otherwise similar to Spiriferella. This genus is based on a single poor specimen and is virtually unrecognizable.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Inner Mongolia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Timaniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Timaniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Timaniella BARKHATOVA, 1968, p. 162","Type_species":"T. festa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subsemicircular to subtrigonal, cardinal extremities alate to slightly mucronate, delthyrium partially closed by narrow stegidial plates, lateral slopes moderately to strongly plicate, medial plicae costate, fasciculate, fold and sulcus moderately narrow, well delimited, sulcus with median plica and several lateral costae, fold with distinct median groove, ventral interior with thick delthyrial callus, muscle field moderately impressed, adductor scars long, narrow, diductor scars broad, longitudinally striated","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian-Roadian)","Geography":"Russia (northern Timan), Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1198, 2a-b. *T. festa, Kungurian, northern Timan, holotype, ventral exterior and interior, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1198. spiriferellidae (p. 1805-1811).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-167.jpg?height=1886&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tipispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tipispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tipispirifer GRANT, 1976, p. 213","Type_species":"T. oppilatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small for family, outline transversely subtrigonal to subrhomboidal, hinge line wide, denticulate, cardinal extremities greatly extended, mucronate, ventral beak and umbonal region narrow, slightly incurved, ventral interarea high, slightly concave, delthyrium narrow, occluded by imbricating stegidial plates, fold and sulcus moderately developed, narrow, well delimited, entire surface costate with numerous fine, well-defined, rounded costae with narrow interspaces, increasing by both intercalation and bifurcation, microornament finely pustulose, ventral interior with false spondylium formed by converging dental flanges, dental adminicula short, divergent.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1199, 3a-g. *T. oppilatus, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, f, posterior view showing stegidial plates, g, ventral interior, X2 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1199. spiriferellidae (p. 1805-1811).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-168.jpg?height=1863&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strophopleura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Strophopleurinae","Genus":"Strophopleura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strophopleura Stainbrook, 1947, p. 324","Type_species":"* Spirifer notabilis KINDLE, 1909, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, subequally biconvex, beak ridges nearly parallel, ventral interarea apsacline, fold and sulcus narrow, rounded, smooth, flanks with numerous strong, simple costae that become discordant and nearly perpendicular to hinge laterally, growth lamellae strong and regularly spaced, short dental adminicula buried in thick callus.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"USA (New Mexico, Colorado)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1201, 1a-e. *S. notabilis (KINDLE), anterior, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Cooper & Dutro, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Dutro, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1201. strophopleuridae (p. 1812-1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-171.jpg?height=1811&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acuminothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Strophopleurinae","Genus":"Acuminothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acuminothyris ROBERTS, 1963, p. 15","Type_species":"A. triangularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, very strongly transverse, alate, subequally biconvex, ventral interarea low, apsacline to nearly orthocline, flanks with numerous simple ribs, fold and sulcus smooth, fold-bounding ribs disproportionately strong, sulcus-bounding interspaces very deep, capillae faint, subimbricate growth lamellae regularly spaced, ventral interior with short, divergent dental adminicula.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (middle Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-middle Visean)","Geography":"Australia, USA (Missouri)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1201, 4a-c. *A. triangularis, a-b, dorsal valve, ventral valve, c, holotype, posterior view of natural mold, X1.5 (Roberts, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1201. strophopleuridae (p. 1812-1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-171.jpg?height=1811&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Avisyrinx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Strophopleurinae","Genus":"Avisyrinx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Avisyrinx MARTINEZ-CHACON, 1975, p. 33","Type_species":"A. obsoleta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly transverse, alate, with high, concave, nearly catacline ventral interarea, lateral slopes with numerous weak, simple costae, fold and sulcus well differentiated, both fold and sulcus with very strong median plications producing bicarinate anterior profile, ventral interior with closely set dental adminicula, and short umbonal callosity that simulates delthyrial plate or syrinx, delthyrium nearly closed by stegidium.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1201, 2a-f. * A. obsoleta, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, e-f, transverse sections, X4 (Martinez-Chacon, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Martinez-Chacon, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1201. strophopleuridae (p. 1812-1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-171.jpg?height=1811&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calvustrigis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Strophopleurinae","Genus":"Calvustrigis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calvustrigis CARTER, 1987, p. 68","Type_species":"Spirifer rutherfordi WARREN, 1932, p. 247, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly transverse with slightly mucronate cardinal extremities, smooth, rounded fold and sulcus moderately developed, well defined, ventral interarea nearly orthocline, strongly longitudinally grooved, ornament consisting of low, uniform, simple, straplike costae with narrow interspaces on flanks, microornament consisting of strong capillae only, imbricate growth lamellae absent, ventral interior with strong, slightly divergent dental adminicula and short delthyrial plate, posterior portions of both valves thickened with callus","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1202, 2a-e. *C. rutherfordi (WARREN), a-c, syntype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, d-e, ventral and dorsal valves, X1 (Carter, 1987)","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1202. strophopleuridae (p. 1812-1814).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-172.jpg?height=1186&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":355.15,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":351,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cantabriella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Strophopleurinae","Genus":"Cantabriella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cantabriella Martinez-Chacon & RIO-GARCIA, 1987, p. 21","Type_species":"Orulgania schulzi MARTINEZ-CHACON, 1978a, p. 323, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus moderately broad, well developed, noncostate, ventral interarea moderately high, ventral interior with long, high, parallel dental adminicula placed within sulcus, otherwise similar to Voiseyella","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":"northern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1201, 3a-g. * C. schulzi (Martinez-Chacon), a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X2, f-g, transverse sections, X4 (Martinez-Chacon, 1978a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Martinez-Chacon, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1201. strophopleuridae (p. 1812-1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-171.jpg?height=1811&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iwaispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Strophopleurinae","Genus":"Iwaispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iwaispirifer TACHIBANA, 1964, p. 39","Type_species":"I. striatolamellosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subtrigonal, cardinal extremities mucronate, fold and sulcus moderately developed, lateral slopes with 6 to 8 simple rounded ribs, sulcus with or without median rib, growth lamellae moderately lamellose, ventral interior with short dental adminicula fused by callus. A denticulate hinge line has not been established for this genus.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)-Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1202, 1a-c. *I. striatolamellosus, Famennian, a, internal mold of ventral valve, X1.2, b, microornament, X6, c, ventral exterior enlarged, X2.5 (Tachibana, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tachibana, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1202. strophopleuridae (p. 1812-1814).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-172.jpg?height=1186&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Voiseyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Strophopleurinae","Genus":"Voiseyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Voiseyella ROBERTS, 1964, p. 187","Type_species":"Strophopleura anterosa CAMPBELL, 1957, p. 79, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Amesopleura Carter, 1967b, p. 363 (type, Spirifera novamexicana Miller, 1881, p. 314, OD)","Synonyms":"Amesopleura","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly biconvex, strongly transverse, with mucronate cardinal extremities, fold and sulcus narrow, noncostate and rounded, sulcus delimited by disproportionately large sulcus-bounding costae and fold by disproportionately deep and wide foldbounding interspaces, flanks with moderately numerous simple ribs that become smaller or indistinct laterally, growth lamellae becoming crowded and lamellose anteriorly, ventral interior with short, slender dental adminicula that follow margins of sulcus, dorsal interior with thick apical callus supporting cardinal process and long, platelike ridges that extend forward along inner crests of foldbounding grooves.  [A denticulate hinge line has not been established for this genus.]","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (middle Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian-middle Visean)","Geography":"Australia, USA (Texas, Missouri, New Mexico), Canada (Alberta)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1201, 5a-b. *V. anterosa (Campbell), a, dorsal valve exterior, X2.5, b, ventral exterior, X2 (Roberts, 1964)., Fig. 1201, 5c-j. V. novamexicana (Miller), upper Tournaisian, New Mexico, c-g, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1, h-j, transverse sections, X2 (Carter, 1967b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts, 1964, \nCarter, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1201. strophopleuridae (p. 1812-1815).\nfig. 1201. strophopleuridae (p. 1812-1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-171.jpg?height=1811&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-171.jpg?height=1811&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":355.15,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":335.91,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bashkiria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Bashkiriinae","Genus":"Bashkiria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bashkiria NALIVKIN, 1979, p. 144","Type_species":"B. gemma, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costation weak or obscure, otherwise similar to Celsifornix","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Russia (southern Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1203, 2a-d. * B. gemma, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1203. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-174.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adminiculoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Bashkiriinae","Genus":"Adminiculoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adminiculoria Waterhouse & GUPTA, 1979, p. 133","Type_species":"Spirifer middlemissi DIENER, 1915, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, moderately transverse with moderately high, concave, apsacline ventral interarea, lateral slopes covered with strong, simple, subangular, regularly lamellose plicae, fold and sulcus with several weaker, bifurcating costae, ventral interior with apical callosity and short dental adminicula that may be buried in callus, denticulation not established","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Visean)","Geography":"Kashmir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1203, 3. *A. middlemissi (Diener), lectotype, dorsal valve exterior, X2 (Diener, 1915).","Museum_or_author_information":"Diener, 1915","figure_index":"fig. 1203. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-174.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Celsifornix":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Bashkiriinae","Genus":"Celsifornix","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Celsifornix CARTER, 1974, p. 677","Type_species":"* C. rowleyi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly transverse, outline acutely trigonal, cardinal extremities alate, ventral interarea high, flattened, moderately apsacline to slightly procline, fold and sulcus well defined but moderately developed, entire surface covered with simple costae, sulcus with simple median costa, other sulcal costae simple, if present, derived from sulcusbounding ribs, growth lamellae subimbricate, regularly spaced, ventral interior with long, slender, moderately divergent dental adminicula placed outside sulcus and very short delthyrial plate, ctenophoridium supported by stout callus.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"USA (Missouri, Illinois)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1203, 4a-h. * C. rowleyi, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, X1, f-h, transverse sections, X1.5 (Carter, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1203. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-174.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fusella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Bashkiriinae","Genus":"Fusella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fusella M'COY, 1844, p. 128","Type_species":"Spirifera fusiformis PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 217, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, fold and sulcus with several weak costae, growth lamellae not imbricate, ventral interior with high, subparallel dental adminicula placed well within sulcus, otherwise similar to Voiseyella","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"British Isles","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1203, 1a-e. * F. fusiformis (Phillips), holotype, ventral, lateral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Waterhouse, 1970)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1203, If-g. F. rhomboidea (Phillips), f, dorsal interior, X4, g, ventral interior, X3 (Brunton & Risson\u00e9, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1970, \nBrunton & Risson\u00e9, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1203. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).\nfig. 1203. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-174.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-174.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pterospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Pterospiriferinae","Genus":"Pterospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pterospirifer DUNBAR, 1955, p. 128","Type_species":"Spirifer alatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly transverse with alate to mucronate cardinal extremities, ventral interarea moderately high, apsacline, delthyrium closed by strongly convex stegidium in large adults, fold and sulcus smooth, or sulcus with weak median rib, lateral slopes with moderately numerous simple or rarely bifurcating costae, growth lamellae fine and regularly spaced, ventral interior with short, divergent dental adminicula and apical callus simulating delthyrial plate.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Lopingian)","Geography":"Europe, Greenland, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1204, 2a-b. * P. alatus (von Schlotheim), Germany, ventral valve, dorsal view, X1 (Dunbar, 1955), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1204, 2c-d. P. terechovi ZavodovskiI, Cisuralian, Siberia, ventral and dorsal views, X1 (Zavodovskii, 1968a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Dunbar, 1955, \nZavodovskii, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1204. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).\nfig. 1204. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-175.jpg?height=1849&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-175.jpg?height=1849&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Pterospiriferinae","Genus":"Alispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alispirifer CAMPBELL, 1961a, p. 434","Type_species":"* A. laminosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Plicae on flanks rather coarse, not numerous, rarely bifurcating, fold and sulcus narrow, usually smooth, rarely with faint median costa and corresponding shallow groove on fold, stegidial cover absent, otherwise similar to Pterospirifer.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Australia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1204, 1a-f. *A. laminosa, New South Wales, a-d, ventral valve mold, dorsal valve exterior, dorsal interior, ventral valve exterior, X1, e, microornament, X7, f, ventral interior, X1 (Campbell, 1961a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1204. strophopleuridae (p. 1815).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-175.jpg?height=1849&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Haplospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Pterospiriferinae","Genus":"Haplospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Haplospirifer Li & GU, 1976, p. 280","Type_species":"H. typicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely subpentagonal to subovate in outline, ventral valve more inflated than dorsal, ventral interarea high, flattened, vertically grooved, delthyrium open, ventral beak slightly incurved, fold and sulcus strongly developed, sulcus with prominent, dorsally directed tongue, dorsal valve with shallow sulci adjacent to fold, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, mostly simple costae, ribs near fold-sulcus trifurcate, few others bifurcate, fold and sulcus smooth, ventral interior with short dental adminicula and large muscle scars","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1205, 4a-d. *H. typicus, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (Li & Gu, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Gu, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1205. strophopleuridae (p. 1815-1818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-177.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pteroplecta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Pterospiriferinae","Genus":"Pteroplecta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pteroplecta WATERHOUSE, 1978, p. 56","Type_species":"P. laminatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, cardinal extremities alate, ventral interarea high, fold and sulcus well defined, flanks with few broad plicae anteriorly covered with bundled costae, fold and sulcus with several weaker costae, surface regularly lamellose and strongly capillate, ventral interior with divergent dental adminicula","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1205, 2a-b. * P. laminata, a, holotype, dorsal valve, b, ventral valve, X2 (Waterhouse, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1205. strophopleuridae (p. 1815-1818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-177.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiriferinaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Pterospiriferinae","Genus":"Spiriferinaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiriferinaella FREDERIKS, 1926, p. 407","Type_species":"* Spirifer artiensis STUCKENBERG, 1898, p. 266, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately to strongly transverse with alate cardinal extremities, fold and sulcus narrow, noncostate, sulcus well defined by disproportionately large bounding ribs, flanks with few simple, rounded plications, growth lamellae regularly spaced and imbricate, ventral interior with high, subparallel dental adminicula that follow margins of sulcus, apical region filled with thick callus","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)-Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"southeastern Alaska, lower Moscovian, Russia, Cisuralian, USA (Texas), Guadalupian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1205, 3a. * S. artiensis (Stuckenberg), Cisuralian, Russia, syntype, ventral valve, X2 (new), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1205, 36e. S. scalpata Cooper & Grant, Guadalupian, Texas, dorsal interior, dorsal, ventral, and ventral interior views, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1205. strophopleuridae (p. 1815-1818).\nfig. 1205. strophopleuridae (p. 1815-1818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-177.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-177.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xizispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Pterospiriferinae","Genus":"Xizispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xizispirifer LIANG, 1990, p. 323","Type_species":"X. zhejiangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subtrigonal, strongly inequivalved, nearly planoconvex, ventral valve subconical, dorsal flattened, maximum width at hinge line, cardinal extremities angular, ventral interarea high, procline, slightly concave, perideltidial areas well defined, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus moderately well developed, lateral slopes with moderately numerous simple costae, fold smooth, well rounded, sulcus with broad median plica, surface lamellose, dental adminicula absent, ctenophoridium very wide","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1205, 1 a-d. * X. zhejiangensis, holotype, ventral, posterior, lateral, and dorsal views, \u00d7 2 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1205. strophopleuridae (p. 1815-1818).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-177.jpg?height=1869&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paeckelmanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Packelmanellidae","Subfamily":"Packelmanellinae","Genus":"Paeckelmanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paeckelmanella LIKHAREV, 1934, p. 212","Type_species":"Spirifer dieneri CHERNYSHEV, 1902, p. 535, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly transverse with mucronate to alate cardinal extremities, lateral slopes with increasingly weak, broad, simple plications, ventral interarea moderately high, fold smooth, carinate, sulcus with weak to strong median rib, ventral valve interior with short, divergent dental adminicula, delthyrial plate, and long, high median septum.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1206, 1a-f. * P. dieneri (Chernyshev), a, syntype, large dorsal valve, b-c, dorsal and posterior views of smaller syntype, d-f, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views of medium syntype, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1206. paeckelmanellidae (p. 1818-1821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-178.jpg?height=1848&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Darvasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Packelmanellidae","Subfamily":"Packelmanellinae","Genus":"Darvasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Darvasia LIKHAREV, 1934, p. 212","Type_species":"* D. edelsteini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, maximum width at hinge line, ventral valve subconical, dorsal valve much thinner, weakly convex, ventral interarea very high, flattened, vertically grooved, catacline or procline, with smooth perideltidial areas, fold and sulcus narrow, moderately developed, seemingly smooth, lateral slopes with numerous narrow, weak costae, microornament unknown, ventral interior with widely divergent dental adminicula, delthyrial plate and low median septum, dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Tajikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1206, 2ag. * D. edelsteini, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f-g, enlargements of views b and d, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1206. paeckelmanellidae (p. 1818-1821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-178.jpg?height=1848&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Odontospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Packelmanellidae","Subfamily":"Packelmanellinae","Genus":"Odontospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Odontospirifer DUNBAR, 1955, p. 154","Type_species":"*O. mirabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately transverse, with slightly alate cardinal extremities, sulcus moderately narrow, with single, simple median rib, fold narrow, high, rounded, flanks with few coarse, high, rounded, simple plicae, growth lamellae irregularly imbricate, ventral interior with very short dental adminicula and long, high median septum.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1206, 4a-e. *O. mirabilis, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2, e, ventral valve posterior, X5 (Dunbar, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dunbar, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 1206. paeckelmanellidae (p. 1818-1821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-178.jpg?height=1848&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scenesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Packelmanellidae","Subfamily":"Scenesiinae","Genus":"Scenesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scenesia Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 756","Type_species":"S. extensa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subtriangular in outline, cardinal extremities widely extended, alate, fold and sulcus well delineated by strong, coarse plicae on ventral valve and deep, wide interspaces or sulci on dorsal valve, fold high, rounded carinate, sulcus with anteriorly projecting median plica, other ribbing absent, growth lamellae regularly spaced, moderately lamellose, microornament absent","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1206, 3a\u2013h. *S. extensa; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d72; f\u2013g, dorsal interior, dorsal exterior, \u00d75; h, oblique view of ventral interior, \u00d72 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1206. paeckelmanellidae (p. 1818-1821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-178.jpg?height=1848&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Brachythyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Brachythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachythyris putilla STAINBROOK, 1947, p. 322, OD","Type_species":"Spirifera ovalis PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 219; SD BUCKMAN, 1908, p. 30","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ovalia NALIVKIN, 1937, p. 107, obj.]","Synonyms":"Ovalia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size; fold and sulcus moderately narrow, well delimited; sulcus smooth or with faint costae on sides of sulcus; fold smoothly rounded; lateral slopes with broad, rounded, simple plications separated by moderately narrow interspaces; some species faintly capillate; hinge line commonly denticulate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)\u2013Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1207, 1a\u2013d. *B. ovalis (PHILLIPS ), Visean, England; lectotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1207. brachythyrididae (p. 1821-1823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-180.jpg?height=1891&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cathayspirina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Brachythyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cathayspirina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cathayspirina LIANG, 1990, p. 339","Type_species":"C. fenshuijiangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly and subequally biconvex, lateral slopes coarsely plicate with broad, well-rounded interspaces, fold and sulcus weakly developed, smooth, poorly delimited, shell substance thick, otherwise similar to Brachythyris","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1207, 4a-e. *C. fenshuijiangensis, anterior, posterior, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, \u00d7 3 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1207. brachythyrididae (p. 1821-1823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-180.jpg?height=1891&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dalaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Brachythyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dalaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dalaia PLODOWSKI, 1968, p. 256","Type_species":"D. tardiplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, outline transversely subovate, ventral umbonal region and beak poorly produced, fold and sulcus weakly developed, smooth, lateral slopes weakly plicate with narrow interspaces, ventral interior with short apical callus, microornament of faint capillae, otherwise similar to Brachythyris","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"central Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1207, 2a-f. * D. tardiplicata, a, holotype, ventral valve, b-f, paratype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Plodowski, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Plodowski, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1207. brachythyrididae (p. 1821-1823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-180.jpg?height=1891&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Brachythyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ella FREDERIKS, 1918a, p. 87","Type_species":"Martinia simensis CHERNYSHEV, 1902, p. 569, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subovate to guttate in outline, ventral umbonal region elongated, fold and sulcus with several faint costae, otherwise similar to Brachythyris.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1207, 5a-d. *E. simensis (ChernySHEV), Urals, syntype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1207. brachythyrididae (p. 1821-1823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-180.jpg?height=1891&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meristorygma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Brachythyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Meristorygma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meristorygma CARTER, 1974, p. 689","Type_species":"M. arctica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, fold and sulcus moderately developed, well defined, forming subquadrate tongue, lateral ribs few, poorly defined, sulcus with median furrow and 2, or rarely, 4 primary sulcal costae that bifurcate from coarse, sulcus-bounding costae, fold with 3 distinct costae, lateral 2 of which may weakly bifurcate, interspaces wide, hinge line nondenticulate, microornament absent, shell substance thick, ventral muscle field deeply impressed.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Mississippian, Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Mississippian, Pennsylvanian), Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Arctic of Canada, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1207, 3a-e. *M. arctica, Atokan, Pennsylvanian, Ellesmere Island, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Carter, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1207. brachythyrididae (p. 1821-1823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-180.jpg?height=1891&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pustuloplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Brachythyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pustuloplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pustuloplica WATERHOUSE, 1968, p. 45","Type_species":"P. baccata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly and subequally biconvex, fold and sulcus moderately developed, lateral slopes with several strong, coarse, simple plicae with broad interspaces, fold and sulcus with weak ribs on sides, microornament of discontinuous strong capillae or very elongated pustules, and fine growth lamellae, ventral interior with short umbonal callosity","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"New Zealand, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1208a-c. *P. baccata, New Zealand, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, X3 (Waterhouse, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1208. brachythyrididae (p. 1823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-181.jpg?height=725&width=1263&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Skelidorygma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Skelidorygmidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Skelidorygma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Skelidorygma CARTER, 1974, p. 692","Type_species":"Spirifer subcardiiformis HALL, 1858, p. 660, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus moderately to poorly developed, surface entirely costate, lateral costae few, broad, flattened, well defined, simple, interspaces narrow, sulcus with simple median costa and 1 or 2 pairs of simple, lateral sulcal costae that bifurcate from sul-cus-bounding costae in umbonal region, hinge line weakly to nondenticulate, microornament absent.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-Bashkirian)","Geography":"North America, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1209, 2a-e. * S. subcardiiformis (Hall), Visean, Illinois, USA, holotype, ventral, lateral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Carter, 1974).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1209, 2f-j. S. bamberi CARTER, upper Tournaisian, Alberta, f, ventral exterior, X1, g, enlarged anterior view of ventral interior, h, enlarged ventral interior, i, enlarged posterior view of ventral valve, X2, j, ventral valve, X1 (Carter, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter, 1974, \nCarter, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1209. skelidorygmidae (p. 1823).\nfig. 1209. skelidorygmidae (p. 1823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-182.jpg?height=1780&width=1268&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-182.jpg?height=1780&width=1268&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Litothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Skelidorygmidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Litothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Litothyris ROBERTS, 1971, p. 237","Type_species":"* L. alticostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Entire surface with numerous low, well-rounded, mostly simple costae with narrow interspaces, costae adjacent to or on fold-sulcus occasionally bifurcating, ventral valve with very short delthyrial plate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Australia (Bonaparte Gulf basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1209, 1a-e. *L. alticostata, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (Roberts, 1971)","Museum_or_author_information":"Roberts, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1209. skelidorygmidae (p. 1823).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-182.jpg?height=1780&width=1268&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Delthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Delthyridinae","Genus":"Delthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Delthyris DALMAN, 1828, p. 99","Type_species":"*D. elevata Dalman, 1828, p. 120, SD SCHUCHERT, 1897, p. 206","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, equidimensional or transverse, ventral interarea apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with few strong, simple plications, growth lamellae closely spaced, dental plates long, thin, subparallel to ventral median septum, crural plates present. Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian). D. (Delthyris). Medium size, equidimensional or transverse, ventral interarea curved. Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1210, 1a-d. *D. (D.) elevata, Wenlock, Gotland, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Bassett & Cocks, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bassett & Cocks, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1210. delthyrididae (p. 1825-1826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-184.jpg?height=898&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Delthyris)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Delthyridinae","Genus":"D. (Delthyris)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Delthyris) DALMAN, 1828, p. 99","Type_species":"*D. elevata Dalman, 1828, p. 120, SD SCHUCHERT, 1897, p. 206","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, equidimensional or transverse; ventral interarea curved.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?upper Llandovery, Wenlock)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1210, 1a-d. *D. (D.) elevata, Wenlock, Gotland, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Bassett & Cocks, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1210. delthyrididae (p. 1825-1826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-184.jpg?height=898&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"D. (Quadrifarius)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Delthyridinae","Genus":"D. (Quadrifarius)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"D. (Quadrifarius) FUCHS, 1923, p. 854","Type_species":"Spirifer (Quadrifarius) loculatus Fuchs, 1923, p. 854, SD Paeckelmann, 1931, p. 31, =Spirifer dumontianus de KONINCK, 1876, p. 39","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, ventral interarea flat to curved, fold with strong median groove, sulcus narrow, flattened medially.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Pridoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1210, 2 a-c. *D*. (Q.) dumontianus (De Koninck), Lochkovian, Belgium, anterior, posterior, and dorsal views, \u00d7 1 (Asselberghs, 1930).","Museum_or_author_information":"Asselberghs, 1930","figure_index":"fig. 1210. delthyrididae (p. 1825-1826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-184.jpg?height=898&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ivanothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Delthyridinae","Genus":"Ivanothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ivanothyris HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1957b, p. 438","Type_species":"Spirifer gibbosus BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 2, 7-8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly biconvex, transversely oval, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline to orthocline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with few strong, simple plications, growth lamellae closely spaced, dental plates and ventral median septum buried in umbonal callus, crural plates obsolete","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Kazakhstan, western Siberian plain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1210, 3 a-d .*I. gibbosa (Barrande), Lochkovian, Bohemia, ventral, dorsal, side, and anterior views, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959)","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1210. delthyrididae (p. 1825-1826).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-184.jpg?height=898&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Howellella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Howellella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Howellella Kozlowski, 1946, p. 295, nom. nov. pro Crispella Kozlowski, 1929, p. 189, non GRAY, 1870, p. 25","Type_species":"Terebratula crispus von Hisinger, 1826, pl. 7, 4, OD, non Anomia crispa Linnaeus, 1758, p. 702, =Delthyris elegans MUIR-WOOD, 1925, p. 90","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, biconvex, transversely oval, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with strong, simple plications, growth lamellae closely spaced, dental plates and crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery), Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1211,3a\u2013b. *H. (H.) cortazari C ARLS , Spain; ventral and dorsal molds, \u00d72 (Carls, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1211. delthyrididae (p. 1826-1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-186.jpg?height=1889&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"H. (Howellella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"H. (Howellella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"H. Howellella) Kozlowski, 1946, p. 295, nom. nov. pro Crispella Kozlowski, 1929, p. 189, non GRAY, 1870, p. 25","Type_species":"Terebratula crispus von Hisinger, 1826, pl. 7, 4, OD, non Anomia crispa Linnaeus, 1758, p. 702, =Delthyris elegans MUIR-WOOD, 1925, p. 90","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small; \ufb02anks with few plications; dental plates thin to relatively thick, divergent.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery), Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1211,3a\u2013b. *H. (H.) cortazari C ARLS , Spain; ventral and dorsal molds, \u00d72 (Carls, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1211. delthyrididae (p. 1826-1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-186.jpg?height=1889&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"H. (Hysterohowellella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"H. (Hysterohowellella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"H. (Hysterohowellella) CARLS, 1985, p. 310","Type_species":"* Howellella cortazari CARLS, 1969, p. 343, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, dental plates thin, umbonal callus lacking","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1211, 3a-b. * H. (H.) cortazari Carls, Spain, ventral and dorsal molds, X2 (Carls, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carls, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1211. delthyrididae (p. 1826-1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-186.jpg?height=1889&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"H (Iberohowellella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"H (Iberohowellella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"H. (Iberohowellella) Carls, Meyn, & VESPERMANN, 1993, p. 248","Type_species":"H. (I.) hollmanni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dental plates and minor umbonal callus present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-lower Pragian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1211, 2a-b. * H. (I.) hollmanni, upper Lochkovian, Spain, holotype, ventral and lateral views, X2 (Carls, Meyn, & Vespermann, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carls, Meyn, & Vespermann, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1211. delthyrididae (p. 1826-1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-186.jpg?height=1889&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":411.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Acanthospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthospirifer MENAKOVA, 1964, p. 34","Type_species":"A. edelschteini MENAKOVA, 1964, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, equidimensional, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline, fold with median groove anteriorly, flanks with few strong, simple or, uncommonly, bifurcating plications, growth lamellae closely spaced, dental plates thin, short, crural plates present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Tajikistan (Zeravshan-Gissarsk area)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1211, 4a-e. *A. edelschteini, upper Wenlock, Tajikistan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, microornament, X4 (Menakova, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Menakova, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1211. delthyrididae (p. 1826-1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-186.jpg?height=1889&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aldanispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Aldanispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aldanispirifer Alekseeva, 1967, p. 96","Type_species":"A. helenae ALEKSEEVA, 1967, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Holcospirifer Bassett, Cocks, & Holland, 1976, p. 620 (type, Spirifer bigugosus M'Coy, 1846, p. 36, OD)","Synonyms":"Holcospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, with rounded or acute cardinal angles, slightly curved, apsacline ventral interarea, fold with strong median groove, flanks with prominent plications and deep, U-shaped interspaces, dental plates thin, widely spaced, crural plates absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Ireland, Sette Daban area, Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1212, 1 a-e. *A. helenae, Lochkovian, Sette Daban, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Alekseeva, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1212. delthyrididae (p. 1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-187.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Howelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Howelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Howelloidea SU, 1980, p. 314","Type_species":"H. rostrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, transverse, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth or with plication in sulcus, flanks with low, rounded plications, ornament of spines on concentric lamellae, dental plates short, partly obscured by secondary shell material, with muscle field deeply impressed, crural plates short, divergent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northeastern China (Heilongjiang province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1211, 7ad. * H. rostrata, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views of internal mold, X1 (Su, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Su, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1211. delthyrididae (p. 1826-1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-186.jpg?height=1889&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orientospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Orientospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orientospirifer Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 49","Type_species":"Eospiriferina nakaolingensis HOU, 1959b, p. 452, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse with rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, lateral plications simple, subrounded, microornament of irregular spines and closely spaced concentric lamellae, prominent anteriorly, well-developed, divergent dental plates, ctenophoridium present, crural plates absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"southern China, northern Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1212, 5a-d. *O. nakaolingensis (Hou), Pragian, southern China, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X1.5 (Hou & Xian, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hou & Xian, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1212. delthyrididae (p. 1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-187.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudokymatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Pseudokymatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudokymatothyris CHEN, 1979, p. 22","Type_species":"* P. sinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subquadrate, with rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline to orthocline, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, rounded, flanks with few strong, rounded plications and U-shaped interspaces, concentric lamellae widely spaced, dental plates and thick umbonal callus present, short crural plates present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"China (northern Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1211, 5a-d. * P. sinensis, lower Emsian, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1211. delthyrididae (p. 1826-1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-186.jpg?height=1889&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qiansispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Qiansispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qiansispirifer Yang in Yang & OTHERS, 1977, p. 422","Type_species":"Q. speciosus Yang in Yang & OTHERS, 1977, p. 423, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, equidimensional, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth, flanks pauciplicate, growth lamellae closely spaced, slender dental plates present, ctenophoridium present, crural plates absent, platelike crural bases attached to median ridge posteriorly, free anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1211, 6a-d. *Q. speciosus, a-c, ventral, dorsal, and side views, X1, d, exterior showing fine ornament, X5 (Yang & others, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & others, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1211. delthyrididae (p. 1826-1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-186.jpg?height=1889&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quiringites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Quiringites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quiringites STRUVE, 1992, p. 564","Type_species":"Spirifera elegans STEININGER, 1853, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, transverse, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth, flanks strongly pauciplicate, growth lamellae closely spaced, with swollen spine bases, ventral myophragm and extrasinal dental plates present, ctenophoridium present, crural plates short, joining notothyrial thickening.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"western Europe, Canadian Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1212, 4a-d. *Q. elegans (Steininger), a-b, dorsal and posterior views (Quiring, 1915), c-d, posterior and ventral views of steinkern, X1 (Scupin, 1900).","Museum_or_author_information":"Quiring, 1915, \nScupin, 1900","figure_index":"fig. 1212. delthyrididae (p. 1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-187.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rufispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Rufispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rufispirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987, p. 242","Type_species":"Spirifer nucula BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 2, 1-2, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly biconvex, slightly transverse, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth, flanks with few, strong, rounded plications, growth lamellae closely spaced, dental plates short, thin, crural plates absent.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1212, 2a-e. *R. nucula (Barrande), upper Wenlock, Bohemia, a-d, ventral, dorsal, side, and anterior views, X1.5, e, ventral view showing fine ornament, X4.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1212. delthyrididae (p. 1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-187.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Delthyrididae","Subfamily":"Howellellinae","Genus":"Xenospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenospirifer Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 69","Type_species":"* Spirifer (Plectospirifer) fongi GRABAU, 1931b, p. 380, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, equidimensional with subquadrate cardinal angles, ventral interarea long, curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, flanks with few strong, rounded, simple plications, concentric lamellae crossed by short radial spines or rows of granules anteriorly, long dental plates present, ctenophoridium present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Salair, western Siberian plain, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1212, 3a-d. *X. fongi (Grabau), Eifelian, southern China, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, \u00d7 1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1212. delthyrididae (p. 1827).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-187.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hysterolites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Hysterolites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hysterolites von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 247","Type_species":"H. hystericus von Schlotheim, 1820, p. 249, SD DALL, 1877a, p. 38","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, with acute to rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with simple, rounded plications and U shaped interspaces, growth lines numerous, strong, dental plates strong, tending to recurve medially, with little umbonal callus, ctenophoridium may be elevated, no crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, western USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213, 2a-c. * H. hystericus hystericus, Pragian, Germany, a, mold of ventral interior, X1.5, b, mold of dorsal interior, X1, c, ventral exterior, X1.5 (Solle, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Solle, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Antispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antispirifer Williams & BREGER, 1916, p. 114","Type_species":"A. harroldi Williams & BREGER, 1916, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsibiconvex or dorsiplanar, transverse, with rounded, obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, apsacline, nearly flat, fold and sulcus low, narrow, smooth, flanks with few simple, rounded plications, growth lines numerous, strong, dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern USA (Maine), ?Colombia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1214, 3a-b. *A. harroldi, Maine, ventral and dorsal exteriors, X1.5 (Williams & Breger, 1916).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams & Breger, 1916","figure_index":"fig. 1214. hysterolitidae (p. 1830).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-190.jpg?height=1894&width=1285&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arduspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Arduspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arduspirifer MITTMEYER, 1972, p. 101","Type_species":"Spirifer Arduennensis SCHNUR, 1853 in 1853-1854, p. 199, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, with acute, commonly alate, cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth, flanks with simple, rounded plications, dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1214, 2. *A. arduennensis (Schnur), upper Emsian, Germany, internal mold of ventral valve, X1 (Mittmeyer, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mittmeyer, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1214. hysterolitidae (p. 1830).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-190.jpg?height=1894&width=1285&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Australospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Australospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Australospirifer CASTER, 1939, p. 159","Type_species":"Spirifer keyserianus CLARKE, 1913b, p. 252, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transverse, with acute to rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea of medium height, apsacline, nearly flat, fold and sulcus not prominent, flanks with rounded plications, rarely bifurcating anteriorly, surface fimbriate posteriorly, capillate anteriorly, dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus that may fill delthyrial cavity","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Brazil, Argentina, Falklands, South Africa, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213, 3a-c. * A. keyserianus (Clarke), Brazil, a, microornament, X5, b-c, dorsal exterior, ventral exterior, X1 (Clarke, 1913b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Clarke, 1913","figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachyspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Brachyspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachyspirifer Wedekind, 1926, p. 198","Type_species":"Spirifer carinatus SCHNUR, 1853 in 1853-1854, p. 202, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transverse to equidimensional with rounded to acute cardinal extremities, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with numerous simple, rounded plications, crural plates present or absent","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, western North America (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213, 4a-d. *B. (B.) carinatus (SchnUr), Germany, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Vandercammen, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Brachyspirifer)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"B. (Brachyspirifer)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Brachyspirifer) Wedekind, 1926, p. 198","Type_species":"Spirifer carinatus SCHNUR, 1853 in 1853-1854, p. 202, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse to equidimensional with rounded cardinal angles; dental plates strong, tending to recurve medially, with little umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, western North America (Nevada).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213, 4a-d. *B. (B.) carinatus (SchnUr), Germany, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Vandercammen, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costellispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Costellispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costellispirifer Boucot, 1973, p. 51","Type_species":"Spirifer perimele CLARKE, 1907, p. 253, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Concinnispirifer Boucot, 1975, p. 367 (type, Spirifer concinna Hall, 1857, p. 60, OD)","Synonyms":"Concinnispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, with acute to rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus low, smooth, angular, flanks with low, rounded, simple or anteriorly grooved plications, dental plates partly buried in umbonal callus.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1214, 4a-d. * C. perimele (Clarke), lower Emsian, Maine, USA, a-b, latex casts of dorsal and ventral exteriors, c, latex cast of dorsal interior, d, mold of ventral interior, X1 (Boucot, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1214. hysterolitidae (p. 1830).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-190.jpg?height=1894&width=1285&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":77,"beginning_date":413.92,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dixonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Dixonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dixonella GOURVENNEC, 1989, p. 132","Type_species":"Acrospirifer? rouaulti GOURVENNEC, 1988, p. 153, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, transverse, with acute to rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, angular, flanks with simple, subangular plications, dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus, with large, deeply impressed, ventral diductor muscle field.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1214, 5a-c. * D. rouaulti (Gourvennec), France, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1.5 (Gourvennec, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1214. hysterolitidae (p. 1830).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-190.jpg?height=1894&width=1285&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dyticospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Dyticospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dyticospirifer JOHNSON, 1966b, p. 1, 043","Type_species":"D. mccolleyensis JOHNSON, 1966b, p. 1, 044, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, slightly transverse, with slightly obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth, flanks with few strong, rounded plications, some of which split on dorsal valve, dental plates short, divergent, mostly buried in umbonal callus, ctenophoridium bilobed or forming enlarged mound.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1214, 1af. *. mccolleyensis, Nevada, USA, a-b, ventral and side views, c, ventral interior, d-e, dorsal exterior and interior, X1.5, f, ventral exterior of sulcus showing fimbriate ornament, X8 (Johnson, 1966b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1214. hysterolitidae (p. 1830).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-190.jpg?height=1894&width=1285&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Euryspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Euryspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Euryspirifer Wedekind, 1926, p. 202","Type_species":"Terebratulites paradoxus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhenospirifer Mittmeyer, 1972, p. 99 (type, Spirifer Dunensis Kayser, 1889, p. 33, OD)","Synonyms":"Rhenospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, strongly transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, or with median rib in sulcus, flanks with numerous simple plications, microornament of fine capillae and fila, becoming fimbriate, ventral diductor muscle field variably impressed in callus, crural plates lacking","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, eastern USA (Maine), northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1215, 3a-d. * E. paradoxus (von Schlotheim), Emsian, Belgium, a- b, casts of dorsal interior, ventral exterior, X1, c, microornament, X6.5, d, cast of ventral interior, X1 (Vandercammen, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1215. hysterolitidae (p. 1834-1835).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-191.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Otospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Otospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Otospirifer Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 65","Type_species":"O. shipaiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, lateral plications numerous, simple, concentric lamellae with double rows of granules, long, divergent dental plates present, with some umbonal callus, ctenophoridium broad, crural plates lacking.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1216a\u2013b. *O. shipaiensis, upper Emsian; a, dorsal view, \u00d71.5; b, exterior showing \ufb01ne ornament, \u00d75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Paraspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraspirifer WEDEKIND, 1926, p. 198","Type_species":"Spirifer cultrijugatus ROEMER, 1844, p. 70, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dorsibiconvex, transverse, with acute to rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, angular, becoming carinate, flanks with numerous, simple or anteriorly bifurcating plications, dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus, with large, deeply impressed, ventral diductor muscle field. Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1215, 2a-b. * P. cultrijugatus (Roemer), Eifelian, Germany, holotype, ventral and posterior views, X1 (Solle, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Solle, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1215. hysterolitidae (p. 1834-1835).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-191.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Patriaspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Patriaspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Patriaspirifer JOHNSON, 1995a, p. 198","Type_species":"Spirifer kobehana MERRIAM, 1940, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, with cardinal angles rounded or at right angle, rarely acute, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with few broad, low, simple plications and U-shaped interspaces, microornament of concentric growth lamellae with rows of simple spines (fimbriate), dental plates partly buried in umbonal callus, crural plates lacking","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"eastern and western conterminous United States, eastern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1215, la-f. *P. kobehana (Merriam), lower Emsian, Nevada, USA, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; f, interior view of both valves, \u00d71.5 (Johnson, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1215. hysterolitidae (p. 1834-1835).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-191.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rostrospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Rostrospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rostrospirifer Grabau, 1931a, p. 407","Type_species":"Spirifer tonkinensis MANSUY, 1908, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Neodelthyris Hou, 1963, p. 413 (type, N. sinensis Hou, 1963, p. 414, OD)","Synonyms":"Neodelthyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with strong, simple plications, dental plates well developed, divergent, partly buried in umbonal callus, crural plates short or lacking","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China, northern Vietnam, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213, 1 a-b. *R. tonkinensis (Mansuy), lower Emsian, northern Vietnam, cast of ventral valve exterior and cast of posterior view exterior, X1 (Mansuy, 1908).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mansuy, 1908","figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Trigonospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonospirifer Wang, Rong, & CHEN, 1987, p. 132","Type_species":"Subcuspidella trigonata Hou & XIAN, 1975, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea moderately high, steeply apsacline, with apical deltidium, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, rounded, flanks with few strong, rounded plications and U-shaped interspaces, concentric lamellae widely to closely spaced, dental plates thick, with umbonal callus, crural plates lacking. Lower Devonian (upper Emsian): China (central Guangxi).","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"China (central Guangxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1217, 1 a-d .* T. trigonata (Hou & XiAN), ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1217. hysterolitidae (p. 1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-193.jpg?height=1706&width=1273&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinjiangospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Xinjiangospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinjiangospirifer Hou & ZHANG, 1983, p. 362","Type_species":"X. moriensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acrospirifer primaevus kazakhstanica Kaplun, 1961, p. 101","Synonyms":"Acrospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, equidimensional to moderately transverse with quadrate cardinal angles, ventral interarea long, orthocline, with deltidium, fold distinct, smooth, sulcus smooth or with single median plication, lateral plications numerous, simple, forming flat cross section with narrow interspaces, concentric lamellae widely spaced, dental plates short, commonly with thick umbonal callus, ctenophoridium in notothyrial chamber. Lower Devonian (Emsian): Kazakhstan, northeastern China (Xinjiang).","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, northeastern China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1217, 2a-c. * X. primaevus kazakhstanica (Kaplun), China, ventral, dorsal, and side views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1217. hysterolitidae (p. 1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-193.jpg?height=1706&width=1273&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fimbrispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Fimbrispiriferina","Genus":"Fimbrispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fimbrispirifer COOPER, 1942, p. 231","Type_species":"Spirifer venustus HALL, 1860, p. 82, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, equidimensional, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold, sulcus, and flanks with numerous bifurcating plications of U-shaped cross section and U-shaped interspaces, microornament of closely spaced, zigzag concentric lamellae with small spines along edges, strong dental plates present, crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1218, 1a-f. *F. venustus (Hall), lower Givetian, eastern USA, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and side views, f, ventral external mold showing concentric ornament, X1 (Jones & Boucot, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jones & Boucot, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1218. hysterolitidae (p. 1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-195.jpg?height=1557&width=1292&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Struveina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Fimbrispiriferina","Genus":"Struveina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Struveina BOUCOT, 1975, p. 364","Type_species":"Spirifer daleidensis STEININGER, 1853, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold, sulcus, and flanks with numerous bifurcating plications that may be bundled, or sulcus may be smooth at venter, concentric lamellae closely spaced, dental plates without umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1218, 2a-d. *S. daleidensis (Steininger), Belgium, a, microornament, X5.5, b-d, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views of internal mold, X1 (Vandercammen, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1218. hysterolitidae (p. 1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-195.jpg?height=1557&width=1292&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vandercammenina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Fimbrispiriferina","Genus":"Vandercammenina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vandercammenina B\u041e\u0418\u0421\u041e\u0422, 1975, p. 363","Type_species":"Spirifer trigeri de VERNEUIL, 1850b, p. 781, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transversely quadrate, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold, sulcus, and flanks with numerous simple plications, concentric lamellae closely spaced, dental plates long, with little umbonal callus","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Turkey, eastern Canada (Nova Scotia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1219a-e. *V. trigeri (De Verneuil), a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, N\u00e9hou Formation, France, \u00d71 (Gourvennec, 1989), e, mold of ventral interior, middle Siegenian, Belgium, \u00d71 (Vandercammen, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1989, \nVandercammen, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1219. hysterolitidae (p. 1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-196.jpg?height=664&width=1266&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Acrospiriferinae","Genus":"Acrospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrospirifer Helmbrecht & WEDEKIND, 1923, p. 952","Type_species":"Spirifera primaeva Steininger, 1853, p. 72, SD WEDEKIND, 1926, p. 202","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with few strong, simple plications, dental plates divergent, ventral diductor muscle field impressed in thick callus, broad ctenophoridium may be slightly elevated.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1220, 1a-d. * A. primaevus (STEININGER), Pragian, Germany; a\u2013b, ventral and dorsal exteriors; c\u2013d, molds of ventral and dorsal interiors, \u00d71 (Maillieux, 1931).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1220. acrospiriferidae (p. 1836-1838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-197.jpg?height=1800&width=1278&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mauispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Acrospiriferinae","Genus":"Mauispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mauispirifer ALLAN, 1947, p. 445","Type_species":"M. hectori, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, with slightly acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus distinct, flanks with strong, rounded, simple plications, capillae interrupted anteriorly by concentric lamellae, dental plates short, thin, free of umbonal callus, ctenophoridium elevated. Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian-Emsian): Europe, Australia, New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1221 a-b .*M. hectori, New Zealand, a, dorsal valve, X1, b, ventral valve, X3 (Allan, 1947)","Museum_or_author_information":"Allan, 1947","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":77,"beginning_date":413.92,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xerospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Acrospiriferinae","Genus":"Xerospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xerospirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1978, p. 103","Type_species":"X. excelsus HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1978, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, with obtuse cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, angular, flanks with numerous, strong, rounded, simple plications, strong dental plates present, recurving medially, free of umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1220, 2a-g. *X. excelsus, Bohemia, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and side views, X1.8, f, ventral internal mold, X1.8, g, dorsal exterior showing fine ornament, X10 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1220. acrospiriferidae (p. 1836-1838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-197.jpg?height=1800&width=1278&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Costispiriferina","Genus":"Costispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costispirifer COOPER, 1942, p. 232","Type_species":"Spirifer arenosus planicostatus SWARTZ, 1929, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus inconspicuous, plicate, simple plications on flanks.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern North America, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1222, 2a-e. C. arenosus (Conrad), Maryland, a-c, exterior, interior, and interior oblique views of ventral valve, d- e, exterior and interior views of dorsal valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1222. acrospiriferidae (p. 1838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-199.jpg?height=1256&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cumberlandina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Costispiriferina","Genus":"Cumberlandina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cumberlandina BOUCOT, 1975, p. 371","Type_species":"Spirifer cumberlandiae HALL, 1857, p. 63, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus low, smooth, simple plications on flanks","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1222, 1a-d. * C. cumberlandiae (Hall), Maryland, USA, a-b, dorsal and ventral views; c\u2013d, dorsal and ventral interiors, \u00d71 (Hall, 1859).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1222. acrospiriferidae (p. 1838).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-199.jpg?height=1256&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elymospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Elymospiriferina","Genus":"Elymospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elymospirifer Wang in Wang, Yu, & WU, 1974, p. 40","Type_species":"Indospirifer kwangsiensis HOU, 1959b, p. 458, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transversely quadrate, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold, sulcus, and flanks with numerous bifurcating plications of U-shaped cross section and U-shaped interspaces, microornament of variably developed radial lirae interrupted by fine growth lines, dental plates long, extrasinal, without umbonal callus, ctenophoridium bilobed, short crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Geography":"Taimyr, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1223, 3a-e. * E. k w a n g s i e n s i s (HOU), southern China, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and side views, X1.5, e, exterior showing fine ornament, X5 (Wang & Rong, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang & Rong, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1223. acrospiriferidae (p. 1838-1840).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-200.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Borealispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Elymospiriferina","Genus":"Borealispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Borealispirifer Hou & Su in Su & HOU, 1993, p. 140","Type_species":"Eospirifer (Multispirifer) bifurcatus KAPLUN, 1961, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, flattened ventrally, with slightly acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea low, fold and sulcus broad, not sharply bounded, plicate, flanks with bifurcating plications, dental plates intrasinal, with some umbonal callus, ctenophoridium and vestigial crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1224 a-d .* B. bifurcatus (KAPLUN); a, holotype, ventral valve internal mold; b\u2013c, dorsal valve internal mold, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71; d, microornament, \u00d78 (Kaplun, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Multispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Elymospiriferina","Genus":"Multispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Multispirifer KAPLUN, 1961, p. 88","Type_species":"Spirifer solitarius KRANTZ, 1857, p. 152, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, with slightly acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, low, apsacline, fold and sulcus plicate, flanks with subangular plications that may bifurcate, strong dental plates, free of umbonal callus, ctenophoridium elevated.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1223, 1ab. * M. solitarius (Krantz), Germany, ventral valve internal mold and dorsal valve exterior, magnification unknown, probably X1 (Krantz, 1857).","Museum_or_author_information":"Krantz, 1857","figure_index":"fig. 1223. acrospiriferidae (p. 1838-1840).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-200.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perryspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Elymospiriferina","Genus":"Perryspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perryspirifer Jones & BOUCOT, 1983, p. 339","Type_species":"Spirifer scheii MEYER, 1913, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, with rounded cardinal angles, fold and sulcus prominent, bifurcating plications on fold, sulcus, and flanks, capillae fine, dental plates and ventral callus present, ctenophoridium and vestigial crural plates present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1223, 2a-e. * P. scheii (MEyer), Emsian, ventral, dorsal, side, and anterior views, ventral interior, X1 (Jones & Boucot, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jones & Boucot, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1223. acrospiriferidae (p. 1838-1840).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-200.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtinopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtinopsinae","Genus":"Cyrtinopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtinopsis SCUPIN, 1896, p. 247","Type_species":"Spirifer undosus SCHNUR, 1853, p. 204, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, cardinal angles acute, ventral interarea moderately high, flat to curved, catacline or apsacline, with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with strong plications, capillae take form of crenulations crossed by fila, dental plates and median septum forming spondylium, bilobed cardinal process, becoming striate ctenophoridium in some.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Europe, Salair, Russia (GornoAltay), western USA (Nevada), Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1225, 1a-f. *C. undosa (Schnur), Eifelian, Germany, a-d, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, e, microornament, X3, f, transverse section of ventral valve, X5 (Boucot, 1957a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1225. cyrtinopsidae (p. 1840-1841).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-202.jpg?height=1872&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megakozlowskiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtinopsinae","Genus":"Megakozlowskiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megakozlowskiella B\u041e\u0418\u0421\u041e\u0422, 1957b, p. 322","Type_species":"Spirifer perlamellosus HALL, 1857, p. 57, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse to equidimensional, ventral interarea moderately high, flat to curved, apsacline, deltidial plates apically perforate, medially conjunct, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with strong plications, capillae crossed by fila, dental plates and discrete median septum present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"eastern North America, USA (New York, Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1225, 2a. M. perlamellosus (Hall), Albany, New York, Lower Devonian, dorsal view, \u00d7 1 (Hall, 1857), Fig. 1225, 2b-h. M. magnapleura Johnson, Pragian, Nevada, b, ventral interior, \u00d7 2, c, dorsal interior, \u00d7 3, d-h, ventral, dorsal, side, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d7 1.5 (Johnson, 1970)","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall, 1857, \nJohnson, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1225. cyrtinopsidae (p. 1840-1841).\nfig. 1225. cyrtinopsidae (p. 1840-1841).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-202.jpg?height=1872&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-202.jpg?height=1872&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicocyrtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtinopsinae","Genus":"Plicocyrtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicocyrtina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 608","Type_species":"Cyrtina (Plicocyrtina) sinuplicata HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 608, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea moderately high, flat to curved, apsacline, with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus prominent, with median plication in sulcus, flanks with strong plications, short dental plates and median septum form spondylium, bilobed cardinal process, can become ctenophoridium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, northern Africa, eastern North America (Yukon)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1225, 4a-c. *P. sinuplicata (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Emsian, Czech Republic, a-b, ventral and dorsal valves, X1.5, c, posterior view of dorsal valve, enlarged (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1225. cyrtinopsidae (p. 1840-1841).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-202.jpg?height=1872&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Araspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Araspiriferina","Genus":"Araspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Araspirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1987, p. 242","Type_species":"A. araneus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, with square cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with strong plications, capillae faintly developed or lacking, strong teeth tracks, dental plates without median septum, crural plates closely spaced, ctenophoridium lacking.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1226, 2a-d. * A. araneus, upper Wenlock, a-c, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, X3, d, dorsal view, X1.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1226. cyrtinopsidae (p. 1841-1843).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-203.jpg?height=1200&width=1273&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boucotinskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Araspiriferina","Genus":"Boucotinskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boucotinskia Brunton & Cocks in Brunton, Cocks, & DANCE, 1967, p. 179","Type_species":"Delthyris sulcata von Hisinger, 1831, p. 140, OD, =Delthyris sulcata von HISINGER, 1828, p. 228, nom. nud.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, cardinal angles acute, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, deltidial plates discrete, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with strong plications, dental plates without median septum, crural plates short, ctenophoridium present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Britain, Gotland, eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1226, 1a-e. *B. sulcata (von Hisinger), Ludlow, Gotland, lectotype, posterior, anterior, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, X3 (Boucot, 1957b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1226. cyrtinopsidae (p. 1841-1843).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-203.jpg?height=1200&width=1273&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mucrospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Mucrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Mucrospiriferinae","Genus":"Mucrospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mucrospirifer GRABAU, 1931a, p. 408","Type_species":"Delthyris mucronatus CONRAD, 1841, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lamellispirifer Nalivkin, 1937, p. 87, obj., Khinganospirifer Su, 1976, p. 221 (type, Mucrospirifer paradoxiformis Hou, 1959a, p. 154, OD)","Synonyms":"Lamellispirifer, Khinganospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, transverse, mucronate, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline to orthocline, stegidial plates present, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth or with a median groove in fold, flanks with numerous, simple plications, crossed by numerous growth lamellae, some with fila crossed by fine capillae, wedge-shaped umbonal thickening, dental plates short","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Germany, Poland, northeastern China (Heilongjiang Province), eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1227, 4 a-b. *M. mucronatus (Conrad), Givetian, New York, ventral and dorsal valves, X1 (Cooper, 1944).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1944","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apousiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Mucrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Mucrospiriferinae","Genus":"Apousiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apousiella CARTER, 1972, p. 732","Type_species":"Spirifer bouchardi MURCHISON, 1840, p. 253, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bouchardopsis Maillieux, 1933, p. 80, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Bouchardopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, transverse, mucronate, ventral interarea low, curved, orthocline, fold and sulcus well defined, with median groove in fold, ventral flanks concave to flattened in profile, flanks with numerous, simple plications, crossed by numerous imbricate growth lamellae and fila, dental plates absent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1227, 2a-c. *A. bouchardi (Murchison), middle Frasnian, Belgium, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (Vandercammen, 1963), Fig. 1227, 2d-h. A. belliloci (Rigaux), middle Frasnian, France, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1.5 (Carter, 1972)","Museum_or_author_information":"Vandercammen, 1963, \nCarter, 1972","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eleutherokomma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Mucrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Mucrospiriferinae","Genus":"Eleutherokomma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eleutherokomma CRICKMAY, 1950, p. 219","Type_species":"Eleutherokomma hamiltoni CRICKMAY, 1950, p. 220, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dmitrispirifer Liashenko, 1973, p. 126 (type, D. nalivkini Liashenko, 1973, p. 127, OD), Sculptospirifer Su, 1980, p. 318 (type, Eleutherokomma acutiplicatus Su, 1976, p. 214, OD)","Synonyms":"Dmitrispirifer, Sculptospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, transverse, mucronate, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline to orthocline, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth, flanks with simple plications, crossed by numerous growth lamellae, with fila crossed by capillae, wedge-shaped umbonal thickening present, dental plates long, divergent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western North America, eastern Europe, northern Africa, Afghanistan, northeastern China.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1227, 1a\u2013c. *E. hamiltoni, Givetian, Alberta; a, holotype, ventral valve, \u00d71.8; b, dorsal valve, \u00d72; c, microornament, \u00d75 (Crickmay, 1950).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcatospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Mucrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Mucrospiriferinae","Genus":"Sulcatospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcatospirifer MAXWELL, 1954, p. 11","Type_species":"S. primus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, biconvex, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea curved, moderately high apsacline, fold and sulcus prominent, rounded, with wide furrow on fold, otherwise smooth or with faint parietal plications, flanks with numerous simple plications crossed by lamellose growth lines, microornament of interrupted capillae and scattered tubercles, dental plates thin, divergent.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1227, 3a-c. * S. primus, a-b, holotype, internal and external molds of dorsal valve, X2, c, microornament of ventral valve, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tylothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Mucrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Tylothyridinae","Genus":"Tylothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tylothyris NORTH, 1920, p. 195","Type_species":"Cyrtia laminosa M'COR, 1844, p. 137, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Welleria Maillieux, 1931, p. 35, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Welleria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, transverse, with angular to rounded cardinal extremities, ventral interarea low to high, apsacline to catacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with simple, rounded plications and numerous imbricate growth lamellae, dental plates and median septum partly buried in callus","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian), Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1228, 2a-g. *T. laminosa (M\u2019Coy), Visean, Ireland, a-f, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views, dorsal interior, g, oblique anterior view of ventral interior, X1.5 (Brunton, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nBrunton, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1228. mucrospiriferidae (p. 1845-1847).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-204.jpg?height=1876&width=1284&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Texathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Mucrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Tylothyridinae","Genus":"Texathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Texathyris CARTER, 1972, p. 730","Type_species":"T. elegantula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, elongate, cardinal angles rounded, obtuse, ventral interarea short, curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth, well defined by strong bounding plications, flanks with a few nearly obsolescent plications and prominent growth lamellae, dental plates and median septum present, ctenophoridium lacking crural plates","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (middle Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian-middle Tournaisian)","Geography":"southern USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1228, 1a-e. * T. elegantula, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X3 (Carter, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCarter, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1228. mucrospiriferidae (p. 1845-1847).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-204.jpg?height=1876&width=1284&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":351,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reticularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariinae","Genus":"Reticularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reticularia M'COY, 1844, p. 142","Type_species":"Terebratula? imbricata Sowerby, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 40, SD DAVIDSON, 1882, p. 80","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, un- equally biconvex, fold and sulcus weakly to strongly developed, cardinal extremities well rounded, ornament of narrow, imbricate, growth lamellae fringed with fine, uniramous spines, exfoliated surfaces radially striated, ventral interior with dental adminicula and median ridge, dorsal interior with crural bases not touching valve floor, spiralia directed posterolaterally.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean-Namurian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1229, 2a-d. *R. imbricata (Sowerby), Visean, England, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (George, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"George, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 1229. reticulariidae (p. 1848-1850).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-207.jpg?height=1602&width=1283&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Georgethyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariinae","Genus":"Georgethyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Georgethyris Minato, 1953, p. 68","Type_species":"Reticularia alexandri GEORGE, 1932, p. 553, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus strongly developed, ventral interior seemingly lacking median ridge, otherwise similar to Reticularia.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"British Isles","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1229, 1a-d. *G. alexandri (George), holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (George, 1932).","Museum_or_author_information":"George, 1932","figure_index":"fig. 1229. reticulariidae (p. 1848-1850).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-207.jpg?height=1602&width=1283&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parareticularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariinae","Genus":"Parareticularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parareticularia Li & GU, 1976, p. 298","Type_species":"P. spiriferiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline transversely spiriferoid with widely extended lateral extremities, ventral interarea moderately high, delthyrium wide, open, fold and sulcus strongly developed, lateral slopes with pair of wide shallow sulci, ornament consisting of lamellose growth lamellae fringed with numerous fine, uniramous, radial spines, ventral interior with short dental adminicula and long median ridge, dorsal interior lacking median ridge or septum","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1229, 3a-e. * P. spiriferiformis, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Li & Gu, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Gu, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1229. reticulariidae (p. 1848-1850).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-207.jpg?height=1602&width=1283&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Squamularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariinae","Genus":"Squamularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Squamularia GEMMELLARO, 1899, p. 189","Type_species":"* S. rotundata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, almost equally biconvex, outline subovate, ventral umbonal region broad, beak incurved, ventral interarea indistinct, ornament lamellose with widely spaced, undulating, squamose growth lamellae fringed with closely spaced, fine, uniramous spines, ventral interior simple, dental adminicula and septa absent, spiralia directed posterolaterally. Permian (Lopingian): Sicily.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Sic-ily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1229, 4a-f. *S. rotundata, a-e, topotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1229. reticulariidae (p. 1848-1850).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-207.jpg?height=1602&width=1283&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariinae","Genus":"Undispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undispirifer  HAVL\u00cdCEK , 1957b, p. 439.     [The genus Undispirifer is here accepted with a broad de\ufb01nition, awaiting revision of the undispiriferoid stock(s), especially interiors, in Germany and immediate environs. ?Gerolsteinites STRUVE , 1990, was diagnosed as having stronger ribs and a narrower ventral interarea than Undispirifer. After revision it might be revived as a subgenus of Undispirifer, or it could be a synonym of the genus Corylispirifer GOURVENNEC, 1989, to which it is also similar.]","Type_species":"Spirifer undiferus ROEMER, 1844, p. 73; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nakazatothyris MINATO & KATO, 1977, p. 623 (type, Undispirifer (Nakazatothyris) vandercammeni MINATO & KATO, 1977, p. 623, OD); ?Gerolsteinites STRUVE, 1990, p. 268 (type, Spirifera gerolsteinensis STEININGER, 1853, p. 76, OD)","Synonyms":"Nakazatothyris, ?Gerolsteinites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, transverse, with catacline to apsacline interarea and rounded cardinal extremities; narrow, well-developed fold and sulcus; \ufb02anks with 5 to 8 low plications; microornament of concentric growth lamellae and marginal spines; dental plates long; crural plates short or lacking; ctenophoridium present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)\u2013Upper Devonian (Frasnian):","Geography":"Cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1230a\u2013f. *U. undiferus (R OEMER ); dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, lower Givetian, Moravia, Czech Republic, \u00d71.8 (new); e, posterior view of internal mold, Givetian, Eifel, Germany, \u00d71.5; f, ornament, Givetian, Eifel, Germany, \u00d75 (Johnson, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undispiriferoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariinae","Genus":"Undispiriferoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undispiriferoides XIAN in XIAN & JIANG, 1978, p. 330","Type_species":"U. huishuiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular, cardinal extremities rounded, sulcus and fold distinct, smooth, lateral costae low, microornament of concentric lamellae with 2 or 3 rows of spines, dental plates thin, crural bases platelike. The interior of this genus is poorly known and has never been illustrated.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1229, 5a-d.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1229. reticulariidae (p. 1848-1850).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-207.jpg?height=1602&width=1283&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reticulariopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariopsinae","Genus":"Reticulariopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reticulariopsis Frederiks, 1916, p. 17","Type_species":"Spirifer (Reticularia) dereimsi Oehlert, 1901, p. 236, SD FREDERIKS, 1918a, p. 87","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tingella Grabau, 1931b, p. 406 (type, T. reticularioides, OD)","Synonyms":"Tingella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, slightly transverse, with rounded cardinal angles, low, short, gently curved, apsacline interarea, weak, narrow, well-delimited fold and sulcus, flanks smooth or with 3 to 4 incipient, low plications, microornament of concentric growth lamellae and marginal spines, dental plates high, rather short, ctenophoridium and long crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1231, 4a-h. *R. dereimsi (Oehlert), Emsian, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, Spain, X2, f, posterior view of internal mold, Spain, X3, g-h, ornament, unweathered spines, Massif Armoricain, France, X10 (Gourvennec, 1994b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1994","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Corylispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariopsinae","Genus":"Corylispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Corylispirifer GOURVENNEC, 1989, p. 191","Type_species":"C. monicae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, moderately transverse, with moderately high, slightly curved ventral interarea, cardinal angles rounded, fold and sulcus well marked, smooth, flanks bearing 2 to 5 rather low, wide, rounded plications, microornament of concentric, regularly spaced growth lamellae and closely spaced, marginal, uniramous spine bases, dental plates long, divergent, posteriorly thickened, ctenophoridium and long crural plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"western France, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1231, la-g. *C. monicae, Pragian, Massif Armoricain, western France, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1.5, f, ornament, X10, g, posterior view of decorticated shell showing internal characters, X3 (Gourvennec, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gourvennec, 1989","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kymatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariopsinae","Genus":"Kymatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kymatothyris STRUVE, 1970, p. 533","Type_species":"K. kroemmelbeini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Fallaxispirifer Su, 1976, p. 226 (type, Spirifer pseudofallax Khalfin, 1935, p. 18, OD)","Synonyms":"Fallaxispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transverse, with rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea apsacline, high, curved, sulcus and fold well expressed, wide, dorsal valve with 2 to 5 low, wide, lateral plications weakening anteriorly, plications of ventral valve commonly weaker or absent, microornament of concentric growth lines and simple spine bases, dental plates long, thin, slightly divergent to subparallel, crural plates short. Lower Devonian (?upper Pragian, Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian): Germany.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?upper Pragian, Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?upper Pragian, Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1232, 1a-c. *K. kroemmelbeini, Eifelian, Salmerwald Mulde, dorsal, ventral, posterior views, X0.7 (Struve, 1970)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1232, 1d-f. K. bornicensis (FUCHS), lower Emsian, Hunsr\u00fcck, lateral, posterior views, interior of ventral valve, X0.7 (Struve, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1970, \nStruve, 1970","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mariaspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariopsinae","Genus":"Mariaspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mariaspirifer CHERKESOVA, 1991, p. 97","Type_species":"M. dolganensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, equidimensional to slightly transverse with low, curved interarea, delthyrium with possible deltidial plate, fold and sulcus well marked, flanks commonly with 2 narrow plications, spinose microornament, dental plates short, massive ctenophoridium on cardinal platform and long crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Geography":"Taimyr","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1231, 2a-h. * M. dolganensis, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1, f, ornament, X5, g-h, serial sections, magnification unknown (Cherkesova, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cherkesova, 1991","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraquadrithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariopsinae","Genus":"Paraquadrithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraquadrithyris YANG in ZHANG & others, 1983, p. 367","Type_species":"P. kashgarensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Poorly known genus, possibly synonym of Reticulariopsis.]","Synonyms":"Reticulariopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, with rhomboidal outline; sulcus and fold present, smooth; lateral plications few (1 to 2), low, and wide; microornament of growth lines and marginal spine bases; dental plates long, thin.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1231,3a\u2013e. *P. kashgarensis, Xingjiang; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, \u00d71; e, transverse section, \u00d72 (Zhang & others, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pavdenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariopsinae","Genus":"Pavdenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pavdenia Breivel & BREIVEL, 1988, p. 114","Type_species":"Spirifer (?Eospirifer) pavdensis SHTREIS, 1951, p. 242, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, equidimensional to slightly transverse, with widely rounded cardinal extremities, ventral interarea high, gently curved, apsacline, sulcus and fold sharply delimited from flanks in mature specimens, entire shell smooth, microornament of closely spaced growth lamellae bearing radially aligned marginal spines, dental plates long, thin, crural plates short.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1232, 2a-f. * P. pavdensis (Shtreis), a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X1, e, ornament, X5, f, transverse section, X2 (Breivel & Breivel, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Breivel & Breivel, 1988","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prosserella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariopsinae","Genus":"Prosserella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prosserella Grabau in Grabau & SHERZER, 1910, p. 138","Type_species":"* P. modestoides, SD BASSLER, 1915, p. 1, 102","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, equidimensional to slightly transverse, with short, relatively high, gently curved ventral interarea, fold and sulcus absent or moderately developed, smooth, flanks smooth or bearing 4 to 5 low, rounded plications on the anterior half of the shell, rectimarginate to uniplicate commissure, microornament of growth lines only, dental lamellae long, thin, parallel, closely spaced, ctenophoridium with short, closely spaced crural plates. Lower Devonian (?upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian): eastern North America.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (?upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (?upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1232, 3a-f. * P. modestoides, ?upper Emsian, lower Eifelian, Ontario, Canada; a\u2013b, dorsal, lateral views, \u00d73; c, anterior view, \u00d72; d, posterior view of internal mold showing crural plates, cardinal process, and short myophragm, \u00d72; e, interior of ventral valve showing closely spaced dental plates, \u00d71.3; f, ventral interior of costate morphotype, \u00d72 (Fagerstrom, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yeothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Reticulariopsinae","Genus":"Yeothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yeothyris STRUVE, 1992, p. 582","Type_species":"Tingella bicollina STRUVE, 1961, p. 332, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large size, equidimensional to transverse, with well-delimited, wide, ventral interarea, cardinal extremities rounded, fold and sulcus small, well defined, flanks smooth, microornament of growth lines and marginal spines, dental plates long, moderately divergent, strong, ctenophoridium with short crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (middle Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (middle Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (middle Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany, Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1232, 4a-g. *Y. bicollina (Struve), Eifel, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1 (Struve, 1970), f, ornament, X10 (Struve, 1961), g, posterior view of internal mold, X1 (Struve, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1970, \nStruve, 1961, \nStruve, 1970","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":391.33,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":388.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Rhenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhenothyris STRUVE, 1970, p. 460","Type_species":"R. rhenana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large size, transverse, with low ventral interarea, deltidial plates joining apically in a short deltidium, cardinal extremities rounded, fold and sulcus wide, high to strongly developed, entire shell devoid of plications, regularly spaced growth lamellae with marginal spines, dental plates long, divergent, ctenophoridium and long, thick crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian, ?Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian, ?Givetian)","Geography":"Germany, Belgium, ?northern Africa, ?Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1233, 1 a-h .* R. rhenana, lower Eifelian, Eifel, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X0.7, f, ornament, X5.75, g, posterior view of steinkern showing internal structures, X1.3, h, section showing delthyrial plate, X3 (Struve, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1233. reticulariidae (p. 1852-1855).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-211.jpg?height=1881&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Deltospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Deltospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Deltospirifer Wang & RONG, 1986, p. 208","Type_species":"Elytha transversa WANG, 1956, p. 378, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, transverse to equidimensional, with slightly acute to rounded cardinal extremities, low, curved, apsacline ventral interarea, delthyrium entirely covered by deltidium, fold and sulcus well defined, anterior commissure uniplicate, lateral plications few (1 to 3), low and weakening anteriorly, microornament of growth lamellae and marginal spine bases, dental plates long, thin, ctenophoridium without crural plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1233, 3a-i. *D. transversus (Wang), Emsian, Guangxi, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1, f, detail of deltidial cover, X3, g h, serial sections, X3.8, i, serial section, X1.5 (Wang & Rong, 1986)., Fig. 1233, 3j. D. ovatus (Wang), Emsian, ornament, X6 (Wang & Rong, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang & Rong, 1986, \nWang & Rong, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1233. reticulariidae (p. 1852-1855).\nfig. 1233. reticulariidae (p. 1852-1855).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-211.jpg?height=1881&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-211.jpg?height=1881&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eohowellella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Eohowellella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eohowellella LOPUSHINSKAIA, 1976, p. 79","Type_species":"Eomartiniopsis (?) minimus LOPUSHINSKAIA, 1965, p. 30, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Very small, unequally biconvex, equidimensional, with rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea relatively high, sulcus narrow and shallow, fold well delimited by wide sulci, microornament of growth lines and radial striae, dental plates uniting in rudimentary septum (spondylium?), crural plates.\"","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (lower Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery-lower Ludlow)","Geography":"Siberian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1234, 1a-c. *E. minima (Lopushinskaia), Wenlock, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, X1.5 (Lopushinskaia, 1976)","Museum_or_author_information":"Lopushinskaia, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1234. reticulariidae (p. 1855).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-214.jpg?height=1839&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":425.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gerothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Gerothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gerothyris STRUVE, 1970, p. 537","Type_species":"Spirifer laevigatus eiflianus QUENSTEDT, 1871 in 1868-1871, p. 514, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, equidimensional to slightly transverse, with widely rounded cardinal angles, ventral interarea short, low, orthocline to catacline, sulcus and fold lacking but anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, flanks smooth, microornament of growth lines obscure or lacking and roughly concentric rows of papillae alternating with smaller, randomly distributed papillae, dental plates short, thickened with apical callosity and excavated muscle field, ctenophoridium and long, thin crural plates.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany, Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1233, 2a-h. * G. eifliana (Quenstedt), Eifel, Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1, f, ornament, X10, g-h, dorsal, ventral views of internal mold, X1.5 (Struve, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1233. reticulariidae (p. 1852-1855).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-211.jpg?height=1881&width=1289&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grebenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Grebenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grebenella Modzalevskaia & BEZNOSOVA, 1992, p. 8","Type_species":"Spirifer parvulus Chernyshev & IAKOVLEV, 1898, p. 352, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to slightly transverse, with high, apsacline, curved, ventral interarea, cardinal extremities rounded to acutely rounded, fold and sulcus well defined, weak, flanks with 2 to 3 low plicae, microornament of growth lamellae only, dental plates strong, long, and small delthyrial plate or ridges, well-developed crural plates and ctenophoridium, dorsal apical thickening of shell.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Last_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Pridoli)","Geography":"northeastern Russia (Arctic Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1234, 2a-g. *G. parvula (Chernyshev & Iakovlev), a-c, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, \u00d73.5 (Modzalevskaia & Beznosova, 1992); d\u2013e, posterior, lateral views, \u00d73.5 (new); f, transverse section showing short delthyrial plate, \u00d73 (Modzalevskaia & Beznosova, 1992); g, transverse section showing crural plates, \u00d72 (Modzalevskaia, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1234. reticulariidae (p. 1855).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-214.jpg?height=1839&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nordella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Nordella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nordella LIASHENKO, 1973, p. 135","Type_species":"Elytha orbiculata LIASHENKO, 1959, p. 142, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large size, equidimensional, subcircular, ventral interarea low and short, with delthyrium mostly covered by convex deltidium, fold and sulcus poorly expressed, smooth, anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, flanks smooth or bearing 4 to 10 very weak, wide plications near anterolateral commissure, microornament of growth lines bearing marginal spine bases, dental plates long, divergent, crural plates lacking.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"Russia (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1234, 5a-g. *N. orbiculata (Liashenko), Russian Platform, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, \u00d7 0.7, f, ornament, \u00d7 10, g, transverse section, magnification unknown (Liashenko, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liashenko, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1234. reticulariidae (p. 1855).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-214.jpg?height=1839&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoundispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Pseudoundispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoundispirifer ZHANG, 1987a, p. 144","Type_species":"P. yiwaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"This poorly known genus is probably a synonym of Eoreticularia.","Synonyms":"Eoreticularia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, equidimensional to slightly transverse, with curved ventral interarea, fold and sulcus weak, lateral plications rare, low, microornament of growth lamellae and marginal spines, dental plates long, thin, and well-developed delthyrial plate, crural plates and ctenophoridium on cardinal platform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1234, 4a-h. *P. yiwaensis, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X1, e-h, serial sections, X3 (Zhang, 1987a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1234. reticulariidae (p. 1855).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-214.jpg?height=1839&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Puanospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Puanospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Puanospirifer JIANG in XIAN & JIANG, 1978, p. 329","Type_species":"P. guanziyaoensis; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":"[This genus is poorly known and is possibly a synonym of Deltospirifer.]","Synonyms":"Deltospirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, triangular in outline; \ufb02anks smooth or with weak plications; microornament with marginal spines; short dental plates and ventral apical thickening; crural plates lacking.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"southern China.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1234, 3a\u2013b. *P. guanziyaoensis, Guizhou; dorsal, ventral views, \u00d70.7 (Xian & Jiang, 1978).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1234, 3c\u2013e. P. transversus J IANG, Guizhou; anterior, posterior, lateral views, \u00d71 (Xian & Jiang, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1234. reticulariidae (p. 1855).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-214.jpg?height=1839&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spirinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Spirinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spirinella JOHNSTON, 1941, p. 161","Type_species":"S. caecistriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ectatoglossa Chu, 1974, p. 419 (type, E. biplicata, OD)","Synonyms":"Ectatoglossa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, equidimensional to slightly transverse, smooth, inequivalve with apsacline, curved ventral interarea, cardinal angles rounded, fold and sulcus smooth, very low, poorly defined except near weakly uniplicate commissure, flanks lacking plications, numerous closely spaced growth lamellae with marginal spine bases or papillae, moderately long, divergent dental plates, short delthyrial plate, and variably impressed muscle field, ctenophoridium and short crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"upper Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Llandovery)-Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"Australia, western North America, Altai, China, Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1235, 1 a-j .*S. caecistriata, lower Ludlow, New South Wales, Australia, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1.5, f, ornament, X16 (Strusz, 1984), g, detail of cardinalia, X5 (Strusz, 1985), h-j, dorsal, ventral, posterior views of internal mold, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Strusz, 1984, \nStrusz, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1235. reticulariidae (p. 1855-1857).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-216.jpg?height=1720&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":438.59,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uexothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Uexothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uexothyris STRUVE, 1992, p. 572","Type_species":"U. convergens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transverse to equidimensional, with rounded cardinal extremities, low to moderately high, wide ventral interarea, sulcus and fold lacking or very weak, flanks smooth, microornament of marginal papillae, dental plates possibly lacking or short, strongly excavated muscle field, closely spaced, short crural plates and ctenophoridium.  [No satisfactory illustrations are available for this genus.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"No satisfactory illustrations are available for this genus.","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Warrenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Warrenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Warrenella Crickmay, 1953a, p. 596","Type_species":"W. eclectea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Minatothyris Vandercammen, 1957, p. 178 (type, Spirifer euryglossus Schnur, 1851, p. 11, OD)","Synonyms":"Minatothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate, low, curved, apsacline ventral interarea, apex of delthyrium with short deltidium, cardinal angles rounded, fold and sulcus poorly expressed but generally distinct, closely spaced growth lamellae with marginal spine bases, strong apical callus, closely spaced, subparallel dental plates and deeply impressed muscle field, ctenophoridium and highly variable crural plates. Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian). W. (Warrenella). Lateral plications lacking or incipient near commissure. Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian): cosmopolitan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1235, 2a-g. *W. eclectea, Frasnian, Alberta, Canada, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1.5 (Crickmay, 1953), f-g, ventral, posterior views of internal mold, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Crickmay, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 1235. reticulariidae (p. 1855-1857).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-216.jpg?height=1720&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"W. (Warrenella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"W. (Warrenella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"W. (Warrenella) Crickmay, 1953a, p. 596","Type_species":"W. eclectea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Lateral plications lacking or incipient near commissure.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1235, 2a-g. *W. eclectea, Frasnian, Alberta, Canada, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1.5 (Crickmay, 1953), f-g, ventral, posterior views of internal mold, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1235. reticulariidae (p. 1855-1857).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-216.jpg?height=1720&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"W. (Warrenellina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"W. (Warrenellina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"W. (Warrenellina) BRICE, 1982b, p. 103","Type_species":"W. (W.) extensa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, with 0 to 5 low, obsolescent plications in vicinity of commissure, uncommonly with 1 faint median rib in sulcus and corresponding groove on fold.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"western and arctic North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1235, 3 a-h. *W. (W.) extensa, Eifelian, Northwest Territories, Canada, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, \u00d7 1, f, ornament, \u00d7 4, g-h, serial sections, \u00d7 2 (Brice, 1982b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1235. reticulariidae (p. 1855-1857).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-216.jpg?height=1720&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obesaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Obesariinae","Genus":"Obesaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obesaria HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1957b, p. 438","Type_species":"Spirifer indifferens var. obesa BARRANDE, 1848, p. 159, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Obessaria HavL\u00ed\u010d\u00e9, 1957b, p. 438, obj., lapsus calami","Synonyms":"Obessaria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, slightly transverse, with rounded cardinal angles, short, low, ventral interarea, fold absent, sulcus narrow and shallow near umbo, rapidly deepening and widening anteriorly, anterior commissure strongly uniplicate, flanks smooth, microornament of faint growth lines and concentric, radial rows of minute granules, deeply impressed ventral muscle field, lacking dental plates, strong apical callosity, crural plates and ctenophoridium lacking.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1236, 1a-g. *O. obesa (Barrande), a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, X1.5, f, ornament, X10, g, internal mold showing muscle field and lack of dental plates, X1 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1236. reticulariidae (p. 1857-1860).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-217.jpg?height=1752&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alaskospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Obesariinae","Genus":"Alaskospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alaskospira Kirk & Amsden, 1952, p. 61","Type_species":"A. dunbari, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Proreticularia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1957a, p. 247 (type, Spirifer carens Barrande, 1879, p. 218, OD)","Synonyms":"Proreticularia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, equidimensional to slightly transverse, with apsacline, curved ventral interarea, cardinal angles rounded, fold and sulcus ill defined except near anterior commissure, shell surface smooth, microornament of closely spaced growth lines and radial rows of spines, dental plates lacking, strong apical thickening, muscle field deeply impressed, divided by a median ridge extending nearly to anterior margin, ctenophoridium and crural plates lacking, low myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska), Czech Republic, Urals, Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1236, 2a-i. *A. dunbari, upper Wenlock, Alaska, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, posterior, lateral views, X2, e, ornament, X6, f-i, serial sections, X1.5 (Kirk & Amsden, 1952).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kirk & Amsden, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 1236. reticulariidae (p. 1857-1860).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-217.jpg?height=1752&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Echinocoeliopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Obesariinae","Genus":"Echinocoeliopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Echinocoeliopsis HAMADA, 1968b, p. 17","Type_species":"* E. sculpta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small to small, strongly inequivalve, equidimensional with rounded cardinal angles, low and short interarea, sulcus obscure, fold distinctly separated from flanks by wide sulci, commissure rectimarginate, flanks smooth, microornament of growth lamellae and marginal spine bases, dental plates and crural plates lacking, cardinal process bifid","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian, Carboniferous (?Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian, Carboniferous (?Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian, Carboniferous (?Mississippian)","Geography":"Malaysia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1236, 4a-e. *E. sculpta, a, dorsal valve showing ornament, X8, b, ventral valve, approximately X3, c, anterior view of ventral valve, X3, d, lateral view of ventral valve, X5, e, interior of dorsal valve, X5 (Hamada, 1968b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1236, 4f. E. ladjioidea Hamada, interior of ventral valve, X3 (Hamada, 1968b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hamada, 1968, \nHamada, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1236. reticulariidae (p. 1857-1860).\nfig. 1236. reticulariidae (p. 1857-1860).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-217.jpg?height=1752&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-217.jpg?height=1752&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quasimartinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Obesariinae","Genus":"Quasimartinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quasimartinia Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959, p. 179","Type_species":"Q. rectimarginata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Candispirifer Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1971, p. 26 (type, Proreticularia candida Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959, p. 155, OD)","Synonyms":"Candispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small size, equidimensional, strongly inequivalve, ventral valve high with low, curved, apsacline interarea and strong beak, cardinal angles rounded, fold and sulcus absent or scarcely marked near anterior commissure, entire shell smooth, microornament lacking, dental plates, septum, and crural plates lacking, cardinal process bilobed","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1236, 3a-b.  ^*. rectimarginata, Pragian, interior of dorsal valve, interior of ventral valve, X3.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1236, 3c-h. Q. candida (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Pragian, c-f, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X1.5, g-h, serial sections, X3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1236. reticulariidae (p. 1857-1860).\nfig. 1236. reticulariidae (p. 1857-1860).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-217.jpg?height=1752&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-217.jpg?height=1752&width=1283&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoreticularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Eoreticulariinae","Genus":"Eoreticularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoreticularia Nalivkin in FREDERIKS, 1924, p. 314","Type_species":"Spirifer indifferens BARRANDE, 1848, p. 159, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, equidimensional to slightly transverse, with rounded cardinal extremities, low, curved ventral interarea, fold obscure, sulcus shallow, deepening anteriorly and producing uniplicate commissure, lateral plications generally lacking or very faintly expressed, microornament of growth lamellae and minute granules arranged in radial rows, lacking spines, long, thin dental plates and delthyrial plate or ridge, short crural plates joining median septum or ridge, cardinal process smooth.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Kazakhstan, Urals, China, Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1237, 1a-e. *E. indifferens (Barrande), Emsian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X1.5, e, transverse section of dorsal valve, X3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1237, 1f. E. fraterna (Barrande), Emsian, Czech Republic, transverse section showing delthyrial plate, X3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1237. reticulariidae (p. 1860).\nfig. 1237. reticulariidae (p. 1860).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-219.jpg?height=1694&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-219.jpg?height=1694&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chnaurocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Eoreticulariinae","Genus":"Chnaurocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chnaurocoelia Johnson, Boucot, & MURPHY, 1976, p. 95","Type_species":"C. transversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small to small, slightly transverse, with apsacline ventral interarea, cardinal angles acutely rounded, very shallow sulcus and obscure fold, 5 to 6 low, ill-defined plications on each flank, microornament unknown, dental lamellae short, thin, ctenophoridium and crural plates lacking.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1237, 3a-g. * C. transversa, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, f, interior of dorsal valve, g, interior of ventral valve, X5 (Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, Boucot, & Murphy, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1237. reticulariidae (p. 1860).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-219.jpg?height=1694&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protoreticularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Eoreticulariinae","Genus":"Protoreticularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protoreticularia SU, 1980, p. 323","Type_species":"P. fimbriata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, with rounded cardinal extremities and high, curved ventral interarea, lateral plications, fold and sulcus lacking or shallow median depression on ventral valve, microornament of growth lamellae and marginal spines, interior poorly investigated, with short, thin dental plates, lacking crural plates.  [Apparently this genus lacks crural plates, but the interior is poorly known and needs further investigation for a solid assignment to the subfamily.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1237, 2 a-d. *. fimbriata, northeastern China, a-c, dorsal valve, ventral, posterior views of ventral valve, X3, d, ornament, X10 (S u, 1980)","Museum_or_author_information":"S u, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1237. reticulariidae (p. 1860).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-219.jpg?height=1694&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vadum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Eoreticulariinae","Genus":"Vadum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vadum STRUSZ, 1982, p. 136","Type_species":"V. coppinsense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, slightly transverse, with rounded cardinal extremities, high, catacline ventral interarea, fold and sulcus distinct or very subdued, flanks lacking plications, growth lamellae few, bearing both radially and concentrically arranged papillae, dental plates thin, moderately long, crural plates short, cardinal process bilobed","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1237, 4a-e. * V. coppinsense, New South Wales, a-b, dorsal, ventral views, X5, c, lateral view, X8, d, detail of cardinalia, X12, e, internal mold of ventral valve, X6 (Strusz, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Strusz, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1237. reticulariidae (p. 1860).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-219.jpg?height=1694&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenomartinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Xenomartiniidae","Subfamily":"Xenomartiniinae","Genus":"Xenomartinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenomartinia HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1953, p. 6","Type_species":"X. monosepta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Sinothyris Minato, 1953, p. 68 (type, S. maureri, OD, =Reticularia maureri sensu Grabau, 1931b, p. 394, non Holzapfel, 1896)","Synonyms":"Sinothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, equidimensional, biconvex, short, moderately high ventral interarea, fold and sulcus lacking, anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, entire shell smooth, microornament of concentric lamellae crossed by fine radial capillae, ventral median septum.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1238, 1 g . X. monoseptoides Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9, ?upper Emsian, Czech Republic, transverse section, X2.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1238. xenomartiniidae (p. 1860-1864).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-220.jpg?height=528&width=1270&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bojothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Xenomartiniidae","Subfamily":"Bojothyridinae","Genus":"Bojothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bojothyris HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 147","Type_species":"B. nikiforovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse-oval, with low, curved, apsacline interarea, cardinal angles rounded, fold and sulcus indistinct, developed anteriorly, smooth, flanks lacking plications, surface with fine, concentric growth lines, thin dental plates forming spondylium supported and pierced by median septum, crural plates lacking.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1239, 4a-e. *B. nikiforovae, Eifelian, a-c, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, d, damaged shell showing ventral septum, X3 (new), e, transverse section showing spondylium, X3 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1239. xenomartiniidae (p. 1862-1863).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-221.jpg?height=1522&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Altajella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Xenomartiniidae","Subfamily":"Bojothyridinae","Genus":"Altajella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Altajella KULKOV, 1962, p. 653","Type_species":"A. contorta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse-oval to equidimensional, with high, curved, apsacline interarea, cardinal angles rounded, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, flanks with 1 or 2 strong, rounded plications, surface with fine, concentric growth lines, thin dental plates forming spondylium supported and pierced by median septum, short crural plates and ctenophoridium on incipient notothyrial platform.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"upper Ludlow","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Ludlow)-Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Altai, Salair","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1239, 3a-f. * A. contorta, Lochkovian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, Altai, X1 (Kulkov, 1963), e-f, serial sections, Salair, approximately X2 (Alekseeva & others, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kulkov, 1963, \nAlekseeva & others, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1239. xenomartiniidae (p. 1862-1863).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-221.jpg?height=1522&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":425.01,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadrithyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Xenomartiniidae","Subfamily":"Bojothyridinae","Genus":"Quadrithyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadrithyrina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 136","Type_species":"Q. ivanovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small or medium size, slightly transverse, with rounded cardinal extremities and almost catacline, high ventral interarea, fold and sulcus well developed, smooth, lateral plications lacking, microornament of concentric growth lines and radial capillae, high, narrow, ventral median septum and apical callus, lacking dental plates, crural plates short or obsolescent, ctenophoridium lacking.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Turkestan, Australia (New South Wales, Queensland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1239, 1a-e. *Q. ivanovae, upper Emsian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X3, e, transverse section, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1239. xenomartiniidae (p. 1862-1863).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-221.jpg?height=1522&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spondylothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Xenomartiniidae","Subfamily":"Bojothyridinae","Genus":"Spondylothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spondylothyris SU, 1980, p. 324","Type_species":"S. pinguis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subglobular, with rounded cardinal extremities, ventral valve subpyramidal with high, catacline interarea, fold and sulcus well developed, flanks smooth or with 1 to 2 low, broad plications, microornament of densely crowded, concentric growth lamellae and marginal spines, dental plates joining high median septum to form spondylium, crural plates joining together on valve floor in a septalium-like structure, ctenophoridium present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northeastern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1239, 5a-f. * S. pinguis, a-d, dorsal, anterior, posterior, lateral views of internal mold, X2, e, posterior view of dorsal internal mold showing cardinalia, X2, f, transverse section, magnification unknown (Su, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Su, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1239. xenomartiniidae (p. 1862-1863).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-221.jpg?height=1522&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uralospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Xenomartiniidae","Subfamily":"Bojothyridinae","Genus":"Uralospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uralospirifer HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1959, p. 142","Type_species":"Spirifer (Delthyris) mansy KHODALEVICH, 1951, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, slightly transverse, with curved, apsacline interarea, cardinal angles rounded, fold and sulcus prominent, smooth, flanks with 3 to 4 strong, rounded plications, fimbriate ornament, with closely spaced growth lines, thick tooth tracks forming shallow spondylium, supported posteriorly by median septum, crural plates lacking. Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (?Eifelian): northern Urals.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (?Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (?Eifelian)","Geography":"northern Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1239, 2a-e. * U. mansy (\u041ahodalevich), upper Emsian or ?lower Eifelian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X1 (Khodalevich, 1951); e, transverse section, magni\ufb01cation unknown (Havl\u00edcek, \u02c7 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1239. xenomartiniidae (p. 1862-1863).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-221.jpg?height=1522&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadrithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Xenomartiniidae","Subfamily":"Quadrithyridinae","Genus":"Quadrithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadrithyris HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1957b, p. 437","Type_species":"*Spirifer robustus BARRANDE, 1848, p. 162, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size variable, medium to large, slightly transverse, with rounded cardinal angles, apsacline to catacline, gently curved ventral interarea, sulcus and fold distinctly marked, smooth, flanks generally smooth, occasionally bearing 1 to 3 low, wide, rounded plications, microornament of growth lamellae and marginal spine bases, dental plates and high median septum, ctenophoridium with crural plates lacking.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1238, 2a-e. *Q. robusta (Barrande), Pragian, Czech Republic, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral views, X1.5, e, transverse section, X2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1238. xenomartiniidae (p. 1860-1864).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-220.jpg?height=528&width=1270&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thomasaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Thomasariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thomasaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thomasaria STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 57","Type_species":"T. altumbona STAINBROOK, 1945, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, equidimensional, cardinal angles acute or at right angles, ventral interarea high, flat to slightly curved, steeply apsacline to catacline, delthyrium partially closed by apical plates that join below level of interarea, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks smooth or weakly pauciplicate, dental plates divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"midcontinental North America, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1240 a-f. *T. altumbona, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, lateral, and ventral section, \u00d7 1 (Stainbrook, 1945).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nStainbrook, 1945","figure_index":"fig. 1240. thomasariidae (p. 1864).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-222.jpg?height=663&width=621&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elita":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Elythinae","Genus":"Elita","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elita FREDERIKS, 1918a, p. 87","Type_species":"Delthyris fimbriata CONRAD, 1842, p. 263, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Elytha Frederiks, 1924, p. 304, nom. van., Elyta Ivanova, 1960, p. 277, nom. null.\"","Synonyms":"Elytha","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, with rounded cardinal extremities and apsacline ventral interarea, fold and sulcus well delimited, rounded, smooth, lateral slopes with 5 to 7 low, rounded, simple plicae, microornament of well-marked growth lamellae and moderately coarse marginal biramous spines, ventral interior with long dental adminicula and septum, dorsal interior with massive, inconsistently bilobed ctenophoridium on cardinal platform, short or absent crural plates, and generally strong myophragm.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian, ?Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian, ?Famennian)","Geography":"Western Hemisphere, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1241, 1a-c. *E. fimbriata (Conrad), Hamilton, Middle Devonian, New York, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X1 (Cooper, 1944), c, microornament, approximately X4 (Hall & Clarke, 1894).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1944, \nHall & Clarke, 1894","figure_index":"fig. 1241. elythidae (p. 1864-1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-223.jpg?height=1649&width=1268&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kitakamithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Elythinae","Genus":"Kitakamithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kitakamithyris MINATO, 1951, p. 374","Type_species":"Torynifer (Kitakamithyris) tyoanjiensis MINATO, 1951, p. 374, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, moderately transverse to subovate, cardinal extremities well rounded, ventral sulcus very weak and shallow, dorsal fold absent, lateral slopes smooth, interior surfaces of valves finely radially grooved, dorsal interior with small ctenophoridium and weak myophragm, some species possibly with very short crural plates or small apical callus","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Japan, Russia, Australia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1241, 5 a-b .* K. tyoanjiensis (Minato), Japan, a, posterior view, X1, b, microornament, X2 (Minato, 1952)","Museum_or_author_information":"Minato, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 1241. elythidae (p. 1864-1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-223.jpg?height=1649&width=1268&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Martinothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Martinothyridinae","Genus":"Martinothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Martinothyris MINATO, 1953, p. 70","Type_species":"Terebratula? lineata Sowerby, 1822 in 1821-1822, p. 39, OD, =Conchyliolites (Anomites) lineatus Martin, 1809, pl. 36, 3, ICZN Opinion 420, 1956a, p. 132","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve interior with short dental adminicula, dorsal interior possibly with short adminicula or crural plates, otherwise similar to Phricodothyris","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"British Isles","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1241, 3 a-e .*M. lineata (Sowerby), a-d, lectotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior views, X1, e, microornament, X10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1241. elythidae (p. 1864-1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-223.jpg?height=1649&width=1268&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Latiplecus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Martinothyridinae","Genus":"Latiplecus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Latiplecus Li & GU, 1976, p. 299","Type_species":"* L. typicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline transversely subovate to subtrigonal, fold and sulcus moderately developed, lateral slopes with 2 pair of broad low plicae, ventral interior with long, parallel dental adminicula, dorsal interior with cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1241, 2a-b. *L. typicus; dorsal and ventral views, \u00d71 (Li & Gu, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1241. elythidae (p. 1864-1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-223.jpg?height=1649&width=1268&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orenburgella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Martinothyridinae","Genus":"Orenburgella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orenburgella PAVLOVA, 1969, p. 76","Type_species":"*O. uralica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Both valves with umbonal thickening, deltidial plates absent, dorsal interior with discrete crural bases not touching valve floor, otherwise similar to Martinothyris","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"Russia (southern Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1241, 4a-e. *O. uralica, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1241. elythidae (p. 1864-1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-223.jpg?height=1649&width=1268&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phricodothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Pharicodothyridinae","Genus":"Phricodothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phricodothyris GEORGE, 1932, p. 524","Type_species":"P. lucerna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Neophricadothyris Likharev, 1934, p. 211 (type, Squamularia asiatica \u0421\u043d\u0430\u043e, 1929, p. 91, OD), Condrathyris Minato, 1953, p. 69 (type, Spirifer perplexa McChesney, 1860, p. 43, OD)","Synonyms":"Neophricadothyris, Condrathyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, unequally biconvex, outline subovate, fold and sulcus absent, anterior commissure rectimarginate, ribbing absent, ventral interarea well delimited, finely vertically striated only in primary layer, short flat deltidial plates nearly at right angle to interarea, ventral interior with very low dental flanges, dorsal interior with dental sockets nearly parallel to cardinal margin, crural bases broad, flattened, directed dorsomedially, sometimes forming short crural plates, dorsal septum and adminicula absent, low myophragm present in some species, minute bulbous ctenophoridium present in at least some species, microornament including very fine interspinous pustules or spinules, spiralia directed slightly posterolaterally","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian), Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1242, 1a-d. * P. lucerna, Visean, Great Britain, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (George, 1932)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1242, le-f. P. verecunda George, dorsal and ventral interiors, X4 (Brunton, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"George, 1932, \nBrunton, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1242. elythidae (p. 1866).\nfig. 1242. elythidae (p. 1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-225.jpg?height=1813&width=1270&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-225.jpg?height=1813&width=1270&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Astegosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Pharicodothyridinae","Genus":"Astegosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Astegosia Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 16","Type_species":"Squamularia guadalupensis subquadrata GIRTY, 1909, p. 369, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral interarea narrow, poorly defined, pseudodeltidium or deltidial plates not present, ventral interior with well-developed, concave dental flanges medially converging to fuse with short, apical, subdelthyrial plate, dorsal interior with finely striate, bosslike ctenophoridium, otherwise similar to Phricodothyris.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1242, 4a-g. *A. subquadrata (Girty), western Texas, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X1, f g, dorsal and ventral interiors, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1242. elythidae (p. 1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-225.jpg?height=1813&width=1270&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bajkuria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Pharicodothyridinae","Genus":"Bajkuria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bajkuria Ustritski in Ustritskii & CHERNIAK, 1963, p. 116","Type_species":"B. dorsosinuata Ustritskii in Ustritskii & CHERNIAK, 1963, p. 117, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal interior with short adminicula, dorsal muscle scars delineated by low ridges, otherwise similar to Phricodothyris","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Arctic Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1242, 2ad. *B. dorsosinuata, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Ustritskii & Cherniak, 1963).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Ustritskii & Cherniak, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1242. elythidae (p. 1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-225.jpg?height=1813&width=1270&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bullarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Pharicodothyridinae","Genus":"Bullarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bullarina Jin & SUN, 1981, p. 153","Type_species":"Neophricadothyris bullata Cooper & GRANT, 1976a, p. 2, 248, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size for family, longitudinally to transversely subovate or guttate, weak fold and sulcus usually developed, anterior commissure usually weakly uniplicate, spiralia directed posterolaterally, cardinal process bulbous, otherwise similar to Phricodothyris","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1242, 3a-d. *B. bullata (Cooper & Grant), lower Guadalupian, Texas, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1242. elythidae (p. 1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-225.jpg?height=1813&width=1270&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nebenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Pharicodothyridinae","Genus":"Nebenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nebenothyris MINATO, 1953, p. 72","Type_species":"N. lineatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"With median ridges or septa in both valves, otherwise similar to Phricodothyris","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)-Permian","Geography":"Western Europe, Japan, China, Russia, Salt Range","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1243, 2 . * N. lineata, Mississippian, Japan, ventral valve, X1 (Nebe, 1911).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nebe, 1911","figure_index":"fig. 1243. elythidae (p. 1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-226.jpg?height=746&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Permophricodothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Pharicodothyridinae","Genus":"Permophricodothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Permophricodothyris PAVLOVA, 1965, p. 134","Type_species":"P. ovata PAVLOVA, 1965, p. 135, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, umbonal regions often broad, dorsal interior with very long, subparallel crura and elongated, posteriorly directed spiralia with numerous whorls, otherwise similar to Phricodothyris","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Sicily, Armenia, Iran, Mongolia, Timor, Indochina, China, Caucasus Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1243, 1 a-e . *P. ovata, Djulfian, Caucasus Mountains, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1243. elythidae (p. 1866).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-226.jpg?height=746&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Torynifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Toryniferinae","Genus":"Torynifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Torynifer Hall & Clarke, 1894, p. 943","Type_species":"T. criticus, OD, =Spirifer pseudolineatus HALL, 1858, p. 645","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, fold and sulcus variably developed, outline transversely subovate, spine-bearing growth lamellae broadly spaced, lacking interspinous pustules or spinules, ventral interior with well-developed, long, diverging dental adminicula, short delthyrial plate and long, low median ridge, dorsal interior with long, complete hinge plate with apical pit supported by variably strong median septum, spiralia directed posterolaterally","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1244, 3a-g. *T. pseudolineatus (Hall), upper Tournaisian, Iowa, USA, a-b, ventral and dorsal interiors, X2 (Cooper, 1944), c-g, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (Weller, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper, 1944, \nWeller, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 1244. elythidae (p. 1866-1868).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-227.jpg?height=1712&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicotorynifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Toryniferinae","Genus":"Plicotorynifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicotorynifer Abramov & Solomina in ABRAMOV, 1970, p. 153","Type_species":"* P. simakovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Lateral slopes with 1 or 2 shallow, broad plicae, ventral interior with stout median septum, dorsal interior with short median septum and short adminicula, otherwise similar to Taimyrella","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Moscovian-Kasimovian)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1244, 6. * P. simakovi, holotype, ventral valve, X1 (Abramov, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Abramov, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1244. elythidae (p. 1866-1868).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-227.jpg?height=1712&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spirelytha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Toryniferinae","Genus":"Spirelytha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spirelytha Frederiks, 1924, p. 304","Type_species":"S. pavlovae Archbold & Thomas, 1984a, p. 313, OD, nom. nov. pro Spirifer scheii Chernyshev in Chernyshev & Stepanov, 1916b, p. 45, non MEYER, 1913","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus variably developed, lateral slopes lacking plications, ventral interior with dental adminicula and median ridge, dorsal interior with delicate myophragm, adminicula absent or weakly developed, otherwise similar to Torynifer.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1244, 5a-c. * S. pavlovae Archbold & Thomas, Arctic Siberia, lectotype, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, X1 (Chernyshev & Stepanov, 1916b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chernyshev & Stepanov, 1916","figure_index":"fig. 1244. elythidae (p. 1866-1868).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-227.jpg?height=1712&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stepanoviina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Toryniferinae","Genus":"Stepanoviina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stepanoviina ZAVODOVSKII, 1968b, p. 170","Type_species":"Neophricodothyris (?) larini ZAVODOVSKI, 1958, p. 134, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, weak but distinct fold and sulcus present, ventral interior with dental adminicula and low median ridge, dorsal valve interior with low median ridge, otherwise similar to Spirelytha","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"northeastern Asia, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1244, 4ab. *S. larini (ZavodovskiI), Russia, dorsal and ventral valves, X1 (Zavodovskii, 1968b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zavodovskii, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1244. elythidae (p. 1866-1868).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-227.jpg?height=1712&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taimyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Toryniferinae","Genus":"Taimyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taimyrella Ustritski in Ustritski & CHERNIAK, 1963, p. 115","Type_species":"Martiniopsis (?) pseudodarwini EINOR, 1946, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Each lateral slope with single, broad, rounded, sulcuslike depression on each side of fold-sulcus, ventral valve interior with low median ridge, otherwise similar to Spirelytha.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"northern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1244, 2a-b. *T. pseudodarwini (Einor), Taimyr, dorsal and ventral valves, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1244. elythidae (p. 1866-1868).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-227.jpg?height=1712&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Toryniferella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Toryniferinae","Genus":"Toryniferella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Toryniferella WEYER, 1967, p. 435","Type_species":"Kitakamithyris globosa MAXWELL, 1961, p. 101, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve with very thin, complete, unsupported hinge plate, dorsal median septum absent, otherwise similar to Torynifer","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Visean)","First_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Visean)","Geography":"Australia (Queensland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1244, 1a-f. *T. globosa (Maxwell), a-b, holotype, posterior and dorsal views, X1, c-f, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Maxwell, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMaxwell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1244. elythidae (p. 1866-1868).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-227.jpg?height=1712&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anomaloria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Anomaloriinae","Genus":"Anomaloria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anomaloria Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 16","Type_species":"A. anomala, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subovate, both valves strongly and nearly equally inflated, dorsal interior with narrow socket ridges, crural bases indistinct, cardinal process absent, replaced by apical pit","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"Texas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1245, 1a-e. *A. anomala, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013e, ventral and dorsal interiors, \u00d73 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1245. elythidae (p. 1870).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-228.jpg?height=1252&width=1291&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhinania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Elythidae","Subfamily":"Anomaloriinae","Genus":"Zhinania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhinania LIANG, 1990, p. 308","Type_species":"Z. eximiusa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subovate to subquadrate, unequally biconvex, dorsal valve flattened and much thinner than opposite, dorsal interior with small, thin cardinal process, presence of apically fused dental flanges and notothyrial flanges not known.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1245, 2a-e. *Z. eximiusa, anterior, posterior, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, X1.5 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1245. elythidae (p. 1870).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-228.jpg?height=1252&width=1291&top_left_y=227&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callicalyptella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Callicalyptella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callicalyptella Boucot & JOHNSON, 1972, p. 301","Type_species":"C. empelia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, convexoconcave, ventral interarea absent, surface with faint radial costae, ventral interior multiseptate, dorsal interior with only median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1246, 2a-d. *C. empelia, Roberts Mountains Formation; a, ventral valve exterior; b, dorsal valve exterior; c, ventral, dorsal valve interiors; d, ventral valve interior, \u00d75 (Boucot & Johnson, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1246. uncertain (p. 1871).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-230.jpg?height=1842&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Costanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costanoplia XU, 1977a, p. 65","Type_species":"C. faceta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Notanoplia in the development of strong radial costate ornament only","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1247, 1a-b. *C. faceta, Tangxiang Formation, Eifelian, Guangxi, ventral valve external mold, internal mold of both valves, X5 (Xu, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1247. uncertain (p. 1871-1876).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-231.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guixiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Guixiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guixiella XIAN, 1987, p. 74","Type_species":"*G. lamellosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subcircular to subquadrate, gently convexoconcave, hinge wide, fold, sulcus absent, radial ornament of narrow costae with wide, flat interspaces, interior of both valves with long, narrow median septum, no lateral septa but welldifferentiated brachial ridges in dorsal valve interior.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"western Guangxi, China","Figure_captions":"[No suitable \ufb01gures are available for illustration.]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hollardiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hollardiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hollardiella DROT, 1967, p. 877","Type_species":"* H. akkaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small shell, subquadrate or slightly elongate, planoconvex or subbiconvex posteriorly, concavoconvex anteriorly, ventral interarea apsacline, dorsal interarea anacline, ventral valve sulcate, radial ornament of narrow, low, thin, numerous costellae with wide, flat interspaces, ventral valve interior with three stout septa, dorsal valve interior with well-developed peripheral ridge, median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Morocco, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1246, 3a-d. * H. akkaensis, Formation de Timrhanrhart, lowermost Eifelian, Morocco, a-b, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal views, c, juvenile ventral valve, d, anterior view, \u00d7 8 (Drot, 1967)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1246, 3e-g. H. drotae Racheboeuf, Tamajoso Formation, Emsian, southwestern Spain, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve internal mold, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 5 (Racheboeuf & Robardet, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Drot, 1967, \nRacheboeuf & Robardet, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1246. uncertain (p. 1871).\nfig. 1246. uncertain (p. 1871).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-230.jpg?height=1842&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-230.jpg?height=1842&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jacetanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Jacetanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jacetanella Racheboeuf, Ferrer Batet, & MAGRANS, 1994, p. 9","Type_species":"J. bruguesensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell plano- to concavoconvex, ventral interior with median septum, pair of brevisepta, dorsal interior with long median septum, three to four pairs of brevisepta, radial ornament with median costa, one or two pairs of anteriorly divergent lateral costae","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"northeastern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1247, 2a-c. *J. bruguesensis, Catalonia, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X8 (Racheboeuf, Ferrer Batet, & Magrans, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, Ferrer Batet, & Magrans, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1247. uncertain (p. 1871-1876).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-231.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Luofuia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Luofuia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Luofuia XU, 1977a, p. 66","Type_species":"L. delicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell planoconvex, surface without radial ornament, but with dense concentric lamellae, interior of both valves without septa","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1247, 5a-d. * L. delicata, Tangxiang Formation, Guangxi, a-b, dorsal valve exterior, latex external mold, c-d, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 5 (Xu, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1247. uncertain (p. 1871-1876).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-231.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Notanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notanoplia GILL, 1950, p. 250","Type_species":"N. pherista, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Exterior smooth to finely costellate, ventral interarea apsacline, periphery of ventral interior with more or less developed radial costae, interiors with bladelike, not crested septa","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Pridoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Pridoli)-Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"southeastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1248, 3a-c. * N. pherista, Bell Shale, Pragian, ventral valve interior, interior of both valves, dorsal valve exterior, X6 (Gill, 1950).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gill, 1950","figure_index":"fig. 1248. uncertain (p. 1875).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-232.jpg?height=1808&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notoparmella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Notoparmella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notoparmella JOHNSON, 1973b, p. 1, 026","Type_species":"N. gilli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Thin-shelled, shield-shaped concavoconvex shell, no interarea, but sometimes pair of flat apsacline plates, radial ornament of very low, faint costae, or finely costellate, ventral valve with variably developed median furrow, dorsal valve with threadlike median rib, interiors aseptate, ventral diductors impressed, simple, discrete pair of socket plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Silurian (Ludfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Ludfordian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Silurian (Ludfordian)-Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada), Canadian Arctic Archipelago, eastern Australia, far eastern Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1247, 4a-d. *N. gilli, Windmill Limestone, lower Lochkovian, central Nevada, a, ventral","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1247. uncertain (p. 1871-1876).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-231.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":425.01,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":416.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paracostanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paracostanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paracostanoplia XU, 1977a, p. 65","Type_species":"P. mirabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paranotanoplia Xu, 1977a, pl. 3, 10, obj.","Synonyms":"Paranotanoplia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs externally from Costanoplia in having weak radial costellae instead of well-developed, rounded, anteriorly widening costellae, differs internally in its lack of ventral septa.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1248, 2a-c. * P. mirabilis, Tangxiang Formation, Guangxi, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve external mold, internal mold of both valves, X5 ( Xu, 1977a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1248. uncertain (p. 1875).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-232.jpg?height=1808&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraplicanoplia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paraplicanoplia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraplicanoplia XU, 1977a, p. 67","Type_species":"P. nana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Imatrypa HavL\u00ed\u010dek, 1977, p. 300 (type, I. infima, OD)","Synonyms":"Imatrypa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small shell, subquadrate or slightly elongate, planoconvex or subbiconvex posteriorly, concavoconvex anteriorly, ventral interarea apsacline, dorsal interarea anacline, ventral valve variably sulcate, radial ornament of narrow costae with wide, flat interspaces, interior of both valves with well-developed peripheral ridge, median septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pragian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Pragian)-Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1248, 1a-c. *P. nana, Tangxiang Formation, lower Eifelian, Guangxi, southern China, dorsal valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X10 (Xian, 1987).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1248, 1d-f. P. infima (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Chotec Limestone, lower Eifelian, Bohemia, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian, 1987, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1248. uncertain (p. 1875).\nfig. 1248. uncertain (p. 1875).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-232.jpg?height=1808&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-232.jpg?height=1808&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":411.46,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicanoplites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plicanoplites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicanoplites Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1974, p. 170, nom. nov. pro Plicanoplia Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9, 1973, p. 337, obj., non Boucot & Harper, 1968","Type_species":"Plicanoplia peculiaris HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1973, p. 338, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, subpolygonal, apsacline, low ventral interarea, steeply anacline, very low dorsal interarea, internally, shell almost similar to Hollardiella, but with pair of dorsal, variably developed septa oblique to lateral branches of peripheral ridge, differs externally by presence of wide, rounded, radially arranged ribs instead of radial costae, ribs sometimes bifurcating or intercalating. Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian): Bohemia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1249, 1a-d. *P. peculiaris (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Dvorce-Prokop Limestone, Pragian, a-b, articulated shell, ventral, dorsal sides, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, X7 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1249. uncertain (p. 1875-1876).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-233.jpg?height=544&width=1279&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septaparmella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Septaparmella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septaparmella SU, 1976, p. 184","Type_species":"S. sinica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Notoparmella in development of ventral interarea, ventral valve smooth with median furrow developed posteriorly, bearing median rib, dorsal exterior parvicostellate, with wide, ill-defined sinus, interior of both valves with long median septum only.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"[No suitable \ufb01gures are available for illustration.]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Serrulatrypa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Serrulatrypa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Serrulatrypa HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1977, p. 299","Type_species":"Boucotia incognita LANGENSTRASSEN, 1972, p. 49, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs externally from Boucotia by development of narrow, rounded radial costae, not deflected posteriorly, interior of both valves with five crested septa.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany, Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1249, 2a-c. *S. incognita (Langenstrassen), St\u00f6ppeler Tonschiefer, Sauerland, Germany, ventral valve exterior, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1249. uncertain (p. 1875-1876).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-233.jpg?height=544&width=1279&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tangxiangia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tangxiangia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tangxiangia XU, 1977a, p. 68","Type_species":"* T. delicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell surface without radial ornament but with thin, weak, concentric lamellae, ventral peripheral ridge deeply bilobate anteriorly, dorsal interior with median septum not fusing anteriorly with peripheral ridge, pair of septa subparallel to lateral branches of peripheral ridge","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1247, 3a-c. *T. delicata, Tangxiang Formation, Guangxi, a-b, ventral valve interiors, c, dorsal valve interior, X10 (Xu, 1977 a)","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \n\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1247. uncertain (p. 1871-1876).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-231.jpg?height=1891&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Cyrtinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyrtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtina DAVIDSON, 1859 in 1858-1863, p. 66","Type_species":"Calcoola heteroclita Defrance, 1828b, p. 156, SD OEHLERT, 1887a, p. 40","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spinocyrtina Frederiks, 1916, p. 18 (type, Cyrtina lachrymosa Hall & Clarke, 1895, p. 362, SD Frederiks, 1918b, p. 145, =Cyrtia hamiltonensis Hall, 1857, p. 166), Cyrtinaellina Frederiks, 1926, p. 414 (type, Cyrtia acutirostris Shumard, 1855, p. 204, OD);  Trochalocyrtina Wright, 1975, p. 175 (type, T. flemingi Wright, 1975, p. 175, OD)","Synonyms":"Spinocyrtina, Trochalocyrtina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Flanks plicate, fold and sulcus smooth, with or without prominent growth lines and, rarely, with fine pustules, cardinal platform present, jugum with prominent median process.     [PITRAT (1965, p. 678) suggested that the \"\ufb01rst unequivocal designation of the type-species\" for Cyrtina was that of H ALL and CLARKE (1893, p. 44), but this is subsequent to the designation of C. heteroclita by OEHLERT (1887a, p. 40). In 1916, FREDERICKS designated two species for the genus Spinocyrtina (S. lachrimosa H ALL & CLARKE and S. hamiltonensis HALL), neither of them being clearly designated as type species. Later, in 1918b and 1926, FREDERICKS designated different type species. In 1918b (p. 145), the type species is listed as C. lachrimosa HALL & CLARKE. In 1926 (p. 413), the type species is listed as C. hamiltonensis H ALL . The species that should be retained is lachrimosa, which does not appear in the body of FREDERICKS's 1918b paper but in an appendix at the end of the volume entitled \"Diagnoses generum et speciorum novorum\"; nevertheless this designation seems valid.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian), Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1252, 1 a-e .*C. heteroclita (Defrance), Middle Devonian, western Europe, a-c, ventral, posterior and lateral views, \u00d7 1.5 (Davidson, 1864), d, ventral interior, \u00d7 3, e, section of ventral valve, approximately \u00d7 2 (Oehlert, 1901).","Museum_or_author_information":"Davidson, 1864, \nOehlert, 1901","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtinaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Cyrtinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyrtinaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtinaella FREDERIKS, 1916, p. 18","Type_species":"Cyrtia biplicata HALL, 1857, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Entire surface smooth, or with incipient plications bounding sulcus, ventral valve transverse, wider than high","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)-Middle Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1252, 2a-c. * C. biplicata (Hall), Lower Devonian, USA, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (Hall, 1867b)., Fig. 1252, 2d-i.","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall, 1867","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Squamulariina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Cyrtinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Squamulariina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Squamulariina FREDERIKS, 1916, p. 19","Type_species":"Cyrtina parva PHILLIPS, 1841, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pyramidalia NALIVKIN , 1947, p. 124 (type, Spirifera simplex PHILLIPS, 1841, p. 71, OD)","Synonyms":"Pyramidalia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Entire surface smooth; width less than height of ventral interarea.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian","Geography":"Europe, south Fergana, Salair, China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1252,3a\u2013b. *S. parva (G\u00dcRICH), Poland; lateral and posterior views, \u00d72.5 (G\u00fcrich, 1896).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tecnocyrtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Cyrtinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tecnocyrtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tecnocyrtina Johnson & NORRIS, 1972, p. 566","Type_species":"Cyrtina billingsi \u041c\u0415\u0415\u041a, 1868, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Entire surface plicate, commonly multiplicate","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)-Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1252, 4 a-e .* T. billingsi (\u041c\u0435\u0435\u043a), upper Givetian, Alberta, Canada, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and side views, X2.5 (Johnson & Norris, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nJohnson & Norris, 1972","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Davidsonina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Davidsoninidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Davidsonina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Davidsonina Schuchert in Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 120, nom. nov. pro Cyrtinopsis Frederiks, 1916, p. 17, non Scupin, 1896, nom. nov. pro Davidsonella Frederiks, 1926, p. 413, non Munier-Chalmas, 1880, nec Waagen, 1885","Type_species":"Spirifera septosa PHILLIPS, 1836, p. 216, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large, outline variable, ventral valve strongly inflated and evenly convex, interarea high, flattened to concave, apsacline, deltidial plates rarely preserved, sulcus narrow, shallow, dorsal valve much less convex or flattened, dorsal interior lacking septa or plates, ornament consisting of numerous uniform, rounded costae with frequent bifurcations and narrow interspaces over entire surface, microornament unknown.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"Eurasia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1253, 1a-b. * D. septosa (Phillips), Visean, British Isles, a, holotype, ventral valve, b, transverse section of ventral valve, X1 (Davidson, 1858 in 1858-1863)., \u2014_Fig. 1253, 1c-e. D. carbonaria (M\u2019Coy), dorsal, ventral, and ventral interiors, X1 (Davidson, 1858 in 1858-1863).","Museum_or_author_information":"Davidson, 1858, \nDavidson, 1858","figure_index":"fig. 1253. davidsoninidae and suessiidae (p. 1883-1890).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-242.jpg?height=1558&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carbocyrtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Davidsoninidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Carbocyrtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carbocyrtina IVANOVA, 1975, p. 81","Type_species":"* C. triplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse, ventral interarea high, irregular, concave, delthyrium with convex deltidium, ornament consisting of several rounded plications with fasciculate costae on flanks, fold and sulcus smooth, or with 1 prominent plication, or with several weak ribs, microornament consisting of very fine, recumbent papillae that may produce fimbriate growth lamellae, dorsal valve interior with small, weakly striate ctenophoridium, diverging crural bases, and thin, high median septum, otherwise similar to Davidsonina.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"Russia (Moscow basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1253, 2a-c. *C. triplicata, a, holotype, ventral valve, b-c, dorsal valve exterior and interior, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1253. davidsoninidae and suessiidae (p. 1883-1890).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-242.jpg?height=1558&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laballa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Laballidae","Subfamily":"Laballinae","Genus":"Laballa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laballa MOISSEEV, 1962, p. 51","Type_species":"Spiriferina suessi WINKLER, 1859, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subtrigonal to subpentagonal, strongly ventribiconvex, subpyramidal, ventral umbonal region elongated, beak straight or slightly incurved, ventral interarea high, flattened or slightly concave, weakly apsacline to catacline, delthyrum open, fold and sulcus moderately well developed, rounded, smooth, lateral slopes smooth or very gently folded, microornament of short spinules, ventral interior with very high, short median septum bisecting high, shallow, anteriorly free spondylium, dorsal interior with ctenophoridium and long, high, subparallel dorsal adminicula, jugum free, flattened, fimbriate","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Tethys, northeastern Siberia, New Zealand, New Caledonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1254, 3 a-j. * L. suessi (Winkler), Rhaetian, eastern Alps, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (new), c-g, h-j, transverse sections of 2 specimens, \u00d7 2 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1254. laballidae (p. 1885).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-244.jpg?height=1767&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eolaballa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Laballidae","Subfamily":"Laballinae","Genus":"Eolaballa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eolaballa Liao & MENG, 1986, p. 86","Type_species":"E. pristina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, lateral slopes with 1 or 2 very weak, low, undulating plicae, ventral interarea very narrow with much wider, false interareas laterally, strongly apsacline in adults, catacline in juveniles, jugum unknown, otherwise similar to Laballa","Beginning_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China (Hunan), Sicily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1254, 1a-e. *E. pristina, Hunan, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1254. laballidae (p. 1885).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-244.jpg?height=1767&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudolaballa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Laballidae","Subfamily":"Laballinae","Genus":"Pseudolaballa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudolaballa Dagys, 1974, p. 145","Type_species":"Laballa bittneri DAGYS, 1965, p. 93, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transversely subovate to subquadrate in outline, ventribiconvex, ventral valve subpyramidal, cardinal extremities rounded, ventral interarea high, flattened, smooth, catacline to procline, fold and sulcus well defined, variably wide, rounded, smooth, lateral slopes smooth or obscurely plicate, microornament unknown, ventral interior with moderately deep high spondylium bisected by median septum, dorsal interior with apical callus, low ctenophoridium, and thin, low ridges bounding adductor field, jugum unknown. Upper Triassic (Carnian): northeastern Siberia, New Zealand, New Caledonia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia, New Zealand, New Caledonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1254, 2a-f. *P. bittneri (Dagys), northeastern Siberia, a-c, paratype, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013f, transverse sections, \u00d71 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1254. laballidae (p. 1885).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-244.jpg?height=1767&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinolepismatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Laballidae","Subfamily":"Spinolepismatininae","Genus":"Spinolepismatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinolepismatina DAGYS, 1974, p. 147","Type_species":"Lepismatina rara DAGYS, 1963, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, ventral valve subconical, ventral interarea high, flattened, smooth, fold and sulcus smooth, lateral slopes with several rounded plicae, ventral interior with elevated spondylium, dorsal interior with jugum supported by sessile net. Upper Triassic: Caucasus Mountains.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Caucasus Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1255, 4a-g. *S. rara (DAGYS), a-d, holotype, posterior, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, X1, e-g, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1255. laballidae (p. 1885-1887).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-245.jpg?height=1202&width=1267&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Klipsteinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Laballidae","Subfamily":"Spinolepismatininae","Genus":"Klipsteinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Klipsteinella DAGYS, 1974, p. 150","Type_species":"Spirifer calceola KLIPSTEIN, 1845, p. 227, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve acutely extended and very high, dorsal valve flattened or concave, ventral interarea high, flattened, delthyrium closed by convex deltidium with small apical foramen, fold and sulcus very narrow but well defined, smooth, lateral slopes with few rounded plicae, microornament of small spinules, dorsal interior unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"western Tethys","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1255, 1ad. * K. calceola (Klipstein), southern Alps, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, X3 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1255. laballidae (p. 1885-1887).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-245.jpg?height=1202&width=1267&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Klipsteinelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Laballidae","Subfamily":"Spinolepismatininae","Genus":"Klipsteinelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Klipsteinelloidea SUN, 1981, p. 209","Type_species":"K. tibetica, OD, =K. xizangensis SUN, 1981, p. 210","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subovate, profile subtrigonal, ventral valve very high, subconical, with high, flat, catacline or slightly procline interarea, beak acute, straight, delthyrium narrow, open, dorsal valve thinly convex, fold and sulcus narrow, smooth, poorly defined, cardinal extremities rounded, maximum width attained anterior to hinge line, lateral slopes with few rounded, coarse plicae, microornament unknown, dorsal interior with posteriorly sessile low ctenophoridium, dorsal adminicula short, slightly divergent, jugum unknown. Upper Triassic: China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1255, 2a-h. * K. tibetica, Tibet, a- d, anterior, posterior, lateral, and ventral views, X3 (new), e-h, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1255. laballidae (p. 1885-1887).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-245.jpg?height=1202&width=1267&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paralepismatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Laballidae","Subfamily":"Paralepismatininae","Genus":"Paralepismatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paralepismatina Yang & XU, 1966, p. 38","Type_species":"* P. semiconica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve subconical, dorsal valve weakly convex, cardinal extremities angular, maximum width at hinge line, ventral beak straight, acute, ventral interarea high, flattened, nearly catacline, delthyrium narrow, open, fold and sulcus absent or very poorly developed, entire surfaces of valves with fine, rounded, simple costellae and fine, regular growth lamellae, seemingly absent microornament, ventral interior with short spondylium supported by high, long median septum, ctenophoridium present, jugum unknown. Middle Triassic (Anisian): China (Guizhou).","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1255, 3a-e. * P. semiconica, a-c, paratype, ventral, lateral, and posterior views; d\u2013e, exterior and interior views of dorsal valve, \u00d72 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1255. laballidae (p. 1885-1887).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-245.jpg?height=1202&width=1267&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bittnerula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Bittnerulidae","Subfamily":"Bittnerulinae","Genus":"Bittnerula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bittnerula Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 764","Type_species":"Cyrtina zitteli BITTNER, 1890, p. 117, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, very strongly inequivalved, ventral valve very high, subconical, dorsal valve weakly convex, ventral beak twisted, asymmetrical, ventral interarea very high, flattened, catacline, delthyrium covered by convex deltidium (possible symphytium) pierced by tiny apical foramen, cardinal extremities subangular, maximum width anterior to hinge line, at midlength in type species, lateral slopes of ventral valve rounded in type species, flattened in some species, weak sulcus present, microornament of fine, dense spinules in some species, interior with high median septum fused to dental flanges by thin transverse plate or callus, dorsal interior in type species with complete jugum bearing short anterior process, short dorsal adminicula and jugal net present in some species.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"western Tethys","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1256, 1a-h. *B. zitteli (Bittner), southern Alps, a-d, lateral, posterior, anterior, and enlarged ventral beak, e-h, longitudinal sections, X1 (Bittner, 1892).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bittner, 1892","figure_index":"fig. 1256. bittnerulidae (p. 1888-1889).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-246.jpg?height=1108&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leiolepismatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Bittnerulidae","Subfamily":"Bittnerulinae","Genus":"Leiolepismatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leiolepismatina Yang & XU, 1966, p. 39","Type_species":"* L. semiconula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subsemicircular in outline, strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve high, subconical, dorsal valve moderately convex, cardinal extremities rounded, ventral interarea very high, flat, catacline, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus absent, shell lacking macro- or microornament, high median septum connected to dental flanges by bisected transverse band of callus, presence of functional spondylium not certain, dorsal interior with small ctenophoridium, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1256, 3 a-f. * L. semiconula, a-b, ventral and posterior views of ventral valve, \u00d7 4, c-d, exterior and interior views of dorsal valve, \u00d72; e\u2013f, transverse sections, approximately \u00d74 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1256. bittnerulidae (p. 1888-1889).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-246.jpg?height=1108&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecocyrtella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Bittnerulidae","Subfamily":"Bittnerulinae","Genus":"Thecocyrtella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecocyrtella B ITTNER , 1892, p. 15, nom. nov. pro Cyrtotheca BITTNER, 1890, p. 116, non HICKS, 1872","Type_species":"Cyrtotheca ampezzana B ITTNER , 1890, p. 116; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small; strongly ventribiconvex; ventral valve high, symmetrical, beak incurved; dorsal valve probably slightly concave; widest at hinge line, cardinal extremities angular; ventral interarea well de\ufb01ned, concave; delthyrium completely closed by convex deltidium; fold and sulcus absent; microornament of \ufb01ne growth lines only; ventral interior with long median septum; other internal details unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"western Tethys","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1256, 2a\u2013d. *T. ampezzanaa (BITTNER), Alps; holotype, posterior, dorsal (showing part of brachidium), ventral, and lateral views, \u00d73 (Bittner, 1890).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1256. bittnerulidae (p. 1888-1889).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-246.jpg?height=1108&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecocyrtelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Bittnerulidae","Subfamily":"Bittnerulinae","Genus":"Thecocyrtelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecocyrtelloidea YANG & XU , 1966, p. 58","Type_species":"T. tubulosa; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, ventral valve strongly subconical, dorsal weakly convex; ventral beak commonly asymmetrical; ventral interarea high, \ufb02attened, weakly convex or concave, catacline to procline; deltidium widely convex with numerous \ufb01ne tubules; semicircular pedicle foramen seemingly present proximally; fold and sulcus narrow, very weakly developed; microornament unknown; ventral interior with long median septum; ventral adminicula possibly absent or very short; spondylium absent; dorsal interior with broad, bilobed ctenophoridium; jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1256, 4a\u2013g. *T. tubulosa; a\u2013e, topotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d74 (new); f\u2013g, transverse sections, approximately \u00d73 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1256. bittnerulidae (p. 1888-1889).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-246.jpg?height=1108&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hirsutella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Bittnerulidae","Subfamily":"Hirsutellinae","Genus":"Hirsutella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hirsutella Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Hirsutina Kirchner, 1933, p. 106, non Tutt, 1909","Type_species":"Spirifer? hirsutus ALBERTI, 1864, p. 156, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline transversely subovate, usually strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve subpyramidal, dorsal valve flattened or weakly convex, cardinal extremities subangular to rounded, ventral interarea high, catacline, fold and sulcus weakly developed, entire surface covered with moderately numerous, rounded, simple costae, microornament unknown, ventral interior with high median septum laterally fused to valve wall and dental flanges by callus, dorsal interior with stout, thick ctenophoridium supported by thick callus, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"western Tethys.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1257, 1a\u2013b. *H. hirsuta (ALBERTI), Germany; exterior and interior views of ventral valve, \u00d71 (Kirchner, 1933).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1257, 1c\u2013g. H. multicostata Y ANG & YIN ; dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d71 (Xu & Liu, 1983a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1257. bittnerulidae (p. 1889).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-248.jpg?height=1423&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Flabellocyrtia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Bittnerulidae","Subfamily":"Hirsutellinae","Genus":"Flabellocyrtia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Flabellocyrtia Chorowicz & TERMIER, 1975, p. 235","Type_species":"*. flabellum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve high, subconical, dorsal valve flattened, ventral interarea high, slightly concave, smooth, catacline, delthyrium completely closed by deltidium, fold and sulcus weakly developed, narrow, lateral slopes with few rounded plicae, sulcus with weak median rib, microornament unknown, dorsal interior with fine, radiating grooves anteriorly, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Geography":"Yugoslavia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1257, 3a-e. *F. flabellum, a-c, lateral, dorsal, and ventral views, X5.3, d, ventral interior, X5.45, e, dorsal interior, X7.3 (Chorowicz & Termier, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chorowicz & Termier, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1257. bittnerulidae (p. 1889).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-248.jpg?height=1423&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neocyrtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Bittnerulidae","Subfamily":"Hirsutellinae","Genus":"Neocyrtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neocyrtina Yang & XU, 1966, p. 62","Type_species":"N. mixodeltidiumosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with subconical ventral valve and weakly convex dorsal valve, maximum width at hinge line, cardinal extremities angular, ventral interarea high, flattened, catacline to procline, delthyrial cover bipartite with imbricating plates proximally and irregular solid nodules or tubules apically, fold and sulcus weakly delimited, smooth, fold with medial depression, lateral slopes with few plicae, growth lamellae closely imbricate, other microornament absent, punctae fine, ventral interior with thick callus uniting dental flanges and high, strong median septum, dorsal interior with short, broad ctenophoridium, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1257, 2 a-i. *N*. mixodeltidiumosa, a, holotype, posterior view, b, dorsal interior, \u00d7 4, c-f, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, \u00d7 2, g-i, transverse sections, approximately \u00d7 4 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & Xu, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1257. bittnerulidae (p. 1889).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-248.jpg?height=1423&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiriferinoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Bittnerulidae","Subfamily":"Hirsutellinae","Genus":"Spiriferinoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiriferinoides T\u00d3UYAMA, 1957, p. 101","Type_species":"S. sakawanus Kobayashi & Tokuyama in TOKUYAMA, 1957, p. 101, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline transversely subovate to subsemicircular, ventribiconvex, ventral valve strongly convex, dorsal valve flattened, weakly convex, cardinal extremities rounded, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, apsacline, ventral beak moderately incurved, fold and sulcus well developed, rounded, smooth, lateral slopes with few rounded, simple plicae, microornament of dense, fine spinules, internally similar to Hirsutella, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Japan, Primorye (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1257, 4a-d. *S. sakawanus (Kobayashi & T\u00f3uyama), holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, X2 (Tokuyama, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tokuyama, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1257. bittnerulidae (p. 1889).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-248.jpg?height=1423&width=1283&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Suessia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Suessioidea","Family":"Suessiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Suessia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Suessia EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1855, p. 6","Type_species":"S. costata, SD DAVIDSON, 1854, p. 28","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve high, strongly convex, dorsal valve much less convex, ventral interarea high, concave, fold and sulcus present, microornament unknown, ventral interior with high median septum horizontally expanded at posterodorsal margin, dorsal interior with complete jugum, bearing anterior process","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1253, 3ac. *S. costata, posterior, ventral valve posterior, and dorsal interior views, magnification unknown (Hall & Clarke, 1894).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall & Clarke, 1894","figure_index":"fig. 1253. davidsoninidae and suessiidae (p. 1883-1890).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-242.jpg?height=1558&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spondylospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Spondylospiridae","Subfamily":"Spondylospirinae","Genus":"Spondylospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spondylospira COOPER, 1942, p. 232","Type_species":"S. reesidei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve high, subconical, dorsal gently convex, hinge line less than maximum width, ventral interarea high, flattened, apsacline to procline, vertically grooved, commonly covered with multipartite punctate cover (cooperculum), entire hinge line crenulate, delthyrium open or partially closed by disjunct deltidial plates leaving apical foramen, fold and sulcus well developed, valves entirely costate, costae increasing by bifurcation, those on foldsulcus weakest, microornament unknown, spondylium high, short, sessile jugum supported by net, ctenophoridium present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian)","Geography":"western North America, western South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1258, 3a-i. *S. reesidei, Norian, Idaho, USA, a-e, lectotype, lateral, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, f-g, dorsal and ventral views; h, dorsal interior; i, ventral interior, \u00d71 (Hoover, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1258. spondylospiridae (p. 1891-1893).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-250.jpg?height=1839&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phenacozugmayerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Spondylospiridae","Subfamily":"Spondylospirinae","Genus":"Phenacozugmayerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phenacozugmayerella HOOVER, 1991, p. 89","Type_species":"P. mimuncinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventral valve high, subpyramidal, ventral interarea high, flattened to moderately concave, entirely crenulate, delthyrium long, narrow, open, fold and sulcus moderately well developed, subangular, smooth, lateral slopes with 3 to 5 coarse subangular plicae, microornament very finely cancellate with fine capillae and slightly lamellose growth lamellae, spondylium bisected by long, high median septum, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (upper Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (middle Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (upper Carnian-middle Norian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska, Nevada, Oregon)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1258, 2a-e. * P. mimuncinata, middle Norian, Nevada, paratype, anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (Hoover, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hoover, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1258. spondylospiridae (p. 1891-1893).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-250.jpg?height=1839&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":26.1,"beginning_date":234.47,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":212.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vitimetula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Spondylospiridae","Subfamily":"Spondylospirinae","Genus":"Vitimetula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vitimetula HOOVER, 1991, p. 85","Type_species":"V. parva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, extremely ventribiconvex, ventral valve very high, subconical, dorsal valve much thinner, moderately convex, ventral interarea high, flattened, narrow, catacline, entirely crenulate, delthyrium very narrow, open, fold and sulcus weakly developed, narrow, smooth, fold sometimes absent, lateral slopes with few very weak ribs, microornament unknown, spondylium shallow, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"USA (Idaho)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1258, 1a-g. *V. parva, a-e, holotype, anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, f-g, dorsal and ventral interiors, X3 (Hoover, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hoover, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1258. spondylospiridae (p. 1891-1893).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-250.jpg?height=1839&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yanospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Spondylospiridae","Subfamily":"Spondylospirinae","Genus":"Yanospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yanospira DAGYS, 1977, p. 11","Type_species":"* Y. bychkovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, cardinal extremities rounded, ventral interarea orthocline to slightly apsacline, bipartite, outer part smooth, inner part vertically grooved, hinge line partially crenulate, fold and sulcus well defined, moderately developed, smooth, lateral slopes with few rounded plicae, microornament absent, spondylium deep, dorsal interior with ctenophoridium supported by short, thick median septum or callus, low adductor platform bounded by lateral ridges present, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1258, 5a-g. *Y. bychkovi, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, X1, e-g, transverse sections, X2.7 (Dagys, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1258. spondylospiridae (p. 1891-1893).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-250.jpg?height=1839&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zugmayerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Spondylospiridae","Subfamily":"Spondylospirinae","Genus":"Zugmayerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zugmayerella DAGYS, 1963, p. 99","Type_species":"*Spiriferina koessenensis ZUGMAYER, 1882, p. 354, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, ventral valve subconical, ventral interarea high, slightly concave, vertically grooved, hinge line entirely crenulate, delthyrium partially closed by deltidium with apical foramen, fold and sulcus well developed, rounded, smooth, or with weak, low median rib, lateral slopes with few rounded plicae, microornament of short spinules, spondylium elevated, jugum sessile.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Tethyan seaway, northeastern Siberia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1258, 4a-g. *Z. koessenensis (Zugmayer), a-d, posterior, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, \u00d7 1, e-g, transverse sections, approximately \u00d7 2 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1258. spondylospiridae (p. 1891-1893).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-250.jpg?height=1839&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dagyspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Spondylospiridae","Subfamily":"Dagyspiriferina","Genus":"Dagyspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dagyspirifer HOOVER, 1991, p. 77","Type_species":"D. fascicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, spiriferoid with subglobose, arched ventral valve and incurved umbo, dorsal valve unknown, cardinal extremities well rounded, hinge line much less than maximum width, ventral interarea narrow, concave, partially crenulate, delthyrium possibly with narrow deltidial plates, sulcus moderately wide and deep, well delimited by strong bounding plicae, entire surface with several coarse ribs, each with bundles of several much finer, fasciculate costae, microornament finely pustulose, dental adminicula long and close set, bisected by long, high median septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (lower Norian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (lower Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (lower Norian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1259, 1a-f. *D. fascicostata; a\u2013e, anterior, posterior, ventral, ventral interior, and lateral views, \u00d71; f, enlargement of apical portion of ventral interior, \u00d73 (Hoover, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1259. spondylospiridae (p. 1893).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-251.jpg?height=948&width=1273&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":216.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudospondylospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Spondylospiridae","Subfamily":"Dagyspiriferina","Genus":"Pseudospondylospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudospondylospira HOOVER, 1991, p. 78","Type_species":"* P. perplexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, cyrtinoid, ventral valve high, subpyramidal, beak slightly incurved, dorsal valve moderately convex, cardinal extremities rounded, maximum width posterior to midlength, ventral interarea high, flattened but apically concave, partially crenulate, apically pierced by foramena, delthyrium long and narrow, with very narrow deltidial plates, fold and sulcus moderately developed and delineated, entire surface with numerous simple and bifurcating costae, microornament unknown, ventral interior with delicate spondylium, dorsal interior with bilobate ctenophoridium and jugum supported by jugal net.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian)","Geography":"USA (Alaska, Nevada, Oregon)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1259, 2a-f. * P. perplexa, lower Carnian, Alaska, a-e, holotype, anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1, f, oblique view of ventral interior, X3 (Hoover, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hoover, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1259. spondylospiridae (p. 1893).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-251.jpg?height=948&width=1273&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rastelligera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Rastelligeridae","Subfamily":"Rastelligerinae","Genus":"Rastelligera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rastelligera Hector, 1879, p. 538","Type_species":"* R. elongata HecTor in Thomson, 1913, p. 50, SD THOMSON, 1913, p. 50","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, transverse, cardinal extremities alate to mucronate, subequally biconvex, moderately inflated, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth, both interareas vertically grooved, hinge line almost entirely crenulate, flanks strongly plicate, microornament not pustulose, ventral interior with dental adminicula convergent but not meeting median septum to form spondylium, teeth, dental adminicula, and socket ridges lost in some younger species, median septum low, thin, muscle field large, well defined in species lacking dental adminicula, dorsal interior with small, sessile, diamond-shaped ctenophoridium, jugum complete, simple.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1260, 3a-c. *R. elongata, Rhaetian, a, holotype, cast of ventral valve, b, cast of ventral interior, X1, c, ventral interarea, X2 (J. D. Campbell, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1260, 3d-f. R. malingi Campbell, d-e, dorsal and ventral views, X1, f, ventral interarea, X10 (J. D. Campbell, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"J. D. Campbell, 1968, \nJ. D. Campbell, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1260. rastelligeridae (p. 1894-1895).\nfig. 1260. rastelligeridae (p. 1894-1895).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-252.jpg?height=1282&width=1285&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-252.jpg?height=1282&width=1285&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boreiospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Rastelligeridae","Subfamily":"Rastelligerinae","Genus":"Boreiospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boreiospira Dagys, 1974, p. 126","Type_species":"Spiriferina lundgreni \u0412\u041e\u0415\u041d\u041c, 1903, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, much wider than long, outline transversely subtrigonal, cardinal extremities alate, both valves weakly and subequally convex, ventral umbonal region poorly differentiated, beak inconspicuous, ventral interarea low, apsacline or nearly orthocline, entire hinge line crenulate, fold and sulcus poorly delineated, rounded, slightly wider than lateral ribbing, lateral slopes with few strong, rounded plicae separated by slightly narrower, subangular interspaces, microornament of densely spaced spinules, ventral interior with very short dental adminicula that converge toward long, stout median septum at umbo, spondylium absent, jugum probably incomplete","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Spitzbergen, Arctic Canada, Siberia (Medvezhi Islands, Yakutia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1260, 1a-e. * B. lundgreni (\u0412\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043c), Ellesmere Island, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (Logan, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Logan, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1260. rastelligeridae (p. 1894-1895).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-252.jpg?height=1282&width=1285&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psioidiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Rastelligeridae","Subfamily":"Rastelligerinae","Genus":"Psioidiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psioidiella CAMPBELL, 1968, p. 33","Type_species":"Spiriferina otamitensis TRECHMANN, 1918, p. 225, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, alate to mucronate, cardinal extremities acute, moderately and subequally biconvex, fold and sulcus narrow, rounded, flanks with several strong, rounded plications, microornament apparently absent, both interareas partially crenulate near delthyium and notothyrium, ventral interior with sessile spondylium, median septum high anteriorly, dorsal interior with well-developed sockets and low ctenophoridium, jugum unknown. Upper Triassic (Carnian-Rhaetian): New Zealand, New Caledonia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"New Zealand, New Caledonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1260, 2a-b. * P. otamitensis (Trechmann), holotype, ventral and dorsal views, X2 (J. D. Campbell, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1260, 2c-d. P. drotae Campbell, ventral internal mold and ventral interarea, X1 (J. D. Campbell, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"J. D. Campbell, 1968, \nJ. D. Campbell, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1260. rastelligeridae (p. 1894-1895).\nfig. 1260. rastelligeridae (p. 1894-1895).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-252.jpg?height=1282&width=1285&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-252.jpg?height=1282&width=1285&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dentospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Rastelligeridae","Subfamily":"Dentospiriferininae","Genus":"Dentospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dentospiriferina DAGYS, 1965, p. 109","Type_species":"D. pepeliaevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subovate, subequally biconvex, cardinal extremities well rounded, hinge line narrower than maximum width, ventral umbonal region broad, beak slightly incurved, ventral interarea moderately high, bipartite, outer area smooth, inner area marked with coarse vertical grooves, hinge line crenulate medially, noncrenulate laterally, fold and sulcus well delineated, moderately developed, smoothly rounded, lateral slopes with weak or obscure plicae, microornament of fine, dense, regularly arranged spinules, ventral interior with stout, long, dental adminicula, median septum, and thick apical callus, jugum complete.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1261, 1 a-g. *D. pepeliaevi, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, posterior view of ventral valve, X3, f-g, transverse sections, approximately X1.5 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1261. rastelligeridae (p. 1895-1897).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-254.jpg?height=1825&width=1292&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Canadospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Rastelligeridae","Subfamily":"Dentospiriferininae","Genus":"Canadospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Canadospira DAGYS, 1972a, p. 40","Type_species":"Spiriferina (Psioidia) canadensis LOGAN, 1967, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, outline transversely subovate, strongly ventribiconvex, ventral valve strongly inflated, subpyramidal, cardinal extremities rounded, maximum width near midlength, ventral interarea high, moderately concave, strongly apsacline to catacline, vertically grooved, hinge line entirely crenulate, fold and sulcus rounded, strongly developed, moderately wide, well defined by strong ventral bounding plicae and deep dorsal interspaces, lateral slopes with few low, rounded plicae separated by wide, rounded interspaces, microornament unknown, ventral interior with long, subparallel dental adminicula and long, high median septum, ctenophoridium supported by short, thin median septum, jugum complete.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1261, 3a-g. *C. canadensis (Logan), a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f-g, transverse sections, X2 (Logan, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Logan, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1261. rastelligeridae (p. 1895-1897).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-254.jpg?height=1825&width=1292&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orientospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Rastelligeridae","Subfamily":"Dentospiriferininae","Genus":"Orientospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orientospira DAGYS, 1965, p. 101","Type_species":"O. gregaria, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, moderately transverse to slightly elongate, outline subquadrate to subovate, subequally biconvex, ventral valve usually more convex than dorsal, both valves moderately inflated, hinge line slightly less than maximum width, cardinal extremities subangular, ventral umbonal region broad, beak incurved, ventral interarea low, apsacline, vertically grooved, hinge line almost entirely crenulate, fold and sulcus well defined, moderately wide, rounded, lateral slopes with few coarse plicae separated by narrow interspaces, microornament absent, both valves much thickened by callus posteriorly, ventral interior with converging dental adminicula fused to median septum near floor of valve, forming low spondylium, jugum sessile anteriorly, supported by elongate ridges and net.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1261, 4a-f. *O. gregaria, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (new), d-f, transverse sections, approximately X1.5 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1261. rastelligeridae (p. 1895-1897).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-254.jpg?height=1825&width=1292&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psioidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spondylospiroidea","Family":"Rastelligeridae","Subfamily":"Dentospiriferininae","Genus":"Psioidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psioidea HECTOR, 1879, p. 538","Type_species":"Spiriferina suessi var. australis TRECHMANN, 1918, p. 225, SD Thomson, defined","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Defined ventral interior spondylium, jugum unknown, microornament unknown, from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) period, found in New Zealand","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1261, 2a-d. *P. australis (Trechmann), a-b, dorsal and ventral views of steinkern, c, cast of ventral valve, X1 (Trechmann, 1918), d, mold of dorsal valve, X1.5 (Marwick, 1953).","Museum_or_author_information":"Trechmann, 1918, \nMarwick, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 1261. rastelligeridae (p. 1895-1897).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-254.jpg?height=1825&width=1292&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syringothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Syringothyridinae","Genus":"Syringothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syringothyris WINCHELL, 1863, p. 6","Type_species":"S. typa, SD ICZN Opinion 100, 1928, p. 12, =Spirifer carteri HALL, 1857, p. 170","Synonyms_with_authors":"Syringopleura Schuchert, 1910, p. 224 (type, Spirifer randalli Simpson, 1890, p. 441, OD), Prosyringothyris Frederiks, 1916, p. 51 (type, P. northi, OD), Protosyringothyris Frederiks, 1918a, p. 88, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Syringopleura, Prosyringothyris, Protosyringothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dental adminicula long, subparallel, pedicle valve often subconical or hemipyramidal with high, flattened interarea, beak straight or rarely slightly incurved, delthyrium largely covered by stegidial plates, forming tubular foramen in some species, perideltidial areas well developed","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1262a-d. *S. carteri (Hall), upper Tournaisian, Iowa, USA, posterior, lateral, anterior, and dorsal views, X1 (Weller, 1914)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1262e. S. bedfordensis Hyde, upper Famennian, Ohio, USA, ventral interior, X1 (Hyde, 1953).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914, \nHyde, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 1262. syringothyrididae (p. 1898).\nfig. 1262. syringothyrididae (p. 1898).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-256.jpg?height=1223&width=1272&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-256.jpg?height=1223&width=1272&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septosyringothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Septosyringothyridinae","Genus":"Septosyringothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septosyringothyris VANDERCAMMEN, 1955, p. 2","Type_species":"S. demaneti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Syrinx suspended between delthyrial plate and floor of valve by bifid median septum, otherwise similar to Syringothyris","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"Europe, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1263, 1a\u2013d. *S. demaneti, Tournaisian, Belgium; a\u2013b, holotype, ventral and posterior views, \u00d71; c\u2013d, transverse sections of ventral valves, \u00d74.5 (Vandercammen, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1263. syringothyrididae (p. 1898-1899).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-257.jpg?height=1600&width=1279&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Histosyrinx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Septosyringothyridinae","Genus":"Histosyrinx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Histosyrinx Termier & Termier in Massa, Termier, & TERMIER, 1974, p. 168","Type_species":"H. vautrini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dental adminicula greatly thickened by callus deposits that converge to simulate delthyrial plate, syrinx supported by short, stout median septum, otherwise similar to Septosyringothyris","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1263, 2a-g. * H. vautrini, a-b, syntype, dorsal and posterior views, X1.33, c, ventral interior, X1.2, d, ventral interior, X1.36 (Massa, Termier, & Termier, 1974), e-g, transverse sections, X1 (Legrand-Blain, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Massa, Termier, & Termier, 1974, \nLegrand-Blain, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1263. syringothyrididae (p. 1898-1899).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-257.jpg?height=1600&width=1279&top_left_y=152&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Permasyrinx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Permasyrinx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Permasyrinx WATERHOUSE, 1983b, p. 155","Type_species":"Subansiria procera ARMSTRONG, 1970a, p. 149, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately transverse with rounded cardinal extremities, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, apsacline, beak incurved in some species, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with moderately numerous plicae, dental adminicula short, delthyrial plate well developed, adductor field on floor of valve","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Permian (upper Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Kasimovian)-Permian (upper Artinskian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1264, 1a-d. *P. procera (ArmSTRONG), ?Aktastinian, Cisuralian, Queensland, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Armstrong, 1970a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Armstrong, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1264. syringothyrididae (p. 1899-1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-259.jpg?height=1792&width=1276&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asyrinxia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Asyrinxia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asyrinxia CAMPBELL, 1957, p. 80","Type_species":"Spirifera lata M'COY, 1847, p. 233, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly transverse, moderately high ventral interarea with well-defined perideltidial areas, ventral interior with parallel dental adminicula, delthyrial plate absent","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1265, 2a-c. *A. lata (M'Coy), a, lectotype, ventral mold, b, ventral interarea, X1, c, dorsal view, X0.9 (Campbell, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1265. syringothyrididae (p. 1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-260.jpg?height=1874&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Cyrtella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtella FREDERIKS, 1924, p. 312","Type_species":"Cyrtia kulikiana FREDERIKS, 1916, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Asyrinx Hudson & Sudbury, 1959, p. 46 (type, A. haushensis, OD), Punctocyrtella Plodowski, 1968, p. 252 (type, P. spinosa, OD), ?=Kungaella Solomina, 1988, p. 44 (type, Pseudosyringothyris inopinatus Solomina, 1970, p. 101, OD)","Synonyms":"Asyrinx, Kungaella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly transverse, ventral interarea moderately high, flattened, perideltidial areas well developed, flanks with moderately numerous ribs, delthyrial plate absent but simulated by thick callus, dental adminicula short, widely divergent, dorsal fold with distinctive median furrow","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Russia, Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1266, 2 a-e. *C*. kulikiana (Frederiks), Russia, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views of large syntype, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1266. syringothyrididae (p. 1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-261.jpg?height=1853&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Myodelthyrium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Myodelthyrium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Myodelthyrium TH\u041e\u041c\u0410\u042f, 1985, p. 164","Type_species":"Pseudosyringothyris dickensi THOMAS, 1971, p. 140, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventral interior with short, divergent dental adminicula and well-developed delthyrial plate, underside of delthyrial plate with pair of elongate oval muscle scars separated by median longitudinal ridge, substantial apical callosity present, dorsal cardinalia massive, otherwise similar to Pseudosyrinx.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1265, 1a-e. *M. dickensi (Thomas), a-c, holotype, anterior, dorsal, and posterior views, X1, d, dorsal interior, X1.5, e, posterior view showing perideltidial areas, X1 (Thomas, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Thomas, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1265. syringothyrididae (p. 1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-260.jpg?height=1874&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Primorewia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Primorewia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Primorewia Likharev & KOTLJAR, 1978, p. 71","Type_species":"P. reshetnikov, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, very transverse, moderately biconvex, cardinal extremities alate, umbonal region narrow, short, ventral interarea moderately high, weakly concave, delthyrium wide, lateral slopes with few wide, simple, rounded plicae, sulcus smooth, fold with distinct median furrow, ventral interior with moderate apical callus, moderately long, diverging dental adminicula, delthyrial plate and short, stout median ridge in apical portion of ventral muscle field, otherwise similar to Cyrtella.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kungurian)","First_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kungurian-Roadian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1264, 2a-e. *P. reshetnikov, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, e, natural mold of ventral interior, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1264. syringothyrididae (p. 1899-1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-259.jpg?height=1792&width=1276&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":283.3,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudosyringothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Pseudosyringothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudosyringothyris FREDERIKS, 1916, p. 51","Type_species":"P. karpinskii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Grigor'eva (1977) states that the validity of P. karpinskii, and hence of this genus, is in doubt because intensive collecting for topotypes has failed to produce specimens internally similar to Frederiks's description of the type.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Delthyrial plate with median longitudinal thickening, otherwise similar to Cyrtella","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1266, 1a-b. * P. karpinskii, a, ventral interarea, X0.7, b, transverse section of ventral valve, X2 (Frederiks, 1916).","Museum_or_author_information":"Frederiks, 1916","figure_index":"fig. 1266. syringothyrididae (p. 1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-261.jpg?height=1853&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudosyrinx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Pseudosyrinx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudosyrinx WELLER, 1914, p. 404","Type_species":"P. missouriensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, externally similar to Syringothyris, ventral interarea high, flattened, usually procline, more rarely catacline to slightly apsacline, delthyrial plate large, slightly below plane of interarea, syrinx absent, position of adductor attachment unknown.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-lower Visean)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1267, 1a-e. * P. missouriensis, upper Tournaisian, Missouri, USA, holotype, anterior, posterior, lateral, ventral, and dorsal views, X1 (Weller, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 1267. syringothyrididae (p. 1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-262.jpg?height=1653&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":341.32,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subansiria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Subansiria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subansiria Sahni & SRIVASTAVA, 1956, p. 212","Type_species":"S. ranganensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves subequally biconvex with low, strongly concave, apsacline ventral interarea, syrinx lacking, delthyrial plate near inner valve surface, otherwise similar to Cyrtella","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1267, 3a-b. * S. ranganensis, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, X1 (Sahni & Srivastava, 1956).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Sahni & Srivastava, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1267. syringothyrididae (p. 1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-262.jpg?height=1653&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcicosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Sulcicosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcicosta WATERHOUSE, 1983b, p. 156","Type_species":"Pseudosyrinx plicata ARMSTRONG, 1970a, p. 142, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline variable from transverse to elongate, ventribiconvex, ventral interarea moderately high, apsacline, broad, shallow sulcus moderately well defined, narrow fold well defined, fold and sulcus bearing several low but distinct ribs on sides, fold with median furrow, lateral slopes with few strong, simple ribs, interspaces narrow, ventral interior with short delthyrial plate that bears lateral ridges along sides of dental adminicula, dental adminicula high, very thin, moderately long, divergent, callus deposits absent, dorsal valve with low median ridge, otherwise similar to Cyrtella.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1267, 2a-d. *S. plicata (ArmSTRONG), holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Armstrong, 1970a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Armstrong, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1267. syringothyrididae (p. 1900).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-262.jpg?height=1653&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Verkhotomia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Verkhotomia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Verkhotomia SOKOLSKAYA, 1963, p. 280","Type_species":"*V*. plenoides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, strongly inflated, subequally biconvex, ventral interarea moderately low, moderately concave, apsacline, lateral slopes with few to moderately numerous simple ribs with septum. Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian-Visean): Russia, North America.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian-Visean)","Geography":"Russia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1268a-d. *V. plenoides, Visean, Kuznets basin, Siberia, a-c, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, X1 (new), d, ventral interior, X1 (Sokolskaya, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sokolskaya, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1268. syringothyrididae (p. 1900-1904).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-263.jpg?height=869&width=816&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=664)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dimegelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Dimegelasmidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dimegelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dimegelasma Cooper, 1942, p. 232","Type_species":"Spirifer neglectus HALL, 1858, p. 643, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"=Doescherella Abramov & Grigor'eva, 1987, p. 121, nom. nov. pro Crassispirifer Abramov & Grigor'eva, 1986, p. 162, non Archbold & Thomas, 1985 (type, C. grandicostatus, OD)","Synonyms":"Doescherella, Crassispirifer","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, strongly biconvex, subovate in outline, hinge line much less than maximum width, beak ridges absent, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, apsacline, consisting essentially of narrow perideltium and laterally rounded, poorly defined, false interareas, fold and sulcus moderately well developed, sulcus with broad median plica and often with pair of weaker lateral plicae, fold usually well rounded, lateral slopes with few broad plicae, delthyrial plate short, thin, dental adminicula very long, slender, slightly diverging, cardinalia wide, elevated, supported by low, stout median septum","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"North America, northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1269, 1a-f. *D. neglecta (HALl), Iowa, USA, a-d, ventral, lateral, dorsal, and anterior views, X1 (Weller, 1914), e-f, ventral and dorsal interiors, X0.7 (Cooper, 1944).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1269, 1g. D. grandicostatus (Abramov & Grigor'eva), holotype, ventral valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914, \nCooper, 1944","figure_index":"fig. 1269. dimegelasmidae (p. 1905-1906).\nfig. 1269. dimegelasmidae (p. 1905-1906).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-264.jpg?height=1627&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-264.jpg?height=1627&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guilinospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Dimegelasmidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Guilinospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guilinospirifer Xu & YAO, 1988, p. 306","Type_species":"G. obscurus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, subequally biconvex, outline transversely subovate, lateral extremities well rounded, fold and sulcus poorly developed, flanks with 3 to 5 simple, flattened plications, with sulcus-bounding plications notably stronger than other lateral ribs, sulcus simple or with very broad median and 2 narrower, lateral sulcal plications, delthyrial plate absent, dental adminicula long.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"China (Guilin Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1269, 3a-c. * G. obscurus, a, holotype, dorsal valve interior, b-c, two dorsal valve exteriors, X1 (new).-Fig. 1269, 3d. G. peregrinus Xu & YaO, ventral valve, X1.5 (Xu & Yao, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Yao, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1269. dimegelasmidae (p. 1905-1906).\nfig. 1269. dimegelasmidae (p. 1905-1906).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-264.jpg?height=1627&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-264.jpg?height=1627&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zeugopleura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Dimegelasmidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zeugopleura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zeugopleura CARTER, 1988, p. 71","Type_species":"Spirifer jeffersonensis WELLER, 1906, p. 444, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small to medium size, with pair of simple costae in sulcus that rarely bifurcate, lateral extremities rounded, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, procline, perideltidial areas large, lateral slopes with moderately numerous flattened plicae, ventral interior with very small, apical delthyrial plate and slender, moderately long dental adminicula.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1269, 2 a-f. ^* Z. jeffersonensis (Weller), a, lectotype, ventral valve, b-e, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views of large ventral valve, f, dorsal valve, X1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1269. dimegelasmidae (p. 1905-1906).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-264.jpg?height=1627&width=1277&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Licharewia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Licharewia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Licharewia EINOR, 1939, p. 69","Type_species":"Spirifer stuckenbergi NECHAEV, 1900, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rugulatia So\u043a\u043elSKAYA, 1952, p. 187 (type, Spirifer rugulatus Kutorga, 1842, p. 22, OD)","Synonyms":"Rugulatia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, usually transverse with greatest width at or near hinge line, umbonal region moderately inflated and defined, cardinal extremities subangular to rounded, ventral beak moderately incurved, ventral interarea low to moderately high, concave, apsacline to orthocline, floor of sulcus smooth, sides of sulcus sometimes with weak ribs, fold smooth, flanks with moderately numerous rounded, simple, or very rarely bifurcating costae, microornament of short, weak striae crudely arranged in quincunx, dental adminicula stout, curved, diverging, much thickened by layered callus deposits, simulating delthyrial plate, sparsely punctate","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1270, 1a-d. *L. stuckenbergi (NeChaEv), holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1270. licharewiidae (p. 1908).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-265.jpg?height=1874&width=1276&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Olgerdia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Olgerdia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Olgerdia GRIGOR\u2019EVA, 1977, p. 50","Type_species":"O. zavodowskii, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely oval or rounded to widely triangular, width usually exceeding length, subequally biconvex, ventral interarea nearly orthocline, flattened to evenly concave, fold and sulcus distinct, smooth, lateral slopes with moderately numerous simple ribs, ventral interior with curved dental adminicula, obscurely seen in transverse section, buried in very thick, seemingly nonlayered callus in adults, dental flanges medially arcuate in transverse section, thick, archlike callus simulates delthyrial plate in adults, otherwise similar to Licharewia.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"northeastern Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1270, 3a-e. * O. zavodowskii, paratype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, large ventral valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1270. licharewiidae (p. 1908).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-265.jpg?height=1874&width=1276&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orulgania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orulgania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orulgania Solomina & CHERNIAK, 1961, p. 61","Type_species":"O. naumovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline variable, usually transverse, umbonal region broad, poorly delineated, beak slightly incurved, sulcus smooth to weakly ribbed, fold usually with median furrow, lateral slopes with moderately numerous flattened, simple ribs, ventral interarea moderately high, flattened to moderately concave, apsacline, ventral interior with very long, straight, evenly thickened dental adminicula, delthyrial plate recessed well below plane of ventral interarea, umbonal callus moderate.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1271, 1. *O. naumovi, holotype, ventral view, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1271. licharewiidae (p. 1908).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-267.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Penzhinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Penzhinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Penzhinella SOLOMINA, 1985, p. 119","Type_species":"Licharewia micluchomaclayi Zavodovski\u0131 in ZavodovskiI & STEPANOV, 1971, p. 136, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transversely subovate to subpentagonal, subequally biconvex, umbonal region of both valves narrow and extended with moderately incurved beaks, ventral interarea moderately high, flattened or concave, delthyrium occluded in umbonal region by true delthyrial plate, fold and sulcus well delineated, fold smooth, sulcus smooth or with weak ribs on sides of sulcus, flanks with few coarse, simple ribs, ventral interior with short, arcuately curved dental adminicula thickened by callus, muscle field poorly distinguished, with oval diductors and short narrow adductors separated by myophragm, dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"northeastern Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1271, 2a-d. *P. micluchomaclayi (Zavodovskit), Siberia, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views, X1 (Solomina, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Solomina, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1271. licharewiidae (p. 1908).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-267.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Permospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Permospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Permospirifer KULIKOV, 1950, p. 5","Type_species":"Spirifer keyserlingi NECHAEV, 1911, p. 84, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventral umbo reduced, poorly defined, beak tiny, scarcely incurved, ventral interarea moderately high, flattened or weakly concave, strongly apsacline to orthocline, microornament pustulose, otherwise similar to Licharewia.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1271, 4a-d. *P. keyserlingi (Nechaev), a-b, syntype, exterior and interior views of large ventral valve, c-d, dorsal and lateral views of crushed specimen, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1271. licharewiidae (p. 1908).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-267.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pyramidathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pyramidathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pyramidathyris HU, 1983, p. 106","Type_species":"P. aliensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline semipyramidal, presence or absence of perideltidial areas unknown, delthyrium narrow, externally similar to small Syringothyris, microornament of concentrically arranged, fine pustules, lacking delthyrial plate, syrinx, or median ridge, dental adminicula long, thin, subparallel.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1270, 2a-d. *P. aliensis, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, X1 (Hu, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Hu}, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1270. licharewiidae (p. 1908).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-265.jpg?height=1874&width=1276&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tumarinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tumarinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tumarinia Solomina & Grigor'yeva in Grigor'eva & Solomina, 1973, p. 35","Type_species":"T. orientalis Grigor'eva in Grigor'eva & SOLOMINA, 1973, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transversely subpentagonal in outline, both valves moderately inflated, ventral umbonal region rounded, beak incurved, ventral interarea high, concave, apsacline, or nearly catacline, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth or with faint costae on sides, lateral slopes with few simple, flattened ribs, dental adminicula long, straight, divergent, delthyrial plate slightly below plane of interarea, delthyrium covered by slightly concave, rugose stegidium that may be in contact with delthyrial plate, presence or absence of perideltidial areas not determined, otherwise similar to Licharewia.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1271, 3a-d. *T. orientalis Grigor'eva, a-c, holotype, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, d, posterior view of ventral valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1271. licharewiidae (p. 1908).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-267.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuotalania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tuotalania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuotalania HU, 1983, p. 105","Type_species":"T. rostrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, moderately transverse, delthyrium very wide, otherwise externally similar to Syringothyris, ventral interior with long, low median ridge, delthyrial plate lacking, presence or absence of perideltidial areas unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1271, 5a-c. *T. rostrata, a-b, dorsal and posterior views, X1, c, transverse section, X2 (Hu, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1271. licharewiidae (p. 1908).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-267.jpg?height=1876&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punctospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Punctospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Punctospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punctospirifer NORTH, 1920, p. 212","Type_species":"P. scabricosta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline variable, usually transverse, cardinal extremities subangular, rounded, or rarely slightly mucronate, fold and sulcus narrow to moderately wide, rounded, smooth or with single rib, often slightly flaring anteriorly, ventral interarea moderately high, weakly concave, usually apsacline, lateral slopes with moderately numerous strong, rounded plicae separated by narrow, subangular interspaces, growth varices irregularly spaced, microornament of closely spaced, imbricate growth laminae and fine, discontinuous capillae that rise and become wider with imbrications anteriorly as tiny U-shaped crenulations of lamellae in some species and sometimes terminating in minute, semierect pseudospines, dental adminicula short, slightly divergent, median septum long, high, slender, apical callus variably thick, ctenophoridium large, supported by short callus, dorsal adminicula absent or very short, adductors separated by long myophragm and bounded laterally in some species by low ridges, punctae moderately coarse, jugum probably absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (?upper Famennian), Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (?upper Famennian), Carboniferous (Tournaisian-Visean)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1272, 1a-i. *P. scabricosta, Visean, England, a-e, ventral, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, X2, f i, transverse sections, X1.5 (Campbell, 1959b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1272. punctospiriferidae (p. 1910-1913).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-269.jpg?height=1799&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alipunctifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Punctospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alipunctifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alipunctifera WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 17","Type_species":"Spiriferina kaibikuana TRECHMANN, 1918, p. 220, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, unequally biconvex, moderately inflated, transversely semicircular in outline, cardinal extremities extended, moderately mucronate, ventral interarea moderately high, apsacline, slightly concave, transversely striated, nondenticulate, beak incurved, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus moderately narrow, well defined, smooth, lateral slopes with several low, rounded, broad plicae that become much fainter laterally, microornament possibly weakly capillate, dental adminicula and high median septum discrete, posteriorly much thickened with callus, jugum unknown. Middle Triassic (Ladinian): New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1272, 2a-c. *A. kaihikuana (Trechmann), a, holotype, dorsal valve, X1 (Trechmann, 1918), b-c, dorsal exterior and ventral interior, X1 (Marwick, 1953).","Museum_or_author_information":"Trechmann, 1918, \nMarwick, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 1272. punctospiriferidae (p. 1910-1913).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-269.jpg?height=1799&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamnaespina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Punctospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lamnaespina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamnaespina WATERHOUSE, 1976, p. 244","Type_species":"L. transennata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, moderately inflated, transverse with rounded cardinal extremities, fold and sulcus poorly differentiated, lateral slopes with few low, rounded, undulating plicae, growth varices coarse, irregularly spaced, microornament of regularly spaced, slightly lamellose growth laminae, capillae, and very fine pustules, punctae fine, closely spaced, ventral interior with high dental adminicula and moderately long median septum","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1273, 2a-c. * L. transennata, a-b, holotype, internal and external views of mold of dorsal valve, X3, c, microornament, X15 (Waterhouse, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1273. punctospiriferidae (p. 1910-1913).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-270.jpg?height=1350&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liriplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Punctospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Liriplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liriplica CAMPBELL, 1961a, p. 440","Type_species":"L. alta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly biconvex, ventral umbo strongly inflated, beak incurved, outline subovate, cardinal extremities well rounded, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, sulcus with median plica, fold with median furrow, lateral slopes with few broad, rounded plicae, separated by somewhat narrower interspaces, microornament of fine, regular growth laminae and discontinuous capillae, ventral interior with thick apical callus, short dental adminicula buried in callus and long median septum, jugum unknown, punctae irregularly arranged.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1273, 1 a-c. * L. alta, a-b, ventral and dorsal valves, X1, c, microornament, X10 (Campbell, 1961a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1273. punctospiriferidae (p. 1910-1913).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-270.jpg?height=1350&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pustulospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Punctospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pustulospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pustulospiriferina Waterhouse in Waterhouse, Campbell, & WILLIAMS, 1983, p. 303","Type_species":"Punctospirifer etheridgei ARMSTRONG, 1970c, p. 317, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subequally biconvex, transversely subtrigonal to subquadrate in outline, cardinal extremities subangular to rounded, maximum width anterior to hinge line, fold and sulcus narrow, well developed and defined, smoothly rounded, ventral interarea high, apsacline, lateral slopes with 4 to 6 subangular plicae, microornament of capillae and fine growth lines, ventral interior with long, high median septum and shorter subparallel dental adminicula, jugum unknown. Permian (Artinskian): Australia.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1272, 4a-c. * P. etheridgei (ArmSTRONG), a, holotype, mold of ventral interior, b, dorsal interior, X1.8, c, cast of microornament, X9 (Armstrong, 1970c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Armstrong, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1272. punctospiriferidae (p. 1910-1913).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-269.jpg?height=1799&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yangkongia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Punctospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yangkongia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yangkongia Xu & LIU, 1983b, p. 115","Type_species":"Y. planofolda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transversely subsemicircular to subtrigonal in outline, cardinal extremities subangular to slightly rounded, subequally biconvex, both valves moderately inflated, ventral beak acute, incurved, ventral interarea high, delthyrium open, hinge line less than or equal to maximum width, fold narrow, low, flattened or with weak median sinus, delineated mainly by wide interspaces, sulcus shallow, with flattened bottom, or rarely with weak rib, lateral slopes with few strong, rounded to subangular costae, separated by narrow angular interspaces, microornament faintly capillate, dorsal interior with cardinalia supported by short median callus and short dorsal adminicula, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1272, 3a-e. *Y. planofolda, a, holotype, dorsal valve, b, paratype, ventral valve, X1 (new), c, transverse section of ventral valve, d-e, transverse sections of dorsal valve, approximately X1.5 (Xu & Liu, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1272. punctospiriferidae (p. 1910-1913).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-269.jpg?height=1799&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ziganella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Punctospiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ziganella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ziganella Nalivkin in IVANOVA, 1960, p. 280","Type_species":"Z. ziganensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subtriangular in outline, greatest width at hinge line, ventral umbonal region inflated, beak small, interarea high, weakly concave, sulcus narrow, smooth, fold low, well defined, well rounded, lateral slopes with few (5 to 6) ribs, microornament unknown, ventral interior with low median septum and very short dental adminicula buried in apical callus, dorsal interior unknown, punctae small, sparsely distributed, otherwise similar to Punctospirifer","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1273, 3a-c. *Z. ziganensis, Urals, a-b, ventral and anterior views of large syntype, beak removed, c, ventral view of smaller syntype, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1273. punctospiriferidae (p. 1910-1913).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-270.jpg?height=1350&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiropunctifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiropunctiferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spiropunctifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiropunctifera IVANOVA, 1971, p. 120","Type_species":"S. tulensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transversely subelliptical in outline, almost equally biconvex, ventral interarea moderately low, nearly orthocline, fold and sulcus moderately developed and narrow, entire surface ribbed, lateral slopes with moderately numerous strong, subangular, very rarely bifurcating plicae separated by narrower interspaces, fold with several bifurcating plicae, sulcus with strong, rarely bifurcating, median plica and 1 or 2 pairs of weaker plicae that bifurcate from sulcus-bounding plicae, dental adminicula short, nearly parallel, median septum long, thin, wedge shaped, rising anteriorly and abruptly terminating past midlength, dorsal adminicula short, merging with adductor bounding ridges, jugum large, apparently complete, punctae moderately dense, sometimes branching.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Visean)","First_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Visean)","Geography":"Russia (Moscow basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1274, 3a-d. *S. tulensis, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1274. spiropunctiferidae and sarganostegidae (p. 1913-1921).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-271.jpg?height=981&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Genuspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiropunctiferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Genuspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Genuspirifer LIANG, 1990, p. 388","Type_species":"G. tongluensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, strongly biconvex, outline subelliptical, maximum width attained near midlength, fold and sulcus narrow, well delineated, ventral interarea moderately low, strongly concave, apsacline, lateral slopes with few strong, slightly rounded, simple plicae and equally wide, deeply rounded interspaces, sulcus with pair of strong, simple plicae, or rarely, with additional weaker pair on walls of sulcus, fold with 3 plicae, fine growth laminae closely and regularly spaced, dental adminicula very short, divergent, median septum long, high, cardinal process low, inconspicuous, crural bases high, medially concave, nearly vertical, nearly touching valve floor, densely punctate. Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian): China.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1274, 2a-f. *G. tongluensis, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X2, f, transverse section, X3 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1274. spiropunctiferidae and sarganostegidae (p. 1913-1921).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-271.jpg?height=981&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reticulariina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Reticulariinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Reticulariina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reticulariina FREDERIKS, 1916, p. 16","Type_species":"Spirifer spinosus Norwood & PRATTEN, 1855, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, moderately to strongly transverse, outline usually widely subtrigonal, cardinal extremities angular, or often alate or mucronate, ventral interarea of moderate height, concave, apsacline, delthyrium open or with apical callus, fold and sulcus narrow, well delimited, lateral slopes with few to moderately numerous, strong, simple, rounded plicae, fold and sulcus smooth or with faint median rib, rarely with additional weak ribs on sides of fold and sulcus, microornament of numerous coarse, erect, hollow spines and irregularly spaced growth laminae, dental adminicula short, divergent, median septum long, high, thin, elongate or knoblike ctenophoridium supported by convergent crural bases forming notothyrial platform, adductor field delimited by low, narrow, longitudinal ridges, shell substance coarsely punctate","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Visean)","First_Occurrence":"upper Visean","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Visean)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1275, 2a-h. * R. spinosa (Norwood & Pratten), Chesterian, Illinois, USA, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Weller, 1914), f - h, transverse sections, \u00d7 2 (Campbell, 1959b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914, \nCampbell, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1275. reticulariinidae (p. 1914).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-273.jpg?height=1548&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Altiplecus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Reticulariinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Altiplecus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Altiplecus STEHLI, 1954, p. 349","Type_species":"* A. cooperi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, strongly transverse, outline transversely subtrigonal to subrhombic, cardinal extremities usually mucronate or alate, fold and sulcus narrow but wider than lateral interspaces, fold high, fold and sulcus often producing characteristic subangular anterior extension, lateral slopes with very few, usually 2 or 3, rounded plicae, sulcus usually with weak median plica, microornament of few long, thick, hollow spines arranged in concentric rows along growth lines, growth varices strong, irregularly spaced, almost tegulate in some species, dental adminicula short, median septum high, thin, short, apical callosity supporting ctenophoridium, adductor field bounded laterally by low, outwardly bowed ridges, punctae regularly arranged in rhombs of four. Permian (Cisuralian): North America.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1275, 4a-c. *A. cooperi, Wolfcampian, Texas, USA, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1275, 4d-e. A. trapezoidalis Cooper & Grant, Lopingian, Texas, USA, ventral and dorsal interiors, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1275. reticulariinidae (p. 1914).\nfig. 1275. reticulariinidae (p. 1914).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-273.jpg?height=1548&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-273.jpg?height=1548&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gjelispinifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Reticulariinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gjelispinifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gjelispinifera IVANOVA, 1975, p. 86","Type_species":"G. gerasimovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Spines arranged in 1 or 2 rows along crests of plicae and on floor of sulcus, ventral septum low and thin, otherwise similar to Reticulariina","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Russia (Moscow basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1275, 1a-e. *G. gerasimovi, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, e, paratype, ventral valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1275. reticulariinidae (p. 1914).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-273.jpg?height=1548&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spinuliplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Reticulariinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spinuliplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spinuliplica CAMPBELL, 1961a, p. 442","Type_species":"* S. spinulosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subovate to subpentagonal, cardinal extremities rounded, fold and sulcus moderately developed, rounded, beak ridges rounded but ventral interarea clearly defined, moderately high, apsacline, lateral slopes with few rounded, simple plicae, sulcus with weak median plica, microornament consisting of numerous irregularly arranged, fine, hollow, anteriorly directed spinules, dental adminicula strong, thick, diverging, median septum massive, ctenophoridium supported by callus and variably developed, short dorsal adminicula, punctae irregularly arranged. Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian): Australia (New South Wales).","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1275, 3a-d. * S. spinulosa, a, holotype, mold of ventral interior, b-c, exterior and internal views of dorsal valve, X1, d, microornament, X10 (Campbell, 1961a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1275. reticulariinidae (p. 1914).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-273.jpg?height=1548&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraspiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Paraspiriferinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paraspiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraspiriferina REED, 1944, p. 252","Type_species":"Spiriferina (Paraspiriferina) ghundiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly biconvex, outline transversely subelliptical, cardinal extremities well rounded, fold and sulcus well differentiated, moderately broad, rounded, smooth, sulcus subangular in some species, beak ridges lack- adminicula thin, sometimes high, enclosing dorsal adductor field, punctae fine, closely spaced. Permian: India, USA (western Texas).","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"India, USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1276, 1a-c. *P. ghundiensis (Reed), Guadalupian, India, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1.5 (Reed, 1944)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1276, 1d-g. P. paginata Cooper & Grant, Guadalupian, western Texas, USA, d, exterior view of ventral valve, X1, e, internal view of ventral valve, X2, f-g, exterior and internal views of dorsal valve, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Reed, 1944, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1276. paraspiriferinidae (p. 1914-1918).\nfig. 1276. paraspiriferinidae (p. 1914-1918).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-274.jpg?height=1830&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-274.jpg?height=1830&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callispirina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Paraspiriferinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Callispirina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callispirina Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Mansuyella REED, 1944, p. 249, non ENDO, 1937","Type_species":"Spiriferina ornata WAAGEN, 1883a, p. 505, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Maia Frederiks, 1924, p. 298, non Lamarck, 1801, nec Reichenbach, 1850, obj., Maya Rakusz, 1932, p. 77, non Blattny, 1925, obj.","Synonyms":"Maia, Maya","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, strongly biconvex, outline transversely subovate, lateral slopes with few strong, angular plicae separated by angular interspaces, fold and sulcus moderately differentiated, angular, slightly wider than lateral plicae or interspaces, microornament of regularly and closely spaced, slightly lamellose growth laminae fringed with single row of few short, solid spinules and bearing 2 rows of punctae, cardinal process raised, knoblike, supported by low dorsal adminicula that border dorsal adductor field, otherwise similar to Paraspiriferina.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"Pakistan, USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1276, 3a-d. * C. ornata (WaAgen), Guadalupian, Pakistan, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (Waagen, 1883a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1276, 3e-k. C. rotunda Cooper & Grant, Guadalupian, Texas, e-i, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, j-k, ventral and dorsal interiors, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1883, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1276. paraspiriferinidae (p. 1914-1918).\nfig. 1276. paraspiriferinidae (p. 1914-1918).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-274.jpg?height=1830&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-274.jpg?height=1830&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lamniplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Paraspiriferinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lamniplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lamniplica Waterhouse & RAO, 1989, p. 32","Type_species":"L. punctata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, fold and sulcus narrow, well delineated, smoothly rounded, lateral slopes with several (5 to 7) rounded plicae and prominent coarse growth varices, microornament of fine growth lines, rarely disrupted by punctae, but no spinules, low dorsal adminicula bounding adductor field, otherwise similar to Paraspiriferina","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1276, 4a-d. *L. punctata, a-b, holotype, exterior and interior views of ventral valve, X2, c-d, exterior and interior views of dorsal valve, X2 (Waterhouse & Rao, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Rao, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1276. paraspiriferinidae (p. 1914-1918).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-274.jpg?height=1830&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Polystylus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Paraspiriferinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Polystylus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Polystylus KLETS, 1993, p. 123","Type_species":"* P. kentshaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transversely subelliptical in outline, cardinal extremities rounded, ventral beak incurved over low, slightly concave interarea, fold and sulcus well differentiated from lateral slopes, subangular in profile, flaring anteriorly, each lateral slope with 5 to 8 coarse, rounded ribs separated by narrow interspaces, microornament of regularly imbricate growth lamellae bearing 1 row of relatively coarse, low, solid, tapered spines and up to 4 rows of much finer spines crudely arranged in quincunx, long dorsal median ridge and short crural plates present.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian)","Geography":"Russia (eastern Sibe-ria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1277, 2a-c. * P. kentshaensis, Mishkinskoi Suite, a-b, ventral valves, X1.5, c, microornament, X13 (Klets, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Klets, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1277. paraspiriferinidae (p. 1917-1918).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-275.jpg?height=972&width=1278&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yaonoiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Paraspiriferinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yaonoiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yaonoiella WATERHOUSE, 1983a, p. 142","Type_species":"Y. mantajiti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, fold and sulcus narrow, lateral slopes with few subrounded plicae, microornament of closely and regularly spaced growth laminae, each bearing 2 to 4 rows of fine spinules, otherwise similar to Paraspiriferina","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1277, 1a-c. *Y. mantajiti, a, holotype, ventral valve, X2, b, ventral valve, X5, c, dorsal valve, X1 (Waterhouse, Pitakpaivan, & Mantajit, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, Pitakpaivan, & Mantajit, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1277. paraspiriferinidae (p. 1917-1918).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-275.jpg?height=972&width=1278&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zaissania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Paraspiriferinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zaissania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zaissania SOKOLSKAYA, 1968, p. 197","Type_species":"Z. zaissanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subtriangular, moderately biconvex, cardinal extremities angular to alate, fold and sulcus narrow, well developed, rounded, smooth, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, strong, rounded plicae separated by narrow, subangular interspaces, microornament of regularly spaced, subimbricate growth lamellae, each lamella fringed with minute, hairlike spinules that project anteriorly over elongate grooves or pits of adjacent growth lamellae, all arranged in quincunx, dental adminicula short, stout, slightly divergent, median septum very long, stout, very long dorsal myophragm reaching almost to anterior margin, dorsal adminicula thick, long, punctae large, widely spaced","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian or Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Gzhelian), Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian or Kasimovian-Gzhelian), Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1276, 2a-e. * Z. zaissanica, ?Moscovian or Kasimovian-Gzhelian, a, holotype, mold of ventral exterior, b-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views of steinkern, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1276. paraspiriferinidae (p. 1914-1918).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-274.jpg?height=1830&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiriferellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferellinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spiriferellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiriferellina FREDERIKS, 1924, p. 299","Type_species":"Terebratulites cristatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1816, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tylotoma Grabau, 1934, p. 100, obj.","Synonyms":"Tylotoma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline variable, usually moderately transverse, cardinal extremities variably rounded, angular or slightly mucronate, fold and sulcus narrow, delineated by coarse sulcus-bounding plicae and deep, wide, fold-bounding interspaces, ventral interarea moderately high, slightly concave, apsacline, lateral slopes with few high, coarse, subangular plicae separated by deep, subangular interspaces, sulcus smooth and rounded or sometimes flat bottomed, rarely with weak median rib, fold rounded, microornament of very fine, hollow pustules arranged in quincunx and covering external termination of punctae, growth laminae irregularly spaced, imbricate anteriorly, some species also with fine, hollow spinules, dental adminicula short, slightly divergent, median septum high, long, elongate ctenophoridium supported by umbonal callus, crural bases broad, converging below and in front of cardinal process in some species, dorsal adductor field bordered by low, thin ridges, jugum complete, punctae moderately coarse and regularly spaced","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1278, 1a-b. *S. cristata (vON Schlotheim), Lopingian, Germany, a, lectotype, ventral valve, X2, b, microornament, X5 (Campbell, 1959b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1278, 1c-h. S. tricosa Cooper & Grant, Guadalupian, Texas, USA, c-e, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X3, f-g, ventral and dorsal interiors, X1.5, h, jugum, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1959, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1278. spiriferellinidae (p. 1918-1920).\nfig. 1278. spiriferellinidae (p. 1918-1920).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-277.jpg?height=1855&width=1278&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-277.jpg?height=1855&width=1278&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crenispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferellinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Crenispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crenispirifer STEHLI, 1954, p. 347","Type_species":"Spiriferina angulata KING, 1931, p. 122, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, strongly biconvex, outline transversely subelliptical, profile subovate, cardinal extremities slightly to moderately rounded, fold and sulcus narrow, rounded, poorly delimited from lateral slopes, lateral slopes with few strong, very high, subangular plicae separated by deep, angular interspaces, microornament of close-set pustules or low spinules arranged in quincunx, growth varices irregularly spaced, subimbricate in some species, dental adminicula very short, jugum incomplete, punctae medium sized to coarse, arranged in quincunx","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1278, 2a-h. *C. angulata (King), Cisuralian, Texas, USA, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X1, f, dorsal interior, g-h, ventral interior and oblique view, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1278. spiriferellinidae (p. 1918-1920).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-277.jpg?height=1855&width=1278&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lancangjiangia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferellinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lancangjiangia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lancangjiangia Jin & FANG, 1977, p. 50","Type_species":"L. spinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline transversely subovate, moderately inflated, ventribiconvex, cardinal extremities rounded, fold and sulcus moderately developed, smooth, rounded, wider than bounding ventral plicae and dorsal interspaces, fold high and carinate, lateral slopes with few (3 to 4) strong, rounded or subangular plicae, growth lamellae imbricate, microornament of numerous strong spinules, dental adminicula discrete, short, median septum long, stout, ctenophoridium high, broad, jugum unknown. Upper Triassic: China.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1278, 3 a-b. * L. spinosa, ventral and dorsal valves, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1278. spiriferellinidae (p. 1918-1920).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-277.jpg?height=1855&width=1278&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Metriolepis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferellinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Metriolepis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Metriolepis Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 716","Type_species":"M. pulvinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, ventral valve subconical in some species, usually widest at hinge line, cardinal extremities often angular or alate, rarely rounded, ventral interarea flattened, moderately high to very high, delthyrium closed by imbricating stegidial plates in at least some species, fold and sulcus moderately wide, well defined by coarse ribs and deep interspaces, lateral slopes with few to very few rounded plicae that drastically decrease in amplitude laterally, interspaces wide, rounded, sulcus rounded, flattened or with weak median rib, growth varices strong, imbricate, regularly or moderately irregularly spaced, microornament of low, rounded pustules arranged concentrically or in quincunx, dental adminicula very short, crural bases joined to base of cardinal process by short, medially convergent plates forming short, low platform, jugum complete, punctae finely to moderately dense, arranged in quincunx.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1279, 2a-e. *M. pulvinata, Guadalupian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views, d- e, ventral and dorsal interiors, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1279. spiriferellinidae (p. 1918-1920).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-278.jpg?height=534&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferellinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudospiriferina Yang & XU, 1966, p. 41","Type_species":"P. variabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, transversely to longitudinally subovate, unequally biconvex, cardinal extremities often mucronate or angular, rarely rounded, maximum width usually at hinge line, ventral valve strongly inflated with acute, incurved beak and sharp, angular beak ridges, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, apsacline or nearly catacline, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth, usually rounded, wider than lateral plications, fold may be flattened or with weak median groove, lateral slopes with few (3 to 4, rarely 5 to 6) strong, rounded plicae separated by interspaces almost as wide, anterior growth varices crowded, slightly lamellose, microornament of fine, densely spaced pustules, dental adminicula and median septum discrete, punctae densely and evenly distributed","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1278, 4a-f. * P. variabilis, Guizhou, a, holotype, dorsal view, X4, b-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, X1, f, transverse section, approximately X3 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & Xu, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1278. spiriferellinidae (p. 1918-1920).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-277.jpg?height=1855&width=1278&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcispiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferellinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sulcispiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcispiriferina Waterhouse & GUPTA, 1981, p. 390","Type_species":"Spirifera vihiana DAVIDSON, 1866, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, moderately transverse, outline subpentagonal, cardinal extremities subangular, maximum width at hinge line, ventral interarea moderately high, apsacline, fold and sulcus narrow, moderately developed, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, simple, strong, subangular plicae separated by narrow, angular interspaces, microornament of fine, low pustules only, jugum and nature of punctae unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"Kashmir, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1278, 5a-b. *S. vihiana (Davidson), Kalabaghian, Kashmir, ventral and posterior views, X2 (Waterhouse & Gupta, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse & Gupta, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1278. spiriferellinidae (p. 1918-1920).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-277.jpg?height=1855&width=1278&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tulungospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferellinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tulungospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tulungospirifer Ching & Sun in Ching, Sun, & RONG, 1976, p. 316","Type_species":"Spiriferina stracheyi Salter in Salter & BLANFORD, 1865, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subtrigonal, widest at hinge line, cardinal extremities alate to mucronate, fold and sulcus narrow, strongly developed, rounded, smooth, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, apsacline, lateral slopes with few to moderately numerous, low, rounded, simple plicae, separated by narrower, rounded interspaces, microornament consisting of fine, alternating radial grooves and fine spinules, dental adminicula short, divergent, median septum long, low, umbonal callus thick, dorsal umbonal callus present, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1279, 1 a-e .* T. stracheyi (Salter), ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1279. spiriferellinidae (p. 1918-1920).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-278.jpg?height=534&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sarganostega":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Sarganostegidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sarganostega","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sarganostega Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 15","Type_species":"S. transversalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subtrigonal to subovate in outline, ventral interarea high, flattened, strongly apsacline to catacline, fold and sulcus narrow to moderately broad, moderately well defined by strong bounding plicae and interspaces, lateral slopes with few (2 to 3) strong, rounded plicae separated by wide, rounded interspaces, microornament absent, dental adminicula variably developed, ventral median septum long, high, thin, crural bases convergent, connected to anterior base of cardinal process by pair of thin transverse plates and forming pair of shallow apical recesses, jugum unknown, punctae very coarse externally, very fine internally. Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian): USA (Texas).","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1274, 1a-d. *S. transversalis, Lopingian, a-b, dorsal and ventral valves, c-d, ventral and dorsal interiors, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1274, 1e. S. pressa Cooper & Grant, microornament, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1274. spiropunctiferidae and sarganostegidae (p. 1913-1921).\nfig. 1274. spiropunctiferidae and sarganostegidae (p. 1913-1921).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-271.jpg?height=981&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-271.jpg?height=981&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yalongia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Yalongiinae","Genus":"Yalongia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yalongia Xu & LIU, 1983b, p. 112","Type_species":"Y. angulocostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subequally biconvex, both valves moderately inflated, outline transversely subovate, cardinal extremities subangular or slightly rounded, greatest width slightly anterior to hinge line, ventral beak strongly incurved, interarea low, fold and sulcus poorly differentiated, weakly developed, anterior commissure almost rectimarginate, entire surface plicate, plicae strong, simple, subangular, moderately numerous, separated by moderately narrow subangular interspaces, microornament unknown, dental adminicula short, discrete, ventral median septum long, high, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1280, 1af^* Y. angulocostata, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X1 (new), e-f, transverse sections, approximately X1.5 (Xu & Liu, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1280. balatonospiridae (p. 1921-1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-279.jpg?height=643&width=1271&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aequspiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Yalongiinae","Genus":"Aequspiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aequspiriferina Yang & Yin in Yang & OTHERS, 1962, p. 109","Type_species":"* A. multiplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, strongly ventribiconvex, transversely subovate to subquadrate in outline, ventral beak incurved, hinge line equal to maximum width, cardinal extremities subangular to acute, ventral interarea distinct, slightly concave, catacline to slightly apsacline, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, entire surfaces of both valves with numerous broadly rounded costae, microornament unknown, dental adminicula discrete, ventral median septum thickened, high distally, very short dorsal median septum, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic, ?Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic, ?Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic, ?Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1280, 3ag. *A. multiplicata, a-e, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X2 (new), f-g, transverse sections, approximately X1.3 ( Xu & Liu, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Xu} & \\\\mathrm{Liu}, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1280. balatonospiridae (p. 1921-1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-279.jpg?height=643&width=1271&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinucostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Yalongiinae","Genus":"Sinucostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinucostella Xu & LIU, 1983b, p. 108","Type_species":"*Aequspiriferina obscura Yang & Yin in Yang & OTHERS, 1962, p. 110, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline subovate to subpentagonal, cardinal extremities slightly rounded to subangular, subequally biconvex, ventral beak strongly incurved, interarea apsacline, hinge line nearly equal to maximum width, fold and sulcus weakly developed, poorly delineated, entire surface costate with 2 to 3 low, rounded costae on fold-sulcus and 6 to 8 on lateral slopes, microornament unknown, dental adminicula very short, discrete, ventral median septum long, high, jugum unknown. Middle Triassic: China (Qinghai).","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1280, 2a-b. *S. obscura (Yang & Yin), ventral and dorsal valves, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1280. balatonospiridae (p. 1921-1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-279.jpg?height=643&width=1271&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Balatonospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Balatonospirinae","Genus":"Balatonospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Balatonospira DAGYS, 1974, p. 137","Type_species":"Spiriferina lipoldi BITTNER, 1890, p. 139, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subequally biconvex, cardinal extremities subangular, ventral umbo incurved, ventral interarea narrow, apsacline, disjunct deltidial and chilidial plates present, fold and sulcus narrow, poorly developed, lateral slopes and fold-sulcus with few strong plicae, microornament unknown, dental adminicula lacking, long, high, ventral median septum connected to dental flanges by very short transverse plate or callus, cardinal process nonstriate, bladelike, supported by apical callus, crural bases fused medially to form complete hinge plate, jugum complete, flattened","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathian Mountains, Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1281, 1a-n. *B. lipoldi (BitTNer), Alps, a-e, syntype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (Bittner, 1890), f-i, topotype, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X2 (new), j-n, transverse sections, approximately X1.5 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bittner, 1890, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1281. balatonospiridae (p. 1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-281.jpg?height=1875&width=1286&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dinarispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Balatonospirinae","Genus":"Dinarispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dinarispira Dagys, 1974, p. 131","Type_species":"Spiriferina pia var. dinarica BITTNER, 1890, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subquadrate, inequivalved, ventral valve moderately to strongly convex, dorsal valve weakly convex or flattened, cardinal extremities subangular, ventral umbonal region slightly compressed, overhanging hinge line, beak incurved, ventral interarea low, apsacline, concave, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, moderately narrow, entire surface plicate, microornament of thick, short spinules, dental adminicula lacking, strong high, ventral median septum connected to lateral walls of umbonal region by thin plate or callus, true spondylium absent, ctenophoridium high, supported by callus, crural bases medially converging, jugum unknown. Middle Triassic: European Tethys.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"European Tethys","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1281, 2a-i. *D. dinarica (Bittner), Anisian, Alps and Caucasus, a, holotype, dorsal valve, \u00d71 (Bittner, 1890); b\u2013e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, \u00d71; f\u2013i, transverse sections, approximately \u00d71.5 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1281. balatonospiridae (p. 1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-281.jpg?height=1875&width=1286&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Koeveskallina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Balatonospirinae","Genus":"Koeveskallina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Koeveskallina DAGYS, 1965, p. 172","Type_species":"Koeveskallina Dagys, 1965, p. 172 *Spiriferina koeveskalliensis \u0412\u043e\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043d, 1873, p. 175, OD, = Spiriferina koeveskalyensis STUR, 1865, p. 245","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, moderately ventribiconvex, reticularioid in aspect, outline transversely subovate to subrhomboidal, cardinal extremities rounded, maximum width anterior to hinge line, ventral interarea low, concave, apsacline, fold and sulcus lacking or very weakly developed, entire surfaces of both valves covered with numerous fine, mostly simple, costae, microornament of very fine, dense spinules, short, high spondylium formed by short dental adminicula and long, high median septum, dental flanges moderately high, ctenophoridium supported by thin callus, crural bases converge medially, apically fused to floor by callus, jugum incomplete","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Tethyan geosyncline","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1281, 3ah. *K. koeveskalyensis (STUR), Anisian, Caucasus, ad, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e- h, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1281. balatonospiridae (p. 1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-281.jpg?height=1875&width=1286&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nudispiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Balatonospirinae","Genus":"Nudispiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nudispiriferina Yang & XU, 1966, p. 47","Type_species":"N. minima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly inequivalved with high, strongly convex ventral and weakly convex dorsal valves, cardinal extremities angular, ventral beak incurved, fold and sulcus poorly delineated, rounded, smooth, lateral slopes with few rounded plicae, microornament absent, dental adminicula and spondylium absent, dental flanges and median septum connected by very short, transverse callus or plate, cardinal process nonstriate, knoblike, sessile, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1281, 4a-k. *N. minima, Guizhou, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, f, enlarged dorsal view, X4, g-k, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & Xu, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1281. balatonospiridae (p. 1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-281.jpg?height=1875&width=1286&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tylospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Balatonospiridae","Subfamily":"Balatonospirinae","Genus":"Tylospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tylospiriferina XU, 1978, p. 297","Type_species":"T. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline transversely subpentagonal, subequally biconvex, ventral valve thicker than dorsal, hemipyramidal, beak slightly incurved, cardinal extremities subangular or slightly rounded, ventral interarea moderately high, slightly concave, nearly catacline, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus well delineated, narrow, rounded, smooth, lateral slopes with few strong, simple, rounded plicae with narrow interspaces, microornament densely spinulose and widely lamellose, possibly with very short dental adminicula buried in callus, long, ventral median septum anteriorly fused with and bisecting very high dental flanges to form short but deep, false spondylium, stout, high ctenophoridium and complete hinge plate supported by high, thin median septum and possibly very short dorsal adminicula, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1281, 5a-h. *T. typica, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, enlargement of dorsal valve, X2, f-h, transverse sections, approximately X2.4 (Xu, 1978)","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \n\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1281. balatonospiridae (p. 1922).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-281.jpg?height=1875&width=1286&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pennospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Pennospiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Pennospiriferininae","Genus":"Pennospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pennospiriferina DAGYS, 1965, p. 112","Type_species":"P. popovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, strongly transverse with alate to mucronate cardinal extremities, moderately ventribiconvex, moderately inflated, fold and sulcus well defined, smooth, rounded, ventral interarea low, smooth, apsacline, lateral slopes with variably developed plicae, posterior portions of both valves much thickened with callus, jugum incomplete","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1282, 2a-h. * P. popovi, Ladinian, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and natural mold of ventral interior, X1 (new), f-h, transverse sections, approximately X1 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1282. pennospiriferinidae (p. 1924-1925).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-282.jpg?height=1065&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Pennospiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Pennospiriferininae","Genus":"Callospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callospiriferina ROUSSELLE, 1977, p. 157","Type_species":"Spirifer tumidus Buch, 1837, p. 52, OD, nom. nov. pro Spirifer pinguis von Zieten, 1830 in 1830-1833, pl. 38, 5, non SOWERBY, 1820","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately transverse, strongly biconvex, hinge line less than maximum width, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, apsacline to catacline, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with several simple, rounded ribs, microornament unknown, possibly absent, dental adminicula long, close set, subparallel, ventral median septum high, fused with callus to form muscle platform, ctenophoridium large, supported by callus but no septum, jugum unknown, shell substance densely punctate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Western Europe, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1282, 1a-e. *C. tumidus (\u0412Uch), Lias, Morocco, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X1, c-e, transverse sections, approximately X1.6 (Rousselle, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rousselle, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1282. pennospiriferinidae (p. 1924-1925).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-282.jpg?height=1065&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punctospirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Pennospiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Punctospirellinae","Genus":"Punctospirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punctospirella DAGYS, 1974, p. 136","Type_species":"Terebratulites fragilis von SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subtrigonal to subovate in outline, subequally biconvex, moderately inflated, cardinal extremities angular, maximum width attained at hinge line, fold and sulcus moderately narrow, well defined, smooth, rounded, ventral interarea moderately high, apsacline, lateral slopes with few rounded, strong plicae separated by moderately narrow interspaces, dental adminicula discrete, short, ventral median septum long, high, ctenophoridium minute, knoblike, weakly striate, jugum incomplete.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"Germany, Russia, Greenland, Canada, Japan, Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1283, 1a-g. * P. fragilis (von Schlotheim), Germany, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e-g, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1283. pennospiriferinidae (p. 1925).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-284.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arionthia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Pennospiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Punctospirellinae","Genus":"Arionthia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arionthia Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 750","Type_species":"A. blothrhachis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, usually strongly transverse, cardinal extremities variable, usually alate to mucronate, rarely rounded, lateral slopes with few to moderately numerous, simple or, more rarely, bifurcating plicae, fold and sulcus usually with several weaker ribs, or more rarely, smoothly rounded, dental adminicula short, often partially buried in callus, otherwise similar to Xestotrema.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1283, 2a-g. *A. blothrhachis, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, X1, f- g, dorsal and ventral interiors, X1.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1283. pennospiriferinidae (p. 1925).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-284.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laioporella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Pennospiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Punctospirellinae","Genus":"Laioporella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laioporella IVANOVA, 1975, p. 83","Type_species":"L. modesta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, outline transversely rhomboidal, ventral valve inflated, with high, flattened interarea and small beak, cardinal extremities angular, alate, fold and sulcus well developed and delineated, fold high, rounded, sulcus moderately deep with simple, low median rib, lateral slopes with few rounded plications, dental adminicula short, thin, ventral median septum high, thin, long, dorsal adductor scar bounded laterally by distinct ridges, brachidium unknown, punctae sparsely distributed.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Russia (Moscow basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1283, 3a-g. *L. modesta, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1, f-g, ventral and dorsal interiors, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1283. pennospiriferinidae (p. 1925).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-284.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xestotrema":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Pennospiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Punctospirellinae","Genus":"Xestotrema","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xestotrema Cooper & Grant, 1969, p. 16","Type_species":"Spirifera pulchra \u041c\u0415\u0415\u041a, 1860, p. 310, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Mucrospiriferinella Waterhouse, 1982b, p. 48 (type, M. undulosa, OD)","Synonyms":"Mucrospiriferinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, strongly transverse, cardinal extremities mucronate or alate in large adults, fold and sulcus narrow, rounded, smooth, ventral interarea moderately high, apsacline, lateral slopes with numerous rounded plicae separated by narrow, angular interspaces, microornament absent except for minute spinules or pustules in some juveniles, dental adminicula long, ventral median septum thin, high, punctae fine, dense.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Thailand, Pennsylvanian, USA (Idaho, Utah, Wyoming), Lopingian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1283, 4a-e. *X. pulchrum (Meek), Lopingian, Wyoming, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1283. pennospiriferinidae (p. 1925).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-284.jpg?height=1879&width=1280&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lepismatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Lepismatinidae","Subfamily":"Lepismatininae","Genus":"Lepismatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lepismatina WANG, 1955, p. 353","Type_species":"L. hsui, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Costispiriferina DAGYs, 1974, p. 127 (type, Spiriferina shalshalensis BItTNER, 1899, p. 42, OD)","Synonyms":"Costispiriferina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely subquadrate in outline, strongly inequivalved with high, subpyramidal ventral and low, weakly convex dorsal valves, ventral interarea high, flattened, apsacline to procline, maximum width at subangular cardinal extremities, fold and sulcus smooth, rounded, lateral slopes with few rounded plicae, microornament of regularly spaced, imbricate growth lamellae and fine, dense granules, dental adminicula moderately long, apically fused by callus to high long median septum, ctenophoridium short, broad, jugum complete with posteriorly directed process","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic","Geography":"China, Middle Triassic, western Tethys, Upper Triassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1284, 2a-i. *L. hsui, Middle Triassic, China; a\u2013e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d72 (new); f\u2013i, transverse sections, approximately \u00d73 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1284. lepismatinidae (p. 1925-1927).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-285.jpg?height=1151&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Altoplicatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Lepismatinidae","Subfamily":"Lepismatininae","Genus":"Altoplicatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Altoplicatella Xu & LIU, 1983b, p. 114","Type_species":"A. altiarea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline subpentagonal to subovate, almost equidimensional, unequally biconvex, ventral valve much more inflated, subpyramidal, dorsal valve gently convex, ventral interarea high, smooth, concave, catacline to procline, cardinal extremities well rounded, hinge line narrow, fold and sulcus moderately well defined, angular, smooth, wider than lateral plicae and interspaces, lateral slopes with 2 to 3 strong, coarse, subangular plicae, microornament unknown, high, long median septum fused to dental adminicula by callus, dorsal interior poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1284, 1a-f. *A. altiarea, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, e, large ventral valve, f, large dorsal valve, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1284. lepismatinidae (p. 1925-1927).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-285.jpg?height=1151&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudolepismatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Lepismatinidae","Subfamily":"Pseudolepismatininae","Genus":"Pseudolepismatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudolepismatina Ching & Sun in Ching, Sun, & RONG, 1976, p. 321","Type_species":"* P. nyalamensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly inequivalved, ventral valve subconical, dorsal much thinner, moderately convex, cardinal extremities subangular, ventral interarea high, flattened, catacline, fold and sulcus sharply delimited, smooth, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, simple, rounded to subangular costae with narrow interspaces, microornament densely spinulose, slightly lamellose anteriorly, discrete dental adminicula and median septum fused by callus to form muscle platform, hinge plate complete with high, knoblike ctenophoridium, jugum narrowly rounded, supported by thick callus.","Beginning_age":"Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Triassic","Ending_age":"Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Triassic","Geological_periods":"Triassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1284, 3a-i. *P. nyalamensis, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1 (new), f-i, transverse sections, approximately X1 (Ching, Sun, & Rong, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ching, Sun, & Rong, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1284. lepismatinidae (p. 1925-1927).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-285.jpg?height=1151&width=1277&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudocyrtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Lepismatinidae","Subfamily":"Pseudolepismatininae","Genus":"Pseudocyrtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudocyrtina DAGYS, 1962, p. 54","Type_species":"* P. norica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly and unequally biconvex, ventral valve greatly inflated, subrhomboidal, dorsal valve thinner, evenly convex, ventral interarea high, flattened, catacline or weakly apsacline, fold and sulcus well defined, rounded, lateral slopes with few, coarse, angular plicae, microornament unknown, dental adminicula short, discrete, ventral median septum long, high, ctenophoridium wide, stout, crural bases thickened, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Caucasus, Georgia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1285, 1a\u2013e. *P. norica; a\u2013c, holotype, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71 (new); d\u2013e, transverse sections, approximately \u00d71 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1285. lepismatinidae (p. 1928-1929).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-286.jpg?height=1529&width=1292&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bolilaspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Lepismatinidae","Subfamily":"Pseudolepismatininae","Genus":"Bolilaspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bolilaspirifer SUN, 1981, p. 205","Type_species":"B. jomdaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, unequally biconvex, outline transversely subpentagonal, lateral profile subquadrate, cardinal extremities slightly rounded, hinge line slightly less than maximum width, ventral interarea high, slightly concave, nearly catacline, beak acute, slightly incurved, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus well developed, sharply delineated, lateral slopes with few rounded plicae, growth lines imbricate, microornament of imbricate growth lamellae only, high, stout median septum and subparallel dental adminicula united by thin, transverse delthyrial plate, hinge plate complete, concave, jugum unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1285, 3a-f. *B. jomdaensis, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X2 (new), f, transverse section, approximately X2.5 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1285. lepismatinidae (p. 1928-1929).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-286.jpg?height=1529&width=1292&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dispiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Lepismatinidae","Subfamily":"Dispiriferininae","Genus":"Dispiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dispiriferina SIBL\u00cdK, 1965, p. 79","Type_species":"Spiriferina davidsoni EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1855, p. 542, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transversely subovate in outline, widest at or near hinge line, cardinal extremities subangular, ventral valve high and subpyramidal, interarea high, flattened, procline, ventral beak straight or slightly incurved, dorsal valve much thinner, fold and sulcus moderately wide, plicae on lateral slopes moderately strong, rounded, well defined, rarely bifurcating, separated by subangular or moderately rounded interspaces, sulcus with pair of simple plicae, microornament apparently absent, dental adminicula very long, close set, ventral median septum long, ctenophoridium small, not bifurcated, jugum simple, punctae poorly known","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"France, Slovakia, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1285, 4 a-e. *D. davidsoni (Eudes-Deslongchamps), Slovakia, a-c, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, X2, d-e, transverse sections, X2 (Sibl\u00edk, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sibl\u00edk, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1285. lepismatinidae (p. 1928-1929).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-286.jpg?height=1529&width=1292&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qingyenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Lepismatinidae","Subfamily":"Dispiriferininae","Genus":"Qingyenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qingyenia Yang & XU, 1966, p. 50","Type_species":"Q. spinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subquadrate, ventral valve strongly convex, dorsal valve weakly concave, cardinal extremities subangular or slightly mucronate, maximum width at hinge line, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, delthyrium open, very weak ventral sulcus, fold absent, entire surface of valves covered with few coarse, rounded plicae, each plica with 1 or 2 rows of fine spinules, dental adminicula very short, discrete, subparallel, high median septum connected apically to dental flanges by thin transverse plate, forming very short, false spondylium, ctenophoridium very low, jugum unknown. Middle Triassic: China (Guizhou).","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1285, 2 a-f. *Q*. spinosa, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, \u00d7 2, e-f, transverse sections, approximately \u00d7 2 (Yang & Xu, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang & Xu, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1285. lepismatinidae (p. 1928-1929).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-286.jpg?height=1529&width=1292&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Spiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiriferina D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 268","Type_species":"Spirifer walcotti J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 in 1823-1825, p. 106, SD DALL, 1877a, p. 64","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, unequally biconvex, ventral valve usually much thicker than dorsal, outline variable from transversely to longitudinally subelliptical, cardinal extremities rounded, ventral umbonal region usually inflated, beak incurved, ventral interarea narrow, concave, apsacline, usually low to moderately high, beak ridges rounded, delthyrium restricted by rarely preserved stegidial plates, fold and sulcus smooth, subangular, moderately wide, moderately developed, moderately well delimited, lateral slopes with few, subangular plicae, dental adminicula short, ventral median septum long, ctenophoridium stout, supported by median septum forming septalium with crural bases in type species, jugum unknown, microornament of dense, fine spinules, punctae moderately fine, not densely spaced","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, Saudi Arabia, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1286, 3a-b. *S. walcotti (Sowerby), Liassic, British Islands, dorsal and anterior views, X1 (Pitrat, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pitrat, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1286. spiriferinidae (p. 1930-1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-289.jpg?height=1864&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calyptoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Calyptoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calyptoria COOPER, 1989, p. 65","Type_species":"C. extensa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cingolospiriferina Pozza, 1992, p. 211 (type, C. cingolana, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Cingolospiriferina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Fold and sulcus well developed, lateral slopes with obscure plicae, spinules or other microornament absent, punctae fine, dorsal median septum extending to midvalve, jugum unknown in type species, otherwise similar to Spiriferina","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1287, 1a-e. * C. extensa, holotype, anterior, lateral, dorsal, posterior, and ventral views, X1 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1287. spiriferinidae (p. 1930-1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-290.jpg?height=1865&width=1270&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Liospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liospiriferina ROUSSELLE, 1977, p. 164","Type_species":"Terebratulites rostratus SCHLOTHEIM, 1822, p. 260, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, flanks and sulcus not ribbed, smooth, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed, often only discernable at anterior commissure, ctenophoridium stout, supported by median septum forming short septalium with crural bases in some specimens of type species, jugum complete, high, and rounded, microornament of anteriorly directed, fine, hollow spinules arranged in quincunx, punctae large and densely spaced","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1286, 1a-g. *L. rostrata (Schlotheim), Germany, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1 (Logan, 1964), f-g, transverse sections, approximately X1.8 (Rousselle, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Logan, 1964, \nRousselle, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1286. spiriferinidae (p. 1930-1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-289.jpg?height=1864&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mentzelioides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Mentzelioides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mentzelioides DAGYS, 1974, p. 130","Type_species":"Mentzeliopsis meridialis DAGYS, 1963, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, outline transversely subovate, cardinal extremities well rounded, subequally biconvex, ventral beak acute, slightly incurved, ventral interarea high, nearly catacline, fold poorly developed, sulcus produced anteriorly, smoothly rounded, shallow, anterior margin slightly emarginate, macroornament lacking, microornament of numerous irregularly arranged, hollow spinules that penetrate secondary layer, dental adminicula short, divergent, ventral median septum long, moderately thick apical callus present, short callus suporting ctenophoridium, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Caucasus, ?Alps, Carpathians","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1286, 4a-h. *M. meridialis (DaGYs), Caucasus, a-c, holotype, posterior, ventral, and lateral views, X1, d, microornament, enlarged (new), e-h, transverse sections, approximately X1.5 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1286. spiriferinidae (p. 1930-1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-289.jpg?height=1864&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qinghaispiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Qinghaispiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qinghaispiriferina Sun & YE, 1982, p. 159","Type_species":"Q. obovata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subovate, cardinal extremities well rounded, valves subequally biconvex, ventral valve slightly thicker, ventral beak short, incurved, ventral interarea narrow, concave, apsacline, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus weakly developed, rounded, smooth, anterior commissure uniplicate, lateral slopes with few faint, low ribs, strong growth varices irregularly developed, microornament finely and regularly reticulate, dental adminicula short, stout, stout, high median septum united with dental flanges by short, transverse callus deposit, spondylium absent, dorsal interior posteriorly thickened with callus, ctenophoridium and converging crural bases supported by thick, low median septum or callus, jugum indistinct, apparently broadly V-shaped. Middle Triassic: China (Qinghai).","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1286, 2a-h. *Q. obovata, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, X2 (new), e-h, transverse sections, X1.7 (Sun & Ye, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun & \\\\mathrm{Ye}, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1286. spiriferinidae (p. 1930-1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-289.jpg?height=1864&width=1287&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triadispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Triadispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triadispira DAGYS, 1961, p. 457","Type_species":"T. caucasica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, outline subovate, subequally biconvex, cardinal extremities well rounded, hinge line short, ventral interarea low, concave, strongly apsacline to orthocline, ventral umbonal region broadly inflated, beak incurved, fold and sulcus moderately narrow, rounded, smooth, well defined, macroornament lacking, microornament of fine spinules, both valves with thick apical callus, dental adminicula short, divergent, buried in callus with long, massive median septum, cardinalia supported by short median septum, jugum complete, spiralia with numerous whorls. Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian): Geor.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Georgia (Caucasus Mountains).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1287, 2a\u2013h. *T. caucasica; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71 (new); e\u2013h, transverse sections, approximately \u00d71 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1287. spiriferinidae (p. 1930-1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-290.jpg?height=1865&width=1270&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Viligella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Viligella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Viligella DAGYS, 1965, p. 116","Type_species":"Mentzelia rotunda TUCH\u041aOV, 1956, p. 180, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, weakly inflated, outline ovate, fold and sulcus obscurely developed, smooth, hinge line narrow, cardinal extremities well rounded, ventral umbo reduced, broad, beak small, slightly incurved, ventral interarea narrow, low, strongly apsacline, macroornament absent or lateral slopes very obscurely plicate, microornament of fine, dense spinules, dental adminicula very short, with long median septum and thick apical callus, crural bases broadly converging, extending to valve floor, jugum complete, rounded, free. Upper Triassic (Norian): northeastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1288a-h. *V. rotunda (Tuchkov), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, microornament, X10 (new), e-h, transverse sections, approximately X1.2 (Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1288. spiriferinidae (p. 1933).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-291.jpg?height=885&width=1301&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=186)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paralaballa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Paralaballinae","Genus":"Paralaballa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paralaballa SUN, 1981, p. 204","Type_species":"P. zangbeinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, roundly rhomboidal in outline, semipyramidal in lateral profile, fold and sulcus weakly developed, hinge line shorter than maximum width, cardinal extremities obtusely rounded, ventral interarea high, flat, catacline, delthyrium open, narrow, dorsal interarea very low, ornament absent, dental adminicula thin, short, subparallel, with high median septum, hinge plate complete with subparallel dorsal adminicula fused to crural bases, ctenophoridium low, jugum unknown. Upper Triassic: Tibet.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1289, 1a-g. *P. zangbeinensis, ad, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (new), e-g, transverse sections, approximately X1.5 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1289. spiriferinidae (p. 1934-1936).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-292.jpg?height=1532&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mentzelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Mentzeliinae","Genus":"Mentzelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mentzelia Quenstedt, 1871 in 1868-1871, p. 522","Type_species":"*Spirifer medianus Quenstedt, 1852 in 18491875, p. 482, OD, =Spirifer mentzeli DUNKER, 1851, p. 287","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subequally biconvex, outline subovate, cardinal extremities well rounded, ventral umbonal region slightly compressed, beak incurved, ventral interarea low to moderately high, smooth, concave, apsacline, fold and sulcus lacking or variably developed, smooth and rounded, if present, macroornament usually lacking, rarely with few obscure plicae, microornament of very dense, fine spinules, high median septum apically fused with short dental flanges forming false spondylium, jugum incomplete.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic","Geography":"Tethyan geosyncline","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1290, 2a-b. * M. mentzeli (Dunker), Middle Triassic, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and ventral interior views, approximately X1 (Quenstedt, 1871 in 1868-1871), d-g, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Dagys, 1963), h, microornament, X12 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Quenstedt, 1871, \nDagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1290. spiriferinidae (p. 1935-1936).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-293.jpg?height=1312&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Madoia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Mentzeliinae","Genus":"Madoia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Madoia Sun & YE, 1982, p. 162","Type_species":"* M. rostrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline subovate to rounded subpentagonal, cardinal extremities well rounded, valves equally biconvex, hinge line narrow, ventral interarea narrow, concave, low, delthyrium open, ventral umbonal region broad, short, slightly compressed, beak incurved, fold and sulcus lacking posteriorly, poorly developed anteriorly, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, surface smooth except for strong subimbricate growth varices, microornament absent, dental adminicula and true spondylium absent, small, false spondylium formed in beak by fusion of median septum and dental flanges, median septum long, thick, ctenophoridium with discrete, vertically inclined crural bases, jugum unknown. Middle Triassic: China","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1290,3a\u2013h. *M. rostrata; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d72; e\u2013h, transverse sections, \u00d73.3 (Sun & Ye, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1290. spiriferinidae (p. 1935-1936).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-293.jpg?height=1312&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paramentzelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Mentzeliinae","Genus":"Paramentzelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paramentzelia XU, 1978, p. 293","Type_species":"P. ovata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, fold and sulcus absent or weakly developed anteriorly, microornament densely papillose, false spondylium very short, high, shallow, dental adminicula absent, moderately long, stout median septum supporting cardinalia, cardinal process bladelike, jugum unknown, otherwise similar to Mentzelia","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1290, 1ai. * P. ovata, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1, f, microornament, X10, g-i, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Xu, 1978 )","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1290. spiriferinidae (p. 1935-1936).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-293.jpg?height=1312&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tethyspira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Tethyspirinae","Genus":"Tethyspira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tethyspira SIBL\u00cdK, 1991, p. 167","Type_species":"T. persis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, moderately and subequally biconvex, outline transversely subelliptical, cardinal extremities well rounded, ventral beak small, incurved, ventral interarea apsacline, sharply delimited, fold and sulcus well developed, moderately wide, rounded, macroornament generally lacking except for strong growth varices, very faint costae may be present on whole surface in some specimens, microornament absent, spondylium long, deep, moderately elevated, bisected by very long median septum, ctenophoridium and complete V-shaped jugum present.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Geography":"Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1289, 3a-g. *T. persis, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1, d-g, transverse sections, approximately \u00d7 1.4 (Sibl\u00edk, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSibl\u00edk, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1289. spiriferinidae (p. 1934-1936).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-292.jpg?height=1532&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spondylospiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Tethyspirinae","Genus":"Spondylospiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spondylospiriferina Dagys, 1972a, p. 38, nom. transl. Carter, herein, ex Pennospiriferina (Spondylospiriferina) DAGYS, 1972a, p. 38","Type_species":"Pennospiriferina (Spondylospiriferina) glabra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, unequally biconvex, ventral valve moderately inflated, dorsal valve flattened, slightly wider than long, outline subovate, cardinal extremities weakly rounded or rarely subangular, fold and sulcus well defined, rounded, smooth, ventral interarea low, concave, smooth, lateral slopes smooth, microornament absent, converging dental adminicula bisected by median septum slightly above floor of valve, forming low, deep spondylium, wide, low ctenophoridium supported by callus, jugum, if any, unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia, Japan, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1289, 2a-f. *S. glabra, Carnian, northeastern Siberia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (new), d-f, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Dagys, 1972a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1289. spiriferinidae (p. 1934-1936).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-292.jpg?height=1532&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sinucosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Sinucostidae","Subfamily":"Sinucostinae","Genus":"Sinucosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sinucosta DAGYS, 1963, p. 104","Type_species":"Spirifer emmrichi SUESS, 1854, p. 52, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Guseriplia Dagys, 1963, p. 107 (type, G. multicostata, OD)","Synonyms":"Guseriplia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subovate, cardinal extremities rounded, hinge line narrow, unequally biconvex, ventral valve strongly inflated, subconical, ventral interarea high, concave, smooth, fold and sulcus very weakly developed, poorly differentiated, entire surface multicostate, ribs numerous, mostly simple, microornament of densely spaced, short spinules, dental adminicula short, median septum long, high, with anterior process, cardinalia sessile with nearly vertical, short dorsal adminicula, jugum complete, flattened, fimbriate. Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic, ?Lower Jurassic: Tethyan geosyncline.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic, ?Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic, ?Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Tethyan geosyncline","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1291, 2a-g. *S. emmrichi (Suess), a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (new), d-g, transverse sections, approximately X2 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1291. sinucostidae (p. 1936-1937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-295.jpg?height=1191&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mentzeliopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Sinucostidae","Subfamily":"Sinucostinae","Genus":"Mentzeliopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mentzeliopsis TRECHMANN, 1918, p. 229","Type_species":"M. spinosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline subovate, cardinal extremities rounded, hinge line less than maximum width, ventral interarea low, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus well delineated, moderately wide, rounded, lateral slopes with few weak to moderately strong, low, rounded plicae, growth varices strong, irregularly spaced, moderately lamellose, microornament of concentrically arranged, coarse, hollow spinules, dental adminicula stout, divergent, with strong median septum, jugum unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1291, 1 a-e. * M. spinos a, a-b, dorsal and ventral valves, c, dorsal view of internal mold, X1 (Trechmann, 1918), d, dorsal valve, X1, e, ventral valve, X0.75 (Marwick, 1953).","Museum_or_author_information":"Trechmann, 1918, \nMarwick, 1953","figure_index":"fig. 1291. sinucostidae (p. 1936-1937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-295.jpg?height=1191&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qispiriferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Sinucostidae","Subfamily":"Sinucostinae","Genus":"Qispiriferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qispiriferina Xu & LIU, 1983b, p. 117","Type_species":"Q. subrotunda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subovate, subequally biconvex, moderately inflated, cardinal extremities well rounded, hinge line narrow, ventral beak incurved, interarea apsacline, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus weakly to moderately developed and delineated, smooth, sulcus shallow, bottom flattened, fold low, flattened, lateral slopes with moderately numerous, weak, low, rounded costae, microornament unknown, dental adminicula very short with long, high median septum and short apical callus, cardinalia supported by thin callus, with variably developed short, vertical dorsal adminicula, jugum unknown. Middle Triassic: China (Qinghai).","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1291, 4a-f. *Q. subrotunda, a-b, syntypes, ventral and dorsal valves, X1 (new), c-f, transverse sections, magnification unknown (Xu & Liu, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1291. sinucostidae (p. 1936-1937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-295.jpg?height=1191&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jiangdaspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Sinucostidae","Subfamily":"Jiangdaspiriferinae","Genus":"Jiangdaspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jiangdaspirifer Chen & OTHERS, 1986, p. 74","Type_species":"* J. tongpuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, subovate, subequally biconvex, maximum width near midlength, maximum thickness attained slightly posterior to midlength, delthyrium open, hinge line short, interarea triangular, fold and sulcus weakly developed, sometimes indistinct, dental adminicula widely set, diverging, with long median septum, cardinal process indistinct, hinge plate complete, supported by thin, high median septum, spiralia with 3 to 4 whorls, jugum and microornament unknown. Upper Triassic: Tibet.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1291, 3ab. * J. tongpuensis, a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X4, f-h, three transverse sections, approximately X1 (Chen & others, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen & others, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1291. sinucostidae (p. 1936-1937).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-295.jpg?height=1191&width=1280&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecospiroidea","Family":"Thecospiridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thecospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecospira ZUGMAYER , 1880, p. 152","Type_species":"Thecidea haidingeri Suess, 1854, p. 43; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thecospiropsis DAGYS , 1974, p. 75 (type, Thecospira semseyi BITTNER, 1912, p. 41)    [Thecospiropsis is morphologically inseparable from Thecospira, its separation being based solely on the absence of endopunctae in Thecospiropsis (\u201conly pseudopunctate forms\u201d of DAGYS, 1974, p. 75). In view of the known variation in the distribution of endopunctae in other thecideidine genera and the uncertainty regarding their occurrence in Thecospira species (BENIGNI & FERLIGA, 1989), it is considered that separation is unjusti\ufb01ed. Thecospiropsis is therefore considered to be a synonym of Thecospira.]","Synonyms":"Thecospiropsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely elliptical, pseudodeltidium usually precisely \ufb02ush with interarea, ornament in form of small, tear-shaped pustules with faint traces of radial costellae commonly present on well-preserved specimens; subperipheral rim strongly thickened, spicules possibly associated with spiralia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1293, 1h\u2013i. T. semseyi BITTNER, Carnian, Vesprem, Hungary; h, dorsal view of ventral valve showing detached spiral brachidium, \u00d74; i, possible spicules associated with brachidium, \u00d78 (Dagys, 1974). -- Fig . 1293 ,1j\u2013p. T. tyrolensis (LORETZ ), Carnian, Cortina D\u2019Ampezzo, Italy; serial transverse sections through posterior part of shell, 0.5, 1.05, 2.1, 3.4, 4.6, 6.6, 7.2 mm from umbo, \u00d77 (adapted from Benigni & Ferliga, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecospirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecospiroidea","Family":"Thecospirellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thecospirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecospirella BITTNER, 1912, p. 46","Type_species":"T. loczyi; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate-pyriform, relatively small; ventral valve commonly with shallow, anterior sulcus; subperipheral rim with scalloped ornament; brachial apparatus consisting of pair of anterolaterally placed septa arising from subperipheral rim and of short, completely bifurcated, median septum (from walls of which hamate structures arise); regularly endopunctate.    [Previous citations of Thecospirella as 1900 are erroneous. The 1912 citation is the \ufb01rst mention by BITTNER of the genus.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"southern Alps, Hungary","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1294, 1a\u2013v. *T. loczyi, Vesprem, Hungary; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral views, ventral valve interior, \u00d75; d, lateral view of breached shell, showing partially preserved, brachial apparatus, \u00d76; e, young dorsal valve interior, showing partially preserved, brachial apparatus, \u00d710 (Dagys, 1974); f, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, \u00d79 (adapted from Dagys, 1972c); g\u2013v, serial transverse sections, 0.2, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6 mm from umbo, \u00d75 (adapted from Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1294. thecospirellidae (p. 1946).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-305.jpg?height=1679&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bittnerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecospiroidea","Family":"Thecospirellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bittnerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bittnerella DAGYS, 1974, p. 77","Type_species":"B. bittneri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Larger than Thecospirella, ventral valve almost conical without anterior sulcus, almost catacline interarea and pseudodeltidium clearly differentiated, brachial apparatus delicate without anterolateral elements, brachial supports arising from short, posteriorly bifurcating, median septum, endopunctae extensively branching. Upper Triassic: southern Alps, Hungary, Pamir.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"southern Alps, Hungary, Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1294, 2a-q. *B. bittneri, Carnian, Shindy Gorge, Pamir, a-d, dorsal, anterior, lateral, posterior views, \u00d7 3 (Dagys, 1974), e-q, serial horizontal sections, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8 mm from origin, \u00d7 3.5 (adapted from Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974, \nadapted from Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1294. thecospirellidae (p. 1946).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-305.jpg?height=1679&width=1294&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hungaritheca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecospiroidea","Family":"Hungarithecidae","Subfamily":"Hungarithecinae","Genus":"Hungaritheca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hungaritheca DAGYS, 1972c, p. 97","Type_species":"Thecospira andreaei BITTNER, 1912, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate with hinge line approximately equal to maximum width, ventral valve strongly convex with relatively small cicatrix, ventral muscle field on platform slightly elevated anteriorly and divided by septal ridge, dorsal valve moderately convex, with low structure resembling interarea, median septum high, sometimes bifurcating along posterior, ventral edge, subperipheral rim ornamented by pits thought to represent endopunctae","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Hungary","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1293, 2a-f. *H. andreaei (Bittner), Vesprem, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, X3, d- e, ventral valve, dorsal valve interiors, X4 (Dagys, 1974), f, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X5 (adapted from Dagys, 1972c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974, \nadapted from Dagys, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1293. thecospiridae and hungarithecidae (p. 1944-1947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-303.jpg?height=1792&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pamirotheca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecospiroidea","Family":"Hungarithecidae","Subfamily":"Pamirothecinae","Genus":"Pamirotheca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pamirotheca DAGYS, 1974, p. 79","Type_species":"P. aulacothyridiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongately oval, ventral valve moderately convex, dorsal valve uniformly concave, median septum very high, posteriorly free.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1293, 3a-s. *P. aulacothyridiformis, a-c, dorsal, ventral, lateral views, X3 (Dagys, 1974), d-s, serial transverse sections, 0.4, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, 0.95, 1.15, 1.45, 1.65, 1.85, 2.25, 2.65, 3.15, 3.55, 4.15, 5.15, 5.55 mm from umbo, \u00d74 (adapted from Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1293. thecospiridae and hungarithecidae (p. 1944-1947).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-303.jpg?height=1792&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enallothecidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Enallothecideidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enallothecidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enallothecidea BAKER, 1983, p. 664","Type_species":"Thecideum pygmaeum MOORE, 1861, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve with characteristic, ladle-shaped, lateral profile, cicatrix tuberose, ventral interarea poorly defined, pseudodeltidium small, not completely closing delthyrium anteriorly, subperipheral rim incomplete, confined to lateral and posterolateral regions of dorsal valve, densely endopunctate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aalenian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (middle Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian)-Upper Jurassic (middle Oxfordian)","Geography":"southern England, upper Aalenian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1295a\u2013e. *E. pygmaea (MOORE), upper Aalenian, Cotswolds; a\u2013c, dorsal, anterior, lateral views; d\u2013e, dorsal valve, ventral valve interiors, \u00d750 (Baker, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1295. enallothecideidae (p. 1948).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-307.jpg?height=323&width=1213&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":172.8,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":151.12,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecidellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Thecidellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecidellina THOMSON, 1915d, p. 462","Type_species":"Thecidium barretti DAVIDSON, 1864, p. 17; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thecidellella HAYASAKA, 1938, p. 9 (type, T. japonica)]  -- See note in Desc.","Synonyms":"Thecidellella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral interarea clearly developed with poorly differentiated pseudodeltidium, hemispondylium U-shaped sessile or raised without supporting septum; dorsal valve with wide, peripheral \ufb02ange, long, relatively thick, median septum arching over body cavity, almost reaching bridge, bridge with posteriorly directed spur reaching base of cardinal process, brachial lobes elongate with brachial ridges secondarily elaborated by spiny processess that may anastomose to form canopies, fragile reticulum present, lophophore muscle scars present; \ufb01brous secondary shell heavily suppressed in both valves with acicular crystallite tracts present; spicules present.     [Thecidellella resembles Thecidellina except for the accessory shelly structure (\u201creversed spondylium\u201d of H AYASAKA , 1938, p. 10) between the bridge and posterior end of the median septum in the dorsal valve. The distinction is slight and the structure also occurs in Thecidellina spp. (C OOPER , 1954a); Thecidellella therefore is considered to be a synonym of Thecidellina.]","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)\u2013Holocene","Geography":"Alabama, Eocene; West Indies, southeastern North Atlantic (Cape Verde Islands), Holocene; Paci\ufb01c Ocean, Indian Ocean, Miocene\u2013Holocene.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1296,2a\u2013h. *T. barretti (DAVIDSON), Holocene, off Rio Bueno, north-central Jamaica; a\u2013c, dorsal, anterior, lateral views; d, hypotype, posterior view, USNM 461945, \u00d710 (new); e, dorsal valve interior; f, dorsal valve anterior view; g, dorsal valve pro\ufb01le, lateral view; h, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, USNM 461946, \u00d710 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1296,2i\u2013j. T. blochmanni (DALL), Holocene, Christmas Island; i, ventral valve interior; j, hypotype, ventral valve interior showing hemispondylium, BMNH BD9139, \u00d715 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bifolium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Bifolium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bifolium ELLIOTT, 1948a, p. 2","Type_species":"Thecidium faringdonense DAVIDSON, 1874, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pyriform with small cicatrix, ventral interarea indistinct and curved laterally, pseudodeltidium weakly convex and flush with interarea, hinge line very short, hemispondylium sessile, formed from low median ridge flanked by parallel pair of higher lateral ridges, dorsal valve moderately convex without interarea, relatively strongly thickened, lateral adductor muscle scars constricted by root of prostrate, relatively massive cardinal process, bridge with posteriorly directed spur, females with marsupial notch, brachial ridges almost circular, brachial lobe skeletal elements forming loosely reticulate canopies, fibrous secondary shell strongly suppressed in both valves, acicular crystallite tracts present in dorsal valve,  [Endopunctae, with scattered distribution, occur in juvenile dorsal valves only, adult shells are apparently impunctate.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-upper Aptian)","Geography":"southwestern Asia, Hauterivian, Europe, upper Aptian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1297, 2 a-t. *B. faringdonense (DAVIDSON), upper Aptian, Faringdon, southern England, a, dorsal view, b, oblique anterior view, c, oblique lateral view, d, posterior view, e, dorsal valve interior, X13 (Baker, 1991), f, dorsal valve posterior view, g, hypotype, dorsal valve interior showing typical state of brachial lobe preservation, BMNH BD9134, h, ventral valve interior, X13, i, hypotype, ventral valve interior showing profile view of hemispondylium, BMNH BD9135, X25, j-t, serial horizontal sections showing morphology of brachial lobes, 0.375 , 0.425, 0.475, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.625, 0.675, 0.7, 0.725, 0.75 ~mm from free ventral wall, X9 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1297. thecidellinidae (p. 1949-1953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-309.jpg?height=1903&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eothecidellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Eothecidellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eothecidellina BAKER, 1991, p. 816","Type_species":"Thecidiopsis (Thecidiopsis) bohemica imperfecta NEKVASILOV\u00c1, 1967, p. 115, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Roughly pyriform with shallow, ventral, anterior sulcus, cicatrix rounded triangular, relatively large, free ventral wall well developed, giving characteristic triangular lateral profile, ventral interarea anacline to apsacline, well defined with flat pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve with interarea, cardinal process with pronounced dorsal deflection, brachial lobes similar to Bifolium but canopy anterior perforations sealed by subsequent thickening, lophophore muscle scars present, fibrous secondary shell continuous in ventral valve, heavily suppressed in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Slovakia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1298, 2a-q. *E. imperfecta (Nekvasilov\u00c1), Zbyslav, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, dorsal view, b, oblique lateral view, X12, c, dorsal valve interior, d, dorsal valve anterior view, e, dorsal valve posterior view, X13 (Baker, 1991), f-q, serial horizontal sections showing morphology of brachial lobes, 0.18, 0.22, 0.26, 0.28, 0.32, 0.34, 0.38, 0.42, 0.46, 0.48, 0.52, 0.56 mm from free ventral wall, X10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1298. thecidellinidae (p. 1949-1953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-310.jpg?height=1430&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":95.55,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesoseptina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Mesoseptina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesoseptina MU\u00d1OZ, 1994, p. 167","Type_species":"M. minima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Midiseptina Mu\u00d1oz, 1989, nom. nud.\"","Synonyms":"Midiseptina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pyriform shape, lophophore muscle scars present, fibrous secondary shell heavily suppressed, restricted to inner socket ridges of dorsal valve, possibly endopunctate","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)","First_Occurrence":"Santonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"northeastern Spain, Santonian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1297, 1a-c. *M. minima, Santonian, Serra del Montsec, south central Pyrenees, a, dorsal view, b, dorsal valve interior, X30, c, dorsal valve interior, oblique posterior view showing apophysis, X60 (Mu\u00f1oz, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mu\u00f1oz, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1297. thecidellinidae (p. 1949-1953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-309.jpg?height=1903&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":85.7,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rioultina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Rioultina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rioultina PAJAUD, 1966b, p. 631","Type_species":"Thecidea triangularis D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 316, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded triangular, hinge line relatively short, ventral interarea clearly demarcated, flat, acutely triangular, pseudodeltidium undifferentiated, hemispondylium wide, sessile, relatively massive, dorsal valve subcircular, cardinal process relatively large, brachial lobes small, auriform, each consisting of ring of spiny, often connected processes with nearest being obliquely divergent from base of median septum, fibrous secondary shell continuous in both valves.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian)-Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1296, 1a-g. *. triangularis (d'Orbigny), upper Bathonian, Luc-sur-Mer, Normandy, France, a, hypotype, dorsal view, BMNH BD9131, X13 (new), b, dorsal valve interior, c, dorsal valve, oblique anterior view, d, dorsal valve, oblique lateral view, e, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9132, X13 (new), f, ventral valve interior, g, hypotype, ventral valve, oblique anterior view showing hemispondylium, BMNH BD9133, X20 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1296. thecidellinidae (p. 1949-1953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-308.jpg?height=1759&width=1270&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":80,"beginning_date":165.87,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stentorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Stentorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stentorina Baker & WILSON, 1999, p. 887","Type_species":"S.. sagittata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, hinge line relatively short, ventral interarea small, flat, poorly defined, pseudodeltidium indistinct, relatively large attachment scar, shallow anterior sulcus commonly developed, ventral valve with sessile hemispondylium with pronounced median ridge, dorsal valve with prominent umbo, cardinal process small, brachial lobes represented by low, curved ridges, fibrous secondary shell continuous in both valves","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian or lower Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian or lower Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian or lower Bathonian)","Geography":"USA (Utah)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1298, 1a-g. *S. sagittata, Washington County, southwestern Utah, BMNH BD9372, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, e, holotype, threequarters profile, lateral view, X20 (Baker & Wilson, 1999), f, ventral valve interior, reconstruction, g, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X20 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker & Wilson, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1298. thecidellinidae (p. 1949-1953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-310.jpg?height=1430&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":167.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moorellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Moorellininae","Genus":"Moorellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moorellina ELLIOTT, 1953a, p. 693","Type_species":"Thecideum duplicatum MOORE, 1854, p. 118, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Elliottina Pajaud, 1963, p. 996 (type, Thecidea deslongchampsii Davidson, 1852b, p. 258)\"","Synonyms":"Elliottina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Typically rounded triangular, cicatrix commonly triangular, geniculation producing low to high, free, ventral wall, ventral interarea flat, with pseudodeltidium flush with surface, dorsal valve typically with small, hypercline interarea, median septum relatively short with lateral ridges arranged in Y-shaped configuration, brachial lobes varying from incomplete arcuate lines to tuberculate ridges surrounding shallow, intrabrachial depressions, fibrous secondary shell continuous in both valves. Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic: western Europe, Middle Jurassic.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic","Geography":"western Europe, Middle Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1299, 3a-e. *M. duplicata (Moore), Cotswolds, southern England, a, dorsal valve interior, upper Aalenian, b, dorsal valve, oblique lateral view, upper Aalenian, c, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, upper Aalenian, BMNH BD9129, \u00d710, d, hypotype, juvenile dorsal valve interior, upper Aalenian, BMNH BD9130, X25 (new), e, ventral valve interior, Bajocian, X10 (Moore, 1854).","Museum_or_author_information":"Moore, 1854","figure_index":"fig. 1299. thecidellinidae (p. 1953-1954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-312.jpg?height=1164&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bosquetella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Moorellininae","Genus":"Bosquetella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bosquetella SMIRNOVA, 1969a, p. 83","Type_species":"Thecidium campichei de Loriol in PICTET, 1872, p. 146, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongately semioval, markedly ventribiconvex, cicatrix variable but never large, ventral interarea poorly developed with undifferentiated pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve without interarea, cardinal process with median protruberance giving incipiently trilobed appearance, brachial lobes in form of tuberculate ridges, asymmetrically pyriform with apices curving toward body cavity, median septum long with lateral ridges in T-shaped configuration, fibrous secondary shell partially suppressed in ventral valve, heavily suppressed in dorsal valve. Lower Cretaceous: Crimea, Switzerland.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Switzerland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1299, 1a-d. *B. campichei (De Loriol), a, dorsal view, Valanginian, Crimea, X10.5 (Smirnova, 1969a), b, dorsal valve interior, upper Valanginian, Auberson, Switzerland, c, dorsal valve, profile lateral view, upper Valanginian, Auberson, Switzerland, d, dorsal valve, posterior view, upper Valanginian, Auberson, Switzerland, X9 (Baker, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1969, \nBaker, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1299. thecidellinidae (p. 1953-1954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-312.jpg?height=1164&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pachymoorellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Moorellininae","Genus":"Pachymoorellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pachymoorellina BAKER, 1989a, p. 56","Type_species":"Thecideum bouchardii Moore, 1854, p. 116, non Davidson, 1851, OD, =Thecidea (Davidsonella) dundriensis ROLLIER, 1915, p. 53","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral interarea well developed, convex pseudodeltidium, relatively large cicatrix and conspicuously thickened, free, ventral wall, internally with deeply impressed, diductor muscle scars forming an inverted V, dorsal interarea not developed or vestigial, valve with fragile, very wide, peripheral flange usually not preserved and high, median septum separating brachial cavities devoid of brachial lobes, lateral ridges weakly developed, lophophore grooves shallow and indistinct, fibrous secondary shell strongly suppressed in both valves, acicular crystallite tracts well developed in ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian-Bajocian)","Geography":"southern England, upper Aalenian, southern England, Bajocian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1299, 2a-e. *P. dundriensis (Rollier), Cotswolds, ab, dorsal valve interior, dorsal valve posterior view, upper Aalenian, c, dorsal valve showing typical destruction of peripheral flange, upper Aalenian, X10, d, immature ventral valve profile, interior view, upper Aalenian, X8.5 (Baker, 1989a), e, ventral valve interior, Bajocian, X8 (Moore, 1854).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker, 1989, \nMoore, 1854","figure_index":"fig. 1299. thecidellinidae (p. 1953-1954).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-312.jpg?height=1164&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":172.8,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bactrynium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Bactryniidae","Subfamily":"Bactryniinae","Genus":"Bactrynium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bactrynium EMMRICH, 1855, p. 449","Type_species":"B. bicarinatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pterophloios Gumbel, 1861, p. 411, obj.","Synonyms":"Pterophloios","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ornamented by fine growth lines, hinge line approximately equal to maximum width of shell, ventral interarea obscure, possibly apsacline, pseudodeltidium obscure, dorsal valve longitudinally semioval with low, plane interarea, bridge possibly present, strongly thickened subperipheral rim with 8 to 10 pairs of lateral septa, median septum ridgelike, extending posteriorly over body cavity, septa complementary to lateral and long, median ridges in ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Geography":"Austria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1300, 1a-f. * B. bicarinatum, Kossener Schichten, a, dorsal valve interior, b, dorsal valve posterior view, X3 (Williams, 1965), c, dorsal valve, lateral view, X3, d, dorsal valve fragment, interior view showing pustulose brachial lobes, e, dorsal valve fragment, interior view showing lateral adductor muscle scar to left of cardinal process, f, posterior view of view e, X6 (Rudwick, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Williams, 1965, \nRudwick, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1300. bactryniidae (p. 1955).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-314.jpg?height=1877&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Davidsonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Bactryniidae","Subfamily":"Davidsonellinae","Genus":"Davidsonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Davidsonella MUNIER-CHALMAS, 1880, p. 279","Type_species":"Thecidea sinuata EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1853, p. 242, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thecidea (Davidsonella) dundriensis Rollier, 1915, p. 53","Synonyms":"Thecidea (Davidsonella)","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, longitudinally subrectangular, emarginate, ventral interarea flat, almost orthocline, acutely triangular, pseudodeltidum convex, relatively large, ventral valve deep with relatively pronounced anterior sulcus continuous with well-defined, broad, median ridge, hemispondylium raised thickened and supported by lateral connections with valve wall, dorsal valve with small, prostrate cardinal process and anterior sulcus continuous with shallow sinus dividing median septum for almost entire length, brachial lobes may form fragile reticulum, lophophore grooves conspicuous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)-Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Geography":"Austria, Rhaetian, Wales, Hettangian, Normandy, southern England, Toarcian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1300,3a\u2013h. *D. sinuata (E UDES -D ESLONGCHAMPS ), Toarcian, May-sur-Orne, Normandy, France; a, dorsal view; b, hypotype, lateral view, BMNH BD9356, \u00d78; c,dorsal valve interior; d, dorsal valve anterior view; e, dorsal valve, oblique lateral view; f, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9357, \u00d79; g, ventral valve interior; h, hypotype, ventral valve tilted showing hemispondylium, BMNH BD9358, \u00d712 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1300. bactryniidae (p. 1955).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-314.jpg?height=1877&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Agerinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Bactryniidae","Subfamily":"Davidsonellinae","Genus":"Agerinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Agerinella Patrulius in Pajaud & PATRULIUS, 1964, p. 582","Type_species":"A. lyrata Patrulius in Pajaud & PATRULIUS, 1964, p. 583, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, ventral valve with large cicatrix giving sharply triangular lateral profile, interarea reduced, pseudodeltidium undifferentiated, hemispondylium relatively massive, formed from 3 nearly touching columns united by transverse bar, dorsal valve subcircular with pronounced convexity at umbo, internal characters imperfectly known but brachial apparatus simple and apparently similar to Davidsonella.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","Geography":"Romania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1300, 2a-c. * A. lyrata, Visterna Valley, a, dorsal view of damaged shell showing internal characters, b, drawing of a, c, drawing of frontal view of a, X8 (Pajaud & Patrulius, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pajaud & Patrulius, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1300. bactryniidae (p. 1955).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-314.jpg?height=1877&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":158.16,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Thecidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecidea DEFRANCE , 1822, p. 325","Type_species":"Terebratulites papillatus S CHLOTHEIM , 1813, p. 113; OD;  =Thecidea radians D EFRANCE , 1822, p. 325","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thecidium G. B. SOWERBY , 1823, p. 248, nom. null.; Thecidaea KEFERSTEIN , 1829, p. 82, nom. null.; Thecideum FISCHER DE WALDHEIM, 1834, p. 279, nom. null.; Thecedea D \u2019ORBIGNY , 1847 in 1847\u20131851, p. 249, nom. null.]","Synonyms":"Thecidium, Thecidaea, Thecideum, Thecedea","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively large, symmetrical, with minute cicatrix at rostral extremity, high ventral interarea with clear growth lines and narrow convex pseudodeltidium with longitudinal ridge on ventral surface, costellate radial ornament; ventral valve thick with densely tuberculate border, internal median ridge, supported hemispondylium and conspicuous lateral adductor muscle scars; dorsal valve almost circular with wide, densely tuberculate border and small, acutely triangular, longitudinally grooved interarea, cardinal process, small, square, obscurely bilobed, with longitudinal groove extended on dorsal surface, complementing ridge on underside of pseudodeltidium, bridge with marsupial notch, median septum divided into regularly incurving septules, brachial lobes interdigitating with septules, reticulum weakly developed; \ufb01brous secondary shell completely suppressed, acicular crystallite tracts in ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1301, 4a\u2013i. *T. papillata ( SCHLO THEIM), Ciply, Belgium; a, dorsal view; b, oblique lateral view; c, hypotype, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9402; \u00d76.5; d, dorsal valve interior; e, dorsal valve anterior view; f, dorsal valve, oblique lateral view; g, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9403, \u00d77; h, ventral valve interior, \u00d76.5; i, hypotype, ventral valve interior showing hemispondylium, BMNH BD9404, \u00d712 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1301. thecideidae (p. 1957).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-316.jpg?height=1681&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":69.72,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Backhausina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Backhausina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Backhausina PAJAUD, 1966d, p. 125","Type_species":"Thecidea rugosa D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 153, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, outline subtrigonal, cicatrix well developed, ventral interarea indistinct with convex pseudodeltidium, ventral valve interior ornamented by tuberculate ridges, dorsal valve subcircular but with longer hinge line than Thecidea, 1 or 2 lateral septa, median septum divided to form almost straight septules, brachial lobes interdigitating, reticulum depressed.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"lower Paleogene (Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian), lower Paleogene (Paleocene)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Cenomanian in Le Mans, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1301, 1a-b. *B*. rugosa (d'Orbigny), Cenomanian, Le Mans, France, a, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 7.5 (Pajaud, 1970), b, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 6 (Backhaus, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pajaud, 1970, \nBackhaus, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1301. thecideidae (p. 1957).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-316.jpg?height=1681&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eudesella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Eudesella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eudesella MUNIER-CHALMAS, 1880, p. 279","Type_species":"Thecidea mayalis EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1853, p. 234, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, transversely oval with long hinge line, ventral interarea large with well-developed, convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve characteristically transverse, without interarea, with relatively small cardinal process and variable number of septa, commonly more than 8, extending from valve margin to terminate near body cavity, brachial lobes pustulose, interdigitating with septa and occasionally forming reticulum united with posterior termination of median septum, fibrous secondary shell continuous in both valves.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Geography":"France (Normandy)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1301, 3 a-c. * E. mayalis (Eudes-Deslongchamps), May-sur-Orne, a, dorsal view, X4 (Elliott, 1965c), b, dorsal valve interior, X6.5 (Pajaud, 1970), c, ventral valve interior, X3 (Elliott, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott, 1965, \nPajaud, 1970, \nElliott, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1301. thecideidae (p. 1957).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-316.jpg?height=1681&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glazewskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Glazewskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glazewskia PAJAUD, 1964, p. 259","Type_species":"*G. demarcqui, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, rounded outline, ventral interarea clearly differentiated with broad, convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve wider than long with relatively large cardinal process, 2 or 3 septa in frontal position, brachial lobes irregularly developed","Beginning_age":"Neogene (?lower Burdigalian, upper Burdigalian)","First_Occurrence":"Burdigalian","Ending_age":"Neogene (Tortonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tortonian","Geological_periods":"Neogene (?lower Burdigalian, upper Burdigalian-Tortonian)","Geography":"southeastern France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1301, 2ab. *G. demarcqui, Serravallian, Saint Fons, a, dorsal valve interior, b, ventral valve interior, X6 (Pajaud, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pajaud, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1301. thecideidae (p. 1957).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-316.jpg?height=1681&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Burdigalian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":20.45,"ending_stage":"Tortonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":7.25,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Konstantia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Konstantia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Konstantia PAJAUD, 1970, p. 189","Type_species":"* Glazewskia sp. Glazewski & Pajaud, 1964, p. 263, OD, nom. nov. pro Eudesella podolica ex Glazewski MS, 1938","Synonyms_with_authors":"genus X Pajaud, 1966d, p. 124 (type, genus X sp. A, OD})","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtrigonal, ventral interarea flat with undifferentiated pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve subcircular to transversely elliptical, cardinal process prostrate, usually 4 lateral septa with the most centrally placed being commonly bifid, brachial cavities with a few nodelike tubercles, without brachial lobes.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"Podolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1302, 4a-b. * K. podolica (Glazewski MS), Bukowna, a, dorsal valve exterior, b, dorsal valve interior, X10 (Glazewski & Pajaud, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Glazewski & Pajaud, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1302. thecideidae (p. 1957-1959).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-317.jpg?height=1293&width=1275&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mimikonstantia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Mimikonstantia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mimikonstantia Baker & ELSTON, 1984, p. 778","Type_species":"M. sculpta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell larger than Konstantia, wider than long, outline transversely elliptical, ventral interarea ill defined, pseudodeltidium weakly convex, ventral valve with relatively large cicatrix and characteristic marginal rim with tuberculate inner and smooth outer zones, hemispondylium supported by septum, dorsal valve with wide, peripheral flange, without interarea, interior with septum in an approximately median position and usually 4 lateral septa, without brachial lobes; \ufb01brous secondary shell partially suppressed in both valves; impunctate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"southern England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1302, 3a\u2013e. *M. sculpta, Stroud, Cotswolds; a, complete shell, dorsal view; b, dorsal valve interior showing usual state of preservation; c, dorsal valve, anterior oblique view, \u00d712.5; d, dorsal valve interior showing undamaged septa, \u00d715; e, ventral valve interior, \u00d712.5 (Baker & Elston, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1302. thecideidae (p. 1957-1959).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-317.jpg?height=1293&width=1275&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parathecidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Parathecidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parathecidea BACKHAUS, 1959, p. 55","Type_species":"Thecidea hieroglyphica GOLDFUSS, 1840, p. 290, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, ventral valve with several irregular, longitudinal-radial, internal ridges, adductor muscle scars deeply impressed, and hemispondylium supported by thin septum, dorsal valve with wide border commonly ornamented by short, radial grooves, median septum divided to form long, approximately straight septules, 3 or 4 lateral septa, brachial lobes interdigitate with septa and septules, narrow reticulum present in some.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Sweden, upper Campanian, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, upper Maastrichtian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1302, 1a-b. *P. hieroglyphica (Goldfuss), upper Maastrichtian, Maastricht, The Netherlands, a, dorsal valve interior, b, ventral valve interior, X3 (Backhaus, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Backhaus, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1302. thecideidae (p. 1957-1959).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-317.jpg?height=1293&width=1275&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecidiopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Thecidiopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecidiopsis MUNIER-CHALMAS, 1887, p. 40","Type_species":"Thecidium digitatum G. B. SOWERBY, 1823, p. 249; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size variable, commonly large; normally transversely elliptical with ventral and dorsal interareas clearly developed; ventral valve with large hemispondylium with robust supporting septum; dorsal valve with up to 12 (usually 8 to 10) lateral septa and median septum more or less divided to form septules, brachial lobe interdigitations bordered by spinules, narrow reticulum; \ufb01brous secondary shell strongly suppressed in both valves, acicular crystallite tracts present in both valves.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)\u2013Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Switzerland, France, Russia, Valanginian; Germany, Barremian; Czech Republic, Slovakia, CenomanianTuronian; The Netherlands, Maastrichtian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1302, 2a\u2013b. *T. digitata (S OWERBY ), upper Maastrichtian, Maastricht, The Netherlands; a, dorsal valve interior; b, ventral valve interior, \u00d74.5 (Elliott, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1302. thecideidae (p. 1957-1959).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-317.jpg?height=1293&width=1275&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ancorellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Ancorellininae","Genus":"Ancorellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ancorellina Mancenido & DAMBORENEA, 1990, p. 89","Type_species":"A. ageri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, cicatrix relatively large, free ventral wall well developed, ventral interarea reduced, pseudodeltidium indistinct, hinge line short, hemispondylium sessile, anteriorly raised to form spoonlike termination, diductor muscle scars impressed posteriorly, cardinal process relatively massive, incipiently trilobed, crura possibly not uniting to form bridge, median septum reduced to anteroposteriorly flattened, distally bifurcated column, each limb united laterally with pillar arising from anterior of brachial cavities. Lower Jurassic: Argentina.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1303a\u2013v. *A. ageri, upper Pliensbachian, Neuqu\u00e9n, Piedra Pintada area, west-central Argentina; a\u2013d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, \u00d715; e, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, \u00d720; f\u2013v, hypotype, serial horizontal sections 0.280, 0.392, 0.448, 0.504, 0.560, 0.588,0.644, 0.672, 0.700, 0.756, 0.784, 0.840, 0.868,0.896, 0.952, 1.064, 1.092 mm from free ventral wall, MLP PB3257, \u00d76 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1303. thecideidae (p. 1960).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-318.jpg?height=823&width=1292&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=186)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lacazella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Lacazella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lacazella MUNIER-CHALMAS, 1880, p. 279","Type_species":"Thecidea mediterranea RISSO, 1826, p. 394, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively small, irregular with convex pseudodeltidium, interior of ventral valve papillose to spinose except over muscle scars, hemispondylium projecting anteriorly as two spurs, dorsal valve with hypercline interarea, bridge with marsupial notch, median septum divided to form trifurcating structure consisting of pair of lateral ramuli and posterior median ridge uniting with jugal pillar, brachial lobes interdigitating with ramuli, shell granular except for superficial traces of fibrous secondary shell on dorsal surface of teeth, mantle thin, coarsely spicular.","Beginning_age":"Eocene","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Eocene-Holocene","Geography":"Europe, ?Australia, Eocene, Mediterranean, West Indies, Mauritius, Pacific, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1304, 4 a-g .*L. mediterranea (Risso), Holocene, La Calle, Mediterranean, Algeria, a, dorsal view, b, hypotype, lateral view, BMNH BD9399, c, dorsal valve interior, d, dorsal valve, oblique anterior view, e, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9400, f, ventral valve interior, X8, g, hypotype, ventral valve, oblique anterior view showing hemispondylium, BMNH BD9401, X15 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Danella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Danella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Danella PAJAUD, 1966c, p. 70","Type_species":"*D. fragilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline commonly pyriform, externally smooth, cicatrix small to minute, rostral extremity strongly recurved in some species, ventral interarea obscure, pseudodeltidium clearly convex, hemispondylium sessile with low median and very high lateral ridges, dorsal valve convex at umbo, otherwise shallowly concave with narrow, acute, almost procline interarea, circular with relatively wide border ornamented by fine ribbing, median septum folded into 4 to 6 ramuli with spinose borders, brachial lobes large with well-developed reticulum and elaborate interdigitation with ramuli","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (middle Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)-Paleogene (middle Danian)","Geography":"England, France, The Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1304, 1a-d. D. recurvirostris (Defrance), ?upper Maastrichtian, Nehou, France, a, dorsal view, b, anterior view, c, hypotype, oblique lateral view, BMNH BD9359, d, hypotype, ventral valve interior, BMNH BD9360, X8.5 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1304, 1e. D. longirostris (Bosquet), middle Danian, Geulheim, The Netherlands, dorsal valve interior, X7.5 (Backhaus, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Backhaus, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).\nfig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":63.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eolacazella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Eolacazella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eolacazella ELLIOTT, 1953a, p. 694","Type_species":"Thecidium affine BOSQUET, 1860, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, irregular to trigonal, ventral valve with high, narrow pseudodeltidium, internal ventral median ridge spinose, dorsal valve laterally subrectangular, border ornamented by fine ribbing, median septum with few short ramuli, and sinus obscured by development of pair of lateral septa originating anteriorly, fibrous secondary shell completely suppressed, whole shell granular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"The Netherlands, Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1304, 2a-b. *E. affine (Bosquet), Saint-Pierre de Maastricht, The Netherlands, a, dorsal valve interior, X10 (Backhaus, 1959), b, ventral valve interior, X12 (Elliott, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Backhaus, 1959, \nElliott, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":69.72,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neothecidella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Neothecidella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neothecidella PAJAUD, 1970, p. 108","Type_species":"Thecidea antiqua GOLDFUSS, 1840, p. 290, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with large cicatrix, ventral interarea indistinct with convex pseudodeltidium, hinge line relatively short, ventral valve interior ornamented by longitudinal ridges, dorsal valve with flattened area behind umbo, which may represent interarea, border with ribbed ornament, cardinal process small, median septum with well-developed sinus not fully open posteriorly, termination united with jugal pillar, brachial lobes small, reniform, occurrence of fibrous secondary shell restricted to teeth and tooth ridges of ventral valve in at least one species.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (middle Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aptian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (middle Oxfordian), Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","Geography":"France, Germany, Switzerland, southern England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1305, 2a-e. N. parviserrata Baker & Laurie, upper Aptian, Faringdon, southern England, a, dorsal valve interior, b, dorsal valve, oblique anterior view, c, dorsal valve lateral view, d, dorsal valve posterior view, e, ventral valve, oblique posterior view, X20 (Baker & Laurie, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker & Laurie, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1305. thecideidae (p. 1962-1964).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-321.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":152.95,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pajaudina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Pajaudina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pajaudina LOGAN, 1988, p. 546","Type_species":"P. atlantica LOGAN, 1988, p. 550, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively large, elongate with convex pseudodeltidium, hemispondylium with supporting septum, dorsal interarea hypercline, cardinal process incipiently trilobed, bridge with marsupial notch, brachial apparatus consisting of 2 crescentic, lateral ramuli, and posterior, upraised, median ridge divided into short septules, troughs of ramuli perforate, brachial lobes interdigitating with ramuli and septules, shell granular except for superficial, fibrous secondary layer on teeth, mantle spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"southeastern North Atlantic (Canary Islands, Salvage Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1305, 1 a-d .* P. atlantica, off Palma, Canary Islands, a, dorsal view, b, dorsal valve interior, c, dorsal valve interior, lateral oblique view, d, ventral valve interior, X4 (Logan, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Logan, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1305. thecideidae (p. 1962-1964).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-321.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parabifolium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Parabifolium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parabifolium PAJAUD, 1966c, p. 70","Type_species":"P. priscum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, externally similar to Neothecidella, dorsal valve interior with median septum divided over entire length with thin, lateral septum on either side converging posteriorly, brachial lobes well developed","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (lower Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1304, 3a-b. * P. priscum, Nattheim, a, dorsal valve interior, b, ventral valve interior, X10 (Pajaud, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pajaud, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":152.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praelacazella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Praelacazella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praelacazella SMIRNOVA, 1969a, p. 81","Type_species":"Thecidium valangiense DE LORIOL, 1868, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongately to rounded subtriangular with greatest width close to anterior margin, large cicatrix, ventral interarea obscure with convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve circular-tetragonal, dorsal interarea hypocline, cardinal process with pronounced dorsal deflection, median septum with wide sinus divided posteriorly to form pair of ramuli and central, jugal pillar, brachial lobes reniform with lanceolate interdigitation with ramuli, fibrous secondary shell partially suppressed in ventral valve, heavily suppressed in dorsal valve, acicular crystallite tracts in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Valanginian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Valanginian)-Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Switzerland, upper Valanginian, Crimea, western Germany, Hauterivian, France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Cenomanian-Santonian, southern England, Germany, Maastrichtian; Denmark, Coniacian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1305, 5a\u2013f. P. lacazelliformis (ELLIOTT), upper Cenomanian, Zbyslav, Bohemia, Czech Republic; a, hypotype, dorsal view, BMNH BD9136; b, dorsal valve interior; c, dorsal valve, oblique anterior view; d, dorsal valve, interior oblique lateral view; e, hypotype, dorsal valve, interior oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9137; f, hypotype, ventral valve interior, BMNH BD9138, \u00d712 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1305. thecideidae (p. 1962-1964).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-321.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":135.41,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecidella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Thecidella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecidella MUNIER-CHALMAS, 1887, p. 40","Type_species":"Thecidea rustica D AVIDSON , 1851, p. 15; OD;  =Thecidea (Thecidella) normaniana M UNIER -C HALMAS in OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1,331]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, with large cicatrix, ventral interarea obscure, broad, with strongly convex pseudodeltidium; dorsal valve quadrangular to transversely rectangular, anterior margin with shallow sulcus, dorsal interarea vestigial, cardinal process prostrate and relatively small, median septum wide, divided by sinus over its entire length, variable in outline with denticulate margins, walls commonly uniting to form posterior, centrally perforate termination, brachial cavities without brachial lobes or lophophore grooves; \ufb01brous secondary shell forming continuous lining in both valves.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (middle Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)\u2013Middle Jurassic (middle Bajocian)","Geography":"southern England, France, Toarcian; Germany, middle Bajocian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1305, 3a\u2013g. *T. rustica (DAVIDSON), lower Toarcian, May-sur-Orne, France; a, dorsal view; b, hypotype, oblique anterior view, BMNH BD9362, \u00d77; c, dorsal valve interior; d, dorsal valve, oblique anterior view; e, dorsal valve, oblique lateral view; f, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9363, \u00d710; g, hypotype, dorsal valve interior showing typical state of preservation of median septum, BMNH B36895, \u00d710 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1305. thecideidae (p. 1962-1964).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-321.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":169.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vermiculothecidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Vermiculothecidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vermiculothecidea ELLIOTT, 1953a, p. 694","Type_species":"Terebratulites vermicularis SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, irregularly elongate, ventral interarea and pseudodeltidium poorly differentiated, ventral valve deep with interior ornamented by small tubercles, dorsal valve subcircular to longitudinally oval, brachial apparatus elaborate, sinus very wide with septum free from valve floor posteriorly, folded into up to 12 ramuli with spinose edges, brachial lobes well developed with large reticulum and rodlike interdigitation with ramuli. Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Maastrichtian): The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Romania, upper Maastrichtian, southern England, Cenomanian.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Romania, southern England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1305, 4ab. *V. vermicularis (Schlotheim), upper Maastrichtian, Maastricht, The Netherlands, a, dorsal valve interior, b, ventral valve interior, X6 (Elliott, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1305. thecideidae (p. 1962-1964).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-321.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Centronella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Centronellinae","Genus":"Centronella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Centronella BILLINGS, 1859, p. 131","Type_species":"*Rhynchonella glansfagea Hall, 1857, p. 125, SD HALL, 1863, p. 45","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, concavoconvex, naviculate, sessile, swollen hinge plates medially divided by cleft, but forming part of a basally sessile cardinal plate, small cardinal process apically situated, dental plates obsolete, swollen hinge teeth, loop acuminate (0.5-0.6 dorsal valve length)","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1318, la-c. *C. glansfagea (Hall), New York, USA, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, X2 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1318, 1d-j. C. campbelli Cloud, Indiana, USA, d-g, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 109028A, h-i, interior of dorsal and ventral valves, X2, j, ventral view of loop, X4 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCloud, 1942, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1318. centronellidae (p. 1994-1995).\nfig. 1318. centronellidae (p. 1994-1995).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-353.jpg?height=1345&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-353.jpg?height=1345&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oriskania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Centronellinae","Genus":"Oriskania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oriskania Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 269","Type_species":"O. navicella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ventribiconvex, naviculate, subcircular to elongate, dorsal valve gently unisulcate, thickened, sessile cardinal plate, cardinal process linear","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern North America, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1318,2a\u2013f. *O. navicella, New York, USA; a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views; d, interior of ventral valve; e, ventral view of dorsal valve interior, \u00d71; f, cardinalia, \u00d72 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1318. centronellidae (p. 1994-1995).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-353.jpg?height=1345&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proboscidina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Centronellinae","Genus":"Proboscidina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proboscidina ISAACSON, 1977, p. 192","Type_species":"* Centronella arcei ULRICH, 1892, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate, dorsibiconvex, rectimarginate, hinge teeth massive, large ventral valve muscle field, cardinal plate nonsessile, medially grooved, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Bolivia, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1318, 3a-e. *P. arcei (UlRICH), Bolivia, a-b, impression of ventral valve interior, and latex replica of ventral valve interior, X1.7, c, dorsal view of steinkern, d, latex replica of dorsal valve, e, ventral view of steinkern, X2 (Isaacson, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Isaacson, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1318. centronellidae (p. 1994-1995).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-353.jpg?height=1345&width=1280&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Etymothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Rensselariinae","Genus":"Etymothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Etymothyris CLOUD, 1942, p. 59","Type_species":"Rensselaeria ovoides gaspensis CLARKE, 1909, p. 238, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, exterior and dorsal interior as in Rensselaeria, dental plates not obsolete, subparallel. Lower Devonian (Emsian): eastern North America.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1319, 1a-g. *E. gaspensis (Clarke), Quebec, Canada, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X1, c-d, interior of dorsal and ventral valves, X1, e-g, lateral, anterior, and posterior views of steinkern of immature specimen, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1319. centronellidae (p. 1996).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-355.jpg?height=1888&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nanothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Rensselariinae","Genus":"Nanothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nanothyris CLOUD, 1942, p. 45","Type_species":"* Meganteris mutabilis HALL, 1857, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ventribiconvex, smooth umbones, costellate peripherally, commissure rectimarginate. Dental plates discrete, cardinal plate posteriorly foramenate, crural plates long in large specimens, commonly absent in minute specimens.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1319, 2 a-g . *N*. mutabilis (Hall), New York, USA, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d-e, posterior and dorsal views of steinkern showing dental and crural plates, X2 (Cloud, 1942), f, oblique view of loop, g, interior of dorsal valve, X3.5 (Boucot & Wilson, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot & Wilson, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1319. centronellidae (p. 1996).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-355.jpg?height=1888&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rensselaerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Rensselariinae","Genus":"Rensselaerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rensselaerina DUNBAR, 1917, p. 466","Type_species":"R. medioplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth umbones, ventribiconvex, anteromedial radial ornamentation, strong costae, rectimarginate and crenulate commissure, dental plates obsolescent in larger specimens, partially to completely sessile, posteriorly foramenate, massive cardinal plate, crural plates secondarily thickened to submerged, loop variable. Lower Devonian (Lochkovian): eastern North America.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1320a-e. *R. medioplicata, Tennessee, USA, a, interior of ventral valve, X2, b-c, ventral and anterior views of cardinal plates, X2 (Cloud, 1942), d-e, ventral and lateral views of reconstructed loop, X0.5 (Dunbar, 1917).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1320 f-h. R. haraganana Cloud, Oklahoma, USA, f-g, dorsal and anterior views, h, ventral view of loop, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nDunbar, 1917, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1320. centronellidae (p. 1996).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-356.jpg?height=278&width=1270&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=216)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphigenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Amphigeniinae","Genus":"Amphigenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphigenia HALL, 1867b, p. 374","Type_species":"Pentamerus elongata VANUXEM, 1842, p. 132, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular to elongate, ventribiconvex, umbonal region smooth, anterolateral regions may be faintly costellate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, may be weakly crenulate, cardinal plate posteriorly sessile, foramenate posteriorly in smaller specimens, crural plates, ventral valve spondylium supported by median septum and mystrochial plates, both formed from convergent dental plates, except in oldest form where plates barely unite anteriorly. Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian): central and eastern North America, northwestern Africa, France, Brazil (Amazon Basin), Venezuela.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"central and eastern North America, northwestern Africa, France, Brazil (Amazon Basin), Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1321 a-f .* A. elongata (Vanuxem), New York, USA, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, c, posterior view of interior of conjoined valves, d-e, interior views of dorsal valves, X1 (Cloud, 1942), f, interior of silicified ventral valve, X1 (Boucot, 1959b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, 1959","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eurythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Eurythyridinae","Genus":"Eurythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eurythyris CLOUD, 1942, p. 63","Type_species":"Eurythyris lucerna Schuchert in Schuchert & MAYNARD, 1913, p. 390, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth to peripherally finely costellate, naviculate, dental plates obsolete, cardinal plate sessile, swollen, linear cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"east-central North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1322, 1a-b. *E. lucerna (Schuchert), Maryland, a, interior of ventral valve posterior, X1, b, ventral view of loop, X1 (Cloud, 1942)., Fig. 1322, 1c-f. E. dunbari Cloud, Maryland, USA, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, YPM S3369, \u00d71 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1322. centronellidae (p. 1998-1999).\nfig. 1322. centronellidae (p. 1998-1999).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-357.jpg?height=1388&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-357.jpg?height=1388&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Beachia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Eurythyridinae","Genus":"Beachia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Beachia Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 260","Type_species":"Meganteris suessana HALL, 1857, p. 100, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Umbones smooth, peripherally finely costellate, subcircular to moderately elongate, dental plates free in small specimens, obsolescent to obsolete in large specimens, cardinal plate perforate in small specimens, imperforate in large specimens, cardinal plate free in small to medium specimens, moundlike to swollen in large, crural plates free in small specimens, submerged in large specimens","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1322, 4 a-h .*B. suessana (HAlL), Maryland, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, posterior of dorsal valve, X1, f, cardinal plate, X2, g-h, ventral views of loops, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1322. centronellidae (p. 1998-1999).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-357.jpg?height=1388&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cloudothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Eurythyridinae","Genus":"Cloudothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cloudothyris Boucot & JOHNSON, 1968, p. 19","Type_species":"C. postovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, subcircular, dental plates obsolescent to obsolete, cardinal plate supporting a massive, medially clefted, elongate cardinal process, crural plates visible in small specimens, submerged in sessile, larger cardinal plate, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"North America (Maine, New York, ?New Hampshire, ?Gasp\u00e9)","Figure_captions":"Fig.1322,2a\u2013d. *C. postovalis, New York, USA; a, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d71; b, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d71; c, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d73; d, interior of ventral valve, \u00d71 (Boucot & Johnson, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1322. centronellidae (p. 1998-1999).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-357.jpg?height=1388&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stringocephalus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Stringocephalinae","Genus":"Stringocephalus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stringocephalus Defrance in de Blainville, 1827 in 1825-1827, p. 511, nom. nov. Sandberger, 1842, p. 386, pro Strygocephale Defrance in de Blainville, 1825 in 1825-1827, p. 511, ICZN Opinion 807, 1967, p. 81;  see STEHLI, 1965, p. 748 for discussion about name history","Type_species":"Terebratula Burtini Defrance in de BLAINVILLE, 1825 in 1825-1827, p. 511, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Strygocephalus Defrance in DE Blainville, 1827 in 1825-1827, pl. 53, 1, obj., Strigocephalus J. de C. Sowerby, 1840b, pl. 56, 10, obj.","Synonyms":"Strygocephalus, Strigocephalus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, subglobular, ventribiconvex, ventral valve beak large, pointed, slightly asymmetrical, dental plates obsolescent, henidium in gerontic adults, median septae in both valves, cardinal process stout, stalklike, distally bifid, long, marginal loop with or without posteriorly directed spines","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Asia, northwestern Africa, Europe, extra-Appalachian North America, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1323a-g. *S. burtini (Defrance), Germany, a-b, dorsal and posterior views, X1, c, posterior interior of ventral valve, X1, d, ventral view, X0.5 (Cloud, 1942), e, anterior view, X0.5, f, anterior oblique view of latex impression of ventral median septum, dorsal cardinal process, and crura, X1 (Boucot, Johnson, & Struve, 1966), g, drawing of partly restored loop, X0.5 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, Johnson, & Struve, 1966, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1323. stringocephalidae (p. 2000).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-359.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parastringocephalus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Stringocephalinae","Genus":"Parastringocephalus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parastringocephalus STRUVE, 1965, p. 467","Type_species":"Strygocephalus dorsalis d\u2019Archiac & de VERNEUIL, 1842, p. 369, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Stringocephalus, but bisulcate and finely striate, loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Eurasia, USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1324, 1 a-b. * P. dorsalis (D'Archiac & de Verneuil), Germany, dorsal and ventral views, X0.5 (Torley, 1934)","Museum_or_author_information":"Torley, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 1324. stringocephalidae (p. 2000).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-360.jpg?height=953&width=1000&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=337)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stringodiscus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Stringocephalinae","Genus":"Stringodiscus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stringodiscus STRUVE, 1982, p. 221","Type_species":"Strigocephalus giganteus J. de C. SOWERBY, 1840b, pl. 56, 10-11, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, moderately ventribiconvex (so-called disclike), interior undescribed, otherwise similar to Stringocephalus","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, North America, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1324, 2a-b. *S. giganteus (J. de C. Sowerby), Germany, dorsal and lateral views, \u00d7 0.5 (Torley, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"Torley, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 1324. stringocephalidae (p. 2000).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-360.jpg?height=953&width=1000&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=337)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kaplex":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Kaplexinae","Genus":"Kaplex","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kaplex Ficner & HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1975, p. 362","Type_species":"K. obesissimus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately ventribiconvex, hinge plates anteriorly discrete, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-lower Givetian)","Geography":"Moravia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1325, 1a-d. * K. obesissimus, a-b, exterior and interior views of incomplete dorsal valve, \u00d7 1.3, c-d, exterior and lateral views of ventral valve, \u00d7 1 (Ficner & Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ficner & Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1325. stringocephalidae (p. 2000-2004).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-361.jpg?height=1867&width=1266&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Erectocephalus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Kaplexinae","Genus":"Erectocephalus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Erectocephalus Xian in Xian & JIANG, 1978, p. 333","Type_species":"E. trigonus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Circular to elongate, ventral valve median septum low, massive hinge plates, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1325, 3a-b. * E. trigonus, a, dorsal view, b, sectioned specimen, \u00d7 1 (Xian & Jiang, 1978)","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian & Jiang, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1325. stringocephalidae (p. 2000-2004).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-361.jpg?height=1867&width=1266&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Omolonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Omoloninae","Genus":"Omolonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Omolonia Alekseeva in Alekseeva & NUZHDINA, 1967, p. 138","Type_species":"* O. antiqua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, strongly biconvex, terminally biconvex cardinal process, conjunct hinge plates, large dental plates, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Asia, western North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1326a-c. * O. antiqua, Yukagir Plateau, northeastern Russia, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, IGiG 280, \u00d71 (Alekseeva & Nuzhdina, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"IGiG, \nAlekseeva & Nuzhdina, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1326. stringocephalidae (p. 2000).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-362.jpg?height=1465&width=1268&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemistringocephalus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Omoloninae","Genus":"Hemistringocephalus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemistringocephalus SMIRNOV, 1985, p. 31","Type_species":"* H. mirabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, planoconvex, posterior portion of ventral valve unknown, prominent ventral median septum, terminally bifid cardinal process, hinge plates unite medially with cardinal process, no dorsal valve median septum, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"central Asia (Tian Shan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1327, 1a-f. * H. mirabilis, ad, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior views, X1, e-f, sectioned specimen, X1 (Smirnov, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnov, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1327. stringocephalidae (p. 2000-2002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-363.jpg?height=1869&width=1273&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kumbella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Omoloninae","Genus":"Kumbella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kumbella KHODALEVICH, 1975, p. 137","Type_species":"K. kumbensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth to finely striate, ventribiconvex, subcircular, spondylium duplex supported by median septum, bulbous cardinal process, septal and crural plates, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"east-central Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1327, 2a-d. *K. kumbensis, a-b, holotype, ventral and lateral views, c, dorsal view, \u00d7 1, d, transverse section of posterior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 3 (Khodalevich, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Khodalevich, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1327. stringocephalidae (p. 2000-2002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-363.jpg?height=1869&width=1273&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geranocephalus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Geranocephalinae","Genus":"Geranocephalus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geranocephalus CRICKMAY, 1954, p. 157","Type_species":"G. inopinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Acrothyris Hou, 1963, p. 419 (type, A. kwangsiensis Hou, 1963, p. 432, OD), Catacephalus Yang in Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983, p. 381 (type, C. tianshanensis, OD), Conomimus Johnson, Boucot, & Gronberg, 1968, p. 406 (type, C. truncatus, OD)","Synonyms":"Acrothyris, Catacephalus, Conomimus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, ventribiconvex, dental plates short, median septae absent in both valves, crural plates absent, cardinal plate formed from conjunct hinge plates, large, terminally bifid cardinal process, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1328, 1a-f. * G.inopinus, Nevada, USA; a, dorsal view, \u00d73; b\u2013c, ventral and lateral views, \u00d72; d, interior of ventral valve, \u00d74; e, anterodorsal view of dorsal valve; f, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d73 (Johnson, Boucot, & Gronberg, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, Yu, & Wu, 1974, \nJohnson, 1975, \nStruve, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1328. stringocephalidae (p. 2002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-364.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paracrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Geranocephalinae","Genus":"Paracrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paracrothyris Wu in Wang, Yu, & WU, 1974, p. 42","Type_species":"P. distorta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Geranocephalus except for the presence of crural plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"China, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1328, 4 a-b. * P. distorta, China, dorsal and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Wang, Yu, & Wu, 1974), Fig. 1328, 4c. P. sp., Nevada, USA, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 3 (Johnson, 1975)","Museum_or_author_information":"Wang, Yu, & Wu, 1974, \nJohnson, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1328. stringocephalidae (p. 2002).\nfig. 1328. stringocephalidae (p. 2002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-364.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-364.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stringomimus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Geranocephalinae","Genus":"Stringomimus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stringomimus Struve, 1965, p. 461, nom. transl. Jin & Lee, herein, ex Geranocephalus (Stringomimus) STRUVE, 1965, p. 463","Type_species":"Geranocephalus (Stringomimus) pseudopaedicus STRUVE, 1965, p. 463, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Geranocephalus except that ventral valve beak is less attenuated, and cardinal process more slender, remainder of interior unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1328, 3a-d. *S. pseudopaedicus, Germany, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, X1 (Struve, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Struve, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1328. stringocephalidae (p. 2002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-364.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xiangzhounia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Geranocephalinae","Genus":"Xiangzhounia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xiangzhounia Ni & YANG, 1977, p. 464","Type_species":"X. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Geranocephalus except for presence of short dental plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1328, 2a-b. *X. typica, China, dorsal and lateral views, X1 (Ni & Yang, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ni & Yang, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1328. stringocephalidae (p. 2002).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-364.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leioseptathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Leioseptathyridinae","Genus":"Leioseptathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leioseptathyris WU in WANG, YU, & WU, 1974, p. 42","Type_species":"L. modica; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, ventribiconvex; dental plates present; conjunct hinge plates forming cardinal plate; low cardinal process formed from laterally directed processes; loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1325, 2a\u2013d. *L. modica, China; a\u2013b, dorsal and lateral views, \u00d71; c, sectioned specimen, \u00d72; d, sectioned specimen, \u00d75 (Wang, Yu, & Wu, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1325. stringocephalidae (p. 2000-2004).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-361.jpg?height=1867&width=1266&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Newberria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Newberria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Newberria Hall in WHITEAVES, 1891, p. 236","Type_species":"Rensselaeria? johanni Hall, 1867b, p. 385, SD SCHUCHERT, 1897, p. 271","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rensselandia Hall, 1867b, p. 385, obj., nom. cond., Macroplectane Cossmann, 1909, p. 215 (type, Denckmannia circularis Holzapfel, 1912, p. 119, SD Schuchert & LeVene, 1929a, p. 51), nom. nov. pro Denckmannia Holzapfel, 1912, p. 115, non Buckman, 1898, Denckmannella Schuchert & LeVene, 1929b, p. 120 (type, Denckmannia circularis Holzapfel, 1912, p. 119, SD Schuchert & LeVene, 1929a, p. 51), nom. nov. pro Denckmannia Holzapfel, 1912, p. 115, non Buckman, 1898","Synonyms":"Rensselandia, Macroplectane, Denckmannia, Denckmannella, Denckmannia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, rectimarginate, dental plates obsolete or obsolescent, well impressed muscle field, no cardinal process, discrete hinge plates, crural plates absent except in some small specimens, loop long, marginal, may have median plate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 1a-e. *N. johanni (Hall), Iowa, USA, a-d, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, e, ventral view of loop, \u00d7 1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chascothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Chascothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chascothyris HOLZAPFEL, 1895, p. 234","Type_species":"C. barroisi, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 40","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold, uniplicate, subcircular, interior as in Newberria","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 3a-b. *C. barroisi, Germany, dorsal and lateral views, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ectorensselandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Ectorensselandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ectorensselandia JOHNSON, 1973a, p. 1, 105","Type_species":"Rensselaeria laevis \u041c\u0415\u0415\u041a, 1868, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, elongate, rectimarginate, short, obsolete dental plates, hinge plates fuse posteriorly to form cardinal plate, no crural plates, bilobed cardinal process, loop peripheral (anterior half unknown)","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Canada (District of Mackenzie)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 6a-c. *E. laevis (\u041c\u0435\u0435\u043a), Mackenzie River, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (McLaren, Norris, & McGregor, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"McLaren, Norris, & McGregor, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elmaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Elmaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elmaria NALIVKIN, 1947, p. 133","Type_species":"E. glabra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to elongate, smooth or peripherally costate, similar to Newberria, interior poorly known","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 5a-b. * E. glabra, dorsal and lateral views, X1 (Nalivkin, 1947).","Museum_or_author_information":"Nalivkin, 1947","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rensselandioidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Rensselandioidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rensselandioidea YANG, 1983, p. 34","Type_species":"R. maanshanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Newberria but with dorsal valve median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 4a-b. * R. maanshanensis, China, dorsal and lateral views, X1 (Yang, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Subrensselandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Rensselandiinae","Genus":"Subrensselandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Subrensselandia CLOUD, 1942, p. 92","Type_species":"Newberria claypolii HALL, 1891, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, subcircular to elongate, rectimarginate, short dental plates, small teeth, broad, well-impressed muscle field, discrete hinge plates, crural plates, loop long, marginal","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-lower Givetian)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1329, 2a-e. * S. claypolii (Hall), lower Givetian, Pennsylvania, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views of steinkern, X1, d, latex replica of c, X1, e, latex replica of ventral valve interior, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1329. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-366.jpg?height=1884&width=1277&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":35,"ending_date":383.06,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bornhardtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Bornhardtininae","Genus":"Bornhardtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bornhardtina Schulz, 1914, p. 363","Type_species":"B. uncitoides, SD CLOUD, 1942, p. 101","Synonyms_with_authors":"Parabornhardtina Hou & XIAN, 1964, p. 416 (type, P. yunnanensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Parabornhardtina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for subfamily, dental plates absent","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1330, 3a-d. * B. uncitoides, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, latex replica of dorsal interior, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1330. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-367.jpg?height=1329&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":389.8,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hessenhausia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Bornhardtininae","Genus":"Hessenhausia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hessenhausia Struve, 1982, p. 226","Type_species":"Rauffia pseudocaiqua Schulz, 1914, p. 371, SD CLOUD, 1942, p. 102","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Bornhardtina, but with posterior sulcus on dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1330, 1a-c. * H. pseudocaiqua (Schulz), dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X0.5 (Schulz, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schulz, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 1330. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-367.jpg?height=1329&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudobornhardtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephalidae","Subfamily":"Bornhardtininae","Genus":"Pseudobornhardtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudobornhardtina YANG, 1977, p. 460","Type_species":"* P. xiangzhouensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Bornhardtina but with dental plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1330, 2a-d. * P. xiangzhouensis, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, c-d, serial transverse sections showing dental plates, X1 (Yang, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1330. stringocephalidae (p. 2007).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-367.jpg?height=1329&width=1273&top_left_y=238&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meganteris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Meganteridinae","Genus":"Meganteris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meganteris SUESS, 1855a, p. 51","Type_species":"Terebratula archiaci de Verneuil, 1850a, p. 175-176, SD SUESS, 1856, p. 43","Synonyms_with_authors":"Megalanteris Oehlert, 1887b, p. 1, 319, obj., Vltavothyris Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9, 1956, p. 642 (type, V. svobodai, OD)","Synonyms":"Megalanteris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular, obsolete or obsolescent dental plates except in small specimens, crural plates in earlier growth stages, massive cardinal plate, bosslike cardinal process, hinge plates massive in large specimens, crural plates submerged in secondary material except in smaller specimens, loop teloform (cryptonelliform)","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Canada (Nova Scotia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1331, 1a. *M. archiaci (DE Verneuil), France, incomplete dorsal interior of holotype, X1 (Hall & Clarke, 1893)., \u2014_Fig. 1331, 1b-g. M. suessi Drevermann, Germany, b-d, latex replicas of dorsal and ventral interiors and lateral view of steinkern from which they were taken, X0.5, e-f, anterior and ventral views of fragment of dorsal interior, X1, g, reconstruction of loop, X0.5 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall & Clarke, 1893, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1331. meganterididae (p. 2009-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-368.jpg?height=1802&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meganterella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Meganteridinae","Genus":"Meganterella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meganterella BOUCOT, 1959b, p. 767","Type_species":"M. finksi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular to elongate, short dental plates, cardinal plate sessile posteriorly, crural plates, small cardinal process posteriorly, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"USA (New York)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1331, 3a-e. *M. finksi, Highland Mills, a, latex cast of dorsal valve interior, X1, b, latex cast of dorsal valve interior, X1, c, latex cast of ventral valve interior, X1, d, impression of dorsal valve interior, X3, e, latex cast of ventral valve exterior, X1 (Boucot, 1959b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1331. meganterididae (p. 2009-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-368.jpg?height=1802&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reeftonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Meganteridinae","Genus":"Reeftonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reeftonella BOUCOT, 1959b, p. 768","Type_species":"Meganteris neozelanica ALLAN, 1935, p. 23, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to elongate oval, short dental plates in small shells to obsolete in large, stout hinge teeth, cordate muscle field, crural plates in smaller specimens to submerged in sessile cardinal plate in larger examples, no cardinal process, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1331, 2 a-c . *R*. neozelanica (Allan), a, latex replica of dorsal valve exterior, X1 (Boucot & others, 1963), b, latex replica of interior of ventral valve, X1 (Boucot, 1959b), c, impression of dorsal valve interior, X1 (Boucot & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & others, 1963, \nBoucot, 1959, \nBoucot & others, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1331. meganterididae (p. 2009-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-368.jpg?height=1802&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mutationella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Mutationella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mutationella KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 236","Type_species":"Waldheimia podolica SIEMIRADZKI, 1906, p. 177, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular, ventribiconvex, costellate, short dental plates, weakly impressed muscle field, discrete hinge plates, short, anterior connecting band in large specimens, crural plates absent except for short examples in very rare, large specimens, loop acuminate to deltiform, but highly variable.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, eastern North America, South America, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1332, 1a-g. * M. podolica (SiemiRADSKI), Poland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d-g, drawings of 4 loops, X4 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1332, 1h-i. M. parlinensis Boucot & others, Maine, USA, impressions of posterior and dorsal views, X2 (Boucot, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).\nfig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cloudella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Cloudella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cloudella Boucot & JOHNSON, 1963, p. 123","Type_species":"Rensselaeria stewarti CLARKE, 1907, p. 239, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pleurothyris Cloud, 1942, p. 123, non Lowe, 1843, nec Schrammen, 1912","Synonyms":"Pleurothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular to elongate, costellate, costellae may increase partly by bifurcation, crenulate, ventribiconvex, short dental plates, obsolescent in larger individuals, muscle field deeply impressed in larger specimens, foramenate hinge plate or discrete hinge plates, muscle field deeply impressed in larger specimens, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1332, 2a-e. *C. stewarti (Clarke), Dalhousie, Canada, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, posterior of ventral valve interior, X1, e, posterior of dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Derbyina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Derbyina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Derbyina CLARKE, 1913b, p. 212","Type_species":"Notothyris? smithi Derby, 1895, p. 81, SD CLARKE, 1913b, p. 212","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Paranaia Clarke, 1913a, pl. 21, 7-8 (type, Centronella? margarida Derby, 1895, p. 84, OD), Brasilica Greger, 1920, p. 70, nom. null., Chapadella Greger, 1920, p. 70 (type, Centronella margarida Derby, 1895, p. 84, OD), nom. nov. pro Brasilia Clarke, 1913b, p. 213, non Buckman, 1898, Brasilina Clarke, 1921, p. 138 (type, Centronella margarida Derby, 1895, p. 84, OD), nom. nov. pro Brasilia Clarke, 1913b, p. 213, non Buckman, 1898, Oliveirella de Oliveira, 1934, p. 167 (type, Centronella margarida Derby, 1895, p. 84, OD), nom. nov. pro Brasilia Clarke, 1913b, p. 213, non Buckman, 1898, Chapadella Quadros, 1981, p. 88 (type, C. mendesi Quadros, 1981, p. 89, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Paranaia, Brasilica, Chapadella, Brasilina, Brasilia, Oliveirella,","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, umbones smooth, otherwise similar to coarsely costate Mutationella","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"central and southern South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1332, 4a-c. * D. smithi (Derby), Brazil, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X2, c, reconstruction of loop, approximately X4 (Cloud, 1942)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mendathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Mendathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mendathyris CLOUD, 1942, p. 125","Type_species":"Rensselaeria mainensis WILLIAMS, 1900, p. 80, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, subcircular to slightly elongate, subglobose, ventribiconvex, costellate, crenulate, short dental plates free in small specimens, obsolete in large specimens, muscle field deeply impressed in large specimens, discrete hinge plates in small specimens, swollen, perforate cardinal plate in large specimens, deeply impressed muscle field, loop unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1332, 3a-e. *M. mainensis (WILLIAMS), Maine, USA, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, c, ventral view, d, latex replica of ventral valve interior, e, latex replica of dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paulinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Paulinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paulinella Boucot & RACHEBOEUF, 1987, p. 99","Type_species":"Terebratula guerangeri de VERNEUIL, 1850b, p. 780, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, costate to costellate, crenulate, gently ventribiconvex, short dental plates, discrete hinge plates or a foramenate cardinal plate, well-impressed muscle field","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Turkey","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1333, 4a-d. *P. guerangeri (de Verneuil), France, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and lateral views, X2, c, interior of dorsal valve, X2, d, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Boucot & Racheboeuf, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & Racheboeuf, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1333. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-372.jpg?height=1881&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleurothyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Pleurothyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleurothyrella Boucot & OTHERS, 1963, p. 89","Type_species":"{ }^{\\text {SCaph- }}iocoelia? africana REED, 1906, p. 306, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to elongate, ventribiconvex, costate to costellate, costae may bifurcate, crenulate, short dental plates to obsolete, muscle field deeply impressed, discrete hinge plates in medium specimens to almost sessile, swollen cardinal plate in large specimens, posterior, small cardinal process may be present, muscle field deeply impressed, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Antarctica, New Zealand, South Africa, South America (Malvinokaffric Realm)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1332, 6a-c. * P. africana (Reed), a, latex replica of ventral valve, b, impression of dorsal valve interior, c, posterior view, X1 (Boucot & others, 1963).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1332, 6d-f. P. antarctica Boucot & others, Antarctica, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1 (Boucot & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & others, 1963, \nBoucot & others, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).\nfig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Podolella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Podolella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Podolella KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 232","Type_species":"P. rensselaeroides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to elongate, umbonal region smooth, peripheral costae, short dental plates, perforate cardinal plate, no crural plates, loop acuminate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe, Canada (Nova Scotia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1332, 5a-c. * P. rensselaeroides, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a-b, dorsal and anterior views, X2, c, drawing of loop, X3 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1332. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-371.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prorensselaeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Prorensselaeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prorensselaeria RAYMOND, 1923, p. 467","Type_species":"P. nylanderi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular, smooth umbo, costellate, crenulate, short dental plates, no crural plates in small specimens, to short crural plates in large specimens, discrete hinge plates, muscle field deeply impressed in large specimens, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern North America (Maine)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1333, 1a-g. *P. nylanderi, New Brunswick, a, holotype, wax replica of exterior of ventral valve of steinkern (Cloud, 1942), b, impression of exterior, c-f, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views of internal mold, g, dorsal view of internal mold, X1 (Boucot & Wilson, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot & Wilson, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1333. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-372.jpg?height=1881&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scaphiocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Scaphiocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scaphiocoelia Whitfield in WENDT, 1891, p. 106","Type_species":"S. boliviensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to elongate, naviculate, with ventral valve deep and dorsal valve gently sulcate, broadly unisulcate anterior commissure, costate, short dental plates in medium specimens to obsolete in large specimens, muscle field deeply impressed in large specimens, discrete hinge plates in medium specimens to posteriorly sessile, swollen cardinal plate in large individuals, bosslike cardinal process, loop present. Lower Devonian (Emsian): central and southern South America and southern Africa (Malvinokaffric Realm).","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"central and southern South America, southern Africa (Malvinokaffric Realm)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1333, 3a-d. *S. boliviensis, Icla, Bolivia, a, impression of dorsal valve interior, b, impression of ventral interior, c, posterior view of impression of ventral interior, d, latex replica of ventral valve interior, X1 (Boucot & others, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot & others, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1333. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-372.jpg?height=1881&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xana":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Xana","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xana GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 1972, p. 5","Type_species":"X. bubo, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, laterally elongate, naviculate, ventral valve gently convex, dorsal valve gently unisulcate, concave, coarsely costate, crenulate, short dental plates, discrete hinge plates united anteriorly by a median band, loop short, with recurved anteromedian vertical lamina","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1333, 2a-c. *X. bubo, a-b, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, DPO 284, X1, c, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1333. meganterididae (p. 2011-2012).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-372.jpg?height=1881&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brachyzyga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Brachyzyginae","Genus":"Brachyzyga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brachyzyga KOZLOWSKI, 1929, p. 243","Type_species":"B. pentameroides, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for subfamily","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Pridoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Silurian (?Pridoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Pridoli), Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Podolia, Lochkovian, central Asia, ?Pridoli","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1331, 5 a-c .* B. pentameroides, Lochkovian, Podolia, Poland, a-b, holotype, dorsal and anterior views, X1, c, drawing of loop, X2 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1331. meganterididae (p. 2009-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-368.jpg?height=1802&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adrenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Adreninae","Genus":"Adrenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adrenia CHATTERTON, 1973, p. 126","Type_species":"A. expansa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to elongate, very weak dorsal valve sulcus and low ventral valve fold, ventribiconvex to subglobular, costate, rectimarginate to unisulcate, crenulate anterior margin, deltidial plates forming deltidial sheath, short dental plates, median septum supporting conjunct hinge plates to form a septalium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1334, 5a-f. *A. expansa, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, ANU 18986, X3.8, e, close-up of beak, X11, f, reconstruction of dorsal valve interior, X8 (Chatterton, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chatterton, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1334. meganterididae (p. 2012-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-373.jpg?height=1764&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barbarothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Adreninae","Genus":"Barbarothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barbarothyris Wang Y\u00fc & RONG, 1986, p. 264","Type_species":"* B. glabra, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate, ventribiconvex, smooth umbos, periphery weakly to strongly costate, dorsal valve sulcus and ventral valve fold, ventral valve fold may be deeply plicate, anterior commissure unisulcate to uniplicate, crenulate, short dental plates, foramenate cardinal plate, loop with median plate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"China (Guangxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1334,6a\u2013d. *B. glabra; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d76; d, reconstruction of interior of dorsal valve, \u00d75 (Wang Y\u00fc & Rong, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1334. meganterididae (p. 2012-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-373.jpg?height=1764&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cydimia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Adreninae","Genus":"Cydimia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cydimia CHATTERTON, 1973, p. 131","Type_species":"C. robertsi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to elongate, ventribiconvex, costate except for smooth umbonal region in some forms, broad, weak dorsal valve sulcus and corresponding ventral valve fold, unisulcate, crenulate anterior margin, deltidial plates forming deltidial sheath, short dental plates, hinge plates forming a septalium supported by a low median septum, loop with vertical median plate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"New South Wales, Australia, China (Guangxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1334, 2a-f. * C. robertsi, New South Wales, a-b, external and internal views of dorsal valves, X3.5, c-e, holotype, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, ANU 18992, X3.6, f, reconstruction of dorsal valve interior, X8 (Chatterton, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chatterton, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1334. meganterididae (p. 2012-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-373.jpg?height=1764&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lingshanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Adreninae","Genus":"Lingshanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingshanella XU & YAO, 1986, p. 174","Type_species":"*L. convexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, naviculate with flat to concave dorsal valve and very convex ventral valve, costate with smooth umbos, dorsal sulcus and ventral valve fold, anterior margin unisulcate, crenulate, short dental plates, hinge plates fused posteriorly, discrete anteriorly. Lower Devonian (Emsian): China (Guangxi).","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"China (Guangxi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1334, 3 a-b .* L. convexa, dorsal and lateral views of holotype, X2 (Xu & Yao, 1986), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1334, 3c. L. changlingensis, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Xu & Yao, 1986)","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Yao, 1986, \nXu & Yao, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1334. meganterididae (p. 2012-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-373.jpg?height=1764&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Micidus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Adreninae","Genus":"Micidus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Micidus CHATTERTON, 1973, p. 134","Type_species":"M. shandkyddi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate, ventribiconvex, umbos smooth, periphery smooth or plicate, weak dorsal sulcus and corresponding ventral valve fold, weakly unisulcate, crenulate anterior margin, short dental plates, discrete hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales), USA (southeastern Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1334, 1a-e. *M. shandkyddi, New South Wales, a, holotype, dorsal view, ANU 18988, X4.7, b-c, ventral and lateral views, X4.7, d, interior of ventral valve, X11.3, e, reconstruction of dorsal valve interior, X8 (Chatterton, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chatterton, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1334. meganterididae (p. 2012-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-373.jpg?height=1764&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sturtella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Adreninae","Genus":"Sturtella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sturtella SAVAGE, 1971, p. 417","Type_species":"S. mandageriensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, elongate, weak dorsal valve sulcus, rectimarginate, costellate, anterior commissure crenulate, dental plates well developed, medially conjunct hinge plates resting on valve floor as a septalium, long crura, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1334, 4a-d. * S. mandageriensis, ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X8, d, drawing of dorsal valve interior, X10 (Savage, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Savage, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1334. meganterididae (p. 2012-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-373.jpg?height=1764&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antistrix":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Antistrixinae","Genus":"Antistrix","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antistrix JOHNSON, 1972, p. 121","Type_species":"A. invicta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for subfamily, Middle Devonian (Givetian): USA (Nevada)","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1331, 4a-e. *A. invicta, a-b, dorsal and anterior views, X3, c-d, interior views of ventral valve, X5 (Johnson, 1972), e, dorsal valve interior showing incomplete loop, X5 (Johnson, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Johnson, 1972, \nJohnson, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1331. meganterididae (p. 2009-2016).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-368.jpg?height=1802&width=1284&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhipidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhipidothyridinae","Genus":"Rhipidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhipidothyris Cooper & WILLIAMS, 1935, p. 846","Type_species":"R. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, costate, subcircular to subovate, ventribiconvex, dental plates short, imperforate cardinal plate forming septalium supported by median septum, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian-Givetian)","Geography":"eastern North America, USA (Nevada), Bolivia, Libya, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 3a. * R. plicata, New York, USA, holotype, internal impression of dorsal valve, USNM 89771c, X2 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1335, 36-d. R. lepida (Hall), New York, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCloud, 1942, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).\nfig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoglobithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhipidothyridinae","Genus":"Neoglobithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neoglobithyris HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1984, p. 59","Type_species":"N. tmisanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth umbones, costellate anteriorly, costae and interspaces rounded in cross section, 30 to 40 costae, subcircular outline, weakly ventribiconvex, anterior margin rectimarginate, crenulate, rounded, small deltidial plates border open delthyrium, dental lamellae short, ventral muscle field variably impressed, dorsal median septum, short to moderately long, supporting small cruralium.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Libya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 4a-b. *N. tmisanensis, a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X1.8, b, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, X2.8 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhipidothyridinae","Genus":"Septothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septothyris Cooper & WILLIAMS, 1935, p. 848","Type_species":"S. septata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, subcircular to subovate, ventribiconvex, free dental plates, septalium formed from conjunct hinge plates supported by a median septum formed from fused crural plates, loop probably acuminate (centronelliform)","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"eastern North America, Libya, Bolivia, South Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 5a-b. *S. septata, New York, USA, a, holotype, latex replica of impression of dorsal valve, USNM 89775, X2, b, impression of ventral interior, X1 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1335, 5 c- d. S. boucoti Mergl & Massa, Frasnian, Libya, c, internal mold showing shape of loop, X4, d, internal mold, X5 (Mergl & Massa, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCloud, 1942, \nMergl & Massa, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).\nfig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Globithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Globithyridinae","Genus":"Globithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Globithyris CLOUD, 1942, p. 82","Type_species":"Rensselaeria callida CLARKE, 1907, p. 241, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costate, ventribiconvex, free dental plates, discrete crural plates in juveniles, medially conjunct to form median septum when larger, medially fused hinge plates forming septalium supported by median septum in larger specimens, loop unknown. Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian): eastern North America, northern Europe.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)-Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"eastern North America, northern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 1a-c. *G. callida (Clarke), Emsian, Maine, USA, a, dorsal view of steinkern, b-c, ventral and anterior views of cardinal plate of young specimen, \u00d7 4 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1335, 1d-f. G. diania (Clarke), Emsian, Maine, USA, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2 (Boucot, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).\nfig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhenorensselaeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhenorensselaerinae","Genus":"Rhenorensselaeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhenorensselaeria KEGEL, 1913, p. 126","Type_species":"Terebratula strigiceps Roemer, 1844, p. 58, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929a, p. 107","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, dental plates obsolete to obsolescent, ventral valve muscle field deeply impressed and subdivided, cardinal plate formed from conjunct hinge plates, supported by median septum formed from fused crural plates, small, bifid cardinal process, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"eastern North America (Gasp\u00e9), northern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 7a-g. *R. strigiceps (Roemer), Pragian, Germany, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of steinkern, c-e, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views of steinkern, f-g, latex replicas of posterior of steinkern, X1 (Cloud, 1942).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1335, 7h. R. macgerriglei Boucot, Gasp\u00e9, Canada, dorsal view of internal impression, X1 (Boucot, Cumming, & Jaeger, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nBoucot, Cumming, & Jaeger, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).\nfig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lievinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhenorensselaerinae","Genus":"Lievinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lievinella BOUCOT, 1975, p. 372","Type_species":"Rensselaerina primaeva Barrois, Pruvost, & DUBOIS, 1920, p. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, bisulcate, obsolescent dental plates, ventral valve muscle field deeply impressed, discrete crural plates, discrete hinge plates, loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"northern France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 2a-b. * L. primaeva (Barrois, Pruvost, & Dubois), a, internal mold of dorsal valve, X1, b, internal mold of ventral valve, X1 (Barrois, Pruvost, & Dubois, 1920).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barrois, Pruvost, & Dubois, 1920","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guangshunia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Stringocephaloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Guangshunia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guangshunia Xian & JIANG, 1978, p. 317","Type_species":"G. pagodiformis Xian & JIANG, 1978, p. 318, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, hemipyramidal, very fine radial costellae, hinge line straight, less than maximum width, long ventral interarea, triangular, catacline, open delthyrium, no fold or sulcus, stout dental plates, faint median ridge, stout, undivided hinge plate supported by high median septum, stout cardinal process, circular cross section, comblike process posteriorly, which is bosslike anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern China (southern Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1335, 6a-d. *G. pagodiformis, a-c, posterior, anterior, and lateral views of holotype, GB451, X1, d, close-up view of shell ornament, X3 (Xian & Jiang, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xian & Jiang, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1335. rhipidothyrididae and uncertain (p. 2016-2018).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-375.jpg?height=1804&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cranaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Cranaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cranaena Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 297","Type_species":"Terebratula romingeri HALL, 1863, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Eunella Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 290 (type, Terebratula sullivanti Hall, 1867b, p. 387, OD), Cranaenella Fenton & Fenton, 1924, p. 129 (type, Terebratula navicella Hall, 1867b, p. 391, OD)","Synonyms":"Eunella. Cranaenella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, subcircular to elongate, ventribiconvex, sulcus on ventral valve and corresponding fold on dorsal valve fold may be present, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, foramen permesothyrid, dental plates short, hinge plate free, perforate, muscle field well impressed, loop deltiform (terebratuliform)","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian), Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan (extra-Malvinokaffric Realm)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336, 1a-d. *C. romingeri (Hall), Devonian, Michigan, USA, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X2 (Cloud, 1942), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1336, 1e-f. C. lincklaeni (Hall), New York, USA, e, ventral view of dorsal interior, f, ventral view of nearly complete loop, X3 (Cloud, 1942)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).\nfig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anomalesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Anomalesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anomalesia Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 818","Type_species":"* A. perplexa Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 819, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, foramen telate, anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate, dental plates divergent, hinge plate gently concave, loop short and wide","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336, 2a-c. *A. perplexa, Leonardian, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of holotype, USNM 153376, X1, X2, c, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asiacranaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Asiacranaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asiacranaena Kaplun & KRUPCHENKO, 1991, p. 142","Type_species":"Cranaena (Asiacranaena) koldarensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium in size, biconvex, weakly uniplicate, hinge plate united with floor, free anteriorly, with low ridge ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"central Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336, 7a-b. *C. koldarensis, ventral valve and internal mold of dorsal valve, 55\/ 12737, \u00d71 (Kaplun & Krupchenko, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kaplun & Krupchenko, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costacranaena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Costacranaena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costacranaena Johnson & PERRY, 1976, p. 631","Type_species":"* C. marlenae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth posteriorly but costate peripherally, rectimarginate, crenulate, elongate, ventribiconvex, dental plates prominent, vertical, hinge plate perforate, muscle field well impressed, loop deltiform with extended anterior portion","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336, 9a-f. *C. marlenae, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, GSC 42743, X2, e, ventrioblique view of rubber replica of dental lamellae and cardinalia, X2, f, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Johnson & Perry, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nJohnson & Perry, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hamburgia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Hamburgia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hamburgia Weller, 1911, p. 445","Type_species":"H. typa, M","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stuartella Belanski, 1928, p. 24 (type, S. vera, OD)","Synonyms":"Stuartella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally homeomorphous with Cranaena, internally similar to Cranaena except for apically sessile and imperforate hinge plate","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Ending_age":"nian-Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian-Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336, 6a-c. *H. typa, Upper Devonian, Illinois, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Cloud, 1942), Fig. 1336, 6d. H. sp., Iowa, posterior of dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cloud, 1942)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).\nfig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maclarenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Maclarenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maclarenella STEHLI, 1955, p. 868","Type_species":"M. maculosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, subcircular to oval, smooth, with color markings preserved as radial rows of spots, dorsal valve triangular in cross section, ventral valve transversely concave, anterior commissure strongly uniplicate, dental plates strong, hinge plate free and perforate\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336, 8a-e. * M. maculosa, Athabaska River, Alberta, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X1 (Stehli, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pelaiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Pelaiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pelaiella MART\u00cdNEZ-CHAC\u00d3N, 1991, p. 84","Type_species":"* P. exigua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, both valves sulcate, anterior commissure biplicate, no dental plates, hinge plate imperforate, fulcral plates broad, socket ridges high, loop deltiform, transverse band narrow","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Moscovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Moscovian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336, 5a-d. * P. exigua, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, DPO 112770, \u00d7 3 (Mart\u00ednez-Chac\u00f3n, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mart\u00ednez-Chac\u00f3n, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":309.78,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Planothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planothyris GLUSHENKO, 1975, p. 107","Type_species":"* P. idonea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, smooth, biconvex, oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, dental plates and pedicle collar present, hinge plate imperforate, loop deltiform with long vertical plate\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Peri-Donets Depression)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336,4a\u2013c. *P. idonea; dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d73 (Glushenko, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pontielasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Cranaeninae","Genus":"Pontielasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pontielasma Waterhouse & PIYASIN, 1970, p. 163","Type_species":"P. praeundatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, ventral sulcus shallow, anterior commissure uniplicate, costate anteriorly, foramen epithyrid, hinge plate supported by fulcral plates, imperforate and raised high above commissure plane","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1336, 3a-c. * P. praeundatum, a-b, dorsal and ventral views of holotype, ROM B513, \u00d7 2, c, internal view of incomplete dorsal valve, \u00d7 2 (Waterhouse & Piyasin, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"ROM, \nWaterhouse & Piyasin, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1336. cranaenidae (p. 2019-2021).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-378.jpg?height=1888&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Afilasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Afilasmatinae","Genus":"Afilasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Afilasma STEHLI, 1961b, p. 460","Type_species":"A. beecheri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, externally homeomorphous with Cranaena, unfolded, cardinal plate apically perforate, extending free of valve floor between crural plates, loop not known, probably deltiform. This genus is based on 2 specimens, both internal molds. Upper Devonian (Frasnian): USA (New York).","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"USA (New York)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1337, 1a-d. * A. beecheri, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of holotype, YPM S-1420, d, latex impression of dorsal view of holotype, X1 (Stehli, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1337. cranaenidae (p. 2021-2022).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-379.jpg?height=814&width=1267&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Girtyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Girtyellinae","Genus":"Girtyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Girtyella WELLER, 1911, p. 442","Type_species":"*Harttina indianensis GIRTY, 1909, p. 293, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, anterior commissure rectimarginate or modified by rounded plications, dental plates present","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1337, 4a-k. *G. indianensis (Girty), a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, Mississippi Valley, USA, X1 (Weller, 1914), d-k, serial transverse sections 0.25, 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, 2.50, 3.25, 4.25, 4.75 ~mm from initial section, Pella Beds, Iowa, X2 (Campbell, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914, \nCampbell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1337. cranaenidae (p. 2021-2022).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-379.jpg?height=814&width=1267&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eremithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Girtyellinae","Genus":"Eremithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eremithyris BRUEGGE, 1973, p. 197","Type_species":"* E. muhlbergensis BRUEGGE, 1973, p. 199, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Broadly subpentagonal, greatest width at midlength, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, beak erect, foramen mesothyrid, palintrope relatively wide, inner hinge plates supported by median septum forming septalium in apical region, crural bases arising from ventral side of hinge plate, dental plates present.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Germany (Zechstein)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1337, 2a-b. * E. mublbergensis, a, dorsal view, b, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Bruegge, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bruegge, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1337. cranaenidae (p. 2021-2022).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-379.jpg?height=814&width=1267&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harttella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cranaenidae","Subfamily":"Girtyellinae","Genus":"Harttella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harttella BELL, 1929, p. 149","Type_species":"* H. parva, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, similar to Girtyella except in being folded and lacking dental plates","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1337,3a\u2013b. *H. parva, Nova Scotia; dorsal and lateral views of holotype, NMC7498, \u00d71 (Bell, 1929).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1337. cranaenidae (p. 2021-2022).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-379.jpg?height=814&width=1267&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Notothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notothyris WAAGEN, 1882, p. 336","Type_species":"Terebratula subvesicularis Davidson, 1862, p. 27, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 275","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, anteriorly plicate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly unisulcate, adult shells commonly with abruptly bent anteriors and broadly truncated anterior margin, hinge plate apically perforate, loop with broad descending lamellae, incipient median vertical plate","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian-Changhsingian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Italy, Pakistan, southern China, Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 4a-c. *N. subvesicularis (Davidson), Salt Range, Pakistan, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, approximately X1.5 (Waagen, 1882).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1338, 4d. N. sp., Salt Range, Pakistan, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1882, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).\nfig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alwynia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alwynia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alwynia Stehli, 1961b, p. 464","Type_species":"Dielasma vesiculare de KONINCK, 1887, p. 30, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, ventral valve convex, dorsal valve planar, anterior commissure biplicate, loop deltiform but modified by close approach of main bands anteriorly and small transverse band","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"Belgium, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 2a-f. *A. vesiculare (de Koninck), Isle of Man, England, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior, X1.5, f, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Stehli, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chondronia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chondronia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chondronia Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 854","Type_species":"C. bella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, rectimarginate to paraplicate, foramen strongly labiate, deltidial plates concealed, smooth or faintly costate near anterior commissure, loop consisting of two broad, descending lamellae, no median fold or plate","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 7 a-d. *C. bella, Leonardian, Roadian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 153385a, \u00d7 4, d, interior of dorsal valve showing partly encrusted loop, \u00d7 8 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enallosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Enallosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enallosia Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 859","Type_species":"E. rotundovata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, oval, smooth, lateral and anterior commissures straight, pedicle collar strong, dental plates erect, stout, hinge plate imperforate, loop long with incomplete anterior end","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig.1338,6a\u2013d. *E. rotundovata, Leonardian, holotype; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 155136a, \u00d71; d, ventral view of incomplete loop, \u00d71.5 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gefonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gefonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gefonia LICHAREW, 1936, p. 264","Type_species":"G. cubanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, anterior commissure biplicate, loop acuminate, but modified by union of main bands through transverse band anterior to midlength and their subsequent separation with rise of diverging, recurving bands that end without uniting.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"North Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 9a-d. *G. cubanica, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1.5 (Licharew, Makridin, & Rzhonsnitskaya, 1960), d, reconstruction of loop, approximately X6 (Dagys, 1972b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Licharew, Makridin, & Rzhonsnitskaya, 1960, \nDagys, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ligatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ligatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ligatella MART\u00cdNEZ-CHAC\u00d3N, 1978b, p. 29","Type_species":"Notothyris (Ligatella) sarytchevae MART\u00cdNEZCHAC\u00d3N, 1978b, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate, bent slightly dorsally or ventrally, both valves with median sinus bounded by strong plicae, internal characters as for Notothyris.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338,1a\u2013c. *N. sarytchevae; dorsal, ventral, and anterior views of holotype, DOP13438, \u00d73 (Mart\u00ednez-Chac\u00f3n, 1978b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notothyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Notothyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notothyrina LICHAREW, 1936, p. 271","Type_species":"Notothyris (Notothyrina) pontica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, ventral valve with two strong folds each bordered by weak lateral folds, internal structures identical to Notothyris except for loop thickened by secondary shell material","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"North Caucasus (Nikitin Formation)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 5a-b. *N. pontica, dorsal and ventral views, X3 (Licharew, Makridin, & Rzhonsnitskaya, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":"Licharew, Makridin, & Rzhonsnitskaya, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudorostranteris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudorostranteris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudorostranteris GLUSHENKO, 1975, p. 114","Type_species":"P. schebelinkaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal, ventral valve strongly arched with flat slopes, anterior commissure uniplicate, pedicle collar well developed, outer hinge plates thick, inner hinge plates divided, recurved ventrally, loop acuminate with high median plate","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Slavinsk Formation)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 3a-c. *P. schebelinkaensis, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X3 (Glushenko, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Glushenko, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rostranteris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rostranteris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rostranteris GEMMELLARO, 1899, p. 104","Type_species":"Dielasma adrianense GEMMELLARO, 1894, p. 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, anterior commissure commonly plicosulcate, rarely unisulcate, loop acuminate with high median plate extending anteriorly and posteriorly beyond union of main bands","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 8a. *R. adrianense (Gemmellaro), Sicily, dorsal interior, X2 (Stehli, 1962).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1338, 8b-e. R. inflatum Gemmellaro, Sicily, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1.5 (Stehli, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1962, \nStehli, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).\nfig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Timorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Notothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Timorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Timorina STEHLI, 1961b, p. 465","Type_species":"Notothyris minuta Broili, 1916, p. 69, OD, non Waagen, 1882, =Timorina broili STEHLI, 1961b, p. 465","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, externally similar to Notothyris but with 2, 3, or more median plications on ventral valve raised into slight fold, loop acuminate, but with a median vertical plate modified by diverging, recurved bands that end without uniting.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian-Changhsingian)","Geography":"Timor, Pakistan, USA (Texas), Capitanian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1338, 10a-c. * T. broili, Capitanian, Timor, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X2, c, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Stehli, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nStehli, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1338. notothyrididae (p. 2022-2024).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-381.jpg?height=1581&width=1280&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Labaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Labaiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Labaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Labaia LICHAREW, 1956, p. 65","Type_species":"L. Muir-Woodae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate suboval to subrhomboidal, rectimarginate, outer hinge plate not developed, crural bases fused with socket ridges, loop acuminate with auxiliary bands developing from distal part of vertical plate","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"North Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1339,2a\u2013d. *L. muirwoodae; a\u2013c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, \u00d72 (Licharew, 1960b); d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d72 (Dagys, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Booralia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Booralia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Booralia CAMPBELL, 1961a, p. 449","Type_species":"B. ovata CAMPBELL, 1961a, p. 450, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium in size, ovate, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly unisulcate, foramen mesothyrid to submesothyrid, pedicle collar long, dorsally placed, attached to deltidial plates, hinge plates deeply concave and perforate, dental plates long, loop unknown. Carboniferous (?Moscovian): Australia (New South Wales).","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Moscovian)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 7. *B. ovata, dorsal view of latex cast, X1 (Campbell, 1961a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dielasmella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Dielasmella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dielasmella WELLER, 1911, p. 446","Type_species":"Eunella compressa WELLER, 1906, p. 442, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to pentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate, foramen mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, perforate hinge plate unsupported between socket plates, loop long, teloform","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 2 a-c .*D. compressa (Weller), Mississippi Valley, a-b, dorsal and ventral views, X2, c, interior of transparent specimen infilled with clear calcite, X1.5 (Weller, 1914).","Museum_or_author_information":"Weller, 1914","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gacina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Gacina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gacina STEHLI, 1961b, p. 458","Type_species":"G. moorefieldensis, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate or subpentagonal to elliptical, dorsal valve with distinct sulcus, hinge plate free, perforate, loop long, descending lamellae uniting near midlength with a vertical plate at front.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"North America, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 3a-e. *G. moorefieldensis, Meramecian, Oklahoma, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Stehli, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heterelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Heterelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heterelasma GIRTY, 1909, p. 337","Type_species":"H. shumardianum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, planoconvex to concavoconvex in profile, anterior commissure uniplicate to strongly sulciplicate, dental plates united on floor by callus, median ridge extending nearly to anterior margin, hinge plate generally imperforate and may be supported apically by short median septum","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 1a-d. *H. shumardianum, Texas, USA, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 118584, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1340, le-h. H. concavum Cooper & Grant, Texas, USA, e-g, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 153396 a, X2, h, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).\nfig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Petriathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Petriathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Petriathyris Lee & Jin, herein, p. 2, 254, nom. nov. pro Petria Mendes, 1961b, p. 21, non SEMENOV, 1894","Type_species":"Waldheimia coutinhoana DERBY, 1874, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Petria Mendes, 1961b, p. 21, non Semenov, 1894","Synonyms":"Petria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, oval to subelliptical, beak strongly recurved, with sharp beak ridges, foramen submesothyrid, symphytium complete, anterior commissure rectimarginate, dental plates subparallel, hinge plate perforate, loop extending to front of shell, recurving lamellae broad, thin and long, with lamellar spines at its extremities, median septum very short.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"Brazil","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340,4a\u2013b. *P. coutinhoana (DERBY); a, interior of ventral valve, \u00d73; b, interior of dorsal valve, USNM 249883, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).\nfig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Texarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Texarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Texarina Cooper & GRANT, 1970, p. 579","Type_species":"Texasia oblongata Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate, beak erect, foramen nonlabiate, symphytium completely exposed, anterior commissure sulciplicate, dental plates short, median ridge poorly developed in ventral valve, loop long with spinose anterior extremities, no median septum in dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Venezuela, ?Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 5a-c. *T. oblongata (Cooper & Grant), Texas, USA, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 153415, \u00d71 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b)., Fig. 1340, 5d. T. elongata, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).\nfig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptacanthia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptacanthiinae","Genus":"Cryptacanthia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptacanthia White & St. JOHN, 1867, p. 119","Type_species":"Waldheimia? compacta White & St. JOHN, 1867, p. 119, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex to concavoconvex, unisulcate, median septum usually absent or present apically, hinge plate concave to nearly flat, perforate, loop with hoodlike ascending lamellae and transverse band, descending lamellae becoming independent very late, anterior extremities of loop spinose.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian), Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1341, Ia-g. C. prolifica Cooper, upper Pennsylvanian, New Mexico, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 127066, X3, e-g, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of loop, X3 (Cooper, 1957a).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1341. cryptonellidae (p. 2027).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-386.jpg?height=1014&width=1286&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anadyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptacanthiinae","Genus":"Anadyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anadyrella DAGYS, 1974, p. 185","Type_species":"A. infrequens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, unisulcate, dorsal valve slightly flattened, beak short, incurved, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar distinct, dental plates short, divergent, cardinal process low, crural plates joined to floor of dorsal valve, no septum or septalium, loop long, with narrow lamellae, anteriorly spinose.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1341, 4a-d. *A. infrequens, Norian, northern Siberia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d72 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1341. cryptonellidae (p. 2027).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-386.jpg?height=1014&width=1286&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anaptychius":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptacanthiinae","Genus":"Anaptychius","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anaptychius HOOVER, 1981, p. 106","Type_species":"A. minutus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, suboval, smooth, moderately biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, dental plates strong, outer hinge plates low, inner hinge plates conjunct with apical perforation, median septum absent, loop diploform (cryptacanthiiform)","Beginning_age":"Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Roadian-Wordian)","Geography":"Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1341, 2a-d. * A. minutus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 221552, X3, d, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Hoover, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHoover, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1341. cryptonellidae (p. 2027).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-386.jpg?height=1014&width=1286&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glossothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptacanthiinae","Genus":"Glossothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glossothyropsis GIRTY, 1934, p. 251","Type_species":"Cryptacanthia? robusta GIRTY, 1934, p. 251, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline subquadrate, planoconvex to slightly concavoconvex, anterior commissure strongly unisulcate, beak ridges telate, interarea distinct, dental plates strong, cardinalia complex, with broad outer hinge plate, inner hinge plates separate in early growth stages but grow medially to form undivided inner hinge plate in adult specimens, supported by strong median septum extending anteriorly to beyond midvalve, loop long, fringed laterally by long spines, ascending lamellae and transverse band forming a broad-ribboned ring.","Beginning_age":"Permian (?Cisuralian, Wordian, ?Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (?Cisuralian, Wordian, ?Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (?Cisuralian, Wordian, ?Lopingian)","Geography":"USA, Guadalupian, Australia, ?Permian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1341, 5a-d. *G. robusta (Girty), Capitanian, Delaware basin, western Texas, USA, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1341, 5e. G. rectangulata Cooper & Grant, Wordian, Glass Mountains, western Texas, USA, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1341. cryptonellidae (p. 2027).\nfig. 1341. cryptonellidae (p. 2027).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-386.jpg?height=1014&width=1286&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-386.jpg?height=1014&width=1286&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obnixia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptacanthiinae","Genus":"Obnixia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obnixia HOOVER, 1979, p. 11","Type_species":"Terebratula thaynesiana GIRTY, 1927, p. 435, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Terebratula thaynesiana Girty, 1927, p. 435, OD","Synonyms":"Terebratula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, outline subtrigonal to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak ridges strong, foramen small, mesothyrid, deltidial plates thin, conjunct, dental plates variable, pedicle collar short, outer hinge plates narrow, inner hinge plates absent, loop long, variably spinose.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic","Geography":"western United States","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1341, 3a-d. *O. thaynesiana (GIRTY), California, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d, interior of dorsal valve, X4 (Hoover, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hoover, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1341. cryptonellidae (p. 2027).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-386.jpg?height=1014&width=1286&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cimicinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cimicinellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cimicinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cimicinella SCHMIDT, 1946, p. 67","Type_species":"Terebratula cimex Richter & RICHTER, 1918, p. 156, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate, ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, crural plates present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1339, 1 a-b. * C. cimex (Richter & Richter), a, steinkern of dorsal valve, X1, b, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Schmidt, 1946).","Museum_or_author_information":"Schmidt, 1946","figure_index":"fig. 1339. labaiidae, cimicinellidae, and uncertain (p. 2024-2028).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-383.jpg?height=1232&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cimicinoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cimicinellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cimicinoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cimicinoides Anderson, Boucot, & JOHNSON, 1969, p. 156","Type_species":"C. struvei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, externally like Cimicinella, crural plates absent, acuminate loop with anterior attached to vertical plate, vertical plate and anterior band anteriorly spinose","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Burma","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1339, 5a-k. * C. struvei, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH BB55586, \u00d7 4, d-k, serial","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1339. labaiidae, cimicinellidae, and uncertain (p. 2024-2028).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-383.jpg?height=1232&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Romingerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Romingerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Romingerina Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 272","Type_species":"Centronella julia WINCHELL, 1862, p. 405, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Harttina Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 292 (type, Centronella anna Hartt, 1868, p. 300-301, OD)","Synonyms":"Harttina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, circular, ventribiconvex, ventral beak short, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen submesothyrid, small dental plates may be present, hinge plate sessile, apparently divided, crural plates seemingly absent, loop long, acuminate, with large vertical plate","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Mississippian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig . 1339,3a\u2013b. *R. julia (W IN CHELL); a, composite \ufb01gure, \u00d72; b, reconstruction of loop, \u00d72 (Stehli, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1339. labaiidae, cimicinellidae, and uncertain (p. 2024-2028).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-383.jpg?height=1232&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhongpingia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zhongpingia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhongpingia YANG, 1983, p. 35","Type_species":"Z. cimicinoidesiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Xenocryptonella Zhang in Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983, p. 148 (type, X. intraplicata Zhang in Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983, p. 424)","Synonyms":"Xenocryptonella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, circular, deltidial plates present, no cardinal process, dental plates present, short crural plates and hinge plates, simple (possibly acuminate) loop. Interior structures are imperfectly known.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1339, 4a-c. *Z. cimicinoidesiformis, Jide Formation, Maanshan, Xiangzhou, holotype, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of conjoined shell, YI-IV 47297, \u00d7 5 (Yang, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Yang, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1339. labaiidae, cimicinellidae, and uncertain (p. 2024-2028).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-383.jpg?height=1232&width=1284&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dielasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Dielasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dielasma King, 1859, p. 256, Dielasmoides WELLER, 1911, p. 443","Type_species":"Terebratulites elongatus SCHLOTHEIM, 1816, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dielasmoides Weller, 1911, p. 443 (type, D. binsinuata Weller, 1911, p. 444, OD)","Synonyms":"Dielasmoides","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, smooth, elongate oval to subpentagonal in outline, generally dorsibiconvex, narrowly domed to keeled, and ventral valve flatly convex to medially concave, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak ridges rounded, foramen permesothyrid, small to large, often labiate, symphytium often hidden, pedicle collar short, fulcral plates strong, outer hinge plates vary from absent to fairly broad, inner hinge plates separate or joined near union with valve floor or to a median ridge, juvenile loop acuminate, adult loop developed by fission and resorption of echmidium and insertion of transverse band, loop 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band narrow, strongly folded medially.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)-Permian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1342, 1 a-d .*D. elongatum (Schlotheim), upper Permian, P\u00f6ssneck, Thuringia, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of neotype, USNM 124226, X1, d, calcite encrusted loop, X1 (Stehli, 1956a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1342, le-g. D. zebratum Cooper & Grant, Permian, western Texas, USA, e, dorsal view of holotype, USNM 1533426, X1, f-g, juvenile and adult loops, respectively, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nStehli, 1956, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1342. dielasmatidae (p. 2029-2030).\nfig. 1342. dielasmatidae (p. 2029-2030).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-389.jpg?height=1876&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-389.jpg?height=1876&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adygella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Adygella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adygella DAGYS, 1959a, p. 25","Type_species":"A. cubanica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded to pentagonal in outline, biconvex with incipiently uniplicate, anterior commissure, beak short, incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen small, permesothyrid, dental plates short, diverging, no cardinal process, outer hinge plates horizontal, crural bases distinct, directed ventrally, septalium deep, supported by thin, short septum, loop short (less than 0.3 dorsal valve length), transverse band low, slightly arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1342, 5a-n. *A. cubanica, Norian, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1, d-m, transverse serial sections 0.4, 1.7, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, 4.5, 5.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1, n, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Dagys, 1974, courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1342. dielasmatidae (p. 2029-2030).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-389.jpg?height=1876&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amygdalocosta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Amygdalocosta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amygdalocosta WATERHOUSE, 1967, p. 101","Type_species":"A. rara, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, almond shaped, differs from Dielasma in possessing dorsal sulcus and anterior costae, dental plates short, subparallel, hinge plates uniting on valve floor, crura and loop unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1342, 3a-b. * A. rara, a, ventral internal mold, X2.5, b, dorsal internal mold of holotype, BR 844, X2.5 (Waterhouse, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1342. dielasmatidae (p. 2029-2030).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-389.jpg?height=1876&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aspidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Aspidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aspidothyris DIENER, 1908, p. 58","Type_species":"A. kraffti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Genus may be based on immature specimens.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, beak incurved, dental plates strong, septum and crural plates developed, loop acuminate, about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with long, vertical plate extending dorsally and possibly ventrally. Genus may be based on immature specimens.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1342, 2a-d. *A. kraffti, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, reconstructed loop, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1342. dielasmatidae (p. 2029-2030).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-389.jpg?height=1876&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Coenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coenothyris DOUVILL\u00c9, 1879, p. 270","Type_species":"* Terebratulites vulgaris SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 275, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Praerhaetina Urosevic, 1988, p. 351 (type, P. radulovici, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Praerhaetina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, elongate oval to subpentagonal in outline, biconvex, usually with prominent dorsal fold, anterior commissure uniplicate or rarely bisulcate, beak suberect or incurved, beak ridges angular, foramen permesothyrid, radiating color banding often present, pedicle collar present, dental plates short, may be fused with thickened shell wall, cardinal process broad, concave, outer hinge plates subhorizontal in section, median septum high, about 0.3 dorsal valve length, septalium present, adult loop deltiform with long crural processes, 0.3 dorsal valve length, transverse band fragile, rarely preserved.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic","Geography":"Europe, Afghanistan, Himalayas, China, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Israel","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1342, 4a-o. *C. vulgaris (Schlotheim), Muschelkalk, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of topotype from Schlotheim's original collection, Germany, X1 (new, courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys), d, dorsal valve with characteristic color banding, Lagoubran, France, X1, e-0, transverse serial sections 1.2, 3.9, 4.8, 5.4, 7.0, 7.4, 7.7, 8.8, 10.8, 11.6, 16.0 mm from ventral umbo, Lagoubran, France, X1 (Hagdorn & Sandy, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hagdorn & Sandy, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1342. dielasmatidae (p. 2029-2030).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-389.jpg?height=1876&width=1289&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cruratula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Cruratula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cruratula BITTNER, 1890, p. 66","Type_species":"Waldheimia eudora LAUBE, 1866, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtriangular or pear shaped, planoconvex, dorsal valve with broad sulcus, anterior commissure unisulcate to incipiently parasulcate, beak prominent, erect to incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen permesothyrid, dorsal septum strong, about 0.5 shell length, septalium present, loop imperfectly known","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)-Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northern Alps, southern Alps, Dinarids, ?Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1343, 1a-d. *C. eudora (Laube), Carnian, southern Alps, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, incomplete loop, X1 (Bittner, 1890).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bittner, 1890","figure_index":"fig. 1343. dielasmatidae (p. 2030-2035).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-391.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dareithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Dareithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dareithyris SIBL\u00cdK, 1991, p. 171","Type_species":"D. vulgaris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium in size, biconvex with shallow sulcus on dorsal valve, beginning at cardinal margin, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly unisulcate, beak erect to incurved, beak ridges angular, foramen permesothyrid, dental plates short, subparallel, cardinal process short, undivided, outer hinge plates subhorizontal in section, crural bases distinct, directed ventrally, septalium shallow, dorsal septum long, about 0.5 valve length, loop with diverging, descending lamellae, about 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1343, 2a-o. *D. vulgaris, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, GBA1982\/ 8 \/ 10, X1, d-0, transverse serial sections 1.2, 2.5, 3.9, 5.1, 5.4, 7.0, 7.2, 8.3, 9.1, 10.0, 10.6, 11.0 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Sibl\u00edk, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sibl\u00edk, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1343. dielasmatidae (p. 2030-2035).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-391.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dielasmina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Dielasmina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dielasmina WAAGEN, 1882, p. 335","Type_species":"D. plicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, external homeomorph of Hemiptychina, dorsal valve geniculated sharply near midlength, dental plates and pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process shelflike, fulcral plates high, outer hinge plates very narrow, inner hinge plates converging medially from apex of valve to form a narrow septalium, median ridge extending from anterior end of septalium to midlength, crural processes low, descending lamellae of loop short and narrow, reaching valve midlength. Permian (Capitanian, middle Lopingian): Pakistan (Salt Range).","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian, middle Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian, middle Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian, middle Lopingian)","Geography":"Pakistan (Salt Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1343, 4a-d. *D. plicata, Capitanian, Wuchiapingian, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Waagen, 1882)., \u2018\u2014\u2014Fig. 1343, 4 e. D. sp., interior of dorsal view with broken transverse band, USNM 489614, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nWaagen, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1343. dielasmatidae (p. 2030-2035).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-391.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":253.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dongbaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Dongbaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dongbaella Jin & Ye in Jin & OTHERS, 1979, p. 127","Type_species":"* D. planata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, foramen hypothyrid, dental plates thin, ending behind hinge line, inner socket ridges high, outer hinge plates narrow, converging toward valve floor, united with long, inner hinge plates, loop long, descending lamellae parallel, recurving lamellae arched ventrally and connected medially by small band","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","First_Occurrence":"Visean","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Last_Occurrence":"Visean","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Visean)","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1343, 5a-h. *D. planata, a, dorsal view, X1, b-h, serial transverse sections 0.8, 2.2, 3.4, 4.8, 5.1, 5.4, 5.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Jin & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1343. dielasmatidae (p. 2030-2035).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-391.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ectoposia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Ectoposia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ectoposia Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 898","Type_species":"*E. wildei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, thin shelled, elongate oval in outline, dorsibiconvex, anterior commissure broadly uniplicate, beak suberect, foramen labiate, dental plates erect, inner hinge plates well separated, uniting on valve floor, loop reaching 0.6 dorsal valve length, crura very short, crural processes long, descending lamellae connected with long, recurving band to form troughlike anterolateral branches, spinules on anterior extremities, transverse band broad.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1343, 3 a-c. * E. wildei, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of holotype, USNM 153446, c, interior view showing loop, \u00d7 1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1343. dielasmatidae (p. 2030-2035).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-391.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elasmata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Elasmata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elasmata WATERHOUSE, 1982a, p. 349","Type_species":"E. retusus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate, anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, dental plates present, inner hinge plates uniting on valve floor, forming sessile septalium, low median ridge, crura rising from septalium","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1343, 7. * E. retusus, dorsal internal mold of holotype, TBR 527, X1 (Waterhouse, 1982a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1343. dielasmatidae (p. 2030-2035).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-391.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fletcherithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Fletcherithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fletcherithyris CAMPBELL, 1965, p. 24","Type_species":"Terebratula amygdala DANA, 1847, p. 152, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, folded or unfolded, when folded, dorsal valve with median sulcus flanked by folds, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, foramen labiate, dental plates and pedicle collar well developed, inner hinge plates uniting on floor of valve or joining to form a low median septum or septalium, loop deltiform but transverse band not preserved","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian-Wordian)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1344, 1a-d. *. amygdala (DANA), New South Wales, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, latex cast of internal mold, X1 (Stehli, 1961a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1344, 1e. F. reidi, reconstruction of dorsal valve interior, X1 (Campbell, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1961, \nCampbell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1344. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).\nfig. 1344. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-392.jpg?height=1851&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-392.jpg?height=1851&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paradygella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paradygella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paradygella LIAO & SUN, 1974, p. 352","Type_species":"P. magna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, oval, biconvex; anterior commissure uniplicate; beak large, foramen large, permesothyrid. Pedicle collar thick, long; dental plates extending to valve floor; no cardinal process; hinge plates divided, septalium with median ridge; median septum long and high, loop short, deltiform. [The status of this genus is uncertain as no serial sections are available for this species.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Sichuan).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1978, ,6a\u2013c. *P. magna; dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71 (Liao & Sun, 1974)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pirithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Pirithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pirithyris Sun & YE, 1982, p. 167","Type_species":"P. pius, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, pear-shaped, biconvex, beak ridges rounded, palintrope small, delthyrium with discrete deltidium, anterior commissure unisulcate, pedicle collar present, dental plates long, slightly inclined outwardly, hinge plates merged with inner socket ridges, septalium well developed, widely V-shaped, median septum high, stout, extending nearly to anterior margin, crural bases triangular, crural processes inconspicuous, loop short, consisting of only platelike, descending branches. Differs from Praecubanothyris in possessing dental plates and lacking transverse band in loop.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1344, 2a-c. * P. pius, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Sun & Ye, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun & Ye, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1344. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-392.jpg?height=1851&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Plectelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectelasma Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 16","Type_species":"* P. kingi Cooper & GRANT, 1969, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval, anterior margin parasulcate, surface semicostate, foramen strongly labiate, permesothyrid, dental plates strong, cardinal process thick, inner hinge plates uniting on valve floor","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1343,6a\u2013e. *P. kingi; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 153355a, \u00d72; e, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d72 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1343. dielasmatidae (p. 2030-2035).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-391.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcatinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Sulcatinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcatinella DAGYS, 1974, p. 177","Type_species":"*S. sulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex with flattened dorsal valve bearing broad sulcus, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak with sharp ridges, foramen small, mesothyrid, pedicle collar short, dental plates divergent. Cardinal process low but distinct, outer hinge plate horizontal in section, connected with septum by crural plates to form a septalium, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with high, arcuate transverse band that is spinose anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"Balkans, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 13451345,3a\u2013aa. *S. sulcata, northwestern Caucasus; ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72; d, reconstructed loop, \u00d72 (Dagys, 1974; courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys); e\u2013aa, serial tranverse sections 0.0, 0.2,0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9,2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.8, 3.0, 3.4, 3.8, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d72 (adapted from Dagys, 1974; courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974, \nadapted from Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1345. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-393.jpg?height=1181&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tibetothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Tibetothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tibetothyris Ching, Sun, & RONG, 1976, p. 327","Type_species":"T. depressa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, roundly pentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate to bisulcate, beak short, erect, beak ridges rounded, delthyrium open or covered by deltidial plates, foramen circular, permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, dental plates long, slightly divergent, teeth thin, cardinal process short, flattened, with fine, longitudinal grooves, inner socket ridges high, fused with short, dorsally inclined, outer hinge plates, crural plates converging on valve floor, forming wide septalium, supported by low median ridge anteriorly, crura of Dielasma type, crural bases long, trigonal, attached to inner end of outer hinge plates, crura very short, crural processes high, loop short, narrowly triangular, about 0.3 dorsal valve length, descending branches long, thin, plateshaped transverse band a broad, depressed arch with narrow crest projecting posteriorly, median septum low, reaching 0.5 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian)","Geography":"Alps, Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1343, 8a-s. *T. depressa, Norian, Tibet, China, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, e-s, serial transverse sections 0.5, 1.7, 2.8, 3.7, 4.6, 5.5, 7.1, 7.6, 8.7, 9.3, 10.2, 11.3, 11.5, 11.7, 11.8 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 1 (Ching, Sun, & Rong, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nChing, Sun, & Rong, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1343. dielasmatidae (p. 2030-2035).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-391.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tosuhuthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Tosuhuthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tosuhuthyris Sun & YE, 1982, p. 166","Type_species":"*T. sulcus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, planoconvex to biconvex, beak short, incurved, foramen large, mesothyrid, beak ridges distinct, dorsal sulcus wide, shallow in valve anterior, pedicle collar present, dental plates discrete, outer hinge plates narrow, merged with inner socket ridges, septalium V-shaped, formed by bifurcation of median septum, median septum low, thick, 0.3 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, crural bases triangular, rising from ventral edge of hinge plates, crural processes high, loop short, about 0.3 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, only descending branches present (possible fragile transverse band not preserved)","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1345, 1a-r. *T. sulcus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-r, transverse serial sections 0.6, 1.3, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.8, 3.2, 3.7, 4.1, 4.7, 5.1, 5.5, 6.2, 6.5, 7.1 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Sun & Ye, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSun & Ye, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1345. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-393.jpg?height=1181&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tunethyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Tunethyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tunethyris Calzada Badia & OTHERS, 1994, p. 118","Type_species":"*T. punica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, ovate in outline, biconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, foramen large, permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, inner hinge plates joining short, strong median septum to form septalium.   Differs from Whitspakia, which lacks a persistent median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Tunisia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1344, 4a-o. *T. punica, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGSB46587.11, X2, e-o, transverse serial sections 0.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.1, 3.7, 4.3, 5.1, 5.5, 6.1, 8.5, 9.1 mm from first section, X2 (Calzada Badia & others, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCalzada Badia & others, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1344. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-392.jpg?height=1851&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Whitspakia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Whitspakia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Whitspakia Stehli, 1964, p. 610, nom. nov. pro Pakistania S TEHLI , 1961b, p. 462, non E AMES , 1952","Type_species":"Dielasma biplex WAAGEN, 1882, p. 349, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, outline subpentagonal to oval, ventral sulcus variable in length, with strong median plica, anterior and lateral commissure nongeniculate, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak erect, foramen permesothyrid, dental plates and pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates broad, inner hinge plates uniting on valve floor and diverging anteriorly, crural processes very long, developed directly from crural bases and supported posteriorly by inner hinge plates, descending lamellae broad anteriorly, transverse band recurved.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"North America, Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1344, 3a-d. *W. biplex (WaAgen), Salt Range, Pakistan, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Waagen, 1882).-_ Fig. 1344, 3e. W. breviplicatum WaAgen, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Waagen, 1882).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1882, \nWaagen, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1344. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).\nfig. 1344. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-392.jpg?height=1851&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-392.jpg?height=1851&width=1280&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yochelsonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Yochelsonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yochelsonia STEHLI, 1961a, p. 454","Type_species":"* Y. thomasi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, outline subtriangular to subpentagonal, dorsal valve longitudinally flattened to concave, with pronounced median sulcus, ventral valve with high median fold bordered by sulci, anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate, anterior and lateral commissure geniculate, beak suberect, foramen permesothyrid, nonlabiate, dental plates well developed, inner hinge plates forming short, sessile septalium, crural processes very long.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1345, 2ae .* Y. thomasi, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, reconstruction of loop, approximately X2 (Stehli, 1961a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1345. dielasmatidae (p. 2032-2036).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-393.jpg?height=1181&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Centronelloidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Centronelloideinae","Genus":"Centronelloidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Centronelloidea WELLER, 1914, p. 246","Type_species":"Terebratula rowleyi WORTHEN, 1884, p. 23, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for subfamily. Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian): USA.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Mississippian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Mississippian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1346, 3a-e. *C. rowleyi (Worthen), Missouri, a-b, dorsal and ventral views, X2, c, loop of immature specimen, X2, d, adult loop seen in transmitted light, X2, ell, view of reconstructed loop, approximately X2 (Stehli, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1346. dielasmatidae (p. 2036-2038).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-395.jpg?height=1877&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nucleatula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Nucleatulinae","Genus":"Nucleatula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nucleatula BITTNER, 1888, p. 126","Type_species":"Rhynchonella retrocita Suess, 1855b, p. 29, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 858","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded pentagonal in outline, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak acute, incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen minute, mesothyrid, septum not developed, loop about 0.5 valve length, acuminate, with anteroventrally directed, high vertical plate bearing spines","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian, Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian, Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian, Norian)","Geography":"eastern Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1346, 2a-f. *N*. retrocita (Suess), Norian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1.5 (Bittner, 1890), e-f, drawings of loop, \u00d7 1.5 (Bittner, 1888)","Museum_or_author_information":"Bittner, 1890, \nBittner, 1888","figure_index":"fig. 1346. dielasmatidae (p. 2036-2038).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-395.jpg?height=1877&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arctothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Nucleatulinae","Genus":"Arctothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arctothyris DAGYS, 1965, p. 140","Type_species":"A. solitus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, oval in outline, biconvex, uniplicate, beak short, incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen mesothyrid, cardinal process distinct, undivided, outer hinge plates horizontal, crural bases directed ventrally, crural plates envelop septum, forming septalium, septum low, very short, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","First_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ladinian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Ladinian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1346, 1a-p. * A. solitus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-p, transverse serial sections 0.0, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.3, 9.1, 10.7 ~mm from first section, X1 (Dagys, 1965, courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1346. dielasmatidae (p. 2036-2038).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-395.jpg?height=1877&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":241.46,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dinarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Nucleatulinae","Genus":"Dinarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dinarella BITTNER, 1892, p. 24","Type_species":"*. haueri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex, dorsal valve with anterior sulcus, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak acute, beak ridges angular, foramen small, possibly submesothyrid, dental plates weak, dorsal septum with possible septalium, loop acuminate with short, descending lamellae and long, vertical plate, directed ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Europe (Dinarids)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1346, 4a-e. *D. haueri, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2, e, loop, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1346. dielasmatidae (p. 2036-2038).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-395.jpg?height=1877&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Propygope":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Nucleatulinae","Genus":"Propygope","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Propygope BITTNER, 1890, p. 210","Type_species":"Terebratula (Propygope) hagar, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex to concavoconvex, dorsal valve with broad sulcus, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen small, possible mesothyrid beak ridges angular, no dental plates, dorsal septum strong, less than 0.5 valve length, loop almost ringlike, about 0.3 valve length","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian), ?Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian), ?Lower Jurassic","Geography":"eastern Alps, Austria, Yugoslavia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1346, 5a-d. *P. hagar, eastern Alps, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and ventral views, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1346. dielasmatidae (p. 2036-2038).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-395.jpg?height=1877&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sulcatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Nucleatulinae","Genus":"Sulcatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sulcatothyris DAGYS, 1974, p. 176","Type_species":"S. tkhachensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Ninglangothyris JIN & FANG, 1977, p. 60 (type, N. subcircularis, OD)","Synonyms":"Ninglangothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex, dorsal valve with sulcus beginning at cardinal margin, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak short, beak ridges rounded, foramen mesothyrid, no dental plates, cardinal process low, bilobed, septum thick, short, septalium shallow, loop about 0.3 valve length, with subparallel descending lamellae and weakly arched, transverse band. Upper Triassic (Carnian): Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, China (Yunnan).","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Carnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, China (Yunnan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1346, 6a-s. *S. tkhachensis, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-s, transverse serial sections 0.0, 0.4, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.9, 4.4, 4.9, 5.1, 5.4 ~mm from first section, X1 (Dagys, 1974, courtesy of the late A. S. Dagys).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1346. dielasmatidae (p. 2036-2038).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-395.jpg?height=1877&width=1282&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":227.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heterelasmina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Heterelasminidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heterelasmina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heterelasmina LIKHAREV, 1939b, p. 120","Type_species":"Hemiptychina dieneri GEMMELLARO, 1899, p. 100, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate oval, straight sided, planoconvex, smooth posteriorly with a few plicae developing anteriorly, anterior commissure emarginate, uniplicate to sulciplicate, foramen permesothyrid, strongly labiate, pedicle collar present, hinge plates obsolete, crura arising from crural plates","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"Sicily, northern Caucasus, Tajikistan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Laos","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1347, 4a. *H. dieneri (Gemmellaro), interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Gemmellaro, 1899)., Fig. 1347, 4b-e. H. genuflexa Gemmellaro, Palermo, Sicily, b-c, dorsal and ventral views, d, lateral view, e, interior of dorsal valve, X1.5 (Stehli, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gemmellaro, 1899, \nStehli, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).\nfig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amurothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Heterelasminidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Amurothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amurothyris KOCZYRKEVICZ, 1976, p. 77","Type_species":"A. costulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, costellate, foramen permesothyrid, hinge plate obsolete, crura rising from crural plates.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Russia (Primorya)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1347, 6 a-j. *A. costulata, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1.5 (Koczyrkevicz, 1976), d-j, serial transverse sections 1.2, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4, 2.7, 2.9, 3.2 mm from first section, X1 (adapted from Koczyrkevicz, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koczyrkevicz, 1976, \nadapted from Koczyrkevicz, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gundarolasmina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Heterelasminidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gundarolasmina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gundarolasmina Smirnova & GRUNT, 2003, p. 139","Type_species":"G. gundarensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval, smooth or with single fold, anterior commissure broadly uniplicate, outer hinge plates discrete, slender, short, crural plates attached to dorsal valve for a long distance, crural outgrowths connected, loop ringlike, 0.3 dorsal valve length, descending branches connecting to crural plates. Differs from Heterelasmina in larger size, plications, slender beak, ringlike loop, and connected descending branches.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Tajikistan (Darvaz)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1347, 2 a-d. *G. gundarensis, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, PIN 4104\/619, X1, d, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Smirnova & Grunt, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova & Grunt, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mimaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Heterelasminidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mimaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mimaria Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 907","Type_species":"Dielasma lepton GEMMELLARO, 1894, p. 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval to elongate triangular, ventral valve concave, dorsal valve strongly convex, beak small with strong beak ridges, foramen permesothyrid, anterior commissure sulciplicate, lateral commissure ventrally directed, hinge plates obsolete, crural bases attached directly to socket ridges, loop short, with strongly angular, delicate transverse ribbon","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"Sicily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1347, 1a-c. *M. lepton (Gemmellaro), Sosio Formation, Sicily, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Permicola":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Heterelasminidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Permicola","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Permicola KOCZYRKEVICZ, 1976, p. 75","Type_species":"P. plicatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval, folded anteriorly, anterior commissure truncate or parasulcate, foramen mesothyrid, hinge plates obsolete, crural plates short, separated from descending lamellae, loop with strongly recurved band","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Russia (Primorya)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1347, 7a-n. * P. plicatus, ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Koczyrkevicz, 1976), d-n, serial transverse sections 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 1.25, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 2.5, 3.0 mm from first section, X1.5 (adapted from Koczyrkevicz, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koczyrkevicz, 1976, \nadapted from Koczyrkevicz, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudolabaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Heterelasminidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudolabaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudolabaia Jin & Ye in Jin & OTHERS, 1979, p. 130","Type_species":"* ?. curvatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval, subequally biconvex, smooth, anterior commissure sulciplicate, foramen epithyrid, outer hinge plates broad and flattened, crural plates long, loop short, with highly arched and strongly recurved transverse band. Permian (Lopingian): southern China.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1347, 5a-k. *P. curvatum, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1, d-k, serial transverse sections 1.9, 2.8, 3.5, 4.7, 7.1, 8.0, 9.6, 12.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Jin & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Qinglongia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Heterelasminidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Qinglongia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Qinglongia LIAO, 1980, p. 270","Type_species":"Q. zhongyingensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chuanyanella Zhu, Zeng, & Chen in Zeng, Chen, & Chang, 1986, p. 61 (type, C. chuanyanensis, OD), Zhongliangshania Shen, He, & ZhU, 1992, p. 191 (type, Z. zhongliangshanensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Chuanyanella, Zhongliangshania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongate oval, foramen permesothyrid, anterior commissure bisulcate, plicate, hinge plates divided, crural plates strong, supporting descending lamellae, transverse band of loop recurved strongly","Beginning_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":"Fig. 1347,3a\u2013c. *Q. zhongyingensis, Zhongying, Qinglong; dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, NIGP 43801, \u00d72 (Liao, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1347. heterelasminidae (p. 2038-2039).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-397.jpg?height=219&width=1225&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=250)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Beecheria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Beecheriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Beecheria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Beecheria Hall & CLARKE, 1893, p. 300","Type_species":"B. davidsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, elongate, subspatulate, dorsibiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, foramen small, permesothyrid, labiate, outer hinge plates attached to valve floor and supporting crural bases, inner hinge plates convergent with valve floor or low septum, forming a shallow chamber, loop long, narrow, with broad crural processes, transverse band angularly arched and recurved.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Lower Mississippian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Mississippian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Lower Mississippian)-Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1348, 1a-k. *B. davidsoni, Windsor Series, Nova Scotia, a, close-up view of calcite-encrusted loop, approximately X2 (Stehli, 1956a), b-k, transverse","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1348. beecheriidae and zugmayeriidae (p. 2039-2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-398.jpg?height=1750&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hoskingia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Beecheriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hoskingia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hoskingia CAMPBELL, 1965, p. 52","Type_species":"Dielasma trigonopsis HOSKING, 1933, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large, unisulcate to sulciplicate, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen labiate, dental plates and pedicle collar present, inner hinge plates uniting on valve floor to form a long, sessile septalium","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1348, 3ac. *H. trigonopsis (Hosking), dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, G.S.W.A. 1 \/ 4950, X1 (Campbell, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1348. beecheriidae and zugmayeriidae (p. 2039-2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-398.jpg?height=1750&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gilledia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Gillediinae","Genus":"Gilledia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gilledia STEHLI, 1961a, p. 451","Type_species":"Terebratula cymbaeformis MORRIS, 1845, p. 278, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, surface sometimes ornamented with faint, wavy costae, anterior commissure uniplicate to bisulcate, pedicle collar present, outer hinges usually fused to inner socket ridges but may be joined to shell wall anteriorly, inner hinge plates discrete and joined to shell wall, crural points long.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1349, 1a-d. * G. cymbaeformis (Morris), dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Stehli, 1961a).\u2014Fig. 1349, 1e. G. homevalensis CAMPBELL, reconstruction of dorsal valve interior, X1 (Campbell, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1961, \nCampbell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1349. gillediidae (p. 2041).\nfig. 1349. gillediidae (p. 2041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-400.jpg?height=1814&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-400.jpg?height=1814&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aneuthelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Gillediinae","Genus":"Aneuthelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aneuthelasma Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 906","Type_species":"A. amygdalinum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, profile lenticular, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, beak erect with prominent ridges, foramen circular, slightly labiate, deltidial plates conjunct, visible, pedicle collar present, no cardinal process, inner plates nearly erect, loop narrow, reaching 0.5 valve length, with subparallel, descending branches and broadly bowed, transverse ribbon.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1350, 1a-c. * A. amygdalinum, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of holotype, USNM 153374a, X2, c, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1350. gillediidae (p. 2041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-401.jpg?height=1083&width=579&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=872)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Balanoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Gillediinae","Genus":"Balanoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Balanoconcha CAMPBELL, 1957, p. 86","Type_species":"B. elliptica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, external homeomorph of Dielasma, but without dental plates","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1350, 3ac. * B. elliptica, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views of holotype, U.N.E. F. 2825, \u00d71 (Campbell, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1350. gillediidae (p. 2041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-401.jpg?height=1083&width=579&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=872)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camarelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Gillediinae","Genus":"Camarelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camarelasma Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 900","Type_species":"C. neali, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, dorsibiconvex, rectimarginate to gently uniplicate, beak strongly labiate, deltidial plates conjunct, concealed under beak lip, inner hinge plates attached to median septum and forming a shallow chamber, loop narrow with subparallel sides, extending about 0.5 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1349, 3a-e. * C. neali, Leonardian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 153381c, X2, d, ventral valve interior, X2, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1349. gillediidae (p. 2041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-400.jpg?height=1814&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lowenstamia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Gillediinae","Genus":"Lowenstamia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lowenstamia STEHLI, 1961b, p. 460","Type_species":"* L. texana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, biconvex, elongate oval, sulcus well marked on anterior part of ventral valve, anterior margin uniplicate, beak strong, with permesothyrid labiate foramen, outer hinge plates small to obsolete, inner hinge plates short, separate, and becoming free of valve floor anteriorly, crural bases troughlike","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1349, 4a-d. *L. texana, Wolfcampian, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X2, d, reconstruction of dorsal valve interior, C.I.T. 5965 , approximately X2 (Stehli, 1961b).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nStehli, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1349. gillediidae (p. 2041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-400.jpg?height=1814&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maorielasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Gillediinae","Genus":"Maorielasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maorielasma WATERHOUSE, 1964, p. 175","Type_species":"M. imperatum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, anterior commissure rectimarginate or weakly uniplicate, pedicle collar thick, outer hinge plates narrow, inner hinge plates broad, converging on valve floor to form a V-shaped, sessile, long septalium. Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian): New Zealand, Australia.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"New Zealand, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1349, 2a-b. *M. imperatum, New Zealand, dorsal and lateral views of internal mold, NZGS BR896, X1 (Waterhouse, 1964).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1349, 2c-d. M. globosum, Queensland, dorsal and lateral views, X1 (Campbell, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1964, \nCampbell, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1349. gillediidae (p. 2041).\nfig. 1349. gillediidae (p. 2041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-400.jpg?height=1814&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-400.jpg?height=1814&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pyandzhelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Gillediinae","Genus":"Pyandzhelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pyandzhelasma Smirnova & GRUNT, 2002, p. 41","Type_species":"Hemiptychina juresanensiformis LIKHAREV, 2002, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, biconvex, rounded pentagonal or ovate with a narrow ventral sulcus, pedicle collar present, outer hinge plates wide, steeply inclined, septal plates attached to valve floor, septalium deep, supporting hinge plates throughout its length, crural bases indistinct, crural processes well developed, loop narrow, transverse band widely trapezoidal.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"northern Pamirs, Tajikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1349, 5a-v. *P. juresanensiformis (Licharev), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, TsNIGR 23\/340, X1, d-t, transverse serial sections 0.5, 1.3, 1.9, 2.8, 3.9, 4.4, 4.8, 6.1, 6.8, 8.3, 8.5, 8.9, 9.9, 10.4, 12.2, 12.4, 12.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1, u-v, reconstructions of dorsal valve interior, X2 (Smirnova & Grunt, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova & Grunt, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1349. gillediidae (p. 2041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-400.jpg?height=1814&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tacinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Gillediinae","Genus":"Tacinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tacinia GLUSHENKO, 1975, p. 116","Type_species":"T. modesta GLUSHENKO, 1975, p. 117, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, moderately biconvex, anterior commissure parasulcate, with two short folds on ventral valve, crural bases crescentic, outer hinge plates short, inner hinge plates grooved, attached to median septum, loop deltiform.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Donetz basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1350, 2a-c. *T. modesta, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X2 (Glushenko, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nGlushenko, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1350. gillediidae (p. 2041).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-401.jpg?height=1083&width=579&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=872)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemiptychina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Hemiptychininae","Genus":"Hemiptychina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemiptychina Wafgen, 1882, p. 335","Type_species":"Terebratula himalayensis DAVIDSON, 1862, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Morrisina Grabau, 1931c, p. 97 (type, Hemiptychina sparsiplicata WaAgen, 1882, p. 366), Jisuina Grabau, 1931c, p. 105 (type, J. elegantula Grabau, 1931c, p. 106, OD)","Synonyms":"Morrisina. Jisuina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex to subglobular, dorsal valve and some ventral valves geniculate anteriorly, anterior commissure rectimarginate, strongly plicate anteriorly, cardinal process shelflike, fulcral plates broad, conjunct with narrow, outer hinge plates, or directly connected with crural bases, inner hinge plates short, joining valve floor independently along their inner edges, crura short, conjunct with outer hinge plates, descending lamellae narrow, transverse band gently bent to V-shaped","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1351, 1a-e. * H. bimalayensis (Davidson), Salt Range, Pakistan, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, interior of dorsal valve, approximately X1.5 (Waagen, 1882).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1882","figure_index":"fig. 1351. gillediidae (p. 2043-2045).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-402.jpg?height=1842&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Hemiptychininae","Genus":"Costoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costoconcha Jin, Sun, & Ye in Jin & OTHERS, 1979, p. 193","Type_species":"C. zigaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval to elongate oval, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, surface smooth posteriorly, with ornament of short, angular, or round costae anteriorly, beak incurved, foramen epithyrid, delthyrium covered by thick hemidium, pedicle collar developed, dental plates absent, cardinal process gently arched, platelike, hinge plates divided, crural plates oblique, fused with valve floor or joining median septum to form septalium, loop short, deltiform, about 0.4 shell length, transverse band arched ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1351, 7a-m. * C. zigaensis, Tibet, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Jin & others, 1979), e-m, serial transverse sections 2.95, 3.50, 4.05, 5.25, 5.95, 7.95, 9.05, 11.05, 11.65 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Jin & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & others, 1979, \nadapted from Jin & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1351. gillediidae (p. 2043-2045).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-402.jpg?height=1842&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Latiflexa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Hemiptychininae","Genus":"Latiflexa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Latiflexa KOCZYRKEVICZ, 1984, p. 14","Type_species":"L. pentagona KOCZYRKEVICZ, 1984, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, outline subpentagonal, ventral valve geniculate, folded anteriorly, parasulcate anterior commissure, foramen epithyrid, outer hinge plates oblique, crura supported by separate inner hinge plates, loop short, with thin, transverse band","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Russia (Primorya)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1351,2ac. *L. pentagona; dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71.5 (Koczyrkevicz, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koczyrkevicz, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1351. gillediidae (p. 2043-2045).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-402.jpg?height=1842&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongolina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Hemiptychininae","Genus":"Mongolina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongolina GRABAU, 1931c, p. 102","Type_species":"M. subdieneri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, strongly plicate anteriorly, septal plates joining valve floor, loop deltiform","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1351,4ao. *M. subdieneri; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72 (Stehli, 1962); d\u2013o, transverse serial sections 0.0, 1.1, 1.8, 2.1, 3.0, 3.7, 3.9, 5.1, 5.6, 6.7, 8.4, 8.7 mm from \ufb01rst section (Smirnova & Grunt, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1962, \nSmirnova & Grunt, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1351. gillediidae (p. 2043-2045).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-402.jpg?height=1842&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parahemiptychina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Hemiptychininae","Genus":"Parahemiptychina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parahemiptychina Chen & OTHERS, 1986, p. 77","Type_species":"* P. hemiptyca, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, oval to subtriangular to subpentagonal in outline, ventribiconvex, smooth in early stages but becoming strongly plicate anteriorly, anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly unisulcate, foramen permesothyrid, no cardinal process, hinge plates discrete, crural plates inclined and reaching floor of valve, median ridge absent or raised in wide, deep septalium, loop short, transverse band with high arch. Upper Triassic: China (Tibet, Sichuan).","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Tibet, Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1351, 5a-j. *P. hemiptyca, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, SC245, X1, e-j, serial transverse sections 1.5, 2.6, 4.0, 5.9, 8.5, 11.7 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Chen & others, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen & others, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1351. gillediidae (p. 2043-2045).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-402.jpg?height=1842&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudojisuina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Hemiptychininae","Genus":"Pseudojisuina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudojisuina Liang, 1990, p. 416","Type_species":"P. lengwuensis LIANG, 1990, p. 417, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lengwuella Liang, 1990, p. 419 (type, L. spadeformis, OD), Phyllolasma LiAng, 1990, p. 426 (type, P. lamina, OD)","Synonyms":"Lengwuella, Phyllolasma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, lateral commissure moderately sinuate, pedicle collar strong, outer hinge plates wide, joined to inner socket ridges, inner hinge plates forming short, sessile septalium, crura short, crural processes long, loop with high, V-shaped, transverse band","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1351, 6a-d. *P. lengwuensis, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Liang, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liang, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1351. gillediidae (p. 2043-2045).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-402.jpg?height=1842&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sichuanothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Gillediidae","Subfamily":"Hemiptychininae","Genus":"Sichuanothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sichuanothyris Shen, He, & ZHU, 1992, p. 191","Type_species":"Notothyris dapaichongensis Liao & MENG, 1986, p. 89, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate oval, foramen epithyrid, sulcus on anterior half of ventral valve, bounded by parallel plicae, inner hinge plates converging medially on floor. Permian (Changhsingian): southern China.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1351, 3a-d. * S. dapaichongensis (Liao & Meng), dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1.5 (Liao & Meng, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liao & Meng, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1351. gillediidae (p. 2043-2045).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-402.jpg?height=1842&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudodielasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Pseudodielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudodielasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudodielasma BRILL, 1940, p. 317","Type_species":"P. perplexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elliptical to oval, dorsibiconvex, sulcus bounded by low plicae in dorsal valve, anterior commissure paraplicate to biplicate, beak suberect, foramen circular, deltidial plates visible, folds arising near anterior, pedicle collar well developed, loop short (about 0.4 dorsal valve length), crural processes weak, transverse band with median angulation projecting anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Wordian-Capitanian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1352, 1 a-c . * P. perplexa, Wordian, Texas, a-b, dorsal and anterior views of holotype, YPM 15278, X3, c, close-up of loop, X10 (Brill, 1940), Fig. 1352, 1 d-e. P. ovatum Cooper & Grant, Wordian, Texas, interiors of ventral and dorsal valves, X3 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b)","Museum_or_author_information":"Brill, 1940, \nCooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1352. pseudodielasmatidae (p. 2045-2046).\nfig. 1352. pseudodielasmatidae (p. 2045-2046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-404.jpg?height=121&width=1099&top_left_y=1493&top_left_x=283)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-404.jpg?height=121&width=1099&top_left_y=1493&top_left_x=283)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fredericksolasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Pseudodielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fredericksolasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fredericksolasma SMIRNOVA, 2001a, p. 37","Type_species":"Hemiptychina pseudoelongata var. lata LIKHAREV, 1939b, p. 119, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded or elongate oval, biconvex, rarely with shallow ventral sulcus, anterior commissure uniplicate, no cardinal process, outer hinge plate divided, narrow, socket ridges high, loop deltiform, short (less than 0.3 dorsal valve length), transverse band widely trapezoidal or rounded triangular.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Tajikistan, Pakistan, Austria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1353a-nn. * F. lata (Licharew), Tajikistan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-t, transverse serial sections of juvenile shell (length 5.5 mm ) , 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.13, 1.18, 2.23, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 ~mm from first section, X1, u- j j, transverse serial sections of adult shell (length 14.5 ~mm), 0.0, 1.3, 2.1, 2.5, 2.8, 3.3, 3.6, 4.0, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, 5.4, 6.0, 6.3, 6.6, 6.8 ~mm from first section, X1, k k-n n, reconstructions of adult and juvenile loops, respectively, X2 (Smirnova, 2001a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1353. pseudodielasmatidae (p. 2045).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-405.jpg?height=370&width=1275&top_left_y=892&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Levenolasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Pseudodielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Levenolasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Levenolasma Smirnova & GRUNT, 2003, p. 138","Type_species":"* L. concava, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate oval to subpentagonal in outline, ventral valve flat with elongate sulcus, anterior commissure uniplicate with a few small folds, outer hinge plates discrete, parallel to floor of dorsal valve, crural processes join to form high transverse band of short loop.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"Permian (Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Roadian)","Geography":"Sicily, Tajikistan (North Pamirs)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1352, 5a-f. * L. concava, Tajikistan, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, PIN 4101 \/ 283 ~b, X1, e-f, reconstructions of loop and cardinalia, X2 (Smirnova & Grunt, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova & Grunt, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1352. pseudodielasmatidae (p. 2045-2046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-404.jpg?height=121&width=1099&top_left_y=1493&top_left_x=283)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Marinurnula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Pseudodielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Marinurnula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Marinurnula WATERHOUSE, 1964, p. 177","Type_species":"M . rugulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate, nonplicate, anterior commissure uniplicate, cardinal process slightly striate, hinge plates diverging anteriorly, loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"New Zealand, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1352, 2a-b. * M. rugulata, dorsal and lateral views of internal mold of holotype, GS4651BR900, X1 (Waterhouse, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1352. pseudodielasmatidae (p. 2045-2046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-404.jpg?height=121&width=1099&top_left_y=1493&top_left_x=283)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oligothyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Pseudodielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oligothyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oligothyrina COOPER, 1956, p. 525","Type_species":"* O. alleni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, anterior commissure weakly to strongly intraplicate, folds arising anterior to midlength, transverse band not projecting anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Middle Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"Middle Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Middle Pennsylvanian)-Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1352, 4a-d. *O. alleni, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 124409a, X3, d, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Cooper, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1352. pseudodielasmatidae (p. 2045-2046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-404.jpg?height=121&width=1099&top_left_y=1493&top_left_x=283)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pleurelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Pseudodielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pleurelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pleurelasma Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 922","Type_species":"* P. costatum Cooper & GRANT, 1976b, p. 2, 923, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly unisulcate, anterior multicostate, pedicle collar small, crural bases attached to strong socket ridges and attached to valve floor, loop triangular with median, angulated transverse ribbon","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1352, 3a-d. * P. costatum, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72; d, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d72 (Cooper & Grant, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1352. pseudodielasmatidae (p. 2045-2046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-404.jpg?height=121&width=1099&top_left_y=1493&top_left_x=283)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudolowenstamia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Pseudodielasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudolowenstamia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudolowenstamia SUN, 1991b, p. 258","Type_species":"P. xizangensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex; smooth; beak incurved, erect; foramen permesothyrid, symphytium present; anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, no pedicle collar; crural bases attached to socket ridge, loop short, narrow.  Differs from Lowenstamia in lacking hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"China (Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1352,6a\u2013r. *P. xizangensis; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72; d\u2013r, transverse serial sections 0.2, 1.6, 2.2, 2.6, 3.1, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, 4.0, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d73 (Sun, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1352. pseudodielasmatidae (p. 2045-2046).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-404.jpg?height=121&width=1099&top_left_y=1493&top_left_x=283)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Angustothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Angustothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Angustothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Angustothyris DAGYS, 1972b, p. 53","Type_species":"Waldheimia angustaeformis \u0412\u041e\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041d, 1873, p. 160, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, unisulcate, biconvex with slightly flattened dorsal valve, beak short with rounded ridges, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar distinct, narrow outer hinge plates joined to high inner socket ridges, crural bases indistinct, no cardinal process, crural plates supported by thin septum forming septalium, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with high, arched transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, Balkans, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1354, 1a-t. *A. angustaeformis (\u0412\u043e\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043d), northwestern Caucasus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Dagys, 1972b), d-h, reconstructions of loop stages of juvenile specimens, X5, i-t, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.7, 1.2, 1.6, 1.85, 2.1, 2.3, 2.8, 3.6, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1 ~mm from first section, X2 (Popiel-Barczyk & Senkowiczowa, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1972, \nPopiel-Barczyk & Senkowiczowa, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1354. angustothyrididae (p. 2047-2050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-406.jpg?height=1339&width=1268&top_left_y=734&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caucasothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Angustothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Caucasothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caucasothyris DAGYS, 1974, p. 192","Type_species":"C. angustiplicatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, plicosulcate, planoconvex, anterior commissure parasulcate, beak short, with rounded ridges, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar short, cardinal process low, laminated, short crural plates lie in commissural plane and join septum without forming septalium, septum high, long (up to 0.6 dorsal valve length), loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with high, arched transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1355, 3a-d. * C. angustiplicatus, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, X2, d, reconstruction of loop, X2.5 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1355. angustothyrididae (p. 2047-2050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-407.jpg?height=276&width=262&top_left_y=1554&top_left_x=941)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cubanothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Angustothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cubanothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cubanothyris DAGYS, 1959a, p. 35","Type_species":"C. elegans DAGYS, 1959a, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, thick shelled, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak thick, incurved, with rounded ridges, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar present, outer hinge plates narrow, septalium deep, septum short, loop acuminate, with vertical plate expanding ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Crimea, northwestern Caucasus, Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1354,2a\u2013d. *C. elegans, northwestern Caucasus; ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71 (Dagys, 1959a); d, reconstructed loop, \u00d72 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1354. angustothyrididae (p. 2047-2050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-406.jpg?height=1339&width=1268&top_left_y=734&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cystothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Angustothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cystothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cystothyris Sun DONG-LI, 1981, p. 223","Type_species":"C. zigaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval, biconvex, beak short, erect, projecting over dorsal beak, beak ridges rounded, anterior commissure rectimarginate, foramen large, epithyrid, delthyridium concealed, pedicle collar short, dental plates retrograde, very short, resembling cystiform sacs in beak ridges, teeth thin, cardinal process arched with comblike surface, outer hinge plates very short, fused with inner socket ridges and crural plates, oblique and attached to valve floor or septum, inner socket ridges high, crural bases carinate, close to inner socket ridges and projecting ventrally, crura of Rhaetina type, loop short. Differs from Rhaetina in possession of cystiform sacs. Upper Triassic: China (Tibet).","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1354, 4a-u. * C. zigaensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-u, serial transverse sections 0.7, 2.8, 3.4, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.7, 5.6, 6.5, 7.0, 7.3, 8.0, 9.3, 10.0, 10.7, 11.0 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Sun Dong-Li, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun Dong-Li, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1354. angustothyrididae (p. 2047-2050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-406.jpg?height=1339&width=1268&top_left_y=734&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paradoxothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Angustothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paradoxothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paradoxothyris Xu, 1978, p. 302","Type_species":"P. cyclis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Arcosarina Jin, Sun, & Ye in Jin & others, 1979, p. 185 (type, A. foliacea, OD)","Synonyms":"Arcosarina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, circular, oval or subpentagonal in outline, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, uniplicate or sulciplicate, smooth, or with short plicae anteriorly, beak short, erect, beak ridges subangular, foramen mesothyrid or permesothyrid, delthyrium covered with deltidial plates or symphytium, pedicle collar present, cardinal process high and arched, or globular with comblike surface, hinge plates narrow, divided, inner socket ridges high, crural plates long, converging on septum, septalium wide and deep, septum about 0.5 dorsal valve length, crural bases trigonal, attaching ventrally to inner ends of outer hinge plates, crura short, crural processes high, loop short, narrowly trigonal, about 0.3 valve length, transverse band high and roundly arched","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Tibet, Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1355, 4 a-n .* P. cyclis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-n, serial transverse sections 0.0 , 0.6, 0.8, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 4.1, 4.4, 4.6 ~mm from initial section, X1 ( Xu, 1978 )","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1355. angustothyrididae (p. 2047-2050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-407.jpg?height=276&width=262&top_left_y=1554&top_left_x=941)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praeangustothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Angustothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Praeangustothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praeangustothyris KOCZYRKEVICZ, 1984, p. 18","Type_species":"P. faticana KOCZYRKEVICZ, 1984, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate, anterior commissure rectimarginate or unisulcate, foramen mesothyrid, rudimentary dental plates present, hinge plates supported by septum, forming shallow, short septalium, loop acuminate, about 0.5 length of dorsal valve length.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Russia (Primorya)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1355, 2a-l. * P. faticana, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X3 (Koczyrkevicz, 1978), d-l, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.9, 1.25, 1.4, 1.85, 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 2.65 ~mm from initial section, X1 (adapted from Koczyrkevicz, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koczyrkevicz, 1978, \nadapted from Koczyrkevicz, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1355. angustothyrididae (p. 2047-2050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-407.jpg?height=276&width=262&top_left_y=1554&top_left_x=941)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praecubanothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Angustothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Praecubanothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praecubanothyris DAGYS, 1974, p. 187","Type_species":"P. obtusus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, thick shelled, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak prominent, ridges rounded, foramen permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, outer hinge plates narrow, septalium deep, septum low, long, crural processes short, loop long (up to 0.6 dorsal valve length), with high, arched transverse band. Middle Triassic (Anisian): Alps, northwestern Caucasus, Pamir.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic (Anisian)","Geography":"Alps, northwestern Caucasus, Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1354, 3a-d. *P. obtusus, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, reconstructed loop, X2 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1354. angustothyrididae (p. 2047-2050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-406.jpg?height=1339&width=1268&top_left_y=734&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhaetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Angustothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhaetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhaetina WAAGEN, 1882, p. 334","Type_species":"Terebratula gregaria SUESS, 1854, p. 42, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhaetinopsis YANG & Xu, 1966, p. 80 (type, R. ovata), Sanqiaothyris Yang & Yu, 1966, p. 83 (type, S. elliptica)","Synonyms":"Rhaetinopsis, Sanqiaothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large in size, smooth to biplicate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, beak short, suberect, beak ridges rounded, foramen permesothyrid, cardinal process low, outer hinge plates inclined, crural plates usually connected to floor of dorsal valve without forming septalium, septum low or absent, loop short, arched (about 0.3 dorsal valve length), with moderately arched transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic, Upper Triassic, ?Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic, ?Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic, Upper Triassic, ?Lower Jurassic","Geography":"North America (Idaho), Alps, Balkans, Carpathians, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan, Vietnam, China, USA (Nevada), northern Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1355, 1a-n. * R. gregaria (Suess), Rhaetian, eastern Alps, a-c, dorsal, anterior, and posterior views, X1, d-n, serial transverse sections 3.35, 3.5, 3.8, 4.9, 5.5, 6.5, 6.9, 8.1, 8.9, 9.3, 9.5 mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Pearson, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pearson, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1355. angustothyrididae (p. 2047-2050).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-407.jpg?height=276&width=262&top_left_y=1554&top_left_x=941)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antezeilleria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Antezeilleridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Antezeilleria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antezeilleria Xu & LIU, 1983b, p. 104","Type_species":"A. subrotata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular, foramen small, mesothyrid, hinge plates narrow, discrete, inner socket ridges high, crural plates reaching valve floor, septum absent, loop short, with flanges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1356, 3a-s. *A. subrotata, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-s, serial transverse sections 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.75, 1.9, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 3.0 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Xu & Liu, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1356. antezeilleridae (p. 2050-2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-409.jpg?height=82&width=465&top_left_y=803&top_left_x=830)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Emeithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Antezeilleridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Emeithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Emeithyris XU, 1978, p. 301","Type_species":"E. longmendongensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, elongate oval, beak short, suberect, foramen epithyrid, delthyrium open, pedicle collar strongly developed, outer hinge plates very short, merging with inner socket ridges, crural plates subparallel, reaching valve floor, septum absent, crura thin, crural processes moderately high, descending branches of loop slender, transverse band unknown. Serial transverse sections incomplete. Middle Triassic: China (Sichuan).","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1356, 2a-l. *E. longmendongensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-l, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 0.8, 1.9, 3.2, 4.05, 4.3, 4.45, 6.05 mm from initial section, X1 (Xu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1356. antezeilleridae (p. 2050-2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-409.jpg?height=82&width=465&top_left_y=803&top_left_x=830)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Epithyroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Antezeilleridae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Epithyroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Epithyroides Xu QING-JIE, 1978, p. 306","Type_species":"E. zhonghuaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, beak strongly with high vertical plate, 0.3 valve length, dorsal median ridge short, low. Differs from Cubanothyris, which lacks dental plates and has a wide, deep septalium.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1356, 1a-j. *E. zhonghuaensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-j, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.2, 0.7, 1.3, 1.45, 1.6, 5.2 ~mm from initial section, X1 (Xu Qing-jie, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu Qing-jie, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1356. antezeilleridae (p. 2050-2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-409.jpg?height=82&width=465&top_left_y=803&top_left_x=830)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zugmayeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Zugmayeriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zugmayeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zugmayeria WAAGEN, 1882, p. 334","Type_species":"Terebratula rhaetica ZUGMAYER, 1880, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, beak tapering, suberect, beak ridges obscure, dental plates subparallel, loop short, about 0.3 dorsal valve length, descending lamellae slightly diverging, transverse band almost flat","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Geography":"eastern Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1348, 2a-e. *Z. rhaetica (ZuGMAYER), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d, loop, X2, e, transverse section, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1348. beecheriidae and zugmayeriidae (p. 2039-2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-398.jpg?height=1750&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adygelloides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Zugmayeriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Adygelloides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adygelloides DAGYS, 1959a, p. 28","Type_species":"A. labensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen small, oval, permesothyrid, dental plates long, parallel, pedicle collar lacking, cardinal process low, crural bases distinct, crura falcifer, supported by dorsally directed plates, not reaching valve floor, loop short, with subparallel descending lamellae, transverse band slightly arched. Upper Triassic (Rhaetian): northwestern Caucasus.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Geography":"northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1348, 5a-w. *A. labensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-w, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 4.4, 4.9 ~mm from first section, X1 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1348. beecheriidae and zugmayeriidae (p. 2039-2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-398.jpg?height=1750&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Portneufia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Zugmayeriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Portneufia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Portneufia HOOVER, 1979, p. 7","Type_species":"* P. episulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, smooth, anterior commissure episulcate to sulciplicate, foramen mesothyrid to permesothyrid, delthyrium closed by small, short, disjunct deltidial plates, pedicle collar present, dental plates short, inner hinge plates present, variable, crura falcifer, deep crural bases may be supported by crural plates, loop with long, slender, descending and ascending lamellae, anterior part of loop unknown. Lower Triassic: USA (Idaho).","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic","Geography":"USA (Idaho)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1348, 4a-d. * P. episulcata, a-b, dorsal and anterior view of holotype, USNM 242051, X1, c-d, interior views of ventral and dorsal valves, X1 (Hoover, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHoover, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1348. beecheriidae and zugmayeriidae (p. 2039-2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-398.jpg?height=1750&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Juvavella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Juvavellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Juvavella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Juvavella BITTNER, 1888, p. 127","Type_species":"*\/. suessi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Juvavellina Bittner, 1896, p. 132 (type, J. kittli)","Synonyms":"Juvavellina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal, with shallow ventral sulcus, anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, loop short, about 0.25 dorsal valve length, with small vertical plate directed ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"eastern Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1357, 1a-e. *J. suessi, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, loop reconstruction, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1357. juvavellidae and uncertain (p. 2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-411.jpg?height=1588&width=1291&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Slavinithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Juvavellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Slavinithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Slavinithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1986, p. 115","Type_species":"S. kamyshani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak high, loop short (about 0.25 dorsal valve length), acuminate. Differs from Wittenburgella in absence of outer hinge plates and rectimarginate commissure, and from Juvavella in absence of ventral sulcus, and in strongly developed vertical plate and spinous loop. Lower Jurassic: Carpathian Mountains.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Carpathian Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig . 1357,4a\u2013y. *S. kamyshani; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, KhGU 10\/9131, \u00d74; d\u2013y, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.45, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9,1.05, 1.3, 1.45, 1.65, 1.85, 2.05, 2.35, 2.55, 2.75,2.95, 3.25, 3.45, 3.7, 3.9 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d78 (Tchorszhevsky, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhevsky, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1357. juvavellidae and uncertain (p. 2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-411.jpg?height=1588&width=1291&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wittenburgella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Juvavellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wittenburgella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wittenburgella DAGYS, 1959a, p. 30","Type_species":"* W. minuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal, anterior commissure slightly unisulcate, beak short, incurved, foramen mesothyrid, hinge plates divided, concave ventrally, becoming U-shaped, loop acuminate, 0.5 dorsal valve length, with high median plate extending dorsoventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1357, 3a-d. *W. minuta, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1357. juvavellidae and uncertain (p. 2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-411.jpg?height=1588&width=1291&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoharttina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudoharttina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoharttina LIKHAREV, 1934, p. 212","Type_species":"P. ovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, anterior commissure rectimarginate, valves variably convex, hinge plates obsolete, crura arising from socket ridges, dorsal median septum present, all internal structures except loop much thickened, dental plates present but ankylosed to valve wall","Beginning_age":"Permian","First_Occurrence":"Permian","Ending_age":"Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Permian","Geological_periods":"Permian","Geography":"Asia, North America (Alaska), Spitzbergen","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1357,2a\u2013b. *P. ovalis; dorsal and ventral views, \u00d71 (Stehli, 1962).\u2014\u2014Fig . 1357,2c\u2013g. P. plica (K ROTOV ), Spitzbergen; c\u2013d, exterior and interior of dorsal valve, \u00d71; e\u2013g, exterior and interior views of dorsal valves, USNM 134721, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nStehli, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1357. juvavellidae and uncertain (p. 2052).\nfig. 1357. juvavellidae and uncertain (p. 2052).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-411.jpg?height=1588&width=1291&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=196)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-411.jpg?height=1588&width=1291&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebratula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Terebratulinae","Genus":"Terebratula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebratula M\u00dcLLER, 1776, p. 249","Type_species":"Anomia terebratula Linnaeus, 1758, p. 703, SD Lamarck, 1799, p. 89, ICZN plenary POWERS, 2000, p. 187, Opinion 1, 959","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large, subpentagonal to broadly oval, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak short, erect, foramen large, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, pedicle collar short, cardinal process variable from a flat semiellipse to a thickened, raised plate or boss, outer hinge plates very narrow or absent, separated from socket ridges by deep trough, no inner hinge plates, loop short, broadly triangular, transverse band narrow, forming a low arch.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pleistocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pleistocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene-Pleistocene)","Geography":"Malta, Spain, Poland, Hungary, Miocene, Italy, Sicily, Malta, Spain, Algeria, Pliocene, Italy, Pleistocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1358, 4a-c. * T. terebratula (Linnaeus), Pliocene, Italy, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of neotype, NHM BG152, X1 (Lee, Brunton, & others, 2001).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1358, 4d-g. T. ampulla Brocchi, Pliocene, Italy","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nLee, Brunton, & others, 2001","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Pleistocene Upper","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrobrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Terebratulinae","Genus":"Acrobrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrobrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 248","Type_species":"Liothyrella? vema COOPER, 1973b, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, oval to subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, smooth, beak suberect, short, labiate, foramen moderately large, permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, pedicle collar short, excavate, cardinal process is a transverse semiellipse, outer hinge plates taper onto posteroventral edges of crural processes, loop narrow with broad, transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Australia, Eocene-Miocene, New Zealand, Oligocene-Miocene, eastern Pacific Ocean off South America, Antarctic Ocean, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1359, 1a-d. *A. vema (Cooper), Holocene, off southern Argentina, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve of holotype, USNM 550480a, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1359. terebratulidae (p. 2056-2057).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-413.jpg?height=1813&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liothyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Terebratulinae","Genus":"Liothyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liothyrella THOMSON, 1916a, p. 44","Type_species":"Terebratula uva BRODERIP, 1833a, p. 124, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dolichosina Cooper, 1983, p. 228 (type, Terebratula oamarutica Boehm, 1904, p. 149), Mimorina Cooper, 1983, p. 232 (type, M. ziczac, OD, =Liothyrella skinneri Allan, 1932a, p. 8)","Synonyms":"Dolichosina, Mimorina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, elongate oval to subcircular, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure usually rectimarginate, occasionally broadly uniplicate, smooth or with faint, radial or zigzag capillae, beak usually short, suberect, foramen usually large, submesothyrid, labiate, symphytium wholly or partly visible, pedicle collar short, teeth triangular, narrow, low myophragm may be present, cardinal process transverse semiellipse, outer hinge plates variable in width and length, attached near dorsal edge of crural bases, loop variable, usually widely triangular, crural processes located near socket openings, transverse band relatively narrow, variable, spicules abundant.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene), Holocene","Geography":"Australia, Eocene-lower Miocene, Holocene, New Zealand, Eocene-Holocene, Antarctic Peninsula, Eocene-Miocene, eastern Pacific Ocean off Central and South America, Falkland Islands, southern Indian Ocean, sub-Antarctic Ocean, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1358, 1a-e. *L. uva (Broderip), Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, off Mexico, BMNH ZB1352, \u00d71.2, d, dorsal valve interior with loop, Falkland Islands, e, ventral valve interior, Falkland Islands, X1.2 (MuirWood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1358, 1f-i. L. neozelanica Thomson, Holocene, New Zealand, variation in loops of 4 specimens from single locality, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maltaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Terebratulinae","Genus":"Maltaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maltaia COOPER, 1983, p. 231","Type_species":"M. maltensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Terebratula, but subpentagonal in outline with strongly sulciplicate anterior commissure, loop wide with protuberant tranverse band","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Malta","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1358, 2a-e. * M. maltensis, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, interior of dorsal valve of holotype, USNM 551164c, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pliothyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Terebratulinae","Genus":"Pliothyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pliothyrina Roy, 1980, p. 2, Apletosia COOPER, 1983, p. 226","Type_species":"Terebratula sowerbyana NYST, 1845, p. 335, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Apletosia Cooper, 1983, p. 226 (type, Terebratula maxima Charlesworth, 1837, p. 92)","Synonyms":"Apletosia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, subpentagonal to oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, becoming moderately sulciplicate in adults, smooth, beak suberect, truncated, labiate, foramen large, mesothyrid to submesothyrid, symphytium short, pedicle collar short, excavate, cardinal process large, subcircular, depressed medially, outer hinge plates very narrow or absent, inner hinge plates small to prominent, disjunct or coalescing, crural bases separated from socket ridges by a marked trough, loop widely triangular, crural processes very long, slender, curved anteromedially, transverse band strongly folded, narrow medially","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Pliocene)","Geography":"Belgium, England, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1359, 3a-b. * P. sowerbyana (Nyst), Miocene, Belgium, a, dorsal view, b, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1359. terebratulidae (p. 2056-2057).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-413.jpg?height=1813&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pycnobrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Terebratulinae","Genus":"Pycnobrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pycnobrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 238","Type_species":"*Liothyrella pulchra THOMSON, 1918c, p. 118, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Liothyrella in sulciplicate anterior commissure and stout, compact loop","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1358, 3a-d. *P. pulchra (Thomson), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior view of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytisoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Terebratulinae","Genus":"Rhytisoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytisoria COOPER, 1983, p. 239","Type_species":"R. alabamensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, smooth, anterior commissure sulciplicate, foramen submesothyrid, symphytium visible, crural bases broad, elevated, forming ridge along inner edge of narrow, outer hinge plates, and deep trough adjacent to socket ridges, loop triangular, wide posteriorly with broadly arched, narrow transverse band. Differs from Oleneothyris in position of crural processes, shorter terminal points, and angular transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Geography":"USA (Alabama)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1359, 2a-d. *R. alabamensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 549392a, d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1359. terebratulidae (p. 2056-2057).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-413.jpg?height=1813&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gryphus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Gryphinae","Genus":"Gryphus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gryphus Megerle von M\u00dcHLFELDT, 1811, p. 64","Type_species":"Anomia vitrea BORN, 1778, p. 104, M","Synonyms_with_authors":"Liothyrina Oehlert, 1887b, p. 1, 316, obj. (see Thomson, 1927, p. 193), nom. nov. pro Liothyris Douvill\u00e9, 1879, p. 265, non Conrad, 1875","Synonyms":"Liothyrina, Liothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval in outline, ventribiconvex, foramen small to medium, epithyrid, symphytium partially visible, pedicle collar short, cardinal process small, slightly concave, variable, outer hinge plates slightly concave, narrowly triangular, crural bases narrow and flush with inner margin of outer hinge plates, crural processes scooplike in side view, loop short, about 0.25 valve length, variable, descending branches slightly diverging, transverse band broad, gently arched","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Caribbean, Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic, Miocene-Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1360, 3a-e. *G. vitreus (Born), Holocene, Mediterranean, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d-e, interiors of ventral and dorsal valves respectively, X1 (Logan, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nLogan, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1360. terebratulidae (p. 2057-2059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-416.jpg?height=1722&width=1296&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicatoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Plicatoriinae","Genus":"Plicatoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicatoria COOPER, 1983, p. 236","Type_species":"Terebratula wilmingtonensis Lyell & Sowerby in LYELL, 1845, p. 431, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Embolosia Cooper, 1983, p. 229 (type, E. sphenoidea)","Synonyms":"Embolosia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, ornament and folding highly variable, anterior commissure rectimarginate soidal, outer hinge plates wide, very long, inner hinge plates variable, loop long, triangular, crural processes overhanging broad transverse band","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"USA (North Carolina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1360, 1a-d. *P. wilmingtonensis (Lyell & Sowerby)","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1360. terebratulidae (p. 2057-2059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-416.jpg?height=1722&width=1296&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tanyoscapha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Plicatoriinae","Genus":"Tanyoscapha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tanyoscapha COOPER, 1983, p. 241","Type_species":"T. sigmanae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, smooth, uniplicate, beak suberect, foramen large, submesothyrid, teeth narrow, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates wide, very long, crural processes short, located close to broad, horizontal transverse band, loop as for Plicatoria","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"USA (North Carolina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1360, 4a-c. *T. sigmanae, a-b, dorsal and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550911a, c, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1360. terebratulidae (p. 2057-2059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-416.jpg?height=1722&width=1296&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Seymourella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Seymourellinae","Genus":"Seymourella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Seymourella BITNER, 1996, p. 78","Type_species":"S. oweni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, beak large, suberect, foramen large, submesothyrid to mesothyrid, deltidial plates small, triangular, disjunct, pedicle collar very short, cardinal process a transverse depression along posterior margin, outer hinge plates triangular, wide, no inner hinge plates, crural processes long, needlelike, directed ventrally, loop short (0.3 dorsal valve length), very wide anteriorly, with thin, strongly arched transverse band. Paleogene (Eocene-Oligocene): Antarctic Peninsula (Seymour Island).","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene-Oligocene)","Geography":"Antarctic Peninsula (Seymour Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1360, 2a-e. *S. oweni, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, ZPAL Bp.XXXVII\/140, e, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Bitner, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"ZPAL, \nBitner, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1360. terebratulidae (p. 2057-2059).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-416.jpg?height=1722&width=1296&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tichosina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Tichosininae","Genus":"Tichosina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tichosina COOPER, 1977, p. 61","Type_species":"T. floridensis COOPER, 1977, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Eurysina Cooper, 1983, p. 259 (type, Tichosina ovata Cooper, 1977, p. 79)","Synonyms":"Eurysina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, subtriangular to ovate in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate to widely uniplicate, beak suberect, foramen small to large, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium partially visible, pedicle collar short, teeth narrow, cardinal process elliptical, outer hinge plates variable, concave, with broad, flattish crural bases extending to apex and walling off outer hinge plates, which are attached to dorsal edge of crural base distally, loop small, narrow, crural processes blunt, generally overhanging posterior of broad, medially folded transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1361, 2a-d. *T. floridensis, Holocene, off Florida, Gulf of Mexico, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1361. terebratulidae (p. 2059-2061).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-418.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arctosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Tichosininae","Genus":"Arctosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arctosia COOPER, 1983, p. 250","Type_species":"Terebratula arctica FRIELE, 1878, p. 221, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rectimarginate, foramen small, permesothyrid, pedicle collar long, excavate, tubular, outer hinge plates long, narrow, deeply concave, loop short, wide, with subparallel sides, transverse band narrow, nearly horizontal.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"off Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1361, 1a-d. *A. arctica (Friele), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1361. terebratulidae (p. 2059-2061).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-418.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dolichozygus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Tichosininae","Genus":"Dolichozygus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dolichozygus COOPER, 1983, p. 253","Type_species":"Terebratula stearnsi Dall & PILSBRY, 1891, p. 165, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate subtriangular, uniplicate, beak narrow, long, suberect, foramen large, submesothyrid, symphytium visible, pedicle collar long, excavate, outer hinge plates long, loop short, with subparallel sides, transverse band folded, very broad.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1361, 5a-d. * D. stearnsi (Dall & Pilsbry), Holocene, Sagami Bay, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1361. terebratulidae (p. 2059-2061).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-418.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dysedrosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Tichosininae","Genus":"Dysedrosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dysedrosia COOPER, 1983, p. 256","Type_species":"Gryphus borneoensis DALL, 1920, p. 314, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval, anterior commissure broadly uniplicate, beak truncated, foramen medium, mesothyrid, pedicle collar short, teeth small, cardinal process small, shelflike, outer hinge plates wide, concave, crural bases broad, loop parallel sided, transverse band broad.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"off Borneo","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1361, 4a-d. *D. borneoensis (Dall), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 229297a, d, interior of dorsal valve of holotype, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1361. terebratulidae (p. 2059-2061).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-418.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Erymnia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Tichosininae","Genus":"Erymnia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Erymnia COOPER, 1977, p. 92","Type_species":"E. muralifera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, rounded oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, beak suberect, truncated, foramen small, submesothyrid, symphytium partially visible, pedicle collar short, excavate, cardinal process small, semicircular, outer hinge plates short, gently concave, attached to top of broad crural bases, crural bases attached to valve floor by two nearly vertical plates, loop small, narrow.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Caribbean Sea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1361, 3a-e. *E. muralifera, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550520, d, interior of dorsal valve, X1, e, closeup, oblique view of loop of holotype, X2 (Cooper, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1361. terebratulidae (p. 2059-2061).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-418.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zygonaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Tichosininae","Genus":"Zygonaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zygonaria COOPER, 1983, p. 275","Type_species":"Gryphus joloensis DALL, 1920, p. 313, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded oval, rectimarginate, beak short, erect, foramen medium, mesothyrid, pedicle collar well developed, teeth large, cardinal process large, semicircular, loop anteriorly rounded and narrowed","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Philippines, Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1361, 6a-d. *Z. joloensis (Dall), Philippines, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d, interior of dorsal valve of holotype, USNM 111062a, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1361. terebratulidae (p. 2059-2061).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-418.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dallithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Dallithyridinae","Genus":"Dallithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dallithyris MUIR-WOOD, 1959, p. 302","Type_species":"D. murrayi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Epacrosina Cooper, 1983, p. 256 (type, Liothyrina fulva Blochmann, 1906, p. 698)","Synonyms":"Epacrosina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, subtrigonal to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to broadly uniplicate, beak suberect, short, labiate, foramen large, submesothyrid, symphytium short, cardinal process small semiellipse, outer hinge plates broadly triangular, crural bases poorly defined, loop narrow, variable.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (?Eocene), Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (?Eocene), Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Pacific (Eua, Fiji), ?Eocene, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, off South Australia and Tasmania, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1362, 3a-e. *D. murrayi, Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean, Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH ZB1570, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X2, e, interior of ventral valve, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1362. terebratulidae (p. 2061-2062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-419.jpg?height=1362&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kanakythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Dallithyridinae","Genus":"Kanakythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kanakythyris LAURIN, 1997, p. 441","Type_species":"K. pachyrhynchos, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, strongly biconvex, subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak incurved, foramen very small.\"","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"southwestern Pacific (New Caledonia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1362, 1a-d. *K. pachyrhynchos, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1, d, closeup of loop of juvenile specimen, X2 (Laurin, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Laurin, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1362. terebratulidae (p. 2061-2062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-419.jpg?height=1362&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stenosarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Dallithyridinae","Genus":"Stenosarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stenosarina COOPER, 1977, p. 95","Type_species":"* S. angustata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Stenobrochus Cooper, 1983, p. 269 (type, S. crosnieri)","Synonyms":"Stenobrochus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate triangular in outline, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak suberect, labiate, foramen small, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, excavate, teeth small, narrow, cardinal process small, ellipsoidal, outer hinge plates narrow, long, tapering, crural bases elevated along inner margins of outer hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Pliocene","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene, Pliocene, Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Pliocene-Holocene,","Geography":"Sicily, Pliocene, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, eastern Atlantic, southwestern Pacific (New Caledonia), Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1362, 2ae .* S. angustata, Holocene, Gulf of Mexico, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550594, X1, e, interior of dorsal valve of holotype, X2 (Cooper, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1362. terebratulidae (p. 2061-2062).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-419.jpg?height=1362&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sellithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Sellithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sellithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 113","Type_species":"Terebratula sella J. de C. SOWERBY, 1823 in 1823-1825, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subpentagonal in outline, anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate, shell may be faintly capillate, beak short, erect, foramen large, marginate, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, cardinal process semiellipse, outer hinge plates wide, concave, forming deep, U-shaped troughs between socket ridges and crural bases, no inner hinge plates, loop wide, triangular, transverse band narrow, strongly arched and protuberant.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Berriasian","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Berriasian-Turonian)","Geography":"Ukraine, Kazakstan, Caucasus, Georgia, Mexico, England, France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Sardinia, Egypt, Turkmenia, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1363, 1a-t. *S. sella (J. DE C. Sowerby), Aptian, Isle of Wight, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71, d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983), e-t, serial transverse sections 3.6, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.0, 6.8, 7.4, 8.0, 9.2, 9.8, 10.0 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d71 (Middlemiss, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMiddlemiss, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1363. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-421.jpg?height=1872&width=1269&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boubeithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Boubeithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boubeithyris Cox & MIDDLEMISS, 1978, p. 419","Type_species":"Terebratula boubei D'ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 320, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Oval pentagonal in outline, biconvex, foramen large, circular, mesothyrid, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate to bisulcate, hinge plates thin, concave, transverse band highly arched.\"","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (?Hauterivian, Barremian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (?Hauterivian, Barremian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 3a-d. *B. boubei (d'Archiac), Cenomanian, Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of neotype, IRScNB M.T.C.10154, \u00d71 (Cox & Middlemiss, 1978), d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCox & Middlemiss, 1978, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glosseudesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Glosseudesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glosseudesia LOBATSCHEVA, 1974, p. 146","Type_species":"Terebratula semistriata Defrance, 1828b, p. 156, OD, non Glosseudesia semistriata Lobatscheva, 1974, =Luppovithyris ovalis LOBATSCHEVA, 1990","Synonyms_with_authors":"Costithyris Middlemiss, 1981, p. 702, obj.","Synonyms":"Costithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to oval, costate, rectimarginate to bisulcate, beak suberect, foramen mesothyrid, hinge plates concave, becoming cuneate, not strongly differentiated from inner socket ridges, loop lamellae narrow and thin, transverse band high arched and slightly trapezoidal.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian-Barremian)","Geography":"Switzerland, France, Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1363, 2a-n. *G. semistriata (Defrance), Switzerland, a-b, dorsal and anterior views, X1 (Pictet, 1872), c-n, serial transverse sections 0.8, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 4.0, 4.4, 4.8, 5.2, 6.0, 6.4, 7.2, 8.0 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Middlemiss, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pictet, 1872, \nadapted from Middlemiss, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1363. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-421.jpg?height=1872&width=1269&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loriolithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Loriolithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loriolithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1968, p. 176","Type_species":"Terebratula russillensis De LORIOL, 1868, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Sellithyris, but less strongly folded, cardinal process bilobed, outer hinge plates narrow, loop short, thin, transverse band narrow, rarely preserved. Lower Cretaceous: Europe, Morocco, northwestern Caucasus, Kazakstan, Turkmenia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Morocco, northwestern Caucasus, Kazakstan, Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 6a-c. * L. russillensis (de Loriol), Barremian, Switzerland, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, CB 1520, X1 (de Loriol, 1868), Fig. 1364, 6d-g. L. valdensis de Loriol, Valanginian, Switzerland, d-f, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, g, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"de Loriol, 1868, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).\nfig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Musculina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Musculina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Musculina Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929b, p. 120","Type_species":"Terebratula biplicata acuta von Buch, 1835, p. 108, SD S. BUCKMAN, 1907a, p. 530, non Terebratula acuta J. Sowerby, 1816, p. 115, =Terebratula sanctaecrucis CATZIGRAS, 1948, p. 391","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate, dorsal valve strongly convex posteriorly, flattening anteriorly, anterior commissure sulciplicate, plication developed at an early growth stage, beak straight to suberect, symphytium bordered by ridges, foramen small, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, cardinal process small, wide, bilobed, hinge plates strongly concave, crural bases high, not clearly differentiated from hinge plates, clubbed, crural processes thickened at bases, incurved at tips, loop narrow, thin, transverse band thin, high arched","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Spain, Sardinia, Caucasus, Turkmenia, Georgia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1363, 3a-o. * M. sanctaecrucis (Catzigras), Hauterivian, Switzerland, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e-g, serial transverse sections 3.6, 4.0, 4.4 from ventral umbo, X2, h-o, serial transverse sections 4.8, 5.2, 5.6, 6.4, 6.8, 7.2, 7.6, 8.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Dieni, Middlemiss, & Owen, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dieni, Middlemiss, & Owen, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1363. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-421.jpg?height=1872&width=1269&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ovatathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Ovatathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ovatathyris OWEN, 1988, p. 106","Type_species":"Terebratula ovata J. SOWERBY, 1812 in 1812-1815, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval, shell ornament of short, radiating spinules, anterior commissure unisulcate to paraplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid, cardinal process low, flat. Differs internally from Boubeithyris in longer, more acutely concave outer hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 2a-d. * O. ovata (J. Sowerby), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, enlargement of spinules on dorsal valve exterior, X10 (Owen, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraboubeithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Paraboubeithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraboubeithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1980, p. 533","Type_species":"P. plicae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded pentagonal in outline, smooth, beak erect, anterior commissure strongly uniplicate or sulciplicate with very small, asymmetric median sinus, dorsal valve with strong median fold extending from umbonal region to anterior commissure, foramen mesothyrid, hinge plates concave, thin, sharply differentiated from inner socket ridges, piped to strongly corniced, transverse band with high arch.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Barremian)","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 1a-c. * P. plicae, Barremian, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, S.548\/1\/3, \u00d71 (Middlemiss, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Middlemiss, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phaseolina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Phaseolina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phaseolina Gaspard, 1988, p. 163","Type_species":"Terebratula phaseolina Lamarck, 1819, p. 252, OD, =Aphragmus sohli COOPER, 1983, p. 172","Synonyms_with_authors":"Aphragmus Cooper, 1983, p. 171, nom. imperf. (type, A. sobli, OD)","Synonyms":"Aphragmus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal to subcircular in outline, biconvex, smooth with fine lateral capillae, anterior commissure sulciplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, cardinal process small, bilobed, loop similar to that of Sellithyris, but narrow anteriorly, outer hinge plates long, narrow, concave, tapering anteriorly into crural processes.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"France, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 4a-d. * P. phaseolina (Lamarck), France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71, d, closeup of loop, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Walkerithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Walkerithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Walkerithyris Cox & MIDDLEMISS, 1978, p. 424","Type_species":"W. mendax Cox & Middlemiss, 1978, p. 425, OD,  = Terebratula moutoniana W Alker in Lamplugh & Walker, 1903, p. 251, non T. moutoniana D'ORBIGNY, 1849","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal, smooth, dorsibiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, wide, foramen circular, mesothyrid, hinge plates wide, thin, deeply concave, piped. Subfamily placing is uncertain, as loop is not known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 5a-h. *W. mendax, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-h, serial transverse sections 3.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.2, 4.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1.5 (Cox & Middlemiss, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cox & Middlemiss, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nerthebrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Nerthbebrochinae","Genus":"Nerthebrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nerthebrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 206","Type_species":"*Terebratula robertoni D\u2019ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 315, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, foramen submesothyrid, symphytium exposed, cardinal process wide, semiellipse, outer hinge plates wide, triangular, concave, attached along dorsal edge of crural bases, loop short, triangular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1365, 1a-d. *N. robertoni (D'ARCHIAC), Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1365. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-425.jpg?height=1493&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dilophosina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Nerthbebrochinae","Genus":"Dilophosina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dilophosina COOPER, 1983, p. 187","Type_species":"D. paraplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure paraplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid, no inner hinge plates, outer hinge plates attached to dorsal part of crural bases, loop short, squarish, transverse band narrow, nearly horizontal. Similar to Boubeithyris, but paraplicate rather than sulciplicate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"France, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1365, 3a-d. *D. paraplicata, France, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550932a, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1365. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-425.jpg?height=1493&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hadrosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Nerthbebrochinae","Genus":"Hadrosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hadrosia COOPER, 1983, p. 195","Type_species":"* H. convexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Sellithyris, but more strongly convex and beak more incurved, loop anteriorly rounded with stout, broad, transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1365, 4ad. * H. convexa, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of holotype, USNM 550930a, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1365. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-425.jpg?height=1493&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harmatosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Nerthbebrochinae","Genus":"Harmatosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harmatosia COOPER, 1983, p. 196","Type_species":"Terebratula crassa D'ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 318, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Dilophosina, but with well-developed inner hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Belgium, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1365, 2a-d. *H. crassa (d'ARCHIAC), Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1365. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-425.jpg?height=1493&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leymerithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Nerthbebrochinae","Genus":"Leymerithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leymerithyris Calzada Badia in Calzada Badia, Seguier, & TAMBAREAU, 1988, p. 40","Type_species":"Terebratula montolearensis LEYMERIE, 1846, p. 362, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Oval, biconvex, uniplicate or biplicate, outer hinge plates corniced or fasciculate, inner hinge plates concave, crural processes at midloop.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (lower Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (lower Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (lower Eocene)","Geography":"Spain, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1365, 5a-h. * L. montolearensis (Leymerie), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d-g, serial transverse sections 2.9, 6.1, 6.9, 8.8 mm from ventral umbo, approximately \u00d7 1, h, loop reconstruction, \u00d7 2 (Calzada Badia, Seguier, & Tambareau, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada Badia, Seguier, & Tambareau, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1365. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-425.jpg?height=1493&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":48.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rectithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Rectithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rectithyris SAhni, 1929, p. 9, =Cyranoia COOPER, 1983, p. 185","Type_species":"Terebratula depressa Valenciennes in Lamarck, 1819, p. 249, OD, = T. nerviensis D'ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 313","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cyranoia Cooper, 1983, p. 185 (type, Terebratula depressa vissae Hadding, 1919, p. 20, OD)","Synonyms":"Cyranoia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak long, erect, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium large, convex, cardinal process transverse semiellipse, inner hinge plates variably developed in some adult specimens, thick, inclined socket ridges, crural bases and outer hinge plates forming U shaped troughs (virgate keeled outer hinge plates), transverse band of loop medianly horizontal.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Coniacian)","Last_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Coniacian)","Geography":"Spain, Crimea, Belgium, England, Germany, Poland, Russia, Tibet, India, Antarctic Peninsula","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1366, 1a-i. * R. depressa (Valenciennes), Cenomanian, Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, closeup of loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983), e-i, serial transverse sections 6.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.0, 11.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Cox & Middlemiss, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nCox & Middlemiss, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":85.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Collinithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Collinithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Collinithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1981, p. 722","Type_species":"Terebratula collinaria D'ORBIGNY, 1849 in 1849-1852, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular or subpentagonal, anterior commissure uniplicate to gently sulciplicate, beak suberect, symphytium exposed, hinge plates initially horizontal, becoming gently concave, cuneate, not clearly differentiated from socket ridges, loop lamellae thin, transverse band low arched.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian-Aptian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1366, 3a-d. * C. collinaria (d\u2019Orbigny), Neocomian, France, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Smirnova, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Cyrtothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtothyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 123","Type_species":"Terebratula depressa var. cyrta WALKER, 1868, p. 404, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Oval to subpentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium narrow, exposed, cardinal process small, loop wide, hinge plates ventrally concave, slightly clubbed, keeled.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Valanginian-Campanian)","Geography":"Mexico, Valanginian, Europe, Greenland, Aptian, Madagascar, ?Albian, South Africa (Zululand), Aptian-Campanian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1366, 2a-b. *C. cyrta (Walker), Aptian, England, dorsal view, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1366, 2c-e. C. uniplicata Walker, Aptian, England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH 67843, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).\nfig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moutonithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Moutonithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moutonithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1976, p. 63","Type_species":"Terebratula moutoniana D'ORBIGNY, 1849 in 1849-1852, p. 89, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Atactosia Cooper, 1983, p. 173 (type, Terebratula obtusa J. De C. Sowerby, 1823 in 18231825, p. 53), Biplicatoria Cooper, 1983, p. 174 (type, B. ferruginea C OOPER , 1983, p. 175; =Terebratula biplicata dutempleana DAVIDSON, 1853, pl. 6,1, non T. dutempleana D\u2019ORBIGNY, 1847].","Synonyms":"Atactosia, Biplicatoria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval to subcircular, anterior commissure rectimarginate to bisulcate; beak erect, foramen circular, permesothyrid; deltidium generally concealed; hinge plates horizontal or slightly convex, cuneate, keeled; crural \ufb02anges and keels may be present; loop narrow, transverse band low arched.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Berriasian\u2013Cenomanian)","Geography":"France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, Portugal,Spain, Sardinia, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1367, 1a-p. *M. moutoniana (D'Orbigny), Aptian, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, MNHN 5529, X1, d-p, serial transverse sections 1.5, 3.1, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.5, 6.3, 6.7, 7.1, 7.9, 8.7, 9.1, 9.5 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Middlemiss, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"MNHN, \nMiddlemiss, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1367. sellithyrididae (p. 2066-2070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-427.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoliothyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Neoliothyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neoliothyrina SAHNI, 1925, p. 375","Type_species":"Terebratula obesa Davidson, 1852a, p. 53, OD, non J. de C. Sowerby, 1823, p. 54, =N. obesa SAHNI, 1925, p. 375","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process small semiellipse, outer hinge plates narrow, concave, socket ridges, outer hinge plates, and crural bases forming narrow, U-shaped troughs, inner hinge plates well developed, may coalesce, transverse band broad, high arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1368, 2a-d. *N. obesa (Davidson), Senonian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, loop, X2 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1368. sellithyrididae (p. 2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-428.jpg?height=1120&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praelongithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Praelongithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praelongithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 134","Type_species":"* P. praelongiforma, OD, =Terebratula praelonga J. DE C. Sowerby in FITTON, 1836, p. 339, auctt., partim","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, becoming sulciplicate, beak long, suberect, foramen large, circular, permesothyrid, hinge plates in section ventrally concave, becoming V-shaped, clubbed, and anteriorly keeled, loop long, high arched.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Europe, Greenland, Asia, South Africa (Zululand), ?Madagascar, Iran, Albian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1368, 1a-d. *P. praelongiforma, Aptian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH BM67590, X1 (Middlemiss, 1959), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"Middlemiss, 1959, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1368. sellithyrididae (p. 2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-428.jpg?height=1120&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhombothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Rhombothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhombothyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 99","Type_species":"Terebratula extensa MEYER, 1864, p. 252, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, unisulcate or sulciplicate, beak short, nearly straight, foramen large, mesothyrid, attrite, symphytium very short, exposed, loop short, high arched, with narrow transverse band","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1367, 2a-c. *R. extensa (Meyer), dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, BMNH BB.16739, X1 (Middlemiss, 1959).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1367, 2d. R. microtrema Walker, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMiddlemiss, 1959, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1367. sellithyrididae (p. 2066-2070).\nfig. 1367. sellithyrididae (p. 2066-2070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-427.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-427.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tropeothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Tropeothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tropeothyris SMIRNOVA, 1972, p. 69","Type_species":"T. kugusemi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval or rounded pentagonal, anterior commissure parasulcate, beak long, massive, suberect to incurved, beak ridges weak, symphytium high, exposed, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, transverse, hinge plates horizontal or concave in section, may be keeled, loop wide, short, transverse band strongly arched","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous (Berriasian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Western Europe, Turkmenia, Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1367, 3a-v. *T. kugusemi, Hauterivian, Mangyschlak, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU No. 16 060\/89, X1, d-v, serial transverse sections 0.00, 2.65, 2.85, 3.05, 3.75, 3.85, 4.25, 4.65, 5.15, 5.55, 6.15, 6.5, 6.85, 7.35, 7.95, 8.25, 8.8, 9.6, 9.75 mm from first section, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1367. sellithyrididae (p. 2066-2070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-427.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capillithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Capillithyridinae","Genus":"Capillithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capillithyris KATZ, 1974, p. 258","Type_species":"Terebratula capillata D'ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 323, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Capillarina CooPER, 1983, p. 177 (type, Platythyris diversa Cox & Middlemiss, 1978, p. 434)","Synonyms":"Capillarina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate, uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak short, symphytium short, partly exposed, cardinal process small, hinge plates parallel to valve floor, becoming slightly concave anteriorly, loop variable, short (0.25 to 0.3 dorsal valve length), subtriangular, with broad, transverse band. Spicules may be preserved.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Russia, Belgium, England, France, Poland, Germany, Spain, ?Antarctic Peninsula","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1369, 3a-s. * C. capillata (d\u2019Archiac), Cenomanian, Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-s, serial transverse sections 0.6, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.5, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5, 4.9, 5.3, 6.0, 6.6, 7.0, 7.3, 7.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Bilinkevich & Popiel-Barczyk, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nBilinkevich & Popiel-Barczyk, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1369. capillithyrididae (p. 2070-2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-429.jpg?height=925&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liramia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Capillithyridinae","Genus":"Liramia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liramia COOPER, 1983, p. 199","Type_species":"Terebratula disparilis D \u2019O RBIGNY , 1849 in 1849\u20131852, p. 100; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[May be a synonym of Paracapillithyris.]","Synonyms":"Paracapillithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, anterior commissure slightly unisulcate; loop stout, narrow.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Geography":"France, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1369, 1a\u2013d. *L. disparilis (D\u2019ORBIGNY); a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1369. capillithyrididae (p. 2070-2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-429.jpg?height=925&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paracapillithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Capillithyridinae","Genus":"Paracapillithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paracapillithyris Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 26","Type_species":"P. alexeevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, elongate oval, rectimarginate, beak narrow, incurved, foramen apical, hinge plates broad, low, crura wide with dorsal and lateral carinae. The description does not provide details of the loop, and no illustrations of the interior are available for this genus.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus, Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1369, 2a-c. * P. alexeevi, ?Ukraine, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Katz & Popov, 1974a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Katz & Popov, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1369. capillithyrididae (p. 2070-2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-429.jpg?height=925&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aniabrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Aniabrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aniabrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 170","Type_species":"Platythyris comptonensis MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 109, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval to subpentagonal, biconvex, smooth to faintly capillate on flanks, anterior commissure rectimarginate, uniplicate, sulciplicate, or unisulcate, beak short, truncated, foramen large, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium very short, cardinal process small, hinge plates in section horizontal to very slightly concave, tapering, or with rounded inner margins, becoming cuneate and keeled in gerontic stage, crural processes incurved, loop short (0.3 dorsal valve length), transverse band broad, low arched.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Barremian)","First_Occurrence":"Barremian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Barremian-Turonian)","Geography":"England, Belgium, France, Italy, Poland, Sardinia, Spain, Crimea, Georgia, Tibet, ?Sarawak","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1370, 5a-r. *A. comptonensis (Middlemiss), Aptian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, closeup of loop, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-r, serial tranverse sections 2.4, 2.5, 3.6, 3.8, 4.1, 4.6, 4.9, 5.4, 6.2, 8.3, 9.2, 9.6, 10.0, 10.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Middlemiss, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMiddlemiss, 1959","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":126.5,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bolgarithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Bolgarithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bolgarithyris TITOVA, 1986, p. 118","Type_species":"B. boncevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or unisulcate, oval to subtriangular in outline, may be faintly capillate, cardinal process lamellar, hinge plates horizontal or dorsally deflected, often straight, crural bases prolongations of hinge plates, loop short, transverse band low arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1370, 1a-n. *B. boncevi, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior view of holotype, TsNIGR Museum No. 203\/10445, X1, d-n, serial transverse sections 1.4, 3.15, 3.35, 3.8, 4.2, 4.55, 4.95, 5.25, 5.85, 6.25, 6.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Titova, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Titova, 1986","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dyscritothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Dyscritothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dyscritothyris COOPER, 1979, p. 15","Type_species":"D. cubensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subpentagonal, smooth or may be faintly capillate, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak small, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, outer hinge plates nearly flat, horizontally tapering, loop short, about 0.3 dorsal valve length, imperfectly known.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Cuba","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1371, 1a-m. *D. cubensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550460a, X2 (Cooper, 1983), d-m, serial transverse sections 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.3, 2.3, 2.5 mm from ventral umbo, X5 (Sandy & others, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983, \nSandy & others, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1371. capillithyrididae (p. 2072).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-432.jpg?height=426&width=1247&top_left_y=483&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iberithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Iberithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iberithyris KVAKHADZE, 1972, p. 75","Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":null,"Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"western Georgia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1370,3a\u2013o. *I. rionensis, Hauterivian, Georgia; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, \u00d71; d\u2013n, serial transverse sections 0.5, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3.3, 3.9, 4.6, 5.1, 5.3,5.7, 6.5 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d72; o, drawing of loop, \u00d71 (Kvakhadze, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lunpolaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Lunpolaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lunpolaia Ching & Ye in Ye & YANG, 1979, p. 67","Type_species":"L. cymbaliformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth or with faint capillae, subcircular, ventribiconvex, uniplicate, beak erect, foramen large, pedicle collar short, cardinal process small, hinge plates horizontal, tapering, and with low, rounded margins anteriorly, outer hinge plates narrowly concave, loop short, wide, transverse band gently convex.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1370, 4a-d. * L. cymbaliformis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, closeup view of loop, X3 (Ye & Yang, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ye & Yang, 1979","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Middlemissithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Middlemissithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Middlemissithyris SMIRNOVA, 2001, p. 598","Type_species":"M. rarus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, ventribiconvex, subpentagonal to subtriangular, anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, beak incurved, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, hinge plates wide, horizontal, crural bases high, loop very short, anteriorly rounded.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1371, 3a-q. * M. rarus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d-p, serial transverse sections 0.9, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.9, 3.4, 3.9, 4.2, 4.6 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 1, q, drawing of loop, \u00d7 4 (Smirnova, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1371. capillithyrididae (p. 2072).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-432.jpg?height=426&width=1247&top_left_y=483&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraplatythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Paraplatythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraplatythyris SUN, 1987, p. 77","Type_species":"P. xizangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, erect, foramen mesothyrid to permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, no cardinal process, hinge plates tapering and slightly concave, loop short, widely triangular, transverse band narrow, low arched.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1371, 2a-l. * P. xizangensis, a, dorsal view, X3, b-l, serial transverse sections 0.1, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.9, 3.6, 3.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2.65 (Sun, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1371. capillithyrididae (p. 2072).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-432.jpg?height=426&width=1247&top_left_y=483&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Weberithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Weberithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Weberithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Weberithyris SMIRNOVA, 1969b, p. 144","Type_species":"Rectithyris moisseevi WEBER, 1949, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate, beak high, erect, symphytium high, grooved, no pedicle collar, cardinal process small, concave, bilobed, hinge plates horizontal or slightly concave with obtuse margins, loop with thin branches, transverse band thin, rectimarginate, strongly arched. Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous: Crimea, Caucasus, Western Europe, Upper Jurassic.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Caucasus, Western Europe, Upper Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1372a-x. *W. moisseevi (Weber), Lower Cretaceous, Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d-w, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.8, 3.3, 4.0, 4.3, 4.8, 5.8, 6.3, 6.4, 6.7, 7.2 mm from first section, approximately \u00d7 0.85, x, reconstruction of loop, \u00d7 1 (Smirnova, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1372. weberithyrididae (p. 2074).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-433.jpg?height=1139&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibbithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Gibbithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibbithyris SAHNI, 1925, p. 372","Type_species":"G. gibba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kestonithyris SaHni, 1925, p. 363 (type, K. inflata), Piarothyris SAHNI, 1925, p. 370 (type, P. rotunda)","Synonyms":"Kestonithyris, Piarothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, beak short, suberect to erect, incurved, symphytium usually concealed, foramen minute, epithyrid to permesothyrid, beak ridges strong, cardinal process small, transverse, crural bases broad, dorsally directed, outer hinge plates in section usually convex or horizontal, with pendant, dorsally directed crural bases, loop short, 0.3 dorsal valve length, triangular, transverse band gently arched","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Santonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Santonian)","Geography":"England, France, Sweden, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1373, 1a-d. G. semiglobosa J. Sowerby, Cenomanian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH B. 49833, X0.9, d, close up view of loop, X1.8 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1373, 1e-q. G. subrotunda J. Sowerby, Turonian, England, serial transverse sections 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2, 3.6, 4.4, 4.8, 5.6, 6.0, 6.4, 7.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Middlemiss, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMiddlemiss, 1991","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":83.65,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Concinnithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Concinnithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Concinnithyris SAHNI, 1929, p. 11","Type_species":"Terebratula obesa J. de C. SOWERBY, 1823 in 1823-1825, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate oval to subcircular in outline, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak slightly incurved to erect, truncated, foramen small to large, circular, permesothyrid to epithyrid, rarely labiate, symphytium concealed, beak ridges indistinct, cardinal process low, flat, poorly developed, outer hinge plates horizontal to gently convex, may be keeled, attached to ventral edge of broad, flat crural bases, crural processes high, tapering, inwardly curving, thin, descending branches of short, narrow loop with low, arched transverse band, may have small depression or sulcus posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Turonian)","Geography":"England, France, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1373, 2a-n. *C. obesa (J. de C. Sowerby), Cenomanian, Lower Chalk, Wiltshire, England, a- c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH B.49832, X1, d-n, serial transverse sections 4.1, 5.7, 6.5, 6.8, 7.2, 7.8, 8.2, 8.6, 9.0, 9.3, 9.9 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Owen, 1988)., Fig. 1373, 2o. C. rouenensis Cooper, Cenomanian, France, close up view of loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1988, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Hesperosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperosia COOPER, 1983, p. 197","Type_species":"Rectithyris vespertina COOPER, 1955b, p. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, oval, ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, smooth, beak large, protuberant, erect, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process small semiellipse, loop similar to that of Concinnithyris but with narrow crural bases and wider loop angle.\"","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous","Geography":"USA (Arizona), Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1374, 1a-d. * H. vespertina (Cooper), Arizona, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 124194b, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1374. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-435.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orientothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Orientothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orientothyris Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 28","Type_species":"Gryphus orientalis Vantschurov & KALUGIN, 1966, p. 119, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval, anterior commissure uniplicate, faint lateral capillae may be present, beak massive, foramen large, epithyrid, crural bases attached to wide hinge plates that hang low into dorsal apical cavity, almost uniting with floor of valve, crural bases with high ventral keels. Differs from Concinnithyris in wide hinge plates and type of crura.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)-Paleogene (Paleocene)","Geography":"Crimea, Caucasus, Kazakstan, Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1374, 4a-r. *O. orientalis (Vantschurov), ?Maastrichtian, ?Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X0.5, e-r, serial transverse sections 0.4, 1.0, 1.6, 2.6, 3.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.6, 5.1, 5.5, 6.4, 7.1, 7.7, 8.5 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Vantschurov & Kalugin, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vantschurov & Kalugin, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1374. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-435.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ornatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Ornatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ornatothyris SAHNI, 1929, p. 45","Type_species":"Terebratula sulcifera Morris in Morris & DAVIDSON, 1847, p. 254, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ovate to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure gently uniplicate to sulciplicate, ornament of strong, concentric lamellae, beak massive, short, foramen permesothyrid, large, labiate, symphytium visible or hidden, pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process narrow semiellipse, crural bases broad, extending under short, narrow, horizontal outer hinge plates to produce a keeled hinge plate in section, loop narrow but variable, transverse band broad.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, France, Poland, Switzerland, Russia, ?Sarawak, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1374, 3a-d. * O. sulcifera (Morris), England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH Davidson Collection, 50822, X0.6 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1374. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-435.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praegibbithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Praegibbithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praegibbithyris SUN, 1987, p. 82","Type_species":"P. langshanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, smooth, beak short, nearly straight, foramen large, permesothyrid to epithyrid, beak ridges rounded, delthyrium covered by symphytium, pedicle collar present, cardinal process low, transversely oval, bilobate myophore directed posteroventrally, hinge plates separate, ventrally convex with dorsally directed crural bases, inner socket ridges fused with narrow, outer hinge plates, loop short, triangular, wide, transverse band trapezoidal.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1374, 2a-r. * P. langshanensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1, d-r, serial transverse sections 3.1, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.3, 4.5, 5.3, 6.2, 6.7, 7.3, 7.9, 8.3, 8.9, 9.2, 9.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Sun, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1374. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-435.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudogibbithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Pseudogibbithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudogibbithyris OWEN, 1995, p. 275","Type_species":"P. arabica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval to subcircular, biconvex, uniplicate, beak short, suberect, foramen small, permesothyrid, cardinal process flat, bifid, hinge trough deep, hinge plates short, triangular","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"United Arab Emirates (Jebel Huwayyah), Oman","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1375, 1a-m. *P. arabica, a-c*, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH BF47, \u00d7 1, d-m, serial tranverse sections 1.3, 1.5, 1.9, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 3.3, 3.7, 4.0 mm from first section, \u00d7 1 (Owen, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1375. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-437.jpg?height=778&width=1127&top_left_y=971&top_left_x=326)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sahnithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Sahnithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sahnithyris Radulovi\u0107 & RAMAMOORTHY, 1995, p. 187","Type_species":"Concinnithyris andurensis SAHNI, 1960, p. 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, elongate oval, ventribiconvex, beak short, massive, concealing symphytium, foramen mesothyrid, anteriorly commissure broadly sulciplicate, pedicle collar present, cardinal process wide, concave with well-defined myophore, loop thin, transverse band broad, strongly arched. Upper Cretaceous (Campanian): southern India, ?Bulgaria.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Geography":"southern India, ?Bulgaria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1375, 2a-p. * S. andurensis (Sahni), southern India, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, GSI 1553, X1 (Sahni, 1960), d- p, serial transverse sections 2.1, 6.4, 7.2, 9.3, 10.3, 12.5, 13.5, 14.0, 15.2, 18.7, 19.1, 19.5, 20.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, X0.5 (Radulovi\u0107 & Ramamoorthy, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sahni, 1960, \nRadulovi\u0107 & Ramamoorthy, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1375. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-437.jpg?height=778&width=1127&top_left_y=971&top_left_x=326)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carneithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Carneithyriidinae","Genus":"Carneithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carneithyris SAHNI, 1925, p. 364","Type_species":"C. subpentagonalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chatwinothyris Sahni, 1925, p. 368 (type, C. subcardinalis, OD), Ellipsothyris SAHNI, 1925, p. 371 (type, E. similis, OD), Magnithyris Sahni, 1925, p. 367 (type, M. magna, OD), Ornithothyris Sahni, 1925, p. 374 (type, O. carinata, OD), Pulchrithyris Sahni, 1925, p. 361 (type, P. gracilis, OD), Ogmusia Cooper, 1983, p. 207 (type, Terebratula incissa von Buch, 1835, p. 95)","Synonyms":"Chatwinothyris, Ellipsothyris, Magnithyris, Ornithothyris, Pulchrithyris, Ogmusia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, oval to subcircular, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or unisulcate, foramen small to minute, beak ridges angular, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium hidden, cardinal process large to massive, bulbous","Beginning_age":"Senonian","First_Occurrence":"Senonian","Ending_age":"Senonian","Last_Occurrence":"Senonian","Geological_periods":"Senonian","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1376, 2e. C. rotunda Sahni, Senonian, England, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1376. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078-2080).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-438.jpg?height=1207&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Giraliathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Carneithyriidinae","Genus":"Giraliathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Giraliathyris CRAIG, 2000, p. 117","Type_species":"G. monamarai, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, subcircular to subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly unisulcate, beak short, foramen small, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium narrow, concave, mostly concealed, deltidial plates conjunct, with median ridge, cardinal process a protuberant cup, loop short, 0.35 dorsal valve length. Paleogene (upper Paleocene): Western Australia (Carnarvon basin).","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (upper Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"upper Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (upper Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (upper Paleocene)","Geography":"Western Australia (Carnarvon basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1376, 3a-l. *G. monamarai, a-b, lateral and anterior views of holotype, WAM 96.826, X1, c, interior of ventral valve, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X1, e-l, serial transverse sections 4.8, 6.0, 7.2, 8.2, 10.5, 11.3, 11.5, 11.7 mm from ventral umbo, X0.5 (Craig, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Craig, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1376. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078-2080).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-438.jpg?height=1207&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":59.24,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhombaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhombarinae","Genus":"Rhombaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhombaria COOPER, 1983, p. 215","Type_species":"*Terebratula rhomboidalis NILSSON, 1827, p. 34, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, elongate oval, strongly ventribiconvex, beak long, narrow, erect, beak ridges rounded, foramen small, symphytium exposed, permesothyrid, cardinal process large, shelflike, outer hinge plates very narrow, attached ventrally, tapering anteriorly to crural processes, crural bases, outer hinge plates and socket ridges forming V-shaped troughs, loop triangular, as wide as long.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1376, 1a-d. * R. rhomboidalis (Nilsson), Senonian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1376. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078-2080).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-438.jpg?height=1207&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heligothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heligothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heligothyris MIDDLEMISS, 1991, p. 230","Type_species":"* H. schmidi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded triangular, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, dorsal valve strongly inflated posteriorly, umbo suberect, foramen circular, mesothyrid, deltidium hidden in gerontic forms, cardinal process small, hinge plates initially horizontal, becoming convex, cuneate, attached crural bases given off dorsally and ventrally, free crural bases extended dorsally as thin, curved plates, loop narrow, transverse band low arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Geography":"North Sea (Helgoland), ?Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1377, 2a-m. *H. schmidi, Helgoland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, HG1700a, X1, d-f, serial transverse sections 2.0, 2.4, 2.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2, g-m, serial transverse sections 3.2, 3.6, 4.4, 5.2, 5.6, 6.4, 6.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Middlemiss, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Middlemiss, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1377. uncertain (p. 2080-2081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-439.jpg?height=965&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ilyinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ilyinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ilyinella JASSJUKEVITCH, 1973, p. 104","Type_species":"* I. mangyschlakensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, possibly finely capillate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, pedicle collar short, cardinal process trilobed, loop exceptionally short and narrow (loop reported to measure 1 mm by 1 mm in 12-mm-long dorsal valve)","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (lower Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (lower Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (lower Eocene)","Geography":"Mangyschlak, Kazakstan","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":48.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Longithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Longithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Longithyris Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 30","Type_species":"* Najdinothyris? longa KATZ, 1974, p. 260, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, smooth or with lateral capillae, beak incurved, foramen large, epithyrid, crural bases attached to broad, thin, outer hinge plates that are suspended in dorsal umbonal cavity, almost reaching valve floor, loop short, 0.25 dorsal valve length, narrow, with wide transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1377, 3a-c. *L. longa (Katz), dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, \u00d7 1 (Katz, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Katz, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1377. uncertain (p. 2080-2081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-439.jpg?height=965&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Najdinothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Najdinothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Najdinothyris KATZ, 1974, p. 260","Type_species":"Terebratula becksii ROEMER, 1841, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, elongate, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, dorsal valve strongly inflated posteriorly, beak suberect, foramen large, circular, permesothyrid, cardinal process small, inner socket ridges well differentiated from hinge plates, hinge plates initially concave, cuneate, becoming wide, thin, horizontal, crura given off ventrally, hinge plates attached to free crural bases, loop narrow, transverse band low arched.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Germany, Poland, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1377, 1 a-o .* N. becksii (Roemer), Turonian, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-o, serial transverse sections 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.8, 5.6, 6.0, 7.2, 7.6 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Middlemiss, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMiddlemiss, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1377. uncertain (p. 2080-2081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-439.jpg?height=965&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Loboidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Loboidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Loboidothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 112, BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.","Type_species":"L. latovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dundrythyris Alm\u00e9ras, 1971, p. 188 (type, Terebratula perovalis J. de C. Sowerby, 1825 in 1823-1825, p. 51)","Synonyms":"Dundrythyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large, subcircular to elongate oval, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak large, short, foramen large, circular, commonly labiate, permesothyrid, symphytium usually hidden, pedicle collar short, cardinal process low, lobate, outer hinge plates short, narrowly triangular, dorsally attached to crural bases, crural processes anterior of midloop, loop triangular, 0.35 to 0.45 dorsal valve length, transverse band with low arch, flattened medially, terminal points fairly short","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1378, 4a-c. *L. latovalis, Aalenian, Dorset, England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BGS GSM 31976, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1378, 4d. L. perovalis (J. DE C. Sowerby), Bajocian, England, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"BGS GSM, \nMuir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1378. loboidothyrididae (p. 2082-2084).\nfig. 1378. loboidothyrididae (p. 2082-2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-441.jpg?height=1881&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-441.jpg?height=1881&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Avonothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Avonothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Avonothyris BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 102","Type_species":"A. plicatina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subtriangular to subpentagonal, smooth, with radial capillae where exfoliated, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak short, suberect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, cardinal process small, semielliptical, outer hinge plates very narrow, close to valve floor, loop 0.4 to 0.45 dorsal valve length, widely triangular, transverse band with low arch","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Egypt, ?Tunisia, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1378, 1a-d. *A. plicatina, Bathonian, England, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of holotype, c, anterior view of holotype, BGS 51326, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1378. loboidothyrididae (p. 2082-2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-441.jpg?height=1881&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arabatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Arabatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arabatia COOPER, 1989, p. 70","Type_species":"A. concava, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Arabicella Cooper, 1989, p. 70 (type, A. subpentagonalis, OD), Arapsopleurum COOPER, 1989, p. 73 (type, A. arabicum, OD), Arapsothyris Cooper, 1989, p. 74 (type, A. magna, OD)","Synonyms":"Arabicella, Arapsopleurum, Arapsothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subpentagonal to elongate oval, smooth, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, broad costae may form peripherally, beak erect to incurved, foramen small to medium, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium usually hidden, cardinal process small, loop 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1378,2a\u2013d. *A. concava, Callovian; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 380462a; d, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1378. loboidothyrididae (p. 2082-2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-441.jpg?height=1881&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bihenithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Bihenithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bihenithyris MUIR-WOOD, 1935, p. 110","Type_species":"* B. barringtoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate to bisulcate, beak massive, suberect to incurved, symphytium hidden, foramen large, permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal process short, broad, medianly depressed, hinge plates wide, tapering, forming deep U-shape with socket ridge, loop 0.45 dorsal valve length, transverse band almost horizontal, terminal points moderately long.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Somalia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Israel","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1379, 3a-d. * B. barringtoni, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH B 85648, Somalia, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965 a ), d, interior of dorsal valve of specimen, Israel, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1379. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-443.jpg?height=1846&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Charltonithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Charltonithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Charltonithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 106 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula uptoni BUCKMAN, 1895, p. 455, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal, smooth, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, beak short, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium exposed, beak ridges strong, cardinal process small, hinge plates short, triangular, concave, forming V-shaped troughs, loop widely triangular, 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band broad, with high, medially horizontal arch. Middle Jurassic (Bajocian): England.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1379, 6a-d. * C. uptoni (Buckman), a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views of paratype, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve of specimen with slightly damaged loop, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1379. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-443.jpg?height=1846&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Colosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Colosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Colosia COOPER, 1983, p. 67","Type_species":"Terebratula zieteni LORIOL, 1876-1878, p. 168, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate-oval, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate in juveniles to sulciplicate in adults, beak erect, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium partly exposed, pedicle collar short, hinge plates wide, short, loop 0.25 to 0.45 dorsal valve length, highly variable in juvenile specimens, transverse band broad.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Switzerland, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1379, 1a-d. *C. zieteni (Loriol), Switzerland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views \u00d7 1, d, closeup of loop, \u00d7 1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1379. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-443.jpg?height=1846&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dolichobrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Dolichobrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dolichobrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 73","Type_species":"Terebratula excavata DESLONGCHAMPS, 1856b, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, foramen small, permesothyrid, crura long, broad, loop long, narrow, 0.45 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"France, ?Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1379, 2 a-d. * D. excavata (Deslongchamps), France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1379. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-443.jpg?height=1846&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ectyphoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Ectyphoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ectyphoria COOPER, 1989, p. 79","Type_species":"E. inflata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, smooth, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure biplicate, foramen small, permesothyrid, ventral umbo carinate, dorsal umbo sulcate, cardinal process bilobed, loop long, transverse band not seen.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1379, 4 a-c. *E. inflata, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 380413, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1379. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-443.jpg?height=1846&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pinaxiothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Pinaxiothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pinaxiothyris DAGYS, 1968, p. 86","Type_species":"P. campestris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval, gently biconvex, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium low, partly hidden, pedicle collar short, cardinal process large, outer hinge plate horizontal in section, loop 0.35 dorsal valve length, widely triangular, transverse band arched","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)-Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Geography":"Asia (Northern Urals, northern Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1379, 5a-d. * P. campestris, Tithonian, northern Siberia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d71, d, reconstruction of loop, approximately \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1379. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-443.jpg?height=1846&width=1275&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoglossothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Pseudoglossothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoglossothyris BUCKMAN, 1901, p. 234","Type_species":"Terebratula curvifrons Davidson, 1878a, p. 153, SD Muir-Wood, 1965a, p. 786, non Oppel, 1858, p. 423, =Aulacothyris leckhamptonensis ROLLIER, 1919, p. 347","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subpentagonal, smooth, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak short, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium exposed, beak ridges strong, cardinal process large, lobate, loop widely triangular, 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band broad, with high, narrow arch.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1380, 5a-d. *P. leckhamptonensis (Rollier), England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1380. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084-2087).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-444.jpg?height=1837&width=1209&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ptyctothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Ptyctothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ptyctothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 101 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula stephani DAVIDSON, 1877, p. 75, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Systenothyris Cooper, 1983, p. 156 (type, S. triangulata, OD)","Synonyms":"Systenothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subtriangular, smooth, ventribiconvex, with prominent ventral fold, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, beak large, incurved, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, cardinal process small, hinge plates short, close to valve floor, loop 0.3 to 0.4 dorsal valve length, triangular, transverse band wide, with flattened arch","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian, ?Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian, ?Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Egypt","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1378, 3a-d. *P. stephani (Davidson), Bajocian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1378. loboidothyrididae (p. 2082-2084).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-441.jpg?height=1881&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphaeroidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Sphaeroidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphaeroidothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 115 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"S. globisphaeroidalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pachythyris Boullier, 1976, p. 154 (type, Terebratula arduennensis Douvill\u00e9, 1886, p. 65), non Felder, 1874, Lepidoptera, Pionopleurum Cooper, 1989, p. 83 (type, P. obesum)","Synonyms":"Pachythyris, Pionopleurum","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subcircular, planoconvex to ventribiconvex to globose, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, beak short, incurved, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium hidden, cardinal process prominent, lobate, medianly depressed, hinge plates short, triangular, thin, close to valve floor, loop 0.3 to 0.4 dorsal valve length, widely triangular, transverse band with angular arch","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1380, 2a-d. *S. globisphaeroidalis, Bajocian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1380. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084-2087).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-444.jpg?height=1837&width=1209&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stiphrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Stiphrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stiphrothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 109 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula globata var. tumida DAVIDSON, 1878a, p. 149, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, concavoconvex, becoming strongly ventribiconvex, smooth, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak short, incurved in older specimens, symphytium usually visible, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process narrow, bilobed, protuberant, outer hinge plates short, narrowly triangular, forming narrow, U-shaped troughs with crural bases, loop 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, widely triangular, transverse band with high arch","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"England, Saudi Arabia, ?Bajocian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1380, 3a-d. *S. tumida (Davidson), Bajocian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1380. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084-2087).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-444.jpg?height=1837&width=1209&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Striithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striithyris MUIR-WOOD, 1935, p. 129","Type_species":"S. somaliensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate-oval, ventribiconvex, finely costellate, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak short, massive, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, cardinal process low, medianly depressed, hinge plates short, narrow, tapering, forming broad, U-shaped troughs with crural bases, loop 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band with low arch","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Somalia, Saudi Arabia, Israel","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1380, 4a-d. * S. somaliensis, Oxfordian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, Somalia, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve of specimen, Saudi Arabia, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1380. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084-2087).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-444.jpg?height=1837&width=1209&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wattonithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Loboidothyridinae","Genus":"Wattonithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wattonithyris MUIR-WOOD, 1936, p. 91","Type_species":"W. wattonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudowattonithyris Alm\u00e9ras, 1971, p. 393 (type, Terebratula circumdata Deslongchamps, 1885 in 1862-1885, p. 131)","Synonyms":"Pseudowattonithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, oval to subpentagonal, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate to bisulcate, beak suberect to incurved, foramen small, permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, with shallow median sulcus, hinge plates ventrally concave, clubbed, loop 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, widely triangular, with nearly straight sides, transverse band with broad arch","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bajocian, Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Bulgaria, Poland, Russia, Morocco, ?Saudi Arabia, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1380, 1a-c. * W. wattonensis, Bathonian, England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1380, 1d. W. fullonica Murr-Wood, Bathonian, England, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1380. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084-2087).\nfig. 1380. loboidothyrididae (p. 2084-2087).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-444.jpg?height=1837&width=1209&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=235)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-444.jpg?height=1837&width=1209&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bothrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Bothrothyrinae","Genus":"Bothrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bothrothyris COOPER, 1983, p. 61","Type_species":"B. curiosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Beak short, incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid, cardinal process thick, shafted, bilobed, crural bases round, solid, outer hinge plates narrow, crura long, narrow, descending lamellae long, thin, loop triangular, 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band strongly arched.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Egypt","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1381, 1. * B. curiosa, ventral view of dorsal valve of interior of holotype, USNM 551007, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1381. loboidothyrididae (p. 2087-2089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-446.jpg?height=1681&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cererithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cererithyridinae","Genus":"Cererithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cererithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 109 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula intermedia J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ventribiconvex, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak short, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, cardinal process small, hinge plates short, narrowly triangular, forming short, V- or U-shaped troughs with socket ridges, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length, widely triangular, transverse band with high arch.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Bulgaria, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1381, 5a-d. * C. intermedia (J. Sowerby), England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1381. loboidothyrididae (p. 2087-2089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-446.jpg?height=1681&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Animonithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cererithyridinae","Genus":"Animonithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Animonithyris COOPER, 1983, p. 52","Type_species":"Terebratula dorenbergi FELIX, 1891, p. 176, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, beak short, erect, foramen large, meso- to submesothyrid, deltidial plates small, conjunct, pedicle collar short, excavate, cardinal process broad, semielliptical, crural processes at midloop, loop widely triangular, about 0.4 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1381, 2a-d. *A. dorenbergi (Felix), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1381. loboidothyrididae (p. 2087-2089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-446.jpg?height=1681&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mexicaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cererithyridinae","Genus":"Mexicaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mexicaria COOPER, 1983, p. 114","Type_species":"Parathyridina mexicana \u041e\u0421HOTERENA, 1960, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anteriorly strongly but variably costate, anterior commissure sulciplicate, but with 2 or 3 costae on fold, beak short, suberect, foramen large, mesothyrid, loop similar to that of Animonithyris","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1381, 3a-d. *M. mexicana (\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043eterena), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of silicified dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1381. loboidothyrididae (p. 2087-2089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-446.jpg?height=1681&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cererithyridinae","Genus":"Plectothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 121, non Rollier, 1918, p. 252 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula fimbria J. SOWERBY, 1822 in 18211822, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular, plano- to ventribiconvex, anterior third to half of adult shell strongly costate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process small, bilobed, loop broadly triangular","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France, ?Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1381, 4a-d. P. fimbria (J. Sowerby), England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1381. loboidothyrididae (p. 2087-2089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-446.jpg?height=1681&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rocheithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cererithyridinae","Genus":"Rocheithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rocheithyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 345","Type_species":"R. curvata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak short, foramen small, permesothyrid to mesothyrid, symphytium not exposed, pedicle collar present, cardinal process planoconvex, hinge plates in section club shaped, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1381, 6a-k. *R. curvata, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, FSL 47917, X1, d-k, serial transverse sections, 3.8, 5.5, 5.9, 7.5, 8.5, 11.5, 11.8, 13.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1381. loboidothyrididae (p. 2087-2089).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-446.jpg?height=1681&width=1280&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectoconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Plectoconchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plectoconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectoconcha COOPER, 1942, p. 233","Type_species":"Rhynchonella aequiplicata GABB, 1864, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subrounded, strongly ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak erect, foramen large, permesothyrid, labiate, pedicle collar strong, cardinal process broadly elliptical, outer hinge plates narrow, tapering anteriorly, crural processes close to anterior end of hinge plates, loop wide, transverse band thin, broadly arched. Upper Triassic: USA (Nevada).","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"USA (Nevada)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1382, 2a-f. * P. aequiplicata (GABB), a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Sandy & Stanley, 1993), e-f, dorsal and lateral views of imperfect loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sandy & Stanley, 1993, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1382. plectoconchidae and cheirothyropsidae (p. 2089-2096).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-448.jpg?height=1888&width=1301&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Merophricus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Plectoconchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Merophricus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Merophricus COOPER, 1983, p. 113","Type_species":"* M. dubari, OD;  = Terebratula cf. semiarata DUBAR, 1942, p. 63","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subcircular, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, beak short, suberect, foramen large, incomplete, outer hinge plates broad, flatly concave, crura not developed, loop short ( 0.3 dorsal valve length), wide, transverse band thin.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Morocco, Greece","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1382, 1a-d. * M. dubari, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal view of imperfect loop, X3 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1382. plectoconchidae and cheirothyropsidae (p. 2089-2096).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-448.jpg?height=1888&width=1301&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triadithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Triadithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Triadithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triadithyris DAGYS, 1963, p. 187","Type_species":"* Terebratula gregariaeformis ZUGMAYER, 1880, p. 13, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak short, suberect, foramen permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal process large, bilobed, outer hinge plates narrow, horizontal in section, crural bases indistinct, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with diverging, descending lamellae","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Alps, Balkans, Carpathians, Crimea, Caucasus, Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1383, 4a-s. * T. gregariaeformis (Zugmayer), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1.7, d-r, serial transverse sections 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.75, 4.05, 4.5, 5.25, 6.45, 6.6, 6.75 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1, s, loop reconstruction, X1 (Pearson, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nPearson, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1383. triadithyrididae (p. 2089-2092).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-449.jpg?height=1848&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Inversithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Triadithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Inversithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Inversithyris DAGYS, 1968, p. 92","Type_species":"* I. rhomboidalis DAGYS, 1968, p. 93, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, anterior commissure inicipiently unisulcate, beak short, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal process large, undivided, outer hinge plates horizontal or sloping, crural bases perpendicular to hinge plates, directed ventrally and dorsally, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with flanges.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1383, 1a-q. *I. rhomboidalis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-q, serial transverse sections 0.0, 2.2, 2.6, 2.8, 3.9, 4.4, 4.7, 5.2, 5.8, 6.9, 8.8, 9.7, 10.2, 11.2 mm from first section, X1 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1383. triadithyrididae (p. 2089-2092).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-449.jpg?height=1848&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laevithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Triadithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Laevithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laevithyris DAGYS, 1974, p. 198","Type_species":"Lobothyris rossochae DAGYS, 1965, p. 143, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongateoval, anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, beak short, permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, cardinal process low, undivided, outer hinge plates narrow, horizontal, crural bases high, directed ventrally, loop 0.4 dorsal valve length, with short flanges.","Beginning_age":"Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Triassic","Ending_age":"Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Triassic","Geological_periods":"Triassic","Geography":"northeastern Siberia, Primorye","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1383, 2a-c. * L. rossochae (DagYs), Norian, Siberia, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Dagys, 1968)","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1383. triadithyrididae (p. 2089-2092).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-449.jpg?height=1848&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Triadithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lenothyris DAGYS, 1968, p. 100","Type_species":"L. perflexus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subrounded, juveniles thin, with flattened dorsal valve, adults strongly biconvex, geniculate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, foramen permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, cardinal process thickened, undivided, outer hinge plate subhorizontal in section, crural bases distinct, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with long flanges.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"Northern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1384a-d. *L. perflexus, Volgian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Dagys, 1968), d, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1968, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1384. triadithyrididae (p. 2089-2092).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-450.jpg?height=685&width=1273&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Viligothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Triadithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Viligothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Viligothyris DAGYS, 1968, p. 89","Type_species":"* V. orientalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, elongate-oval, anterior commissure uniplicate to paraplicate, beak short, foramen permesothyrid, pedicle collar distinct, cardinal process low, undivided, outer hinge plates narrow, subhorizontal in section, crural bases low, directed ventrally, narrow, inner hinge plates present, loop about 0.6 dorsal valve length, with long, anterior flanges. Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian): northeastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1383, 3a-d. *V. orientalis, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, X2 (Dagys, 1968), d, loop reconstruction, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1968, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1383. triadithyrididae (p. 2089-2092).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-449.jpg?height=1848&width=1277&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boreiothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Boreiothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Boreiothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boreiothyris DAGYS, 1968, p. 110","Type_species":"B. bojarkensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, subtrigonal to elongate-oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, pedicle collar thick, cardinal process massive, undivided, outer hinge plates narrow, crural plates long, inclined to valve floor, enveloping low septum forming septalium. Middle Jurassic (Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian): northeastern Siberia.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1385 a-p .* B. bojarkensis, Kimmeridgian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-p, serial transverse sections 3.6, 4.4, 5.1, 5.5, 5.9, 7.1, 9.1, 10.6, 12.1, 15.1, 17.1, 18.6, 24.6 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1385. boreiothyrididae (p. 2092).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-451.jpg?height=1883&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=194)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Omolonothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Boreiothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Omolonothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Omolonothyris DAGYS, 1968, p. 132","Type_species":"O. inopinatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, pedicle collar present, cardinal process low, undivided, outer hinge plates broad, subhorizontal in section, crural plates very short, perpendicular to hinge plates, connected with valve floor some distance from low septum","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1386, 1a-c. *O. inopinatus, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1386. boreiothyrididae (p. 2092-2095).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-452.jpg?height=1755&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pamirothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Boreiothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pamirothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pamirothyropsis OVTSHARENKO, 1979, p. 126","Type_species":"Pamirothyris vialovi OVTSHARENKO, 1975, p. 117, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, concavoconvex, anterior commissure broadly unisulcate, beak short, hinge teeth massive, cardinal process short, bilobate, hinge plates slightly inclined dorsally, crural plates derived from dorsal ends of crural bases almost perpendicular to valve floor, resting on short septal lamellae, ventral ends of crural processes strongly curved laterally","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1386, 3a-i.*P. vialovi (Ovtsharenko), Pamirs, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d-i, serial transverse sections 2.4, 3.6, 4.1, 4.5, 5.2, 7.1 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1386. boreiothyrididae (p. 2092-2095).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-452.jpg?height=1755&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Siberiothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Boreiothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Siberiothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Siberiothyris DAGYS, 1968, p. 128","Type_species":"S. crassus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, planoconvex, anterior commissure broadly unisulcate, beak thick, short, suberect, pedicle collar massive, cardinal process low, undivided, crural plates weakly diverging, connected with valve floor, septalium lacking","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Hauterivian)","Geography":"Northern Urals, northern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1386, 2a-c. *S. crassus, Valanginian, northern Siberia, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1386. boreiothyrididae (p. 2092-2095).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-452.jpg?height=1755&width=1277&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taimyrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Boreiothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Taimyrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taimyrothyris DAGYS, 1968, p. 118","Type_species":"T. bisulcatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, may have sulcus on both valves, anterior commissure rectimarginate, pedicle collar distinct, cardinal process low, undivided, outer hinge plates narrow, crural plates diverging, attached to valve floor some distance from low median septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous (Tithonian-Valanginian)","Geography":"Northern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1387a-o. *T. bisulcatus, Tithonian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-0, serial transverse sections 4.7, 7.3, 8.3, 10.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.8, 14.8, 18.5, 19.3, 21.9, 25.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Dagys, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nDagys, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1387. boreiothyrididae (p. 2095).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-453.jpg?height=1397&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cheirothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Cheirothyropsidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cheirothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cheirothyropsis MAKRIDIN, 1964, p. 267","Type_species":"Terebratula pseudotrigonella TRAUTSCHOLD, 1877, p. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, ornament reticulate, four radial carinae on each valve, beak short, slightly incurved, foramen large, circular, mesothyrid, symphytium exposed, pedicle collar small, cardinal process bi- or trilobed, hinge plates divided, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with long flanges, transverse band strongly arched. Homeomorph of the zeilleriid Cheirothyris.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Russian Platform, Crimea, ?Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1382, 3 a- p. * C. pseudotrigonella (Trautschold), Russia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-0, serial transverse sections 2.0, 3.0, 3.3, 3.7, 4.5, 4.9, 6.5, 9.0, 9.1, 9.4, 10.2, 10.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1, p, loop reconstruction, X2 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1382. plectoconchidae and cheirothyropsidae (p. 2089-2096).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-448.jpg?height=1888&width=1301&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cheniothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Cheniothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cheniothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cheniothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 128 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 79, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula morierei Eudes-Deslongchamps in DAVIDSON, 1852b, p. 256, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately biconvex, each valve with median depression forming gently bilobate anterior margin, shell folding ligate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium high, cardinal process low, short, hinge plates in section thick, somewhat trigonal, ventrally directed and concave, loop about 0.3 valve length, with strongly arched transverse band, not fully known.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1388, la-l. *C. morierei (EudesDeslongchamps), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d-l, serial transverse sections, distances between sections unknown, X1.4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1388. cheniothyrididae, dictyothyrididae, dienopidae, and hesperithyrididae (p. 2096-2098).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-455.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dictyothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Dictyothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dictyothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dictyothyris DOUVILL\u00c9, 1879, p. 267","Type_species":"Terebratulites coarctatus PARKINSON, 1811, p. 229, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, folding ligate, anterior commissure strongly plicosulcate, ornament reticulate with low nodes or spines at point of intersection, beak long, erect, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium may be exposed, cardinal process large, bilobed, medianly flattened, with posterior umbonal cavity, outer hinge plates small, triangular, thick and flattened, attached ventrally to crural bases, crura short, crural processes long, slender, ventrally directed, anterior of midloop, loop 0.4 dorsal valve length, very wide, transverse band strongly arched, medially flattened, protuberant, with short flanges","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Geography":"England, France, Russia, Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1388, 3 a-d. *D. coarctata (Parkinson), Bathonian, England, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1.8 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve of specimen, France, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1388. cheniothyrididae, dictyothyrididae, dienopidae, and hesperithyrididae (p. 2096-2098).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-455.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dienope":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Dienopidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dienope","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dienope COOPER, 1983, p. 72","Type_species":"Terebratula trigeri DESLONGCHAMPS, 1856b, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, ornament of fine, radial capillae crossed by fine, concentric threads, beak suberect, foramen large, mesothyrid, cardinal process bilobed, protuberant, outer hinge plates welded to socket ridges, moderately convex toward ventral valve, crural processes wide, sharply pointed, loop extremely long, about 0.7 dorsal valve length, descending lamellae narrow, slender, transverse band moderately broad","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1388, 2 a-e. * D. trigeri (Deslongchamps), a-b, dorsal and anterior views, X1, c-d, ventral and lateral views of loop of another specimen, X1, e, somewhat idealized loop reconstruction, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1388. cheniothyrididae, dictyothyrididae, dienopidae, and hesperithyrididae (p. 2096-2098).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-455.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Hesperithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hesperithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperithyris DUBAR, 1942, p. 78","Type_species":"Terebratula renierii Catullo, 1827, p. 167, var. sinuosa DUBAR, 1942, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, strongly ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, ornament of broad, subangular plicae, alternating on opposite valves, normally 2 on fold, 1 in sulcus, and 2 bounding sulcus, beak long, protuberant, foramen large, symphytium exposed, cardinal process large, wide, bilobed, outer hinge plates small, fused with crural bases, loop short, not fully known. Lower Jurassic: Morocco, Portugal, Alps, Timor.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Morocco, Portugal, Alps, Timor","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1388, 4 a-g. *H. sinuosa (Dubar), Morocco, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), e-g, dorsal and interior views, X1 (Cooper, 1983)., '\u2014\u2014Fig. 1388, 4h-m. H. ribeiroi (\u0421\u043d\u043e\u0493\u0491at), Sinemurian, Portugal, serial transverse sections 4.7, 5.5, 5.9, 6.9, 7.8, 8.6 ~mm from first sections, X2 (Ager & Walley, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983, \nAger & Walley, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1388. cheniothyrididae, dictyothyrididae, dienopidae, and hesperithyrididae (p. 2096-2098).\nfig. 1388. cheniothyrididae, dictyothyrididae, dienopidae, and hesperithyrididae (p. 2096-2098).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-455.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-455.jpg?height=1870&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissajousithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Lissajousithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissajousithyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 164","Type_species":"Terebratula matisconensis Lissajous in Arcelin & ROCHE, 1936, p. 80, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate-oval, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, sulcus broad, beak short, foramen mesothyrid, symphytium wide, exposed, pedicle collar short, teeth massive, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates short, triangular, loop very long, 0.4 to 0.6 dorsal valve length, terminal points very long, webbed, transverse band high, narrow arch, flattened medially","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1389, 1a-d. * L. matisconensis (Lissajous), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971), d, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1971, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1389. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-457.jpg?height=1900&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apatecosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Apatecosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apatecosia COOPER, 1983, p. 53","Type_species":"Cererithyris nutiensis BAGUE, 1955, p. 219, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Gyrosina Cooper, 1983, p. 86 (type, G. rotunda, OD)","Synonyms":"Gyrosina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak narrow, labiate, foramen mesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates short, narrow, loop 0.45 dorsal valve length, transverse band narrowly arched","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"France, Saudi Arabia, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1389, 3 a- d. * A. nutiensis (Bague), France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1389. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-457.jpg?height=1900&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arcelinithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Arcelinithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arcelinithyris ALM\u00caRAS, 1971, p. 173","Type_species":"* Terebratula arcelini Lissajous in Arcelin & ROCHE, 1936, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak suberect, labiate, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium exposed, pedicle collar short, teeth narrow, elongate, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates wide, triangular, flat, loop elongate triangular, 0.5 dorsal valve length.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1389, 2a-d. *A. arcelini (LissAjous), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1389. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-457.jpg?height=1900&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dorsoplicathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Dorsoplicathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dorsoplicathyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 437","Type_species":"* Terebratula dorsoplicata Suess, 1855, in DESLONGCHAMPS, 1856b, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pentithyris Cooper, 1983, p. 127 (type, Terebratula pelagica Rollier, 1918, p. 233), Stenorina Cooper, 1989, p. 91 (type, S. parallela), Tanyothyris Cooper, 1989, p. 94 (type, T. angustata)","Synonyms":"Pentithyris, Stenorina, Tanyothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak short, labiate, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates long, close to valve floor, crural processes at midloop, loop long, triangular, flanges long, narrow","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Germany, Turkmenia, Crimea, Saudi Arabia, Nepal, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1390, 2a-d. *D. dorsoplicata (Suess), Callovian, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1390. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-458.jpg?height=1726&width=1279&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eristenosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Eristenosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eristenosia COOPER, 1983, p. 78","Type_species":"* E. circularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, nearly circular, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, erect, foramen small, permesothyrid, cardinal process very small, outer hinge plates short, narrow, deeply concave, loop 0.4 dorsal valve length, very narrow, terminal points long, webbed, transverse band very narrow, forming an angular arch.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1390, 1 a-d .* E. circularis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1390. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-458.jpg?height=1726&width=1279&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monsardithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Monsardithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monsardithyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 198","Type_species":"Terebratula ventricosa ZIETEN, 1830 in 1830-1833, p. 52, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate to broadly uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak short, suberect, labiate, foramen large, permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, excavated, teeth long, narrow, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates short, narrow, triangular, concave, often notched anteriorly, loop long, triangular, 0.5 dorsal valve length, terminal points very long, webbed, transverse band and loop variable.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"France, England, Germany, Algeria, Morocco, Arabia, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1390, 5a-d. * M. ventricosa (Zieten), Bajocian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, Germany, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras & Moulan, 1988), d, interior of dorsal valve, France, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras & Moulan, 1988, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1390. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-458.jpg?height=1726&width=1279&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rouillieria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Rouillieria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rouillieria Makridin in Licharew, Makridin, & RZHONSNITSKAYA, 1960, p. 295","Type_species":"Terebratula michalkowii FAHRENKOHL, 1856, p. 228, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, subcircular to elongate-oval, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak very short, foramen large, mesothyrid, pedicle collar present, hinge teeth long, narrow, cardinal process broad, thin dorsal septum reaching 0.5 valve length, outer hinge plates broad, crural bases forming lateral umbonal cavities reaching valve floor, loop slender, very long, 0.6 to 0.7 dorsal valve length, terminal points very long, webbed, transverse band narrow.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Russian Platform, Urals, Poland, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1389,4a\u2013m. *R.michalkowii (FAHRENKOHL), Russia; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013l, serial transverse sections 6.8, 8.7, 10.1, 12.6, 16.2, 18.0, 21.0, 29.6, 32.3 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d71; m, reconstruction of loop, \u00d71 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1389. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-457.jpg?height=1900&width=1296&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Strongylobrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Strongylobrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Strongylobrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 155","Type_species":"* Terebratula omalogastyr ZIETEN, 1830 in 1830-1833, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal to broadly ovate, planoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to gently uniplicate, beak large, protuberant, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium visible, cardinal process thin, narrow, outer hinge plates narrow, close to valve floor, loop 0.6 dorsal valve length, descending branches thin, widely bowed, terminal points long, webbed, bowed inwardly, transverse band broad, flattened arch.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1390, 4a-d. * S. omalogastyr (Zieten), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1390. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-458.jpg?height=1726&width=1279&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stroudithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Stroudithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stroudithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 111 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula pisolithica BUCKMAN, 1886, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Saucrobrochus CooPER, 1983, p. 145 (type, Terebratula whaddonensis Buckman, 1910, p. 101)","Synonyms":"Saucrobrochus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak short, suberect, labiate, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium mainly concealed, cardinal process small, no umbonal cavity, outer hinge plates narrow, deeply concave, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length, terminal points long, webbed, transverse band high","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, North Africa (Algeria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1390, 3a-d. *S. pisolithica (Buckman), Bajocian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1390. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2098-2101).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-458.jpg?height=1726&width=1279&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uralella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Uralella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uralella Makridin in Licharew, Makridin, & RZHONSNITSKAYA, 1960, p. 295","Type_species":"Terebratula strogonofii D'ORBIGNY, 1845b, p. 483, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, elongate-oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak large, foramen circular, permesothyrid, pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process large, almost quadrate in section, crural bases thick, may touch valve floor, forming lateral cavities, median septum well developed, especially in juveniles, loop poorly known, apparently long, widely triangular, with long terminal points","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"Northern Urals, northern Siberia, ?England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1391, 2a-n. *U. strogonofii (d'Orbigny), Urals, a-b, dorsal and lateral views X0.6 (Makridin, 1964), c-n, serial transverse sections, X1 (Dagys, 1968).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1391, 2o. U. gigantea Makridin, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964, \nDagys, 1968, \nMakridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1391. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2101-2102).\nfig. 1391. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2101-2102).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-459.jpg?height=1289&width=1153&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=270)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-459.jpg?height=1289&width=1153&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=270)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vladimirella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Lissajousithyridinae","Genus":"Vladimirella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vladimirella Popov, 1994, p. 106; nom. nov. pro Nalivkinella Popov in Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 23, non SOSHKINA , 1939","Type_species":"Terebratula retrocarinata Nalivkin, 1910, p. 19, OD, non Rothpletz, 1886, p. 101, =Nalivkinella nalivkini Popov in Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 23","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate to subpentagonal, anterior commissure slightly unisulcate or bisulcate, beak incurved, foramen large, epithyrid, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates delicate, directed laterally, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length, loop flanges long.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Russian Platform, Crimea, Caucasus, central Asia, Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1391, 1a-d. *V. nalivkini (Popov), Russia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, reconstruction of loop, X0.5 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1391. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2101-2102).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-459.jpg?height=1289&width=1153&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=270)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Morrisithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lissajousithyrididae","Subfamily":"Morrisithyridinae","Genus":"Morrisithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Morrisithyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 131","Type_species":"Terebratula phillipsi Morris in Morris & DAVIDSON, 1847, p. 255, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate-pentagonal, anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate, beak long, narrow, labiate, foramen large, permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, excavated, teeth long, narrow, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates long, narrow, triangular, concave, loop triangular, 0.3 to 0.4 dorsal valve length, terminal points long, webbed, loop, transverse band, and terminal points variable. Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian): Europe, Russia, Caucasus, Crimea, Turkmenistan, ?South America.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian)","Geography":"Europe, Russia, Caucasus, Crimea, Turkmenistan, ?South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1392a-e. *M. phillipsi (Morris), Bajocian, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971), d, loop of young specimen, X1, e, loop of adult specimen, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1971, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1392. lissajousithyrididae (p. 2102).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-460.jpg?height=574&width=1287&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lobothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lobothyridinae","Genus":"Lobothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lobothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 107 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula punctata J. SOWERBY, 1813 in 1812-1815, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Loboidothyropsis Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1971, p. 16 (type, L. typica, OD), Mirisquamea Su\u010d\u0131\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1971, p. 38 (type, Lobothyris punctata clevelandensis AGER, 1956, p. 2, OD), Pirotothyris Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1971, p. 31 (type, P. fortis, OD), Squamiplana Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1971, p. 8 (type, S. piroidea, OD)","Synonyms":"Loboidothyropsis, Mirisquamea, Pirotothyris, Squamiplana","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to very large, moderately biconvex, rectimarginate, beak suberect to incurved, foramen epithyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium short, pedicle collar present, cardinal process broad, flat, comblike, hinge plates and inner socket ridges in section slightly concave ventrally, clubbed, gently inclined dorsally, crural processes posterior of midloop, loop about 0.4 dorsal valve length, with moderately long terminal points","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)-Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, Scotland, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Sicily, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, China, Thailand, Canada (British Columbia), USA (Nevada), Argentina, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1393, 6a-v. *L. punctata (J. Sowerby), Pliensbachian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, BMNH B61522, X1 (Ager, 1990), d, interior of dorsal valve of calcite-encrusted specimen, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-v, serial transverse sections 0.6, 1.0, 1.2, 2.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, 4.8, 5.0, 5.6, 5.8, 6.2, 7.0, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, 8.2, 10.0 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Ager, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ager, 1990, \nCooper, 1983, \nAger, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1393. lobothyrididae (p. 2103).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-462.jpg?height=1877&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cuersithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lobothyridinae","Genus":"Cuersithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cuersithyris Alm\u00e9ras & MOULAN, 1982, p. 32","Type_species":"C. cuersensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, thick shelled, elongate oval, strongly ventribiconvex to globose, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly unisulcate, pedicle collar short, beak incurved, foramen permesothyrid, loop 0.45 to 0.6 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian)","Geography":"France, ?England, Spain, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1393, 1a-l. * C. cuersensis, Pliensbachian, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, FSL305094, X1, d-l, serial transverse sections 1.8, 3.3, 4.6, 5.4, 6.5, 8.2, 10.3, 11.6, 14.4 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras & Moulan, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras & Moulan, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1393. lobothyrididae (p. 2103).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-462.jpg?height=1877&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Exceptothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lobothyridinae","Genus":"Exceptothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Exceptothyris SU\u010cI\u0106-PROTI\u0106, 1971, p. 37","Type_species":"* E. expressa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Lobothyris, but with crural processes close to hinge plates, loop long (resembling that of Rouillieria), 0.6 dorsal valve length, terminal points very long, webbed, transverse band very narrow. Lower Jurassic: France, Italy, Yugoslavia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"France, Italy, Yugoslavia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1393, 2. *E. expressa, Yugoslavia, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1393. lobothyrididae (p. 2103).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-462.jpg?height=1877&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Inaequalis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lobothyridinae","Genus":"Inaequalis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Inaequalis SU\u010cI\u0106-PROTI\u0106, 1971, p. 12","Type_species":"I. dubari, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pyraeneica SU\u010cI\u0106-PROTI\u0106, 1971, p. 23 (type, P. numerosa, SU\u010cI\u0106-PROTI\u0106, 1971, p. 28 (type, S. matura, OD); Serbiothyris SU\u010cI\u0106-PROTI\u0106, 1971, p. 25 (type, S. medioliassica, OD)","Synonyms":"Pyraeneica, Senokosica, Serbiothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Lobothyris, but with narrow transverse band and longer terminal points","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"France, Germany, Yugoslavia, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1393, 7a-c. *I. dubari, Yugoslavia, a-b, dorsal and anterior views, X1 (Su\u010d\u00ed\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1971), c, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Su\u010d\u00ed\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1971, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1393. lobothyrididae (p. 2103).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-462.jpg?height=1877&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lobothyridinae","Genus":"Notosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notosia COOPER, 1983, p. 122","Type_species":"* N. chiliensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, foramen permesothyrid, loop widely and roundly triangular, with long terminal points","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1393, 4 a-d. *N. chiliensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 551049a, \u00d7 1, d, close-up of loop, \u00d7 1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1393. lobothyrididae (p. 2103).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-462.jpg?height=1877&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhapidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lobothyridinae","Genus":"Rhapidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhapidothyris TULUWEIT, 1965, p. 72","Type_species":"*. arciferens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Lobothyris, but medium size, subcircular, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Germany, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1393, 5a-c. *R. arciferens, Germany, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, IMGPT Br 1244 \/ 13, \u00d7 1 (Tuluweit, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tuluweit, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1393. lobothyrididae (p. 2103).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-462.jpg?height=1877&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Telothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lobothyridinae","Genus":"Telothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Telothyris Alm\u00e9ras & MOULAN, 1982, p. 136","Type_species":"Terebratula jauberti pyrenaica DUBAR, 1931, p. 51, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Cuersithyris, but subcircular in outline, biconvex, rectimarginate to slightly sulciplicate, shorter loop, 0.39-0.49 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"France, Spain, Romania, Morocco, Algeria, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1393, 3a-c. * T. pyrenaica (Dubar), Toarcian, France, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras & Moulan, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nAlm\u00e9ras & Moulan, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1393. lobothyrididae (p. 2103).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-462.jpg?height=1877&width=1291&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lophrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lophrothyridinae","Genus":"Lophrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lophrothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 114 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"L. lophus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subcircular to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure strongly uniplicate, rarely sulciplicate, beak short, foramen epithyrid, symphytium narrow, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates short, narrow, dorsally attached, loop broadly triangular, about 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, with moderately long terminal points, transverse band broad","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1394, 1a-d. * L. lophus, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BGS GSM 31990, X1 (MuirWood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"BGS GSM, \nMuirWood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1394. lobothyrididae (p. 2103-2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-463.jpg?height=1534&width=1283&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Argovithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lophrothyridinae","Genus":"Argovithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Argovithyris ROLLET, 1972b, p. 95","Type_species":"Terebratula birmensdorfensis MOESCH, 1867, p. 312, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or weakly sulciplicate, beak strongly incurved, may touch dorsal umbo, foramen small, epithyrid, often labiate, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, hinge plates thin and flat, loop with subparallel sides, 0.3 to 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band broad","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1394, 3a-d. *A. birmensdorfensis (MOESCH), Oxfordian, Switzerland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, reconstruction of loop, X2 (Boullier, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boullier, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1394. lobothyrididae (p. 2103-2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-463.jpg?height=1534&width=1283&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aromasithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lophrothyridinae","Genus":"Aromasithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aromasithyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 544","Type_species":"Terebratula balinensis SZAJNOCHA, 1879, p. 203, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, pentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate to weakly sulciplicate or paraplicate, beak incurved, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, hinge plates flat and thin, loop 0.3 to 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band very strongly arched","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Poland, France, Germany, Portugal, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1394, 2a-d. *A. balinensis (Szajnocha), Poland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d7 1, d, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1394. lobothyrididae (p. 2103-2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-463.jpg?height=1534&width=1283&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Odarovithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lophrothyridinae","Genus":"Odarovithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Odarovithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1971a, p. 62","Type_species":"O. odarovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure biplicate, beak short, incurved, foramen small, permesothyrid, cardinal process low, outer hinge plates wide, thin, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band strongly folded, loop flanges long","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Transcarpathians","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1394, 4a-u. *O. odarovi, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1, d-u, serial transverse sections 0.25, 1.4, 2.05, 2.35, 2.85, 4.1, 4.3, 5.1, 5.6, 5.9, 6.55, 6.85, 7.05, 7.2, 8.1, 8.5, 9.2, 9.5 ~mm from first section, X1 (Tchorszhevsky, 1971a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhevsky, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1394. lobothyrididae (p. 2103-2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-463.jpg?height=1534&width=1283&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tubithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Lobothyrididae","Subfamily":"Lophrothyridinae","Genus":"Tubithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tubithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 115 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula wrighti DAVIDSON, 1855, p. 20, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pseudotubithyris Alm\u00e9ras, 1971, p. 361 (type, Terebratula globata J. DE C. Sowerby, 1823-1825, p. 51)","Synonyms":"Pseudotubithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular, biconvex to spheroidal, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak short, incurved, foramen tubular, permesothyrid, symphytium narrow, visible, cardinal process bilobed, prominent, hinge plates narrow, triangular, deeply concave, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length, very wide, transverse band moderately arched","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland, Italy, Morocco, Egypt, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1394, 5a-d. * T. wrighti (Davidson), Bajocian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMuir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1394. lobothyrididae (p. 2103-2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-463.jpg?height=1534&width=1283&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Muirwoodella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Muirwoodellinae","Genus":"Muirwoodella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Muirwoodella TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1974, p. 52","Type_species":"M. muirwoodae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, anterior commissure unisulcate or slightly bisulcate, beak incurved, foramen mesothyrid or permesothyrid, cardinal process small, oval, outer hinge plates slightly inclined dorsally, crural processes slightly curved","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Carpathians, Transcarpathia, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1395, 2a-q. * M. muirwoodae, Carpathians, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X0.6, d-q, serial transverse sections 0.3, 0.7, 1.9, 2.7, 2.9, 3.7, 4.2, 5.95, 6.7, 7.7, 8.3,11.4, 13.4, 14.7 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71 (Tchorszhevsky, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1395. muirwoodellidae (p. 2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-465.jpg?height=1510&width=1279&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goniothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Muirwoodellinae","Genus":"Goniothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goniothyropsis OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 155","Type_species":"G. indigena, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure biplicate, beak incurved, foramen large, deltidial plates conjunct, cardinal process short, flattened, crural bases joined dorsally to outer hinge plates, forming small, ventral keels, descending branches and flanges short, loop about 0.3 dorsal valve length.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1395, 1a-k. *G. indigena, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-k, serial transverse sections 2.6, 3.5, 4.3, 4.6, 5.0, 6.3, 6.9, 8.2 ~mm from first section, X1 (Ovtsharenko, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovtsharenko, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1395. muirwoodellidae (p. 2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-465.jpg?height=1510&width=1279&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karadagithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Karadagithyridinae","Genus":"Karadagithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karadagithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1974, p. 55","Type_species":"K. babanovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to small, foramen small, mesothyrid, symphytium short, narrow, cardinal process oval, high, undivided, outer hinge plates broad, thin, curved in an arc dorsally, at point of attachment to crura, narrow, ventrally directed, and semicircular in cross section, crura and crural processes thick, broad, slightly convergent ventrally, outer hinge plate processes are well developed, reaching level of transverse band of loop, but resting on valve floor only apically.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic-Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Crimea, Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1396, 2a-v. * K. babanovae, Bajocian, Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-v, serial transverse sections 3.1, 3.2, 3.45, 3.85, 4.35, 4.65, 5.05, 5.25, 6.05, 6.65, 7.3, 8.1, 9.85, 10.25, 10.85, 11.85, 12.75, 13.75, 14.65 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Tchorszhevsky, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhevsky, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1396. muirwoodellidae (p. 2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-466.jpg?height=107&width=1237&top_left_y=870&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karadagella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Karadagithyridinae","Genus":"Karadagella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karadagella BABANOVA, 1965, p. 95","Type_species":"K. moisseievi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval, strongly ventribiconvex, foramen mesothyrid, crural plates attached to outer hinge plates by ventral ends, in early ontogeny resting on dorsal valve floor, becoming free in later stages, loop with long flanges","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1396, 1a-d. * K. moisseievi, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d7 1 (Babanova, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Babanova, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1396. muirwoodellidae (p. 2106).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-466.jpg?height=107&width=1237&top_left_y=870&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dzharithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Muirwoodellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Dzharithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dzharithyris OVTSHARENKO, 1989, p. 96","Type_species":"Inaequalis dzharensis OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 130, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, rounded to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, strongly uniplicate, outer hinge plates broad, fused with inner socket ridges, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, flanges about 0.3 loop length.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1397,3a\u2013q. *D. dzharensis (OVTSHARENKO); ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013q, serial transverse sections 0.2, 1.8, 2.6, 2.8, 3.4, 4.9, 5.1, 5.9, 6.9, 7.3, 8.4, 9.2, 9.6, 10.4 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71 (Ovtsharenko, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1397. muirwoodellidae (p. 2106-2108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-467.jpg?height=1701&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Negramithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Muirwoodellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Negramithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Negramithyris PROSOROVSKAJA, 1985, p. 114","Type_species":"N. negramensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongate oval, planoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly uniplicate, beak massive, short, suberect, foramen large, mesothyrid, cardinal process large, outer hinge plates very thin, curved acutely toward dorsal valve, hinge plate processes resting on floor of dorsal valve, loop short (about 0.3 dorsal valve length), transverse band of loop high, narrow, flanges well developed.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Armenia (Transcaucasus)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1397, 2 a-k .*N. negramensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, \u00d7 1, d-k, serial transverse sections 5.2, 5.3, 5.7, 6.1, 6.7, 8.4, 8.6, 9.0 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 1 (Prosorovskaja, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Prosorovskaja, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1397. muirwoodellidae (p. 2106-2108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-467.jpg?height=1701&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praegoniotyhyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Muirwoodellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Praegoniotyhyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praegoniothyris OVTSHARENKO , 1983b, p. 142 (O VTSHARENKO , 1977, p. 38, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"P. salangurensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval, ventribiconvex, beak short, rounded, strongly incurved; cardinal process short, no umbonal cavity; outer hinge plates ventrally convex, dorsally inclined with small processes, crural bases on dorsal side of hinge plates; crura short, low, almost parallel, loop less than 0.5 dorsal valve length; low dorsal septum present posteriorly.  [Internal structures not fully known.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pami","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1397, 1a\u2013l. *P. salangurensis; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013l, incomplete serial transverse sections 1.0, 1.3, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 3.7, 4.1 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71 (Ovtsharenko, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1397. muirwoodellidae (p. 2106-2108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-467.jpg?height=1701&width=1287&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Svaljavithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Muirwoodellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Svaljavithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Svaljavithyris Tchorszhevsky, 1989a, p. 75 (TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1974, p. 54, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula carpathica ZITTEL, 1870, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval to subtrigonal, beak incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid, umbonal cavity infilled with callus, beak short, symphytium low, planoconvex, cardinal process small, with myophore, outer hinge plates wide, thin, short, or slightly concave dorsally, thin crural plates resting on dorsal valve floor as far as transverse band of loop, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, with long flanges.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Carpathians, Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1398a-t. *S. carpathica (ZitTEL), Tithonian, Ukraine, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-t, serial transverse sections, distances between sections not given, X2 (Tchorszhevsky, 1989a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhevsky, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1398. muirwoodellidae (p. 2108).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-468.jpg?height=119&width=1127&top_left_y=601&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Postepithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Postepithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Postepithyris Makridin in Licharew, Makridin, & RZHONSNITSKAYA, 1960, p. 294","Type_species":"Terebratula cincta COTTEAU, 1857, p. 137, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular, smooth, anterior commissure weakly sulciplicate, beak long, erect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, pedicle collar short, cardinal process semielliptical, outer hinge plates triangular, short, flatly concave, attached to dorsal part of crural base, loop an elongate triangle, about 0.5 dorsal valve length, terminal points very long, webbed, transverse band highly arched, with flattened bridge. Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian): Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, Russia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Europe, Crimea, Caucasus, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1399, 4a-s. *P. cincta (\u0421\u043e\u0442teau), France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-s, serial transverse sections 3.4, 4.0, 4.3, 5.2, 5.6, 7.5, 8.5, 9.1, 10.7, 11.9, 12.9, 13.4, 15.6, 16.5, 18.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMakridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1399. postepithyrididae (p. 2108-2110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-469.jpg?height=1881&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arceythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Arceythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arceythyris ROLLET, 1964, p. 38","Type_species":"Terebratula diptycha OPPEL, 1856, p. 496, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate in juveniles, becomes straight in adults, beak short, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partially to wholly visible, cardinal process small, wide, outer hinge plates short, deeply concave, attached to dorsal edge of crural bases, crural processes short, blunt, loop triangular, 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"France, Germany, Switzerland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1399, 3a-d. * A. diptycha (Oppel), Bathonian, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras & Moulan, 1988), d, loop reconstruction, X1 (Contini & Rollet, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras & Moulan, 1988, \nContini & Rollet, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1399. postepithyrididae (p. 2108-2110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-469.jpg?height=1881&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caryona":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Caryona","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caryona COOPER, 1983, p. 62","Type_species":"Terebratula saemani OPPEL, 1857, p. 272, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, pentagonal, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partially to wholly visible, cardinal process small, wide, outer hinge plates short, deeply concave, attached to dorsal edge of crural bases, crural processes short, blunt, loop triangular, 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1399, 5a-d. *C. saemani (Oppel), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1399. postepithyrididae (p. 2108-2110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-469.jpg?height=1881&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Conarothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Conarothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Conarothyris Cooper, 1983, p. 69","Type_species":"C. opima COOPER, 1983, p. 71, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pionothyris Cooper, 1983, p. 130 (type, Terebratula eudesiana Buckman in Davidson, 1884, p. 255, OD), Toxonelasma CooPER, 1989, p. 95 (type T. arabicum, OD)","Synonyms":"Pionothyris, Toxonelasma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, roundly oval to subpentagonal, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, beak erect, foramen permesothyrid, symphytium concealed, pedicle collar long, outer hinge plates broad, short, tapering, crural processes short, pointed, loop wide, 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, descending lamellae nearly straight, transverse band strongly arched","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France, Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1399, 2a-d. *C. opima, Bajocian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1399. postepithyrididae (p. 2108-2110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-469.jpg?height=1881&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Epithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Epithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Epithyris PHILLIPS, 1841, p. 55","Type_species":"Terebratula maxillata J. de C. Sowerby, 1823 in 1823-1825, p. 52, SD BUCKMAN, 1906b, p. 321","Synonyms_with_authors":"Dielasma King, 1859, p. 256 (type, Terebratulites elongatus Schlotheim, 1816, p. 27)","Synonyms":"Dielasma","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak short, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium partly concealed, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, bilobed, outer hinge plates triangular, short, thick, concave (may be so thickened as to appear flat), crural processes at midloop, acutely pointed, loop widely triangular, about 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band wide, strongly arched, with flattened, protuberant median bridge, terminal points long, webbed","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1399, 1a-c. *E. maxillata (J. de C. Sowerby), England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH B.61550, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a)., Fig. 1399, 1d. E. oxonica Arkell, England, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1399. postepithyrididae (p. 2108-2110).\nfig. 1399. postepithyrididae (p. 2108-2110).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-469.jpg?height=1881&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-469.jpg?height=1881&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Euidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Euidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Euidothyris BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 101","Type_species":"Terebratula euides (broad form) Buckman, 1886, p. 218, OD, =E. extensa BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 101","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, broadly subpentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process trilobed, outer hinge plates short, concave, attached to dorsal margin of crural bases, crural processes narrow, acute, transverse band strongly arched, loop wide, about 0.5 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1400, 1a-d. * E. extensa Buckman, England, ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1400. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2113).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-470.jpg?height=1888&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ferrythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ferrythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ferrythyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 218","Type_species":"Terebratula ferryi Deslongchamps in FERRY, 1861, p. 27, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, rounded triangular to subpentagonal, globose, anterior commissure strongly paraplicate, beak large, foramen large, circular, permesothyrid to epithyrid, symphytium concealed, pedicle collar long, cardinal process long, elevated, grooved, loop similar to that of Conarothyris, 0.5 to 0.6 dorsal valve length.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)- Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"France, England, Germany, Switzerland, Yugoslavia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1401, 1a-c. *F. ferryi (Deslongchamps), Bajocian, France, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Galliennithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Galliennithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Galliennithyris ROLLET, 1966, p. 304","Type_species":"Terebratula galliennei D'ORBIGNY, 1850 in 1847-1851, p. 377, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, beak short, foramen small, permesothyrid, symphytium visible, pedicle collar present, cardinal process thin, narrow, semiellipse, medially indented with concave myophore, outer hinge plates flatly concave, narrowly triangular, attached to dorsal edge of crural bases, loop with long terminal points, transverse band narrow, high arched.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Switzerland, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1400, 2a-d. * G. galliennei (d'Orbigny), Oxfordian, Switzerland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior with incomplete loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1400. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2113).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-470.jpg?height=1888&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gigantothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gigantothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gigantothyris SEIFERT, 1963, p. 180","Type_species":"G. gigantea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, rounded pentagonal, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak erect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium concealed, outer hinge plates short, loop wide, triangular, about 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band broad, moderately arched and medially flattened.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1400, 4a-c. * G. gigantea, a-b, dorsal and anterior views of holotype, IMGPT operatornameBr 3 \/ 49 \/ 101, X1, c, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Seifert, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Seifert, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1400. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2113).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-470.jpg?height=1888&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyphisaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Glyphisaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyphisaria COOPER, 1983, p. 83","Type_species":"G. uniplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak erect, foramen permesothyrid, symphytium exposed, cardinal process small, elliptical with concave myophore, outer hinge plates very narrow as socket ridges and crural bases unite dorsally to form V-shaped troughs, notched at junction with crural bases, loop widely triangular, about 0.4 dorsal valve length.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic-Upper Jurassic","Geography":"France, Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1400, 3a-d. * G. uniplicata, Oxfordian, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 551085, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1400. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2113).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-470.jpg?height=1888&width=1289&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Habrobrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Habrobrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Habrobrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 87","Type_species":"* Terebratula subsella LEYMERIE, 1846, pl. 10, 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Xestosina, but with a more delicate loop, thinner, flatter transverse band, and shorter terminal points.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Germany, France, Saudi Arabia, ?Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1401, 6a-d. *H. subsella (Leymerie), Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heimia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heimia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heimia HAAS, 1890, p. 87","Type_species":"*Terebratula mayeri Choffat in HAAS, 1883, p. 254, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtriangular, planoconvex, smooth, anterior commissure unisulcate to paraplicate, beak short, foramen permesothyrid, symphytium concealed, cardinal process short, prominent, outer hinge plates short, crural processes wide angled, loop not fully known, 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band strongly arched, with broad, flattened bridge","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1401, 2a-g. *H. mayeri (Choffat), Switzerland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d-g, incomplete serial transverse sections approximately 1.5, 1.7, 3.0, 4.3 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Singeisen-Schneider, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nSingeisen-Schneider, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holcothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Holcothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holcothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 125 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"* H. angulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, finely capillate where exfoliated, subpentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate to paraplicate, beak suberect, foramen possibly permesothyrid, symphytium usually concealed, pedicle collar moderately long, cardinal process bilobate, medianly depressed, hinge plates concave ventrally, club shaped posteriorly, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"Burma, China, India, Europe, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1401, 7a-m. * H. angulata, Burma, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1 (MuirWood, 1965a), d-m, serial transverse sections of specimen, France, 2.1, 3.1, 3.5, 4.0, 5.2, 5.8, 7.6, 10.0, 10.5, 10.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965, \nAlm\u00e9ras, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Juralina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Juralina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Juralina KYANSEP, 1961, p. 29","Type_species":"J. procerus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval, smooth, planoconvex or biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to gently uniplicate, beak elongate, straight to suberect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium high, exposed (externally homeomorphic with Rectithyris), pedicle collar present, cardinal process prominent, medianly depressed, crural bases ventrally directed from hinge plates, loop triangular, strongly arched, with flattened bridge, 0.4 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Germany, France, Switzerland, Russia, Caucasus, Crimea, Malaysia, ?Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1401, 4a-b. * J. procerus, Kimmeridgian, Crimea, dorsal and lateral views of holotype, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1401, 4c-d. J. cervicula Rollier, Upper Jurassic, Germany, c, dorsal view, d, ventral view of dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).\nfig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karakulithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Karakulithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karakulithyris Ovtsharenko, 1991, p. 63","Type_species":"Terebratula bobkovi MOISSEEV, 1938, p. 225-226, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Klunnikovithyris Ovtsharenko, 1991, p. 91 (type, Terebratula klunnikovi Moisseev, 1938, p. 235, OD)","Synonyms":"Klunnikovithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, oval to subpentagonal, beak short, foramen large, mesothyrid, cardinal process small, loop triangular, 0.35 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band strongly arched.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"India (Pamirs)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1401, 3a-c. *K. bobkovi (Moisseev), a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X1, c, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Ovtsharenko, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovtsharenko, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kutchithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kutchithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kutchithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 113 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula acutiplicata KITCHIN, 1897, p. 9, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Eurypthyris Ovtsharenko, 1983b, p. 117 (type, Terebratula euryptycha Kitchin, 1900, p. 25, OD)","Synonyms":"Eurypthyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, strongly ventribiconvex, smooth, or rarely finely capillate, with two broad plicae developing anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak short, incurved, attrite, foramen large, mesothyrid to epithyrid, symphytium hidden, cardinal process prominent, grooved, hinge plates wide, concave, flattening anteriorly, not well demarcated from inner socket ridges, crural bases low where attached to hinge plates, passing into high, thin, slightly flanged crural processes, hinge plates and crural processes clubbed, descending lamellae thin, loop not fully known, transverse band high arched, loop 0.4 to 0.5 dorsal valve length, with long terminal points.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic-Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Burma, India, Pakistan, China, Tajikistan, Russia, Europe, North Africa, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1402, 1a-o. *K. acutiplicata (Kitchin), Upper Jurassic, Kutch, India, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views of lectotype, GSI Type no. 6601, X1, e- o, serial transverse sections 3.4, 4.9, 5.45, 7.05, 8.9, 10.2, 11.85, 13.2, 13.75, 14.25, 14.55 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Mukherjee & others, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mukherjee & others, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1402. postepithyrididae (p. 2113-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-474.jpg?height=1891&width=1284&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maritimithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Maritimithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maritimithyris Smirnova in Smirnova & KONOVALOV, 1986, p. 76","Type_species":"M. lautus Smirnova in Smirnova & KONOVALOV, 1986, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, pyriform or rounded, biconvex, ventral sulcus broad, commissures curved, beak massive, strongly incurved, foramen large, hinge teeth directed vertically in dental sockets, cardinal process broad, hinge plates inclined strongly to valve floor, crural bases broad with sharp angle inclined to hinge plates, crural processes broad, loop long, transverse band strongly curved, flanges long","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (Far East)","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig. 1402, 2a-u. *M. lautus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of slightly crushed holotype, X1, d-u, serial transverse sections 0.0, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.1, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.9, 7.4, 8.5, 8.7, 9.4, 9.6, 10.8, 11.0, 11.8, 12.5 ~mm from first section, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1402. postepithyrididae (p. 2113-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-474.jpg?height=1891&width=1284&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Millythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Millythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Millythyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 245","Type_species":"M. millythyris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, oval to rounded pentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure paraplicate, beak straight, symphytium low, narrow, foramen circular, permesothyrid, pedicle collar long. Interior features as for Conarothyris.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Toarcian)-Upper Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"France, England, Germany","Figure_captions":"\u2014Fig. 1401, 5a-b. * M. millythyris, Bajocian, France, dorsal and anterior views, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1401. postepithyrididae (p. 2110-2115).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-472.jpg?height=1872&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moeschia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Moeschia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moeschia BOULLIER, 1976, p. 333","Type_species":"Terebratula alata ROLLET, 1972a, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, smooth, anterior commissure broadly uniplicate to weakly sulciplicate, beak short, incurved, foramen permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal process prominent, hinge plates wide, flat to concave, thin, loop 0.3 to 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band moderately arched, narrow, terminal points well developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Poland, Romania, Russia, Iran","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1403, 2a-d. * M. alata (Rollet), Oxfordian, Jura, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, loop reconstruction, X1 (Boullier, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boullier, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1403. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-475.jpg?height=1249&width=1280&top_left_y=859&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moisseevia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Moisseevia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moisseevia MAKRIDIN, 1964, p. 243","Type_species":"M. sokolovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval, smooth, beak strongly curved, foramen small, pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process short, low, short dorsal septum (possibly myophragm), loop more than 0.3 dorsal valve length, with long flanges. Upper Jurassic: Europe, Russian Platform, Caucasus, Crimea.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, Russian Platform, Caucasus, Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1403, 3a-c. *M. sokolovi, Oxfordian, Russia, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Makridin, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Makridin, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1403. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-475.jpg?height=1249&width=1280&top_left_y=859&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peculneithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Peculneithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peculneithyris Smirnova in Smirnova & TEREKHOVA, 1972, p. 76","Type_species":"P. longiusculus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, lateral margins flattened, anterior margin uniplicate, valves moderately convex, equally convex along whole surface, beak low, foramen small, permesothyrid, pedicle collar massive, funnel-like, cardinal process small, not lobate, with distinct, longitudinal crenulation, hinge plates thin, inclined to symmetry plane, crural bases distinct, broad, prominent dorsally, oriented with sharp angle to hinge plates, parallel to symmetry plane, inner socket ridges high, distinguishable from hinge plates, dorsal septum short, crural processes broad, loop slender, about half length of dorsal valve, transverse band broad, trapeziform flanges long.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (northeastern Siberia, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk region)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1403, 1ax .* ?. longiusculus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-x, serial transverse sections 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.0, 4.7, 5.2, 6.2, 7.0, 7.4, 9.0, 9.3, 10.3, 10.8, 12.8, 13.1, 14.8, 17.6 ~mm from first section, X0.3 (Smirnova & Terekhova, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova & Terekhova, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1403. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-475.jpg?height=1249&width=1280&top_left_y=859&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Perrierithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Perrierithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Perrierithyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1971, p. 423","Type_species":"Terebratula dorsoplicata var. perrieri DESLONGCHAMPS, 1859, p. 22, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subtriangular, strongly biconvex, beak short, anterior commissure paraplicate, foramen large, circular, symphytium exposed, pedicle collar present, cardinal process short, trilobed, hinge plates forming a deep V, loop 0.5 to 0.6 dorsal valve length, transverse band subhorizontal.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Germany, Portugal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1404, 1a-k. * P. dorsoplicata perrieri (Deslongchamps), France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of neotype, FSL47667, X1, d-k, serial transverse sections 2.8, 3.7, 4.1, 5.2, 8.4, 11.4, 12.4, 15.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1404. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-476.jpg?height=1887&width=1285&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Petalothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Petalothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Petalothyris COOPER, 1983, p. 128","Type_species":"Terebratula simplex J. BUCKMAN, 1845, pl. 7, 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, planoconvex, externally like Gigantothyris, loop large, triangular, 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band wide, steeply arched, with flat bridge","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1404, 3a-d. * P. simplex (J. Buckman), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1404. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-476.jpg?height=1887&width=1285&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plectoidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Plectoidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plectoidothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 122, (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula polyplecta BUCKMAN, 1901, p. 242, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Oligorhytisia Cooper, 1983, p. 125 (type, O. magnifica, OD), Pleuraloma Cooper, 1989, p. 84 (type, P. labiatum, OD), Dissoria Cooper, 1989, p. 97 (type, D. costata, OD)","Synonyms":"Oligorhytisia, Pleuraloma, Dissoria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ventribiconvex, subpentagonal to elongate oval, smooth in juveniles, irregular, rounded costae developing anteriorly, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, becoming multiplicate, beak short, foramen permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, thin, bilobed, outer hinge plates short, narrow, deeply concave, loop 0.5 to 0.6 dorsal valve length, with strongly webbed, long terminal points, transverse band narrow, strongly arched.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1404, 4a-d. *P. polyplecta (Buckman), Bajocian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1404. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-476.jpg?height=1887&width=1285&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoaulacothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudoaulacothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoaulacothyris SMIRNOVA, 1990a, p. 93","Type_species":"* P. pandus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular, slightly biconvex, smooth, with sulcus on dorsal valve, ventral valve carinate, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak low, broad, foramen small, epithyrid, pedicle collar thin, cardinal process concave, bilobate, hinge plates slightly concave, not differentiated from inner socket ridges, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, flanges of moderate length.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (northeastern Siberia, Kamchatka)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1403,4a\u2013v. *P. pandus; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, \u00d71; d\u2013v, serial transverse sections 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.9, 2.1, 3.0, 3.2, 3.9, 4.2, 5.1, 5.3, 6.1, 6.3, 7.0, 7.3, 8.6, 9.4, 11.2 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1403. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-475.jpg?height=1249&width=1280&top_left_y=859&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Somalithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Somalithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Somalithyris MUIR-WOOD, 1935, p. 124","Type_species":"S. macfadyeni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal to subcircular, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak short, suberect, symphytium hidden, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process bilobed, loop 0.4 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Somalia, Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1404, 2a-c. *S. macfadyeni, Oxfordian, Somalia, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH B 85655, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1404, 2d. S. ovata, Kimmeridgian, Saudi Arabia, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1404. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).\nfig. 1404. postepithyrididae (p. 2115-2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-476.jpg?height=1887&width=1285&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-476.jpg?height=1887&width=1285&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xestosina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Postepithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xestosina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xestosina COOPER, 1983, p. 166","Type_species":"X. arguta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Externally similar to Sellithyris, but with widely triangular loop, 0.5 dorsal valve length, with moderately long terminal points","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1405 a-d. *X. arguta, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71, d, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1405. postepithyrididae (p. 2119).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-477.jpg?height=678&width=624&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=859)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tchegemithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Tchegemithyrididae","Subfamily":"Tchegemithyridinae","Genus":"Tchegemithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tchegemithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1972, p. 36","Type_species":"Terebratula tchegemensis MOISSEEV, 1934, p. 97, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subcircular to subpentagonal, strongly biconvex or globose, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak strongly incurved, symphytium short, foramen mesothyrid or epithyrid, pedicle collar weakly developed, outer hinge plates thick, crural processes derived from the anterior margin of hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)-Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Turkmenia, Caucasus, Lebanon, Syria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1406, 1a-v. * T. tchegemensis (Moisseev), Oxfordian, Caucasus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Moisseev, 1934), d-u, serial transverse sections 1.0, 3.5, 4.25, 5.3, 6.2, 6.8, 7.3, 8.15, 9.0, 9.85, 10.1, 10.5, 11.35, 12.65, 13.25, 14.3, 16.45, 16.75 ~mm from first section, X1 (Tchorszhevsky, 1972), v, reconstruction of loop, X3.5 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMoisseev, 1934, \nTchorszhevsky, 1972, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1406. tchegemithyrididae (p. 2119-2120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-479.jpg?height=1766&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Turkmenithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Tchegemithyrididae","Subfamily":"Turkmenithyridinae","Genus":"Turkmenithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Turkmenithyris Prosorovoskaja, 1962, p. 109","Type_species":"T. krimholzi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Bejrutella Tchorszhevsky, 1972, p. 40 (type, B. bejrutica, OD)","Synonyms":"Bejrutella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, strongly uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak incurved, concealing symphytium, foramen large, mesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal process large, bilobed, hinge plates short, slightly concave, posteriorly U-shaped, becoming V-shaped anteriorly, crural processes high, their ventral ends deflected laterally, loop short (about 0.3 dorsal valve length), widely triangular, transverse band thin, strongly arched, loop flanges very long.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Turkmenia, Crimea, Lebanon, Syria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1406, 2a-v. *T. krimholzi, Turkmenia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1, d-u, serial transverse sections 2.2 , 6.6, 6.8, 8.0, 8.1, 9.2, 9.6, 10.0, 10.5, 10.6, 10.9, 11.4, 12.0, 13.2, 14.0, 15.4, 16.0, 18.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1, v, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Prosorovoskaja, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nProsorovoskaja, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1406. tchegemithyrididae (p. 2119-2120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-479.jpg?height=1766&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tegulithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Tegulithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tegulithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tegulithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 123 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula bentleyi DAVIDSON, 1851, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure strongly biplicate, dorsal sulcus becoming median fold, and angular folds separating deep ventral sulcus from concave flanks, smooth or rarely capillate, beak long, erect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium exposed, cardinal process small, bilobed, outer hinge plates short, narrow, concave, may be thickened, attached dorsally to crural bases, crura short, loop long, 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band strongly arched, medially flattened, protuberant, with short flanges","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1407, 1a-e. *T. bentleyi (Davidson), Callovian, England, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1407. tegulithyrididae and alabushevothyrididae (p. 2120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-480.jpg?height=1844&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prototegulithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Tegulithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Prototegulithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prototegulithyris Alm\u00e9ras, Elmi, & BENSHILI, 1988, p. 67","Type_species":"P. khadijae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for Tegulithyris, but smooth, rounded pentagonal in outline, and anterior commissure gently parasulcate","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"Morocco, Sicily, Italy, Bavaria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1407, 3a-q. *P. khadijae, Toarcian, Morocco, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, FSL 306466, X1, d-q, serial transverse sections 1.2, 4.4, 5.1, 5.6, 7.6, 8.2, 8.4, 8.6, 9.8, 10.8, 11.0, 11.2, 12.0, 12.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras, Elmi, & Benshili, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras, Elmi, & Benshili, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1407. tegulithyrididae and alabushevothyrididae (p. 2120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-480.jpg?height=1844&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alabushevothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Alabushevothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alabushevothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alabushevothyris SMIRNOVA, 1994, p. 41","Type_species":"A. angusta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval, beak erect, interarea high, beak cavities fused with callus, cardinal process trilobed, strongly grooved, loop about 0.5 length of dorsal valve. Lower Cretaceous: Russia (Kamchatka).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (Kamchatka)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1407, 2a-v. *A. angusta, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU138\/350, X1, d-v, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, 4.8, 5.8, 6.8, 7.6, 8.6, 9.0, 9.3, 9.8, 10.8, 12.0, 13.0, 14.4, 16.4 ~mm from first section, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1407. tegulithyrididae and alabushevothyrididae (p. 2120).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-480.jpg?height=1844&width=1287&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Clathrithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Clathrithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Clathrithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Clathrithyris SMIRNOVA, 1974, p. 48","Type_species":"* C. clathriensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, dorsibiconvex with deep dorsal sulcus and prominent, ventral median fold, growth lamellae squamose and overlapping, radial costae thin, low, flattened, ornament reticulate, beak erect, foramen small, epithyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, beak cavity infilled with callus, dental plates broad, pedicle collar present, no cardinal process, hinge plates broad, inclined, deep septalium consisting of high median septum and wide, inner hinge plates, septalium infilled with callus in adult shells, crural bases massive, fused with inner hinge plates, crural processes broad, adult loop about 0.5 length of valve, anteriorly spinose, transverse band broad, flattened. Lower Cretaceous: Russia (Kamchatka).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (Kamchatka)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1408, 3 a-w .\\* C. clathriensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU 138\/331, \u00d7 1, d, closeup of ornament, \u00d7 5, e-v, serial transverse sections 0.8, 1.0, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1, 3.3, 3.8, 4.4, 5.1, 5.8, 6.2, 6.9, 7.7, 8.1, 8.9, 10.8 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71; w, reconstructed loop, \u00d72.5 (Smirnova, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1408. clathrithyrididae and trigonithyrididae (p. 2120-2129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-481.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harpotothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Harpotothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Harpotothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harpotothyris SMIRNOVA, 1990b, p. 53","Type_species":"H. karakhabdaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval to rounded trigonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, beak high, strongly incurved, cardinal process small, concave, often medially convex, crural bases high, crescent shaped in section, inclined almost perpendicularly to narrow, flattened hinge plates, short median ridge present, transverse band of loop thin, flanges long, slender. Lower Cretaceous: Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1409, 5a-w. * H. karakhabdaensis, ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU 139\/700, X1, d-w, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 3.0, 3.2, 4.0, 4.3, 5.0, 5.6, 6.2, 6.8, 7.9, 8.0, 9.5, 9.8, 11.9, 12.4, 13.4, 14.6, 15.9, 17.9 ~mm from first section, approximately X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1409. harpotothyrididae (p. 2124).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-483.jpg?height=1876&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atelithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Harpotothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Atelithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atelithyris SMIRNOVA, 1975 c, p. 77","Type_species":"* A. crestensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, slightly uniplicate, beak long, foramen large, epithyrid, beak ridges rounded, cardinal process low, hinge plates slightly inclined, flattened, inner socket ridges indistinct, crural processes high, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band slender, strongly arched, flanges long. Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian): Russia (Russian Platform).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Geography":"Russia (Russian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1409, 2a-d. *A. crestensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU 138\/477, X1, d, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Smirnova, 1975c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1409. harpotothyrididae (p. 2124).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-483.jpg?height=1876&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Convexothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Harpotothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Convexothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Convexothyris SMIRNOVA, 1994, p. 37","Type_species":"C. tylokrilica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, beak massive, incurved, cardinal process small, hinge plates broad, ventrally convex, crural bases concave with pointed dorsal ends, dorsal septal platform may be developed, loop with long flanges, transverse band trapeziform in section.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (Kamchatka)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1409, 4a-c. * C. tylokrilica, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU138\/518, \u00d71 (Smirnova, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1409. harpotothyrididae (p. 2124).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-483.jpg?height=1876&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Harpotothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lissothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissothyris SMIRNOVA, 1987, p. 35","Type_species":"L. piriformis SMIRNOVA, 1987, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal, anterior commissure uniplicate to biplicate, beak high, foramen large, pedicle collar not seen, cardinal process low, broad, hinge plates broad, parallel to valve floor, slightly demarcated from inner socket ridges, crural bases with strongly concave inner surface and high, sharp, ventral ends, short dorsal ends of crural bases almost fused with hinge plates, transverse band strongly curved, rectimarginate in section, loop slender with long flanges, cardinal structures may be fused with callus","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (Russian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1409, 3a-c. *L. piriformis, dorsal, lateral, and anterior view of holotype, MGU139\/547, \u00d71 (Smirnova, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1409. harpotothyrididae (p. 2124).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-483.jpg?height=1876&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Okathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Harpotothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Okathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Okathyris SMIRNOVA, 1975c, p. 71","Type_species":"O. chevkinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, subcircular, slightly unisulate or bisulcate, foramen epithyrid, beak ridges obscure, cardinal process low, slightly concave, hinge plates narrow, steeply inclined to plane of symmetry, inner socket ridges high, crural bases inclined to hinge plates, crural processes long, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band broadly arched.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Russia (Russian Platform), England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1409, 1a-d. *O. chevkinensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU 139\/91, X1 (Smirnova, 1975c), d, loop reconstruction, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1975, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1409. harpotothyrididae (p. 2124).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-483.jpg?height=1876&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mametothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Mametothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mametothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mametothyris Smirnova in Smirnova & PERGAMENT, 1969, p. 34","Type_species":"* M. mametica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded trigonal, beak short, incurved, cardinal process low, concave, hinge plates ventrally concave, loop slender, long, 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band high, rounded","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Geography":"Russia (Kamchatka)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1410a-x. * M. mametica, ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU138\/64, X1, d-x, serial transverse sections 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.4, 2.1, 2.3, 2.8, 3.3, 3.6, 3.8, 5.2, 5.4, 6.9, 7.2, 7.6, 8.1, 8.6, 9.9, 11.1, 11.7, 12.9 mm from first section, X2 (Smirnova & Pergament, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova & Pergament, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1410. mametothyrididae (p. 2124).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-484.jpg?height=1022&width=1278&top_left_y=576&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Penzhinothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Mametothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Penzhinothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Penzhinothyris Smirnova in Smirnova & PERGAMENT, 1969, p. 36","Type_species":"*P. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular, thick shelled, slightly biconvex or dorsibiconvex, beak slightly incurved, beak ridges sharp, interarea high, smooth, cardinalia massive, cardinal process trilobed, hinge plates inclined to symmetry plane, demarcated from inner socket ridges by a groove, loop long, more than 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band broad, high, trapeziform in section, loop flanges long, septal platform massive, consisting of three ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Geography":"Russia (Kamchatka)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1411 a-r. *P. plana, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU138\/63, \u00d7 1, d-r, serial transverse sections 0.2 , 2.1, 4.1, 5.4, 6.3, 6.9, 8.0, 8.1, 9.2, 9.4, 10.6, 11.4, 13.2, 14.6, 16.1 mm from first section, \u00d7 1.5 (Smirnova & Pergament, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova & Pergament, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1411. mametothyrididae (p. 2124).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-485.jpg?height=1496&width=1273&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spasskothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Spasskothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spasskothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spasskothyris SMIRNOVA, 1975c, p. 74","Type_species":"* S. rjasanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval, slightly bisulcate, beak long, foramen large, epithyrid, pedicle collar rounded, cardinal process low, crural bases with long ventral and dorsal extremities separating inner and outer hinge plates, and in contact with floor of dorsal valve, much reduced anteriorly, ventral extremities of crural bases forming ridgelike projections adjacent to hinge plates, passing into inner hinge plates, outer hinge plates broad, concave, crural bases and crural processes concave, loop narrow, 0.5 to 0.6 length of dorsal valve, flanges very long. Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian): Russia (Russian Platform).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Russia (Russian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1412 a-c c .*S. rjasanensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU 139\/65, d, reconstruction of loop, X1, e-c c, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.2, 6.2, 6.7, 7.2, 7.7, 8.0,8.5, 9.0, 10.2, 10.7, 11.3, 11.7, 13.0, 13.7, 14.7,16.2, 17.9, 18.7, 19.1, 20.3, 21.5, 23.6, 26.3, 29.3 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71 (Smirnova, 1975c).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Volgathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Spasskothyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Volgathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Volgathyris SMIRNOVA, 1987, p. 38","Type_species":"*V. sublatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded-pentagonal, biconvex, uniplicate, beak massive, foramen large, no pedicle collar, hinge teeth large, wedge shaped with distinct denticulum, cardinal process narrow, denticulated, hinge plates dorsally inclined to midvalve, planar, gradually transformed into broad socket ridges at right angles to crural bases, crural bases broad with long ventral and shorter dorsal ends, inclined to symmetry plane with sharp angle, crural processes broad, loop narrow with thin branches, transverse band highly trapeziform, flanges long. Lower Cretaceous: Russia (Russian Platform).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (Russian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1413a-u. *V. sublatus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU139\/509, X1, d-u, serial transverse sections 1.1, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.2, 3.5, 4.0, 4.6, 5.0, 7.8, 9.1, 11.9, 12.5, 14.4, 15.4, 16.4 ~mm from first section, X1 (Smirnova, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1413. spasskothyrididae (p. 2127).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-487.jpg?height=1308&width=1298&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=190)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Trigonithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trigonithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonithyris MUIR-WOOD, 1935, p. 131","Type_species":"T. eruduwensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, trigonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, foramen epithyrid, symphytium visible, cardinal process broad, medianly depressed, with posterior umbonal cavity, outer hinge plates well developed, horizontal or becoming slightly convex ventrally, crura long and narrow, crural processes well anterior of outer hinge plates, loop about 0.5 dorsal valve length, not known fully","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Somalia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1408, 2a-m. *T. eruduwensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-m, serial transverse sections, no measurements available, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1408. clathrithyrididae and trigonithyrididae (p. 2120-2129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-481.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lazithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Trigonithyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lazithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lazithyris RADULOVI\u0106, 1986, p. 45","Type_species":"L. andjelkovici, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, circular to elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly unisulcate, beak short, narrow, erect, foramen hypothyrid, symphytium short, deltidial plates weakly developed, disjunct, cardinal process bilobate, loop about 0.4 dorsal valve length, not known fully.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"Yugoslavia (Carpathians, Balkanides)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1408, 1a-o. *L. andjelkovici, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1, d-o, serial transverse sections 2.5 , 3.5, 4.1, 4.7, 4.9, 5.5, 5.7, 5.9, 6.1, 6.3, 6.7, 7.5 mm from ventral umbo, X1.6 (Radulovi\u0107, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Radulovi\u0107, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1408. clathrithyrididae and trigonithyrididae (p. 2120-2129).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-481.jpg?height=1884&width=1287&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goniothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"Goniothyridinae","Genus":"Goniothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goniothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 117 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula gravida SZAJNOCHA, 1881, p. 74, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Trigonal to subpentagonal, strongly dorsibiconvex, ventral valve convex to carinate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, foramen epithyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium narrow, pedicle collar very short, cardinal process very small, hinge plates in section convex ventrally and deflected dorsally, keeled, loop of type species unknown, loop of G. poleymiensis moderately long, narrow, with broad transverse band, crural processes near midloop, terminal points. Moderately long.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bajocian)","Geography":"England, France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Transcarpathia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1414, 1a-d. * G. gravida (Szajnocha), Carpathians, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Szajnocha, 1881).","Museum_or_author_information":"Szajnocha, 1881","figure_index":"fig. 1414. uncertain (p. 2130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-489.jpg?height=1898&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heterobrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"Heterobrochinae","Genus":"Heterobrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heterobrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 89","Type_species":"H. incultus COOPER, 1983, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subpentagonal, smooth, beak short, erect, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process small, bilobed, outer hinge plates small, flattened to concave, attached to ventral edge of crural bases, loop very wide","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1414, 3a-d. *H. incultus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, closeup of loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1414. uncertain (p. 2130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-489.jpg?height=1898&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psebajithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"Psebajithyridinae","Genus":"Psebajithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psebajithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1974, p. 48","Type_species":"* P. rostovtsevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval to subpentagonal, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak thick, strongly curved, foramen large, oval, beak ridges rounded, pedicle collar short, cardinal process very small, delicate, oval, outer hinge plates delicate, rather long, hooklike, dorsally curved.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"northwestern Caucasus, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1414, 5a-s. *P. rostovtsevi, Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-s, serial transverse sections 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 4.1, 4.4, 5.2, 5.7, 5.8, 6.5, 6.8, 7.0, 7.45, 7.75, 8.3, 8.55, 8.75 ~mm from first section, X1 (adapted from Tchorszhevsky, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Tchorszhevsky, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1414. uncertain (p. 2130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-489.jpg?height=1898&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Placothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"Psebajithyridinae","Genus":"Placothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Placothyris WESTPHAL, 1970, p. 38","Type_species":"*Terebratula rollieri HAAS, 1893, p. 124, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, beak labiate, pedicle collar present, hinge plates pendant, loop 0.3 valve length, with broad transverse band and blunt crural processes","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Germany, Switzerland, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1414, 4a-n. *P. rollieri (HAAS), Oxfordian, Switzerland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-m, serial transverse sections 0.5, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.9, 5.3, 5.5, 5.7 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Boullier, 1976), n, oblique view of silicified loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boullier, 1976, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1414. uncertain (p. 2130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-489.jpg?height=1898&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Unkurithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"Psebajithyridinae","Genus":"Unkurithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Unkurithyris OVTSHARENKO, 1991, p. 75","Type_species":"U. unkurensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, subcircular, strongly biconvex or planoconvex, uniplicate, cardinal process small, flat, outer hinge plates planar, loop short, with short flanges","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1414, 2a-n. *U. unkurensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d-m, serial transverse sections 0.5, 1.2, 1.7, 2.5, 3.3, 3.6, 4.2, 4.9, 5.0, 5.2 mm from first section, \u00d7 1, n, reconstruction of loop, \u00d7 1 (Ovtsharenko, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovtsharenko, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1414. uncertain (p. 2130).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-489.jpg?height=1898&width=1277&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibbithyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gibbithyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibbithyrella OVTSHARENKO, 1989, p. 87","Type_species":"G. kurtensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure bisulcate, beak ridges rounded, foramen small, oval, mesothyrid, hinge plates broad, crural bases dorsally curved, loop about 0.3 dorsal valve length, loop flanges short. Middle Jurassic: Tadzhikistan (Pamirs).","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan (Pamirs)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 2a-i. * G. kurtensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-i, serial transverse sections 0.1, 1.2, 3.0, 3.5, 4.7, 5.2 mm from first section, X1 (Ovtsharenko, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovtsharenko, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jaisalmeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Jaisalmeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jaisalmeria Sahni & BHATNAGAR, 1958, p. 421","Type_species":"J. taylori, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, biconvex, finely capillate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate to biplicate, beak ridges angular, foramen small, submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, loop unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"India, Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 3a-d. *J. taylori, India, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve showing capillae, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kendzhilgithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kendzhilgithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kendzhilgithyris OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 82","Type_species":"K. kendzhilgensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subrounded, beak short, anterior commissure rectimarginate, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates broad, horizontal or slightly curved, loop narrow, with long, diverging flanges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 7a-m. *K. kendzhilgensis, Tadzhikistan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-m, serial transverse sections 2.4, 2.8, 3.1, 4.0, 4.8, 5.0, 6.0, 7.6, 8.3, 8.7 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lobothyroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lobothyroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lobothyroides XU, 1978, p. 307","Type_species":"* L. striata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval, ventribiconvex, smooth or with obscure striae laterally and anteriorly, beak short, foramen large, mesothyrid, anterior commissure rectimarginate. Pedicle collar present, dental plates absent, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates narrow, tapering, loop narrow, short (less than 0.3 dorsal valve length), transverse band strongly arched. Upper Triassic: southwestern China (Sichuan).","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"southwestern China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1881, 2a-c. * L. striata, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, x1, c, close up of ornament, x2 (Xu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1881. uncertain (p. 2807-2808).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-537.jpg?height=1425&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magharithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Magharithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magharithyris Farag & GATINAUD, 1962, p. 77","Type_species":"M. triplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, globose, closely related to Parathyridina but with a more elongate shell. Folding can be uniplicate, triplicate, or multiplicate. Based on one imperfectly preserved specimen with unknown internal characters. Middle Jurassic (Bathonian): Egypt, ?Saudi Arabia.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"Egypt, ?Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 8a-c. *M. triplicata, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Farag & Gatinaud, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Farag & Gatinaud, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Naradanithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Naradanithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Naradanithyris TOKUYAMA, 1958a, p. 2","Type_species":"N. kuratai, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, oval to pentagonal, shell rarely capillate, biconvex, anterior commissure angularly biplicate, beak short, incurved, foramen large, possibly mesothyrid or permesothyrid, symphytium short, usually concealed, beak ridges obscure, no pedicle collar, cardinal process short, wide, hinge plates in section inclined dorsally, separated from inner socket ridges by shallow sulcus, loop less than 0.5 dorsal valve length, internal characters poorly known","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)\u2013Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Japan, ?Pamirs, Bajocian\u2013Bathonian; Asia, Upper Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1416, 2a-c. *N. kuratai, Japan, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, \u00d7 1 (Tokuyama, 1958a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tokuyama, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 1416. uncertain (p. 2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-492.jpg?height=1477&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neumayrithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neumayrithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neumayrithyris TOKUYAMA, 1958b, p. 120","Type_species":"N. torinosuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, suberect to incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen permesothyrid, cardinal process short and medianly depressed, commonly with a posterior umbonal cavity, hinge plates in section almost horizontal, merging into socket ridges, crural bases given off ventrally at an angle to the hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic, Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, Middle Jurassic, Crimea, Japan, Sarawak, Upper Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 1a-l. *N. torinosuensis, Upper Jurassic, Japan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, \u00d7 1, d-l, serial transverse sections 0.5, 1.05, 1.55, 1.95, 2.05, 2.2, 2.65, 2.75, 3.05 mm from first section, \u00d7 1 (Tokuyama, 1958b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tokuyama, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pamirothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pamirothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pamirothyris DAGYS, 1974, p. 195","Type_species":"Lobothyris kushlini DAGYS, 1963, p. 184, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak incurved, foramen mesothyrid to permesothyrid, pedicle collar short, cardinal process low, hinge plates wide, lying in plane of valves, crural bases developed poorly, crura narrow, loop short (0.3 dorsal valve length), extremities rounded","Beginning_age":"Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Triassic (Rhaetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Geological_periods":"Triassic (Norian-Rhaetian)","Geography":"Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 4a-j. * P. kushlini (DaGys), a-b, dorsal and lateral views of holotype, IGIG 200\/62, X1, c-j, serial transverse sections 0.0, 2.1, 3.4, 3.8, 4.4, 5.0, 6.1, 6.5 ~mm from first section, X1 (Dagys, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rarithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rarithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rarithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1989a, p. 79","Type_species":"* R. rarus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly biconvex, smooth, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak short, incurved, foramen small, epithyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, cardinal process small, pedicle collar thin, outer hinge plates broad, horizontal or inclined dorsally, crura slender, arc shaped, loop short (about 0.25 dorsal valve length), rounded, transverse band low, wide","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"Carpathians","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1416, 3 a-k .*R. rarus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, Kharkov University 10\/ 5056, \u00d7 1, d-k, serial transverse sections 0.6, 1.3, 1.7, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 4.8 mm from first section, \u00d7 2 (Tchorszhevsky, 1989a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhevsky, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1416. uncertain (p. 2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-492.jpg?height=1477&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rugithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 127 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 79, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula subomalogaster BUCKMAN, 1901, p. 259, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, planoconvex, surface ornament of squamose growth lamellae, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak incurved, foramen permesothyrid, cardinal process short, lobate, hinge plates narrow, slightly concave, loop not fully known.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England, ?Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 6a-c. * R. subomalogaster (Buckman), England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taurothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Taurothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taurothyris KYANSEP, 1961, p. 27","Type_species":"T. avundaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, biconvex, elongate oval, smooth but decorticated shell capillate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, beak very small, suberect, tapering, symphytium exposed, cardinal process massive, bilobate, hinge plates and inner socket ridges in section slightly deflected ventrally and slightly concave, crural bases given off ventrally, loop possibly short, triangular, not fully known. Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian): Crimea, Russia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"Crimea, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1416, 4 a-k. * T. avundaensis, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1 (Kyansep, 1961), d-k, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.2, 0.9, 1.4, 1.5, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1 ~mm from first section, X1 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nKyansep, 1961, \nMuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1416. uncertain (p. 2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-492.jpg?height=1477&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trichothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trichothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trichothyris Buckman, 1918, p. 125 (BUCKMAN, 1915, p. 78, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Dictyothyris compressa KITCHIN, 1897, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, finely capillate, anterior commissure uniplicate to parasulcate, beak short, foramen large, epithyrid, with discrete deltidial plates. Internal features unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1415, 5a-d. * T. compressa (Kitchin), dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1415. uncertain (p. 2130-2133).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-490.jpg?height=1896&width=1287&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tshemsarythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tshemsarythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tshemsarythyris OVTSHARENKO, 1983a, p. 38","Type_species":"T. tshemsarensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtrigonal, biconvex, anterior commissure slightly bisulcate, beak short, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar small, outer hinge plates broad, loop about 0.3 dorsal valve length, loop narrow, with long flanges.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1417,2a\u2013m. *T. tshemsarensis, Tadzhikistan; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views; d\u2013m, serial transverse sections 2.8,3.4, 3.9, 4.3, 4.5, 5.3, 5.6, 6.0, 6.35, 6.9 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1417. uncertain (p. 2133-2135).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-493.jpg?height=1435&width=1268&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Viallithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Viallithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Viallithyris V\u00d6R\u00d6S, 1978, p. 62","Type_species":"Terebratula gozzanensis PARONA, 1880, p. 196, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subpentagonal to subcircular, ventribiconvex, capillate, anterior commissure broadly (Pliensbachian): Italy, Hungary.","Beginning_age":"Pliensbachian","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Pliensbachian","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Pliensbachian","Geography":"Italy, Hungary","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1417, 1ap. *V. gozzanensis (Parona), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-p, serial transverse sections 1.30, 1.65, 2.0, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 3.4, 3.9, 4.5, 4.7, 5.0, 5.3, 5.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1417. uncertain (p. 2133-2135).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-493.jpg?height=1435&width=1268&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Weldonithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Weldonithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Weldonithyris MUIR-WOOD, 1952, p. 130","Type_species":"W. weldonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, biconvex, horizontal transverse band","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1417, 3a-p. *W. weldonensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, SM J, 34, 866, X1, d-p, incomplete serial transverse sections of posterior region of shell, no distances given, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1952).","Museum_or_author_information":"SM, \nMuir-Wood, 1952","figure_index":"fig. 1417. uncertain (p. 2133-2135).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-493.jpg?height=1435&width=1268&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dyscolia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Dyscoliinae","Genus":"Dyscolia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dyscolia Fischer & OEHLERT, 1890, p. 70","Type_species":"Terebratulina wyvilli Davidson, 1878b, p. 436, OD, emend., Fischer & OEHLERT, 1891, p. 70","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large, subtrigonal to elongate oval, ventribiconvex, surface smooth or with fine, zigzag capillae, beak short, suberect, often truncated or labiate, foramen large, epithyrid to submesothyrid, symphytium almost concealed, pedicle collar long, anteriorly excavated, cardinal process not developed, diductor muscles attached to apical pit, outer hinge plates very weakly developed, crural processes weak, blunt, loop small (less than 0.3 dorsal valve length), thin, with rounded, anterolateral extremities, lophophore small, modified schizolophe, spicules very abundant, four main mantle canals in each valve, branching pattern pinnate.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene,","Geography":"Mediterranean (Sicily, Italy), Pliocene-Pleistocene, Indian Ocean, East Atlantic Ocean (off Africa, France, Spain), Caribbean, Pacific Ocean (New Caledonia), ?Antarctic Ocean, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1418, 3a-e. * D. wyvillei (Davidson), Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, Caribbean, ZB1356, X1, d, valves separated showing mantle canals and imperfect loop, Caribbean, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), e, interior of dorsal valve, off northwestern Africa, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1418. dyscoliidae (p. 2136-2138).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-495.jpg?height=1775&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goniobrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Dyscoliinae","Genus":"Goniobrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goniobrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 260","Type_species":"Dyscolia ewingi COOPER, 1973b, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, surface ornament of radial, zigzag capillae, beak truncated, suberect, labiate, foramen large, mesothyrid to submesothyrid, pedicle collar short, cardinal process not developed, diductor muscles attached to apical pit, sockets wide, crural bases narrow troughs between weakly developed, narrow hinge plates and stout socket ridges, crura short, narrow, loop wide, almost square in outline.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"off Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1419a-d. *G. ewingi (COOPER), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550461a, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve of holotype, X1 (Cooper, 1973b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1419. dyscoliidae (p. 2136).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-496.jpg?height=483&width=1271&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moraviaturia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Dyscoliinae","Genus":"Moraviaturia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moraviaturia SAHNI, 1960, p. 19","Type_species":"Terebratula diphimorpha STOLICZKA, 1872, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subtrigonal, ventribiconvex, anterior margin geniculate, surface capillate with steplike growth lamellae, beak massive, slightly incurved, symphytium narrow, foramen large, beak ridges obscure, internal characters unknown, probably dyscoliid","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"southern India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1418, 1a-c. *M. diphimorpha (Stolicz\u043a\u0430), dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1418. dyscoliidae (p. 2136-2138).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-495.jpg?height=1775&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waisiuthyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Dyscoliinae","Genus":"Waisiuthyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waisiuthyrina BEETS, 1943, p. 341","Type_species":"W. margineplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, dorsibiconvex, smooth, beak truncated, labiate, foramen large, mesothyrid or epithyrid, symphytium narrow, pedicle collar absent, hinge teeth small, grooved, cardinal process small, transverse, bilobed, loop unknown, probably dyscoliid","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Geography":"southeastern Asia (Sulawesi)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1418, 2a-c. *W. margineplicata, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X0.5 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1418. dyscoliidae (p. 2136-2138).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-495.jpg?height=1775&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aenigmathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Aenigmathyridinae","Genus":"Aenigmathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aenigmathyris COOPER, 1971, p. 3","Type_species":"* A. stearnsi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, widely ovate, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, ornament of faint capillae, beak short, labiate, foramen permesothyrid, symphytium concave, pedicle collar narrow, elevated, cardinal process small, transverse, loop variable, but narrower and more strongly folded than in Dyscolia.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"Eua, Tonga","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1420, 2a-d. *. stearnsi, Eua, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550447a, X1, d, closeup view of loop, X3 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1420. dyscoliidae (p. 2138-2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-497.jpg?height=1757&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Abyssothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Aenigmathyridinae","Genus":"Abyssothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Abyssothyris Thomson, 1927, p. 190, emend., MUIR-WOOD, 1960, p. 521","Type_species":"Terebratula wyvilli Davidson, 1878b, p. 436, OD, emend., THOMSON, 1927, p. 190","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, oval to subpentagonal in outline, ventribiconvex, smooth, thin shelled, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak small, suberect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium partly visible, pedicle collar short, teeth small, cardinal process small, semielliptical, outer hinge plates narrowly triangular, tapering anteriorly to bluntly pointed crural processes located at midloop, crural bases narrow, transverse band broad, gently folded medially, anterior part of loop variable, anterolateral extremities rounded to subangular, lophophore plectolophous with small median coil.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene), Holocene","Geography":"Fiji, Miocene, Pacific Ocean (Alaska, Galapagos Islands, Chile, New Guinea, New Caledonia, South Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica), South Atlantic Ocean at abyssal depths (825 m to >5, 000 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1420, 4ad. *A. wyvillei (Davidson), Holocene, off South Australia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, NHM B12501, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, Holocene, off California, closeup of loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1420. dyscoliidae (p. 2138-2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-497.jpg?height=1757&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acrobelesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Aenigmathyridinae","Genus":"Acrobelesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acrobelesia COOPER, 1983, p. 247","Type_species":"Gryphus cooperi D\u2019HONDT, 1976, p. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular, ventribiconvex, lamellose with faint radial capillae, foramen large, submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, pedicle collar short, anteriorly excavate, cardinal process small, bilobed myophore, crura short, thin, ribbonlike, crural processes anterior to midloop, loop very short (0.2 dorsal valve length), transverse band of loop convex anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Atlantic Ocean, France (Gulf of Gascogne), Canary Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1420, 3a-d. *A. cooperi (D'HONDT), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1420. dyscoliidae (p. 2138-2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-497.jpg?height=1757&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ceramisia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Aenigmathyridinae","Genus":"Ceramisia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ceramisia COOPER, 1983, p. 227","Type_species":"* Terebratula meneghiniana SEGUENZA, 1865, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular, biconvex, unisulcate, lamellose without radial capillae, foramen large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct or disjunct, pedicle collar short, excavate, cardinal process small, transverse, hinge plates not developed, transverse band of loop convex anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Geography":"Sicily","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1420, 1a-d. * C. meneghiniana (SEGUENZA); a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72; d, closeup of loop, \u00d75 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1420. dyscoliidae (p. 2138-2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-497.jpg?height=1757&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Faksethyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Aenigmathyridinae","Genus":"Faksethyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Faksethyris ASGAARD, 1971, p. 385","Type_species":"F. nielseni ASGAND, 1971, p. 386, OD, = Terebratula cincta","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"pedicle collar long, cardinal process weak, transverse, hinge plates not developed, crural processes posterior to midloop, loop narrow, rounded anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","First_Occurrence":"Danian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":"Denmark","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1420, 5a-d. *F. nielseni, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, mmH 574, X10, d, interior of dorsal valve, X25 (Asgaard, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Asgaard, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1420. dyscoliidae (p. 2138-2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-497.jpg?height=1757&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenobrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Aenigmathyridinae","Genus":"Xenobrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenobrochus COOPER, 1981, p. 19","Type_species":"Gryphus africanus COOPER, 1973a, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, oval, ventribiconvex, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak long, erect, labiate, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium visible, pedicle collar short, teeth large, cardinal process broad, semielliptical, hinge plates narrow, poorly defined, loop narrow, rounded, transverse band convex anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Indian Ocean, western Pacific, off Philippines and New Caledonia, ?Atlantic, ?Mediterranean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1420, 6a-d. *X. africanus (Cooper), Durban Bay, Indian Ocean, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550375a, X4, d, interior of dorsal valve, X4 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1420. dyscoliidae (p. 2138-2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-497.jpg?height=1757&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eurysoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Eurysoriinae","Genus":"Eurysoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eurysoria COOPER, 1983, p. 189","Type_species":"* E. texana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, beak ridges strong, foramen mesothyrid, deltidium partially resorbed, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates wide, attached to narrow crural bases, loop short, wide, almost square in outline, transverse band broad, convex posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1420, 7ad. * E. texana, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550572a, X1, d, closeup of loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1420. dyscoliidae (p. 2138-2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-497.jpg?height=1757&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pygope":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Pygopidae","Subfamily":"Pygopinae","Genus":"Pygope","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pygope LINK, 1830, p. 451","Type_species":"Terebratula antinomia Catullo, 1827, p. 169 (pl. 5, r), SD Buckman, 1906a, p. 445, = Terebratula deltoidea Valenciennes in Lamarck, 1819, p. 250, T. diphya von BUCH, 1835, p. 88","Synonyms_with_authors":"Antinomia Catullo, 1851, p. 74 (type, Terebratula dilatata Catullo, 1851, p. 75), Pugites Bronn, 1838, p. 653, obj.","Synonyms":"Antinomia, Pugites","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large, subtriangular to subrounded in outline, umbo erect to incurved, foramen oval, permesothyrid, beak ridges rounded, anterior commmissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, shell strongly sulcate in juvenile, developing two lateral lobes that come into contact and fuse in adult stage, enclosing median perforation, perforation central or posterior of center","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1421, 2am. * P. diphya (von Buch), Tithonian, Italy, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e-m, serial transverse sections 1.2, 4.0, 5.2, 5.6, 6.0, 6.8, 7.6, 8.0, 8.4 mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Dieni & Middlemiss, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dieni & Middlemiss, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1421. pygopidae (p. 2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-499.jpg?height=1882&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pygites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Pygopidae","Subfamily":"Pygopinae","Genus":"Pygites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pygites BUCKMAN, 1906a, p. 449","Type_species":"Terebratula diphyoides D'ORBIGNY, 1849 in 1849-1852, p. 87, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Pygope but ventral valve with sulcus in median fold posterior to perforation, dorsal sulcus with similar median fold, large central perforation in adult, cardinal process low, posterior umbonal cavity developed, hinge plates in section dorsally deflected, slightly concave ventrally, tapering, not well demarcated from long inner socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1421, 1a-e. *P. diphyoides (d\u2019Orbigny), Berriasian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, France, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), e, close up of loop, Czech Republic, Slovakia, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1421. pygopidae (p. 2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-499.jpg?height=1882&width=1277&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triangope":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Pygopidae","Subfamily":"Triangopinae","Genus":"Triangope","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triangope Dieni & MIDDLEMISS, 1981, p. 39","Type_species":"Terebratula triangulus Valenciennes in LAMARCK, 1819, p. 250, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell triangular, beak suberect to incurved, foramen oval, permesothyrid, hinge plates slightly convex, crural bases given off dorsally from anterior ends of hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)-Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Europe, North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1422, 2a-d. *T. triangulus (Valenciennes), Tithonian, Italy, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Dieni & Middlemiss, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nDieni & Middlemiss, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1422. pygopidae (p. 2142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-500.jpg?height=960&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Securithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Pygopidae","Subfamily":"Triangopinae","Genus":"Securithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Securithyris V\u00d6R\u00d6S, 1983, p. 13","Type_species":"Terebratula adnethensis SUESS, 1855b, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subtriangular, slightly to strongly biconvex, anterior commissure wide, rectimarginate, ligate or unisulcate, pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process wide, crenulated, hinge plates reduced or absent, crura given off from inner socket ridges, loop short, narrow. Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian): Medi.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Medi","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1422,1a\u2013d. *S. adnethensis (SUESS), Bakony Mountains, Hungary; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, \u00d71; d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d72 (V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1422. pygopidae (p. 2142).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-500.jpg?height=960&width=1282&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kubanithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Nucleatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kubanithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kubanithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1989b, p. 29","Type_species":"K. parvus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak ridges sharp, foramen small, mesothyrid, cardinal process small, bilobate, outer hinge plates narrow, dorsally inclined, no crural bases, loop short.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Caucasus, ?England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1423, 2a-c. *K. parvus, Caucasus, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Tchorszhevsky, 1989b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhevsky, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linguithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Nucleatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Linguithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linguithyris Buckman, 1918, p. 99 (BUCKMAN, 1914, p. 2, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Terebratula bifida ROTHPLETZ, 1886, p. 114, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, anterior commissure strongly unisulcate, beak incurved, beak ridges angular, epithyrid, symphytium narrow, cardinal process low, short, lobate, hinge plates in transverse section short, slightly concave ventrally, tapering, well demarcated from inner socket ridges, loop about 0.25 of valve length, transverse band slightly arched, rounded. Lower Jurassic-Middle Jurassic: Europe, North Africa, New Zealand, Lower Jurassic.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic-Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, North Africa, New Zealand, Lower Jurassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1423, 1a. *L. bifida (Rothpletz), Middle Inferior Oolite, Dorset, England, reconstruction of loop, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), Fig. 1423, 1b-d. L. umbonata Buckman, Middle Inferior Oolite, England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a)","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).\nfig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phymatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Nucleatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phymatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phymatothyris Cooper & MUIR-WOOD, 1951, p. 195, nom. nov. pro Pallasiella Renz, 1932, p. 40, non Sars, 1895","Type_species":"Pallasiella kerkyraea RENZ, 1932, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, planoconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, umbones swollen, strongly incurved, foramen concealed by swollen beak of ventral valve, loop presumably short, muscle scars similar to those of nucleatids","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian-Toarcian)","Geography":"Italy, Albania, Hungary, Greece, Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1423, 3a-c. * P. kerkyraea (Renz), Greece, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Papodina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscolioidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Papodina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Papodina V\u00d6R\u00d6S, 1983, p. 15","Type_species":"* Terebratula bittneri GEYER, 1889, p. 11, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subtrigonal, biconvex, finely capillate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to ligate, beak high, suberect, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process small, low, crenulated, no hinge plates, loop wide, short, dorsally arched transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Hungary","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1423, 4a-d. *P. bittneri (Geyer), Pliensbachian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views X2, d, reconstruction of loop, X2 (V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cancellothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Cancellothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cancellothyris THOMSON, 1926, p. 525","Type_species":"Terebratula cancellata Koch in K\u00fcster, 1844, p. 35, OD, non Eichwald, 1829, p. 276, = Terebratulina hedleyi Finlay, 1927 (March), p. 533, Cancellothyris australis THOMSON, 1927, p. 188","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium sized, ovate to subpentagonal, valves biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, surface finely capillate, umbo short, massive, suberect, foramen large, epithyrid, labiate, deltidial plates conjunct. Pedicle collar developed, cardinal process low, bilobed, loop wide, transverse band broad, slightly arched ventrally, lophophore plectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"New Zealand, Miocene, South Africa, Pliocene-Pleistocene, South Australia, Tasmania, off southwestern New Zealand (6-366 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1424, 1a-d. * C. hedleyi (Finlay), Holocene, South Australia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1.2, d, dorsal valve interior with loop, X1.2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Murravia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Murravia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Murravia THOMSON, 1916a, p. 45","Type_species":"Terebratulina davidsoni Etheridge, 1876, p. 16, OD, non Boll, 1856, p. 37, = Terebratulina catinuliformis Tate in Tate & DENNANT, 1896, p. 130 (footnote)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thick shelled, thick, ovate, planoconvex, with wide hinge line, anterior commissure rectimarginate or unisulcate, surface costellate, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar present, myophragm may be present, cardinal process prominent, swollen anteriorly, socket ridges strong, internal margin of both valves crenulate. Paleogene (Oligocene)-Holocene: Australia, New Zealand, Oligocene.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand, Oligocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1424, 4a-c. * M. catinuliformis (Tate), Miocene, Victoria, Australia, dorsal view, interior views of ventral and dorsal valves, X3 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1424, 4d-e. M. exarata Verco, Holocene, South Australia, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, X6 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).\nfig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ortholina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Ortholina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ortholina Calzada BADIA, 1984b, p. 5","Type_species":"Terebratella decorata VIDAL, 1921, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subcircular in outline, planoconvex, hinge line wide, almost straight, anterior commissure rectimarginate, surface finely costellate, foramen small, submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Cardinal process small, bilobed, loop wide, myophragm present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1424, 5a-c. *O. decorata (Vidal), Maastrichtian, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1.5 (Calzada Badia, 1984b)., Fig. 1424, 5d. O. lujana Vidal, Maastrichtian, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Calzada Badia, 1984b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada Badia, 1984, \nCalzada Badia, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).\nfig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchonellopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Rhynchonellopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchonellopsis VINCENT, 1893, p. 51, non B\u00d6se, 1894, nec De Gregorio, 1930","Type_species":"Terebratulina nysti BOSQUET, 1862, p. 349, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thick shelled, rounded, convexoplane, anterior commissure rectimarginate to gently uniplicate, surface capillate, umbo small, short, suberect, beak ridges obscure, foramen small, deltidial plates disjunct. Hinge plates absent, socket ridges prominent and united with crural bases, crura converging, loop probably terebratulinid, inner shell margin crenulated.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Geography":"Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1424, 6a-c. *R. nysti (Bosquet), Belgium, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X3, c, dorsal valve interior with loop, restored, X9 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sendaithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Sendaithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sendaithyris HATAL, 1940, p. 253","Type_species":"S. otutumiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, circular, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, surface indistinctly costellate. Interior imperfectly known, cardinalia and loop said to be as in Terebratulina, but with short, bifurcated septum in dorsal valve. Neogene (Miocene): Japan.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1425, 2. *S. otutumiensis, Rikuzen, dorsal valve view, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1425. cancellothyrididae (p. 2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-505.jpg?height=662&width=1273&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Surugathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Surugathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Surugathyris Yabe & HATAI, 1934, p. 587","Type_species":"* S. (Terebratulina) suragaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Imperfectly known, may be an immature form of some species of Terebratulina. Holocene: Japan.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1424, 2. *S. suragaensis, dorsal valve view, X2.4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebratulina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Terebratulina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebratulina D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 249","Type_species":"Anomia retusa Linnaeus, 1758, p. 701, OD, =A. caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1, 153, non LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 703","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, ovate to subpentagonal, slightly auriculate, valves biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, surface costellate, costellae may be enlarged or granular, with prominent nodules in young, umbo suberect, foramen incomplete, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar present, median septum and hinge plates absent, cardinal process small, socket ridges and crural bases fused, forming prominent ridge, hinge teeth without swollen bases, but with sulcus on inner face, crura converging, crural processes united to form ringlike loop, transverse band ventrally arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Holocene","Geography":"Europe, Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous, cosmopolitan, Paleogene-Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1425, 1a-i. *T. retusa (LinN\u00c9), Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, off Norway, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d-e, dorsal valve views, Gulf of Gascogne, France, X5, f-h, dorsal valve interiors showing loop ontogeny, Gulf of Gascogne, France, X5, i, dorsal valve interior showing adult loop, Gulf of Gascogne, France, X2 (Cooper, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMuir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1425. cancellothyrididae (p. 2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-505.jpg?height=662&width=1273&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trochifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Trochifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trochifera Jin & Ye in Jin & OTHERS, 1979, p. 68","Type_species":"T. bangonica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elliptical to roundly pentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, costellae low, rounded and bifurcate, beak straight, beak ridges angular, interarea narrow and flattened, foramen large, subcircular, submesothyrid to hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar short or absent, ventral muscle scar obscure and petallike, myophragm narrow. Cardinal process low, bilobate, socket ridges raised above posterior margin and buttressed by small, curved plates, crural bases attached to ends of inner socket ridges, crura converging, crural processes united to form ring, loop very short, transverse band gently arched ventrally, dorsal median ridge low and bifurcating anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian)","Geography":"northern Tibet (Bangon)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1424, 3a-d. *T. bangonica, a-b, holotype, dorsal, and ventral views, X3, c-d, interior of ventral and dorsal valves, X3 (Jin & others, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nJin & others, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cricosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Cricosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cricosia COOPER, 1973c, p. 384","Type_species":"Terebratulina filosa CONRAD, 1866, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to oval, finely costellate, anterior commissure nearly rectimarginate, foramen small, oval, hypothyrid, deltidial plates small, disjunct, extended adjacent to dorsal valve margin and obliquely raised, pedicle collar narrow. Thin, elevated socket ridges join with thickened posterior area that serves as cardinal process, crura stout, narrow, crural processes united to form narrow, tubelike loop.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"southwestern USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1426, 1a-f. * C. filosa (Conrad), a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2, e-f, ventral and posterior views of reconstructed loop, X4 (Cooper, 1973c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1426. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-507.jpg?height=1793&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bisulcina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Bisulcina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bisulcina TITOVA, 1977, p. 81","Type_species":"Terebratulina tunicata Vantschurov in Vantschurov & KALUGIN, 1966, p. 121, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded to oval, slightly biconvex, beak blunt, foramen large, deltidial plates disjunct, shell capillate (up to 100 ribs present), small tubercles prominent in posterior and lateral parts of shell. Pedicle collar present, hinge teeth narrow with denticulum, inner socket ridges more prominent than outer. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Danian): western Turkmenia, Western Europe, Upper Cretaceous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian),","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Danian),","Geography":"western Turkmenia, Western Europe, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1426, 2 a-u .* B. tunicata (Vantschurov), Danian, western Turkmenia, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X5, e-u, serial transverse sections 0.10, 0.25, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05, 1.35, 1.80, 2.00, 2.15, 2.30, 2.55, 2.70, 3.05, 3.25 ~mm from ventral umbo, X3 (Titova, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Titova, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1426. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-507.jpg?height=1793&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cruralina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Cruralina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cruralina SMIRNOVA, 1966, p. 32","Type_species":"C. cruralinica SMIRNOVA, 1966, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to pentagonal, anterior margin rectimarginate to uniplicate, costellate, beak suberect or slightly incurved, beak ridges sharp, with false interarea, foramen large, pedicle collar present. Cardinal process small, inner margins of hinge plates forming projections on valve floor that connect with crural bases, crural bases close together, separated by depressions from inner socket ridges that are low, parallel to, and almost united with valve floor, crura short, crural processes join to form single cross piece that is strongly curved ventrally, transverse band bent ventrally medianly at acute angle.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Europe, Lower Cretaceous, USA (Texas), Cuba, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1427, 2a-jj. *C. cruralinica, Lower Cretaceous, Crimea, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e-f, ventral and lateral views of reconstructed loop, \u00d72 (Smirnova, 1966); g\u2013jj, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9, 1.2,1.3, 1.32, 1.35, 1.37, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60,1.63, 1.68, 1.71, 1.81, 1.91, 2.01, 2.11, 2.21, 2.31,2.41, 2.51, 2.61, 2.71, 2.81, 2.91, 3.01 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d72 (Smirnova, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1427. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-508.jpg?height=143&width=1183&top_left_y=1367&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gyrosoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Gyrosoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gyrosoria COOPER, 1973c, p. 386","Type_species":"Terebratulites gracilis SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 112, pl. 3, 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline elongate-oval in juveniles, subcircular in adults, planoconvex, costellae strong, often granulose or beaded, beak short, incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates disjunct, extended adjacent to dorsal valve margin, pedicle collar absent, teeth strong. Cardinalia narrow, socket ridges stout, cardinal process small, supported by short ridge, crura thick, oblique, supporting a narrow, tubelike loop.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Denmark, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1428a-k. * G. gracilis (Schlotheim), Trimingham, Norfolk, England, a- d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X3, e, dorsal valve interior, X4, f-g, interiors of dorsal and ventral valves, X4 (Cooper, 1973c), b-k, growth stages, 1.4 ~mm, 2.1 ~mm, 4.8 ~mm, 10.7 ~mm (Surlyk, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973, \nSurlyk, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1428. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-509.jpg?height=899&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Symphythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Symphythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Symphythyris SMIRNOVA, 1966, p. 37","Type_species":"*Terebratulina arguinensis Moisseev in WEBER, 1949, p. 117, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded trigonal, gently biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, surface finely costellate, beak very elongated, suberect or gently incurved, foramen large, circular, mesothyrid or submesothyrid, symphytium long, convex. No pedicle collar, cardinal process small, outer hinge plates fused with high, massive socket ridges that project deeply into beak cavity, socket ridges buttressed by small, curved plates that reach valve floor on either side of low median septum, crural processes forming broad transverse band, slightly convex ventrally, loop almost tubular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Caucasus, Switzerland, Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1427, 1a-b. * S. arguinensis (Moisseev), Valanginian, Crimea, dorsal and lateral views, X1 (Smirnova, 1990a)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1427, 1c-h. S. neocomiensis d'Orbigny, Neocomian, Switzerland, c-f, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Cooper, 1973c), g-h, reconstructions of loop, X2 (Smirnova, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990, \nCooper, 1973, \nSmirnova, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1427. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).\nfig. 1427. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-508.jpg?height=143&width=1183&top_left_y=1367&top_left_x=229)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-508.jpg?height=143&width=1183&top_left_y=1367&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Alithyridinae","Genus":"Alithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alithyris SUN, 1981, p. 242","Type_species":"A. shiquanheensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, slightly incurved, delthyrium open, surface with subangular plicae branches short, transverse band incurved ventrally with low arch.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1429 a-t. *A. shiqanheensis, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 3, e-t, serial transverse sections 0.5, 0.7, 7.0, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 8.0, 8.1, 8.15, 8.25, 8.3, 8.4, 8.45, 8.5 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 6 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1429. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148-2150).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-510.jpg?height=1536&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cooperithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyrididae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Cooperithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cooperithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1988, p. 31","Type_species":"C. tenuicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, capillate with fine, sharp ribbing, beak small, foramen small, deltidial plates conjunct. Pedicle collar narrow, adminicula well developed in ventral valve. Cardinal process small, septal ridge extending for 0.3 dorsal valve length, crural bases strong, crural processes high, arcuate, uniting to form high half ring, transverse band low, narrow, loop tapering anteriorly. Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian): Transcaucasus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1430a-y. *C. tenuicostata, Pliensbachian, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, X3, d-y, serial transverse sections, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.9, 4.1, 4.4, 4.45 ~mm from first section, X4 (Tchorszhevsky, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhevsky, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1430. cancellothyrididae (p. 2151).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-511.jpg?height=1038&width=1275&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chlidonophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Chlidonophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chlidonophora DALL, 1903, p. 1, 538","Type_species":"Terebratulina? incerta DAVIDSON, 1878b, p. 438, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, semicircular, valves moderately biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to gently uniplicate, hinge line wide, straight, interarea short, beak short, foramen incomplete, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct, pedicle collar developed. Socket ridges broad, projecting above hinge line and uniting with transverse cardinal process, crura short, crural processes concave inwardly and sharply pointed, anterior part of loop flat and ribbonlike, directed anteriorly, pedicle variable but characteristically frayed into numerous strands, lophophore subplectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous, Holocene","Geography":"Spain, Atlantic, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1431,1a\u2013f. *C. incerta (DAVIDSON), Holocene, North Atlantic Ocean; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72.5 (Muir-Wood, 1965a); d\u2013e, laterally tilted and ventral view of dorsal valve interior with loop, \u00d74 (Cooper, 1973b); f, ventral valve interior showing teeth and mantle canals, \u00d73 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1431,1g\u2013h. C. chuni BLOCHMANN, Holocene, Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean; g, dorsal valve view with long, divided pedicle attached to Globigerina, \u00d72; h, subplectolophous lophophore, \u00d710 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Deslongchampsithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Deslongchampsithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Deslongchampsithyris Lee & Tchorszhevsky, herein, p. 2, 255, nom. nov. pro Deslongchampsia Tchorszhevsky, 1988, p. 33, non Morris & Lycett, 1851, nec ROCH\u00c9, 1939","Type_species":"Deslongchampsia moiseevi Tchorszhevsky, 1988, p. 33, OD, =Terebratella liasina Moisseev, 1934, p. 156, non Deslongchamps, 1863, nec RAU, 1902","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, biconvex, beak small, triangular, anterior commissure uniplicate, costellae low, narrow, foramen small, subapical, deltidial plates conjunct. Cardinal process small, flat, with distinct myophore, crural bases heavy, oval in cross section, arcuate, loop narrow. Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian): Crimea, Transcaucasus, England, Germany.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Crimea, Transcaucasus, England, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1432, 3 a-t .*D. moiseevi (Tchorszhevsky), Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve, X3, e-t, serial transverse sections, 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 1.15, 1.35, 1.5, 1.80, 2.15, 2.35, 2.65, 2.85, 3.05, 3.15, 3.35, 3.55 ~mm from first section, X4 (Tchorszhevsky, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhevsky, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1432. chlidonophoridae (p. 2152-2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-513.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Disculina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Disculina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Disculina DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884a, p. 147","Type_species":"Terebratula hemisphaerica J. SOWERBY, 1826 in 18261829, p. 69, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, valves concavo- to planoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to incipiently unisulcate, valves finely capillate and nodose, umbo incurved, foramen large, incomplete, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, small interarea in ventral valve. Pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, socket ridges broad and long, crura oblique with disjunct crural processes and anteriorly ventrally protuberant transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)-Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1431, 4 a-d. *D. hemisphaerica (J. de C. Sowerby), Bathonian, France, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X4, d, dorsal view of loop, X5 (Cooper, 1973c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gisilina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Gisilina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gisilina STEINICH, 1963, p. 735","Type_species":"Terebratula gisii ROEMER, 1841, p. 40, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded, auriculate, valves biconvex, with narrow interarea, anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, capillae simple, prominent, smooth or enlarged at intersection with growth lines, umbo short, suberect or erect, foramen ovoid, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar present, hinge teeth with swollen bases, loop ventrally directed, crural processes converging, lophophore from spicule arrangement probably plectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian, ?Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Danian, ?Eocene)","Geography":"Denmark, Germany, Romania, England, Ukraine, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1432, 1a-i. * G. gisii (Roemer), Rugen, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X3, c-f, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and ventral valve interior views, X4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), g, dorsal","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1432. chlidonophoridae (p. 2152-2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-513.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Meonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meonia STEINICH, 1963, p. 732","Type_species":"Terebratula semiglobularis POSSELT, 1894, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded shells with straight hinge line and narrow interarea, strongly planoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly sulcate, umbo short, foramen small, mesothyrid, capillae simple, granular. Cardinal process crenulated, hinge teeth with deep sockets on inner face, loop short, ventrally projecting, crural processes scarcely developed, narrow transverse band uniting broader converging crura, lophophore probably spirolophous, with spirals set at angle to plane of symmetry.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (?Danian, ?Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous, Paleogene (?Danian, ?Eocene)","Geography":"Denmark, Sardinia, Spain, ?Gulf of Gascogne, Upper Cretaceous; Denmark, ?Danian; Ukraine, ?Eocene.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1431, 2a-g. *M. semiglobularis (Posselt), a-d, dorsal valve, lateral, anterior, ventral valve interior, X3 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), e-f, dorsal valve interior showing loop, same, more posterior view, g, dorsal valve interior with brachial spirals silicified and part of interior restored, X10 (Steinich, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nSteinich, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1431. chlidonophoridae (p. 2151-2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-512.jpg?height=1881&width=1280&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prochlidonophora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Prochlidonophora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prochlidonophora Thomson & OWEN, 1979, p. 28","Type_species":"P. muirwoodae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, costellate with spinules, planoconvex to incipiently biconvex, beak short, erect, foramen large, circular, mesothyrid, hinge line slightly extended, interarea long, beak ridges distinct, delthyrium well exposed, deltidial plates conjunct. Cardinalia and loop unknown. Lower Cretaceous: Antarctica (Alexander Island).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Antarctica (Alexander Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1431, 3a-b. *P. muirwoodae, a, holotype, silicone rubber cast from external mold, X5, b, latex cast from external mold of ventral valve, X2 (Thomson & Owen, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Thomson & Owen, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1431. chlidonophoridae (p. 2151-2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-512.jpg?height=1881&width=1280&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Rugia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugia STEINICH, 1963, p. 735","Type_species":"R. tenuicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, resembles Terebratulina in hinge characters and probable plectolophous lophophore, but differs in small size of adult shells, rectimarginate commissure, more elongate umbo, long tapering deltidial plates and long pedicle collar, hypothyrid foramen, and more granular shell surface.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Denmark, Germany, Poland, England, Sweden, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1432, 2a-g. * R. tenuicostata, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, e-f, dorsal valve interior showing loop and crural processes in ventral and lateral views, g, ventral valve umbo showing deltidial plates, X10 (Steinich, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1432. chlidonophoridae (p. 2152-2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-513.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eucalathis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Eucalathinae","Genus":"Eucalathis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eucalathis Fischer & OEHLERT, 1890, p. 72","Type_species":"Terebratulina? murrayi DAVIDSON, 1878b, p. 437, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtrigonal, auriculate, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, hinge straight, surface capillate with rare intercalations or granular, umbo short, obliquely truncate, deltidial plates short, triangular, disjunct. Pedicle collar present, loop chlidonophorid but transverse band dorsally directed, socket ridges as narrow plates uniting with cardinal process, and anteriorly with crural bases, lophophore with 2 single whorl spirals set at angle to plane of symmetry, filaments long.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene","Geography":"USA, Eocene, Italy, Miocene, cosmopolitan (185-3, 870 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1433, 2a-e. * E. murrayi (Davidson), Holocene, off Fiji Islands, Pacific Ocean, a, dorsal view, X16, b-c, lateral and anterior views, X9, d-e, dorsal valve interior showing lophophore, with loop, X20 (Muir-Wood, 1965a)., Fig. 1433, 2f-j. E. ergastica Fischer & Oehlert, Holocene, North Atlantic Ocean, f-h, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, i, ventral valve interior, j, dorsal valve interior with loop, X4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1433. chlidonophoridae (p. 2156).\nfig. 1433. chlidonophoridae (p. 2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-515.jpg?height=1808&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-515.jpg?height=1808&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bathynanus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Eucalathinae","Genus":"Bathynanus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bathynanus FOSTER, 1974, p. 79","Type_species":"B. tenuicostatus FOSTER, 1974, p. 80, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, faintly capillate, subpentagonal in outline, foramen small, hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Cardinal process indistinct, socket ridges fusing with crural bases, crural plates extending anteriorly as low, narrow ridges on valve floor, crura short, flat, converging slightly, loop incomplete, lophophore zygolophous. Holocene: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic Oceans (3, 843-5, 160 m).","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Pacific, Indian, Atlantic Oceans (3, 843-5, 160 m)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1433, 1a-f. * B. tenuicostatus, southeastern Pacific Ocean, a, holotype, dorsal valve view, USNM 550282A, b-c, interior views of ventral and dorsal valves, d, dorsal valve interior, X5, e-f, drawing of dorsal valve and dorsal valve interior, X12.5 (Foster, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nFoster, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1433. chlidonophoridae (p. 2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-515.jpg?height=1808&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nanacalathis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Eucalathinae","Genus":"Nanacalathis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nanacalathis ZEZINA, 1981a, p. 162","Type_species":"*N*. minuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, biconvex, costate, beak suberect, foramen mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Cardinal process small, socket ridges fusing with crural bases, crura short, converging slightly, loop incomplete.\"","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean (289-3, 731 m)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1434, 1a. *N. minuta, Indian Ocean, dorsal view, \u00d7 23 (Zezina, 1981c), Fig. 1434, 1b-e. N. sp, Atlantic Ocean, b-c, exterior and interior of dorsal valve, \u00d7 10, d-e, exterior and interior of ventral valve, \u00d7 10 (Cooper, 1973b)","Museum_or_author_information":"Zezina, 1981, \nCooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1434. chlidonophoridae (p. 2156-2158).\nfig. 1434. chlidonophoridae (p. 2156-2158).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-516.jpg?height=591&width=1273&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-516.jpg?height=591&width=1273&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Notozyga":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Eucalathinae","Genus":"Notozyga","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Notozyga COOPER, 1977, p. 105","Type_species":"N. lowenstami, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal in outline, biconvex, hinge wide, costellae beaded, Differs from Eucalathis in having thick, wide crural bases, thick, angular crural processes, and a broad, rounded transverse band that does not extend anteriorly to crural processes","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Caribbean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1434, 2a-e. * N. lowenstami, Caribbean, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 550591 a, X10, e, interior of dorsal valve, X15 (Cooper, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1434. chlidonophoridae (p. 2156-2158).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-516.jpg?height=591&width=1273&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Agulhasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Agulhasiinae","Genus":"Agulhasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Agulhasia KING, 1871, p. 109","Type_species":"A. davidsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded trigonal, rostrate, with greatly elongated ventral beak one-third of valve length, biconvex, with faint, ventral median sulcus, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, deltidial plates disjunct, separated by long, narrow, sunken apical plate forming elongated pedicle collar, foramen anterior, hypothyrid. Hinge teeth longitudinally grooved and articulating with socket ridges, cardinal process large, knoblike, loop rather long, narrow, and anteriorly rounded, internal shell margin strongly crenulated.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (lower Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (lower Miocene), Holocene","Geography":"South Africa, lower Miocene, South Atlantic and southern Indian Ocean (off South Africa, 78-800 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1435, 1a-g. *A. davidsoni, Holocene, Agulhas Bank, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 6, e-f, interior of ventral and dorsal valve, \u00d7 6, g, dorsal valve interior showing loop, \u00d7 12 (Cooper, 1973b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1435. chlidonophoridae (p. 2158-2159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-517.jpg?height=964&width=1271&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dracius":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Draciinae","Genus":"Dracius","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dracius STEINICH, 1967, p. 1, 146","Type_species":"D. carnifex, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex to concavoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, foramen amphithyrid, dorsal valve nearly smooth, ventral valve ribbed, deltidial plates disjunct. Socket ridges high, projecting above hinge line, cardinal process absent, crura flattened, with short, ventrally directed crural processes, transverse band strongly arched toward posterior margin, lophophore subplectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Germany, Denmark, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1435, 3a-f. *D. carnifex, lower Maastrichtian, Rugen, a-d, holotype, dorsal valve, ventral valve, lateral, and anterior views, X9, e-f, dorsal valve interiors, X15 (Steinich, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1435. chlidonophoridae (p. 2158-2159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-517.jpg?height=964&width=1271&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Orthothyridinae","Genus":"Orthothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthothyris COOPER, 1955a, p. 64","Type_species":"O. radiata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular in outline with wide, straight hinge, slightly biconvex, becoming concavoconvex, anterior commissure broadly sulcate, ornament of coarse costae medianly and anteriorly, and posteriorly mediolaterally directed costellae, delthyrium margined by elevated deltidial plates, interarea well developed, beak ridges strong, foramen small. Sockets deep, with erect socket ridges, crura short, stout, crural processes large, expanded, loop a thin ribbon, projecting ventrally, attached to socket ridges, interior margin scalloped anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Caribbean, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1435, 2a\u2013d. *O. radiata, Habana Province, Cuba; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 108687; d, dorsal interior view, \u00d78 (Cooper, 1973c).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1435. chlidonophoridae (p. 2158-2159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-517.jpg?height=964&width=1271&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cnismatocentrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cnismatocentridae","Subfamily":"Cnismatocentrinae","Genus":"Cnismatocentrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cnismatocentrum Dall, 1920, p. 321","Type_species":"Terebratula (Liothyris) sakhalinensis DALL, 1908, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, stout, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, surface smooth or anteriorly capillate, umbo stout, foramen large, deltidial plates conjunct, symphytium exposed. Pedicle collar with short septum, cardinal process small, prominent, low median ridge in dorsal valve, socket ridges attached to valve wall and prolonged anteriorly over flat crura at their bases, crural processes short, loop very wide, slender, almost flattened, transverse band narrow and medially folded, lophophore plectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea, Japan, USA (Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1436, 3a-e. *C. sakhalinensis (DAlL), a-d, holotype, dorsal valve, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, off Sakhalin, USNM 110786A, X1, e, interior of dorsal valve, Chignik Bay, Alaska, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1436. cnismatocentridae (p. 2159-2161).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-518.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arcuatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cnismatocentridae","Subfamily":"Arcuatothyridinae","Genus":"Arcuatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arcuatothyris POPIEL-BARCZYK, 1972, p. 136","Type_species":"Terebratula arcuata ROEMER, 1841, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium size, biconvex, oval to pentagonal in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate or unisulcate, shell ornament of irregular, radial striae, beak large, suberect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium distinct. Cardinal process small with distinct myophore, socket ridges stout, long, high, crural bases narrow, small, triangular, thin plate separating socket ridge and fulcral plate, loop short, straight, transverse band narrow, nearly horizontal ribbon attached just beyond anterior end of crural processes. Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian): Germany, England, France, Poland, Russia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Germany, England, France, Poland, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1436, 2a\u2013e. *A. arcuata (ROEMER), Rouen, France; a, dorsal view, \u00d73; b\u2013c, ventral and anterior views, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve with cardinalia exposed, \u00d73; e, drawing of ventral view of loop, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1436. cnismatocentridae (p. 2159-2161).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-518.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nucleatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cnismatocentridae","Subfamily":"Arcuatothyridinae","Genus":"Nucleatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nucleatina KATZ, 1962, p. 135","Type_species":"Terebratula nanclasi COQUAND, 1862, p. 237; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular to elongate pentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate; smooth or with faint radial ornament; beak short, suberect; foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium hidden. Cardinal process small, narrow, semielliptical; inner socket ridges well developed, incurved laterally; crural bases developing directly from lateral valve sides in front of socket ridges; loop short, wide posteriorly, narrow and truncated anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"France, Russia, Spain, central Asia, southern India, northern Africa, southern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1436, 1a\u2013g. *N. nanclasi (C OQUAND ), Santonian, Rouen, France; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013e, dorsal valves showing loops; f\u2013g, drawings of loops, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1436. cnismatocentridae (p. 2159-2161).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-518.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Inopinatarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Inopinatarculidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Inopinatarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Inopinatarcula ELLIOTT, 1952, p. 2","Type_species":"Trigonosemus acanthodes ETHERIDGE, 1913, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular in outline, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, surface finely costellate, costellae with short spines, beak short, suberect, foramen minute, permesothyrid, symphytium triangular, transversely rugose. Cardinal process small, trilobed, socket ridges erect, massive, fulcral plates thick, massive, no outer hinge plates, crural bases concealed beneath thickened socket ridges, crura short, crural processes short, transverse band broad, medially arched. Lower Cretaceous (Albian)-Upper Cretaceous (Campanian): Australia, Santonian-Campanian, New Zealand, Albian.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)-Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Geography":"Australia, Santonian-Campanian, New Zealand, Albian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1437, 1a-e. *I. acanthodes (Etheridge), Senonian, Australia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d-e, dorsal valve, ventral valve interiors, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1437. inopinatarculidae and uncertain (p. 2161-2162).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-519.jpg?height=668&width=1283&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudokingena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyridoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudokingena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudokingena Boese & SCHLOSSER, 1900, p. 177","Type_species":"Terebratulina deslongchampsi DAVIDSON, 1850c, p. 450, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded or quadrate, ventribiconvex, dorsal valve may have shallow sulcus, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly folded, shell surface granular, with 2 sizes of tubercles, beak short, palintrope well defined, beak ridges well defined, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Pedicle collar present, dental plates absent, inner shell surface around margins capillate. Cardinalia like those of Terebratulina, loop short (about 0.3 dorsal valve length), similar to that of Eucalathis.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"England, France, Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1437, 2a-f. *P. deslongchampsi (Davidson), France, a, dorsal view, X4, b-c, lateral and anterior views, X2, d, interior of ventral valve, X2, e, interior of dorsal valve, X4, f, ornament, enlarged (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1437. inopinatarculidae and uncertain (p. 2161-2162).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-519.jpg?height=668&width=1283&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Goliathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Goliathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Goliathyris Feldman & OWEN, 1988, p. 4","Type_species":"G. lewyi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, thick shelled, smooth, subpentagonal in outline, concavoconvex or planoconvex, ventral valve almost carinate, strongly unisulcate, foramen small, permesothyrid, beak incurved, cardinal process massive, bilobate, hinge plates weakly differentiated from inner socket ridges, horizontal, becoming concave toward floor of dorsal valve, loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Sinai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1438a-b. *G. lewyi, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views of holotype, GSI M7261a, \u00d7 1, d-h, serial transverse sections, \u00d7 0.5 (Feldman & Owen, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Feldman & Owen, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1438. uncertain (p. 2162).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-520.jpg?height=1374&width=1283&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zeilleria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Zeilleria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zeilleria BAYLE , 1878, expl. pl. 9 (no page number)","Type_species":"Terebratula cornuta J. de C. SOWERBY , 1824 in 1823\u20131825, p. 66; SD DOUVILL\u00c9 , 1879, p. 275","Synonyms_with_authors":"Columellithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY & RADULOVIC 1984, p. 164 (type, C. novoselica TCHORSZHEVSKY & RADULOVIC, 1984, p. 165, OD);  Sinusella SUCICPROTIC, 1985, p. 26 (type, S. laskarevi, OD)","Synonyms":"Columellithyris, Sinusella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, subpentagonal, bilobate or quadrilobate outline, biconvex, becoming anteriorly lobate with no posterior dorsal sulcation, umbo suberect to much incurved, beak ridges clearly delimiting palintropes, foramen permesothyrid, commonly telate; pedicle collar absent, dental plates strong, slightly inwardly concave, ventrally divergent; cardinal process exceptionally represented by callus lobe, hinge plates ventrally de\ufb02ected and convex ventrally in section, septalium broadly U-shaped, commonly with anterior median groove, median septum triangular in cross section, extending about 0.3 valve length, loop almost reaching anterior, with spinose, descending branches, connection between anterior of loop and septal pillar early in ontogeny; dorsal adductor scars subcircular.   [Distinction of Columellithyris, based on the absence of inner hinge plates and the unresorbed remnant of a septal pillar, cannot be sustained, as a septalium is clearly present and a septal pillar remnant is present in the ontogeny of Zeilleria. Distinction based on three specimens and resting solely on the presence of a shallow sulcus in the anterior half of the ventral valve is not valid; Sinusella is therefore regarded as a synonym of Zeilleria.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic, Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic, Lower Jurassic\u2013Middle Jurassic:","Geography":"Europe (or cosmopolitan), Lower Jurassic.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1439, 1a\u2013d. *Z. cornuta (J. de C. SOWERBY), middle Lias, Somerset, England; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views; d, internal mold showing adductor scars, \u00d71.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).\u2014\u2014Fig . 1439, 1e. Z. quadri\ufb01da (VALEN CIENNES in L AMARCK ), middle Lias, France; dorsal view showing quadrilobation, \u00d70.7 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1439, 1f\u2013uu. Z. leckenbyi (DAVIDSON ex W ALKER MS), lower Aalenian, Gloucestershire, England; f, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, \u00d71.3 (Baker, 1972); g\u2013aa, serial transverse sections, early juvenile shell, 0.15, 0.36, 0.45, 0.54, 0.69, 0.75, 0.87, 0.99, 1.20, 1.29, 1.59, 1.74, 1.80, 1.86, 1.92, 2.04, 2.07, 2.10, 2.46, 2.79, 3.12 mm from umbo, \u00d74; bb\u2013uu, serial transverse sections, adult shell 1.4, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2, 4.9, 5.6, 7.0, 7.7, 9.1, 9.8, 11.2, 11.9, 12.6, 15.4, 16.1, 16.8, 19.6, 20.3, 21.0, 21.7 mm from umbo, \u00d70.65 (adapted from Baker, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ajukuzella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Ajukuzella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ajukuzella OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 165-166","Type_species":"A. ajukuzensis OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 166, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded-square or rounded-pentagonal in outline, strongly ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, umbo small, suberect, with short, subangular beak ridges, foramen permesothyrid, poorly developed pedicle collar occasionally present, outer hinge plates very narrow, deflected ventrally, septalium broadly U-shaped with crural plates curved ventrally to form low, median ridge, median septum triangular in cross section, extending about 0.3 valve length, crural processes long, arched, loop relatively short, barely extending 0.4 valve length.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1440, 4a-c. * A. ajukuzensis, Tadzhikistan, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1440. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-524.jpg?height=1867&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antiptychina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Antiptychina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antiptychina ZITTEL, 1880, p. 704","Type_species":"Terebratula bivallata Deslongchamps, 1860, p. 20 (p. 7 of separate), SD EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 268","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cretaceous record relates to unnamed terebratulid homeomorph.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oblong-pentagonal to quadrilobate in outline, flatly biconvex, ventral valve carinate with median sulcus, dorsal valve sulcate with median fold, anterior commissure biplicate, umbo fine tapering, suberect with long, angular beak ridges extending to anterolateral margin, foramen elliptical, possibly epithyrid, cardinal process represented by small callus knob, septalium possibly broadly U-shaped, median septum long, bladelike or acutely triangular in cross section, extending for almost 0.75 valve length, loop with long spines on both ascending and descending branches, broad transverse band with two lateral, posteriorly projecting carinae separated from median lobe by deep concavity","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)-Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","Geography":"France, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Bajocian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1440, 1a- f. *A. bivallata (Deslongchamps), upper Bajocian, France, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X2, e, breached shell showing lateral view of loop, X3, f, dorsal valve interior, X2.5 (MuirWood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1440. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-524.jpg?height=1867&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Aulacothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacothyris DOUVILL\u00c9, 1879, p. 277","Type_species":"Terebratula resupinata J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal in outline, strongly ventribiconvex or concavocarinate to planoconvex, anterior commissure normally unisulcate, umbo small, flattened, incurved with palintrope strongly demarcated, pedicle foramen permesothyrid, commonly telate, interior of shell commonly with much callus thickening, pedicle collar not observed, dental plates angled, subparallel to ventrally convergent, hinge plates convex ventrally, not clearly demarcated from inner socket ridges, septalium rounded V-shaped, median septum moderately high, triangular in cross section, about 0.5 valve length, connection between anterior of loop and septal pillar early in ontogeny, dorsal adductor scars elongate-oval, anterior scars about half size of posterior scars","Beginning_age":"Triassic, Lower Jurassic (lower Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Triassic, Lower Jurassic (lower Pliensbachian)-Middle Jurassic (Aalenian)","Geography":"Europe, ?cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1440, 2a-d. * A. resupinata (J. Sowerby), Pliensbachian, Somerset, England, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, dorsal valve interior mold showing adductor scars, X1.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1440. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-524.jpg?height=1867&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bakonyithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Bakonyithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bakonyithyris V\u00d6R\u00d6S, 1983, p. 22","Type_species":"Waldheimia pedemontana PARONA, 1893, p. 49, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal to rounded outline, anterior commissure unisulcate, umbo small, incurved, pedicle foramen very small, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, dental plates long, parallel, crural processes incurved, septalium deep, V-shaped, median septum acutely triangular in cross section, extending barely 0.25 valve length, loop moderate, descending branches slender, ascending branches expanded, uniting with transverse band to form hoodlike structure, anterior of loop with fringe of short spines.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Sicily, Apennines, southern Alps, West Carpathians, Hungary, Crimea, Sinemurian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1440, 5a-u. *B. pedemontana (Parona), Pliensbachian, Ibex Zone, Bakony Mountains, Kericser, Hungary, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X2 (V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983), d, dorsal valve interior reconstruction, X3.5, e-u, serial transverse sections, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.85, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 3.0, 3.3, 3.7, 4.3, 4.6 ~mm from umbo, X2.5 (adapted from V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983, \nadapted from V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1440. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-524.jpg?height=1867&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bazardarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Bazardarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bazardarella OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 159-160","Type_species":"B. bazardarensis OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 160, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, rounded or oval, biconvex, unevenly bisulcate with folds distinctively developed anteriorly, umbo small, incurved to strongly incurved with short, subangular beak ridges, hinge teeth simple with small denticulum, dental plates inwardly concave, becoming ventrally convergent, outer hinge plates broad, ventrally convex, dorsally deflected, crural plates ventrally convex, combined effect producing septalium replaced by median ridge for most of length and whole structure with flattened, W-shaped section, lateral umbonal cavities with apical callus, crural processes short, divergent, median septum extending almost 0.5 valve length, excavated, as in Rugitela, to leave narrow cardinal shelf, dorsal adductor scars rather broad, parallel or slightly diverging","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1439, 2a-c. * B. bazardarensis, Tadzhikistan, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1439. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-523.jpg?height=1940&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calpella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Calpella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calpella Owen & ROSE, 1997, p. 508","Type_species":"Zeilleria aretusa Di STEFANO, 1887, p. 93, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal in outline with maximum width in anterior third, equally biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, anterior half of shell costate with 10 to 12 costae originating from midvalve area and radiating anteriorly, umbo short, suberect, with subangular beak ridges clearly delimiting palintropes, pedicle foramen permesothyrid, comparatively large, median septum prominent, extending slightly more than 0.5 valve length, other internal characters unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?upper Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (?upper Sinemurian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Sinemurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?upper Sinemurian)","Geography":"Gibraltar, Sicily, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1441, 2 a-c .\\* C. aretusa (Di Stefano), lower Lias, Gibraltar, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \\times 1.5 (Owen \\& Rose, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen \\& Rose, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1441. zeilleriidae (p. 2167-2170).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-526.jpg?height=1847&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":196.18,"ending_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":192.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cincta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Cincta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cincta QUENSTEDT, 1868 in 1868-1871, p. 25","Type_species":"Terebratula numismalis Valenciennes in Lamarck, 1819, p. 249, SD DALL, 1877a, p. 20","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cinctopsis Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1985, p. 45 (type, C. luka, OD)","Synonyms":"Cinctopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular to pentagonal in outline, growth lines prominent, weakly biconvex, anteriorly lobate, umbo acute, suberect, beak ridges short, foramen minute mesothyrid, dental plates angled, ventrally convergent, commonly embedded in callus, hinge plates slightly ventrally inclined, septalium rounded V-shaped becoming deep U-shaped, median septum triangular in cross section, extending about 0.3 valve length, dorsal adductor scars elongate-oval, tapering posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)-Middle Jurassic (lower Bajocian)","Geography":"Europe (?cosmopolitan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1439, 3a-c. *C. numismalis (Valenciennes), Pliensbachian, France, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1439, 3d. C. pernumismalis Buckman, England, internal mold showing dorsal adductor scars and vascular trunks, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1439. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).\nfig. 1439. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-523.jpg?height=1940&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-523.jpg?height=1940&width=1282&top_left_y=149&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":45,"ending_date":169.67,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Digonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Digonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Digonella MUIR-WOOD, 1934, p. 550","Type_species":"* Terebratula digona J. SOWERBY, 1815 in 1812-1815, p. 217, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate to sac shaped in outline, greatest width anteriorly with development of angular carinae, concavocarinate posteriorly, becoming biconvex, umbo flattened, suberect with short beak ridges, foramen mesothyrid or permesothyrid, telate, pedicle collar with septum, dental plates slender, subparallel, hinge plates demarcated from inner socket ridges, slightly concave ventrally, septalium open V-shape, becoming almost flat with median groove anteriorly, median septum bladelike, slightly more than 0.5 valve length, loop with numerous long spines, transverse band with posteriorly projecting carinae, dorsal adductor scars linear, adjacent to septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1441, 5a-ll. *D. digona (J. Sowerby), Great Oolite Series, southern England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X2, d, dorsal valve interior mold showing adductor scars, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965b), e, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X1.5 (Muir-Wood, 1934), f-l l, serial transverse sections, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9 .2 .9, 3.3, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 5.0, 5.1, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 7.3, 7.5, 7.7, 7.9 ~mm from umbo, X1.25 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1934, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 1441. zeilleriidae (p. 2167-2170).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-526.jpg?height=1847&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoantiptychia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Eoantiptychia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoantiptychia Xu & LIU, 1983b, p. 97","Type_species":"Antiptychia pentagona Yang & Yin in Yang & OTHERS, 1962, p. 122, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, pentagonal in outline, unequally biconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate initially, becoming biplicate, umbo erect or slightly incurved, palintropes small, foramen mesothyrid, pedicle collar present, inner socket ridges well developed, hinge plates narrow, crural processes high, crural plates convex distally, giving septalium open V-shape posteriorly, becoming deep, truncated Vshape anteriorly, median septum broadly triangular in cross section, approximately 0.3 valve length, loop descending branches slender, ascending elements unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai Province, Junzihe Formation)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1442, 1a-e. *E. pentagona (Yang & Yin), South Dajialian Member, southern Qilian Mountains, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, \u00d7 1 (Xu & Liu, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1442. zeilleriidae (p. 2169-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-529.jpg?height=1235&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fimbriothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Fimbriothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fimbriothyris EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 273","Type_species":"Terebratula guerangeri DESLONGCHAMPS, 1856a, p. 304, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal in outline and laterally compressed, equally biconvex, without median fold or sulcus, umbo suberect, with long, subangular beak ridges delimiting narrow palintropes, foramen permesothyrid, telate, symphytium narrow, anterior half of shell costate medianly, costae simple, subparallel, rare on lateral slopes, dental plates long, slender, subparallel, inner socket ridges and hinge plates convex ventrally, septalium deep posteriorly, becoming broad, shallow, U-shaped, septalial plates incompletely fused, leaving small cavity below septalium, median septum bladelike, becoming acutely triangular in cross section anteriorly, extending only about 0.3 of valve length.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Europe, ?Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1441, 1 a-d. *F guerangeri (Deslongchamps), Sarthe, France, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1441. zeilleriidae (p. 2167-2170).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-526.jpg?height=1847&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":188.55,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Irenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Irenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Irenothyris POJARISKAJA, 1966, p. 27","Type_species":"Zeilleria guldaraensis MOISSEEV, 1944, p. 60, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, subtrigonal or rounded in outline, becoming anteriorly lobate or metacarinate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo acute, strongly incurved, beak ridges rounded, foramen mesothyrid to epithyrid, pedicle collar present, hinge teeth short, thick, with weakly developed denticulum, dental plates slender, outer hinge plates ventrally concave in juveniles, forming troughlike structure but in adults almost planar due to secondary thickening combined with ventrally convex crural plates to form T-shaped septalium, median septum thin, high, extending about 0.5 valve length, loop long, ascending elements relatively wide, dorsal adductor scars elongate, pyriform, close to septum, mantle canals parallel","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Russia, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1440, 3a-c. * I. guldaraensis (Moisseev), Gusapski region, River Guldara, Russia, a-b, dorsal, lateral views, X1 (Moisseev, 1944), c, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X1.5 (Pojariskaja, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Moisseev, 1944, \nPojariskaja, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1440. zeilleriidae (p. 2164-2169).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-524.jpg?height=1867&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Keratothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Keratothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Keratothyris TULUWEIT, 1965, p. 76","Type_species":"Terebratula cor LAMARCK, 1819, p. 249, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Spinulothyris Antostschenko, 1973, p. 112 (type, S. patilensis Antostschenko, 1973, p. 113, OD)","Synonyms":"Spinulothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal to incipiently bilobate in outline, biconvex to slightly globose, anterior commissure paraplicate to rectimarginate or weakly unisulcate, lobate, umbo broad, erect to incurved, with clearly delimited palintropes, foramen mesothyrid, commonly telate, inner socket ridges dorsally deflected, septalium open V-shaped, becoming U-shaped anteriorly, median septum moderately high, lateral umbonal cavities with thick apical callus, connection between anterior of loop and septal pillar early in ontogeny","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Toarcian)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Crimea, Caucasus, Yugoslav Carpatho-Balkan arch, western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1441, 4a-c. *K. cor (Lamarck), Pliensbachian, Echte, northwestern Germany, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1 (Tuluweit, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tuluweit, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1441. zeilleriidae (p. 2167-2170).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-526.jpg?height=1847&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kolymithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Kolymithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kolymithyris Dagys, 1965, p. 148","Type_species":"Zeilleria kolymensis MOISSEEV, 1937, p. 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval in outline, umbo short, incurved, pedicle foramen minute, mesothyrid, pedicle collar absent, dental plates angled, slightly ventrally divergent, enveloped in thick umbonal callus, cardinal process massive callus structure, undivided, projecting into delthyrial cavity, anteriorly fused with inner socket ridges, outer hinge plates, and crural plates, internal structures much obscured by umbonal callus but in section, inner socket ridges deflected ventrally, septalium V-shaped, median septum low, triangular, extending about 0.25 valve length, loop long, without spines, transverse band with laterally projecting carinae","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia, ?New Zealand, Norian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1443, 1a-bb. *K. kolymensis (Moisseev), Norian, Kolyma River Basin, northeastern Siberia, a-c, dorsal, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Dagys, 1965), d-b b, serial transverse sections, 0.2, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.1, 4.8, 5.3, 6.1, 7.0, 7.8, 9.0, 9.4, 10.3, 12.2, 17.0 ~mm from umbo, X1.25 (adapted from Dagys, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1965, \nadapted from Dagys, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1443. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-530.jpg?height=1887&width=1294&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kuntella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Kuntella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kuntella OVTSHARENKO, 1991, p. 112","Type_species":"K. kuntensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subpentagonal to elongate pentagonal in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate to incipiently uniplicate, umbo small, suberect with short, rounded-angular beak ridges, pedicle foramen small, apparently round, apparently permesothyrid, pedicle collar not observed, dental plates very short, subparallel to slightly ventrally convergent, inner socket ridges deflected dorsally, outer hinge plates flat, septalium open U-shape initially, becoming flat anteriorly, wholly supported by median septum except for narrow, anterior cardinal shelf, median septum thin, moderately high, extending more than 0.5 valve length, loop about 0.75 valve length, transverse band moderately broad with posterior projections","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic-Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Pamir","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1443, 3a-c. *K. kuntensis, Middle Jurassic, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1.5 (Ovtsharenko, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovtsharenko, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1443. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-530.jpg?height=1887&width=1294&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lazella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Lazella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lazella Radulovi\u0107, 1991, p. 29","Type_species":"L. nana RADULOVI\u0106, 1991, p. 30, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate to incipiently uniplicate, umbo relatively long, erect, beak ridges clearly delimiting palintropes, pedicle foramen round, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, incurved, poorly developed pedicle collar occasionally present, hinge teeth massive, dental plates slender, inner socket ridges slightly deflected dorsally, outer hinge plates demarcated from inner socket ridges, septalium very shallow, broadly U-shaped, median septum triangular in cross section, extending about 0.5 valve length, excavated, as in Plesiothyris, to leave narrow, cardinal shelf","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian-Bathonian)","Geography":"Yugoslav Carpatho-Balkan arch","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1441, 3a-u. *L. nana, upper Bajocian, Laz, Yugoslavia, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X5 (Radulovi\u0107, 1991), f-u, serial transverse sections, 0.3, 1.3, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7, 2.9, 3.4, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 6.4, 6.9, 8.2, 9.6 ~mm from umbo, X2 (adapted from Radulovi\u0107, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Radulovi\u0107, 1991, \nadapted from Radulovi\u0107, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1441. zeilleriidae (p. 2167-2170).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-526.jpg?height=1847&width=1275&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mycerosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Mycerosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mycerosia COOPER, 1989, p. 117","Type_species":"M. amygdaliformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, pentagonal in outline, maximum width in posterior third, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate with slight tendency to uniplication, umbo small, erect, with rounded-angular beak ridges, foramen medium size, mesothyrid, slightly telate, short pedicle collar, dental plates short, septalium flattish, with or without low median elevation, median septum thin, high, bladelike, slightly less than 0.5 valve length, crural bases given off possibly dorsally, loop extending for about four fifths of valve length, descending and ascending branches spinose, transverse band narrow laterally, wide ventrodorsally with short projections extending dorsally from junction with ascending lamellae.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian, Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?Bathonian, Callovian), Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Egypt, ?Bathonian, Saudi Arabia, Callovian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1444, 1a-d. * M. amygdaliformis, Kimmeridgian, Hanifa Formation, Jebel Tuwaiq, Saudi Arabia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X3, d, dorsal valve interior, showing spinose loop, X2 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1444. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-531.jpg?height=1961&width=1294&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obovothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Obovothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obovothyris BUCKMAN, 1927, p. 32","Type_species":"* O. magnobovata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subpentagonal in outline with angular, anterolateral carinae, sulcocarinate posteriorly, becoming biconvex, umbo suberect to incurved, with short, subangular beak ridges, pedicle foramen permesothyrid, pedicle collar with stout septum, septalium very shallow, flatly undulating, median septum bladelike, slightly more than 0.5 valve length, dorsal adductor scars elongate-oval, tapering posteriorly.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1445, 1a-e. *O. magnobovata, Lower Cornbrash, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, d, interior mold showing dorsal adductor scars, X1.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b), e, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 1445. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-533.jpg?height=1870&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parathyridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Parathyridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parathyridina Schuchert & LeVene, 1929b, p. 121, nom. nov. pro Parathyris Douvill\u00e9, 1916, p. 35, non H\u00dcBNER, 1816","Type_species":"Parathyris plicatoides DOUVILL\u00c9, 1916, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, shell equally biconvex to globose without prominent fold or sulcus, anterior commissure uniplicate with superimposed, alternating costation, costae few, broad, near anterior margin only, umbo short, suberect, with obscure beak ridges, foramen possibly permesothyrid, symphytium narrow, median septum prominent, clearly visible on partially worn shells, other internal characters unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Egypt, Sinai Peninsula","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1443, 2a-b. *P. plicatoides (Douvill\u00e9), Egypt, dorsal, anterior views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1443. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-530.jpg?height=1887&width=1294&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Periallus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Periallus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Periallus HOOVER, 1979, p. 17","Type_species":"P. woodsidensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, pyriform in outline, unequally biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or paraplicate, umbo broad, suberect with prominent beak ridges, pedicle foramen large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, pedicle collar clearly developed, dental plates subparallel, hinge teeth well developed, ventral muscle scars elongate-triangular, hinge plates narrow, flat, arising at about midheight of inner socket ridges, crural bases possibly given off mesially in some specimens, crural plates variably disposed from vertical, joining valve floor, to dorsomesially directed, forming small acute septalium, median septum bladelike, approximately 0.5 valve length, loop moderate, commonly 0.6 valve length, dorsal surface of descending branches, profusely spinose, no trace of septal pillar involvement in loop development in specimens only 2.00 mm long","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic (Induan)","First_Occurrence":"Induan","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic (Induan-Olenekian)","Last_Occurrence":"Olenekian","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic (Induan-Olenekian)","Geography":"USA (southeastern Idaho)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1443,6a\u2013g. *P. woodsidensis, Woodside Formation, Bear Lake; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d73; d, fragment of articulated valves showing pedicle collar, strong dental plates, and median septum, \u00d78; e, dorsal valve, anteroventral view showing individual in which septalial plates do not contact median septum; f, dorsal valve interior showing form of septalium developed; g, dorsal valve interior showing spinose descending branch of loop and portion of ascending branch, \u00d76 (Hoover, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1443. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-530.jpg?height=1887&width=1294&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pirotella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Pirotella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pirotella SU\u010cI\u0106-PROTI\u0106, 1985, p. 22","Type_species":"* P. petkovici, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval to subpentagonal in outline, anterior commissure commonly undulating, umbo slightly incurved, with short, rounded, angular beak ridges, pedicle foramen round, small to moderate, permesothyrid, dental plates slightly inwardly concave, slightly ventrally divergent, median septum triangular in cross section, extending about 0.3 valve length, loop transverse band narrow to moderate","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Yugoslav Carpatho-Balkanids","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1445, 2a-e. * P. petkovici, Stara Planina, Senokos, Serbia, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1, e, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X1.2 (Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1445. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-533.jpg?height=1870&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":188.55,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plesiothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Plesiothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plesiothyris Douvill\u00e9, 1879, p. 275","Type_species":"Terebratula (Waldheimia) verneuili EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1864, p. 268, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Rhomboidella Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1985, p. 30 (type, R. rhombica, OD)","Synonyms":"Rhomboidella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, pentagonal in outline, moderately biconvex, anteriorly bilobate or quadrilobate, anterior commissure rectimarginate or sulciplicate, umbo suberect to incurved, beak ridges long, sharply demarcating palintropes, pedicle foramen commonly telate, permesothyrid, symphytium short, dental plates long, subparallel, hinge plates flat in section, septalium V-shaped, becoming broad, open, U-shape anteriorly, median septum acutely triangular in cross section, extending about 0.3 valve length, excavated beneath anterior of septalium to leave narrow cardinal shelf, loop almost reaching anterior, dorsal adductor scars linear, apparently similar to Digonella","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Spain, France, Yugoslavia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1444, 4a-e. *P. verneuili (Eudes-Deslongchamps), upper Pliensbachian, a, dorsal view, Spain, b, anterior view, adult specimen, Spain, c-d, dorsal, lateral view, Spain, e, anterior view, immature specimen, Spain, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1444, 4f. P. beli Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, Senokos, Serbia, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X1.5 (Su\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nSu\u010di\u0107-Proti\u0107, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1444. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).\nfig. 1444. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-531.jpg?height=1961&width=1294&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-531.jpg?height=1961&width=1294&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugitela":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Rugitela","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugitela Muir-Wood, 1936, p. 121","Type_species":"Terebratula bullata J. de. C. SOWERBY, 1823 in 1823-1825, p. 49, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Russiella Makridin, 1964, p. 288 (type, Terebratula royeriana D'Orbigny, 1845a, p. 484)","Synonyms":"Russiella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate-oval to bilobate in outline, sulcocarinate in early stages, becoming biconvex, commonly globose, anterior commissure rectimarginate, lobate, umbo suberect to incurved, with short, subangular beak ridges, pedicle foramen mesothyrid or permesothyrid, telate, shell surface with concentric rugae, pedicle collar rarely observed, dental plates angled, thickened by callus, septalium replaced by callus ridge anteriorly, inner socket ridges, hinge plates, and median callosity forming W-shaped structure, median septum long, high, bladelike or acutely triangular in cross section, extending 0.7 valve length, supporting posterior half of crural plates only, structures thickened by umbonal callus, loop possibly without spines, dorsal adductor scars elongate-oval.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Lower Cretaceous (?Berriasian?, Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)-Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Lower Cretaceous (?Berriasian?Hauterivian)","Geography":"England, France, Saudi Ababia, Toarcian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1444, 5a-t. *R. bullata (J. de C. Sowerby), Bathonian, Fullers Earth Rock, Frome, southern England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, d, longitudinal section showing loop, X1.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b), e-t, serial transverse sections, 0.4, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 3.9, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.6, 5.8, 6.1, 6.5 ~mm from umbo, X1.2 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1936).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1444, 5u. R. cadomensis (Eudes-Deslongchamps), Fullers Earth Rock, Bath, southern England, dorsal valve interior mold, showing median septum and adductor muscle scars, X0.7 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1936, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1444. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).\nfig. 1444. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-531.jpg?height=1961&width=1294&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-531.jpg?height=1961&width=1294&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sacothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Sacothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sacothyris Ching, Sun, & Ye, 1979, p. 214","Type_species":"Aulacothyropsis sinosa Jin & FANG, 1977, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded oblong in outline, ventribiconvex, sulcocarinate, broadening anteriorly, anterior commissure unisulcate or plicosulcate, umbo incurved, beak ridges rounded, pedicle foramen mesothyrid, symphytium present, pedicle collar present, dental plates slender, septalium moderately deep, median septum very long, extending almost to anterior margin, crural processes high, loop ascending branches vertical, platelike, transverse band thin or wide, arched belt","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Tibet, China (Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan Provinces)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1444, 3 a-e . *S. sinosa (JIN & FANG), Benzilan, Yunnan Province, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, anterior views of plicosulcate specimen, X1 (Ching, Sun, & Ye, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ching, Sun, & Ye, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1444. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).\nfig. 1444. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-531.jpg?height=1961&width=1294&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-531.jpg?height=1961&width=1294&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Securina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Securina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Securina V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983, p. 23","Type_species":"Waldheimia securiformis GEMMELLARO, 1874, p. 66, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, trigonal in outline, umbo strong, incurved, beak ridges angular in both valves, extended, reaching anterolateral extremities of shell, demarcating well-developed, concave planareas, pedicle foramen mesothyrid, inner socket ridges deflected dorsally, crura of falcifer type, septalium V-shaped, median septum slender, loop almost reaching anterior, descending branches straight, divergent, ascending branches wide, uniting with wide, arched transverse band, loop apparently without spines.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Betic Cordilleras, Saharan Atlas, Sicily, Apennines, southern Alps, northern Limestone Alps, West Carpathians, Hungary, Sinemurian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1445, 3a-r. *S. securiformis (Gemmellaro), Sinemurian, Bakony Mountains, Urkut, Hungary, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X2 (V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983), d, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X2.5, e-r, serial transverse sections, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.5, 4.3, 5.6, 6.1, 6.3, 6.9, 7.4, 9.0, 10.5, 12.0, 13.0 ~mm from umbo, X1.5 (adapted from V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983, \nadapted from V\u00f6r\u00f6s, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1445. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-533.jpg?height=1870&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Silesiathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Silesiathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Silesiathyris BR\u00dcGGE, 1977, p. 664","Type_species":"Terebratulites angustus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 285, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, pyriform to subpentagonal in outline, ventribiconvex or concavocarinate, dorsal valve with persistent sulcus, widening anteriorly, anterior commissure unisulcate, umbo long, erect, with short, rounded-angular beak ridges, pedicle foramen elongate-oval, moderate, epithyrid, dental plates slender, very short, inwardly concave, subparallel, concealed by callus in apical region, hinge plates flat, septalium wide, posterior concavity soon replaced by median ridge, giving open W-shape anteriorly, median septum rounded-triangular in cross section, extending almost to anterior, loop ascending branches wider, transverse band broad, acutely arched posteriorly, loop apparently without spines. Lower Middle Triassic: Poland.","Beginning_age":"Lower Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Anisian","Ending_age":"Lower Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Anisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Middle Triassic","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1442, 2a-e.*S. angusta (VON SCHLOTHEIM), Anisian, Tarnowiec, Gorny Slask; a\u2013d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, \u00d72.5 (Br\u00fcgge, 1977); e, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, \u00d74.25 (adapted from Br\u00fcgge, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1442. zeilleriidae (p. 2169-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-529.jpg?height=1235&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":241.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Somalitela":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Somalitela","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Somalitela MUIR-WOOD, 1935, p. 140","Type_species":"S. ambalensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate-oval in outline, anterior commissure incipiently uniplicate, umbo flattened, suberect with short, rounded-angular beak ridges, pedicle foramen relatively large, permesothyrid, telate, anterior half of shell prominently costate, dental plates slightly inwardly concave, subparallel, inner hinge plates slightly concave ventrally, septalium shallow, replaced by median ridge for most of length and whole structure with flattened, W-shaped section, median septum acutely triangular in cross section, about 0.5 length of valve, supporting hinge plates posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (?Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (?Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (?Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Somaliland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1443, 5a-c. *S. ambalensis, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1443. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-530.jpg?height=1887&width=1294&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":154.78,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tubegatanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Tubegatanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tubegatanella PROSOROVSKAJA, 1968, p. 244","Type_species":"T. repmanae PROSOROVSKAJA, 1968, p. 245, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal in outline, strongly ventribiconvex, anterior commissure usually rectimarginate, umbo massive, strongly incurved, with short, rounded-angular beak ridges, pedicle foramen very small, permesothyrid, dental plates slender, crural bases short, septalium flattening to become convex anteriorly, anterior edge of crural plates curved acutely in dorsoventral direction, median septum high, thin, approximately 0.3 valve length, loop spinose anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (upper Oxfordian)","Geography":"Tadzhikskaya","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1442, 3a-hb. * T. repmanae, Gissar, Tian Shan, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Prosorovskaja, 1968), e, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, X1.2, f-h h, serial transverse sections, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 3.5, 3.9, 4.4, 4.8, 4.9, 5.0, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 5.8, 6.4, 6.8, 7.2, 7.8, 8.4, 9.5, 9.7, 10.3, 10.8, 11.8, 12.7, 14.0, 16.7, 17.4, 17.5, 17.8 ~mm from umbo, X0.75 (adapted from Prosorovskaja, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nProsorovskaja, 1968, \nadapted from Prosorovskaja, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1442. zeilleriidae (p. 2169-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-529.jpg?height=1235&width=1277&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":158.16,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":154.78,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uniptychina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Uniptychina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uniptychina Alm\u00e9ras & ELMI, 1998, p. 96","Type_species":"Waldheimia b\u00f6hmi PARONA, 1895, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, becoming rounded elongate with age, strongly ventribiconvex, anterior commissure essentially parasulcate with median fold flattened and sulci widely separated with complementary folds in ventral valve masked by convexity of valve, umbo small, suberect, beak ridges sharp, demarcating well-developed symphytium, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid, median septum extending approximately 0.5 valve length, other internal characters unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bathonian)","Geography":"France, England, Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1443, 4a-c. * U. boehmi (Parona), Montchaud \u00e0 Saint Br\u00e9s, France, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1 (Alm\u00e9ras & Elmi, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alm\u00e9ras & Elmi, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1443. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-530.jpg?height=1887&width=1294&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":167.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Worobievella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Worobievella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Worobievella DAGYS, 1959a, p. 33","Type_species":"W. caucasica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Woroboviella Muir-Wood, 1965b, p. 828, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Woroboviella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate-oval in outline, with shallow, dorsal median sulcus, anterior commissure weakly unisulcate, umbo small, incurved, pedicle foramen minute, mesothyrid, dental plates slender, inwardly concave, slightly ventrally divergent, inner socket ridges and hinge plates dorsally inclined, septalium rounded V-shaped, median septum thin, about 0.3 valve length, loop smooth, with broad, ascending branches, transverse band convex, only slightly posterior.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1444, 2a-c. *W. caucasica, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1.5 (Dagys, 1959a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1444. zeilleriidae (p. 2170-2176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-531.jpg?height=1961&width=1294&top_left_y=148&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vectella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Vectella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vectella OWEN, 1965, p. 51","Type_species":"Waldheimia celtica MORRIS, 1854, p. 158, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-oval in outline, sulcocarinate to biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or unisulcate, umbo moderate, suberect, dental plates short, ventrally convergent, embedded in callus, cardinal process represented by apical callus, crural bases triangular, septalium deep, V-shaped, median septum thick, acutely triangular in cross section","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aptian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian)","Geography":"southern England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1446, 1a-p. *V. celtica (Morris), Shanklin, Isle of Wight, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1 (Owen, 1965), d-p, serial transverse sections. 0.8, 1.4, 1.6, 1.9, 2.4, 2.7, 3.2, 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.2, 4.9, 5.2 mm from umbo, X1 (adapted from Owen, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1965, \nadapted from Owen, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1446. zeilleriidae (p. 2176-2180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-535.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":115.99,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Advenina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Advenina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Advenina SANDY, 1986a, p. 187","Type_species":"A. oweni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval, subpentagonal or subtriangular in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, occasionally multiplicate, umbo erect, beak ridges well defined, foramen medium size, septalium V-shaped posteriorly, becoming open U-shaped to subhorizontal anteriorly, crura stout, extending rapidly into high crural processes, median septum high, bladelike, extending 0.5 or more of valve length","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (?Berriasian, Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (?Berriasian, Valanginian-Aptian)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Sardinia, ?Berriasian, Valanginian; Crimea, Caucasus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Valanginian\u2013Aptian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1446, 4a-c. *A. oweni, lower Valanginian, Alpes de Haute Provence, France, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH BB86852, X3 (Sandy, 1986a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sandy, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1446. zeilleriidae (p. 2176-2180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-535.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacothyroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Aulacothyroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacothyroides DAGYS, 1965, p. 155","Type_species":"A. bulkutensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, suboval in outline, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate to plicosulcate, umbo moderate size, short, erect, beak ridges rounded, foramen large, round, permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, dental plates short, straight, ventrally divergent, low cardinal process probably represented by apical callus development, outer hinge plates not demarcated from inner socket ridges, septalium shallow, open, V-shaped trough filled with callus medially, minor development of apical umbonal callus, median septum low, bladelike, extending about 0.6 valve length, enveloped for much of its length by extension of crural plates, loop long, descending and ascending branches spinose anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian)","Geography":"Svalbard, northern Siberia, Sikhote-Alin","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1446, 5a-d. *A. bulkutensis, Carnian, Rossokh River Basin, Bulkut River, northern Siberia, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1.5 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1446. zeilleriidae (p. 2176-2180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-535.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carpatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Carpatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carpatothyris SMIRNOVA, 1975a, p. 135","Type_species":"Terebratella repanda ZEUSCHNER, 1857, p. 48-49, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, pyriform in outline, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure strongly unisulcate, both valves flattened medianly, umbo elongate, suberect with long, angular beak ridges extending to posterolateral margin, symphytium high, dental plates long, subparallel, lateral umbonal cavities small, crural plates subhorizontal, septalium poorly developed, rudimentary, median septum united with hinge plates in umbonal region only, acutely triangular in cross section, extending about 0.8 valve length, loop long, almost reaching anterior margin, with wide, ascending lamellae and broad, transverse band","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"Poland (Carpathians), Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1447, 3a-c. * C. repanda (Zeuschner), upper Tithonian, Carpathians, Poland, dorsal, lateral, ventral views, X1 (Smirnova, 1975a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1975","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cheirothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Cheirothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cheirothyris ROLLIER, 1919, p. 338","Type_species":"Terebratula fleuriausa D'ORBIGNY, 1850 in 1849-1852, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Neotrigonella Cossmann, 1910 in 18951921, p. 74, obj., nom. nov. pro Trigonella Quenstedt, 1868 in 1868-1871, p. 25, obj., non da Costa, 1778, nec Conrad, 1837, nec Hehl, 1842","Synonyms":"Neotrigonella, Trigonella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Pentangular in outline with four prominent carinae, flatly biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo suberect, broad with long beak ridges extending to lateral margin, pedicle foramen large, incomplete, deltidial plates disjunct, dental plates relatively thick, subparallel to slightly ventrally divergent, inner socket ridges convex ventrally, septalium broad, with posterior median ridge giving low W-shape, median septum triangular in cross section, extending about 0.5 valve length, loop with low-arched, transverse band.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (middle Kimmeridgian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Kimmeridgian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (upper Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (middle Kimmeridgian-upper Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1446, 2a-c. *C. fleuriausa (d'Orbigny), Germany, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1446. zeilleriidae (p. 2176-2180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-535.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":152.95,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Delmontanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Delmontanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Delmontanella SulSer, 1995, p. 725, nom. transl. BAKER, herein, ex Ornithella (Delmontanella) SULSER, 1995, p. 725","Type_species":"Terebratula (Waldheimia) delmontana OPPEL, 1857, p. 607, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate oval or elongate pentagonal in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate, commonly carinate, umbo small to moderate, suberect, palintropes slightly flattened, foramen permesothyrid, dental lamellae robust, septalium initially shallowly concave, later flattened, retaining residual concavity with some undulation anteriorly with unsupported, anterior shelf, median septum acutely triangular, extending slightly more than 0.5 valve length, loop descending and ascending branches spinose, ascending elements relatively wide, transverse band saddle shaped with paired, posterior projections, connection between anterior of loop and median septum in ontogeny","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (middle Oxfordian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Oxfordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (lower Oxfordian-middle Oxfordian)","Geography":"Switzerland (northwestern Jura)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1446, 6a-e. *D. delmontana (Oppel), lower middle Oxfordian, Liesberg Formation, Montfaucon, a-c, dorsal, lateral, posterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, prepared specimen, e, dorsal valve interior, tilted lateral view, prepared specimen, X1.8 (Sulser, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sulser, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1446. zeilleriidae (p. 2176-2180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-535.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":151.12,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Enodithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Enodithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Enodithyris Smirnova in Smirnova & KONOVALOV, 1986, p. 79","Type_species":"E. fluens, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate-oval or elongate-rhomboidal in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate to incipiently unisulcate, umbo suberect, with angular beak ridges, dental plates slightly ventrally divergent, septalium V-shaped posteriorly, acutely V-shaped anteriorly, crural bases short, inclined, crural processes widely diverging, median septum acutely triangular to triangular in cross section, extending about 0.3 valve length, loop spinose.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Russia (Far East)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1446, 3a-c. * E. fluens, holotype, ventral, lateral, anterior views, MGU 245\/230, \u00d71 (Smirnova, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1446. zeilleriidae (p. 2176-2180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-535.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Epicyrta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Epicyrta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Epicyrta EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 275","Type_species":"Terebratula eugenii von Buch in DAVIDSON, 1850a, p. 72, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate-subpentagonal in outline, dorsiconvex, ventral valve depressed-convex with deep, median sulcus, anterior commissure dorsally arched, umbo suberect, flattened, beak ridges persistent in both valves, ventral beak ridges delimiting flattened palintropes, extending almost to anterolateral margin, dorsal beak ridges more rounded, pedicle foramen apical, telate, shell with rarely preserved, \ufb01ne capillation; dental plates subparallel, becoming ventrally convergent; inner socket ridges ventrally de\ufb02ected at high angle, hinge plates keeled, septalium deep, angular, U-shaped, median septum bladelike, high posteriorly, low anteriorly, less than 0.5 valve length, loop spines not observed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1447,4a\u2013f. *E. eugenii (VON BUCH), middle Lias, France; a\u2013e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, \u00d71; f, umbo enlarged, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fletcherithyroides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Fletcherithyroides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fletcherithyroides DAGYS, 1977, p. 14","Type_species":"F. gregarius DAGYS, 1977, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, oval in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate to incipiently uniplicate, umbo small, short, suberect, beak ridges rounded, foramen small, pedicle collar unsupported, dental plates straight, becoming slightly inwardly concave anteriorly, ventrally divergent, cardinal process low, undivided, possibly callus lobe, inner socket ridges deflected ventrally, demarcated from outer hinge plates, septalium moderately deep, broad V-shaped, median septum low, bladelike, extending about 0.4 valve length, loop long, spinose anteriorly.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1447, 2a-d. * F gregarius, Ladinian, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Dagys, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1977","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gemerithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Gemerithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gemerithyris SIBL\u00cdK, 1977, p. 203","Type_species":"Waldheimia (Aulacothyris) supina var. hungarica BALOGH, 1940, p. 26, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal to elongate-oblong in outline, ventribiconvex, ventral valve sometimes carinate, strongly convex with median sulcus, dorsal valve flatter, sulcate with median fold, anterior commissure plicosulcate, umbo relatively small, erect, with rounded beak ridges, pedicle collar present, outer hinge plates separated from crural plates by massive crural bases, septalium deep, V-shaped or broadly U-shaped with anterior median groove, median septum high, almost reaching anterior margin, loop with wider, ascending branches, transverse band convex ventrally, descending branches rarely with a few short spines.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic, Upper Triassic","Geography":"Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Romania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1448, 2a-d. *G. hungarica hungarica (Balogh), Carnian, Silicka Brezova, Czech Republic, Slovakia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X2.5, d, younger specimen, dorsal view, X3 (Sibl\u00edk, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sibl\u00edk, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1448. zeilleriidae (p. 2180-2183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-539.jpg?height=1157&width=1275&top_left_y=947&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karpatiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Karpatiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karpatiella SU\u010cI\u0106-PROTI\u0106, 1985, p. 27","Type_species":"K. valeriae SU\u010cI\u0106-PROTI\u0106, 1985, p. 28, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, elongate-oval to subpentagonal in outline, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate to weakly sulciplicate, umbo large, broad, erect with roundedangular beak ridges, pedicle foramen moderate, dental plates long, straight to slightly inwardly concave, slightly ventrally divergent, cardinal process represented by callus knob, inner socket ridges slightly dorsally deflected, outer hinge plates demarcated, slightly concave ventrally, septalium long, slightly undulating, median septum extending about 0.25 valve length. Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian): England, France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Yugoslav Carpatho-Balkan arch.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (upper Pliensbachian)","Geography":"England, France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Yugoslav Carpatho-Balkan arch","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1449, 2 a-e .*K. valeriae, Stara Planina, Senokos, Serbia, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, e, dorsal valve interior reconstruction, \u00d7 1 (Su\u010di\u0107Proti\u0107, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Su\u010di\u0107Proti\u0107, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1449. zeilleriidae (p. 2180-2182).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-540.jpg?height=869&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":188.55,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kedrovothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Kedrovothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kedrovothyris SMIRNOVA, 1990a, p. 119","Type_species":"K. kedrovaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, rounded-pentagonal in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo small, erect, dental plates thick, probably partially enveloped in umbonal callus, cardinal process probably represented by callus lobe, crural plates slender, median septum obtusely triangular in cross section, extending less than 0.5 valve length, loop transverse band with posterior projections","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Kamchatka","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1449, 3a-d. * K. kedrovaensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, d, holotype, ventral view, internal mold of conjoined valves, MGU 138\/401, X1.5 (Smirnova, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1449. zeilleriidae (p. 2180-2182).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-540.jpg?height=869&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Modestella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Modestella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Modestella Owen in CASEY, 1961, p. 573","Type_species":"* M. modesta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded subpentagonal in outline, shallow median sulcus between faint ridges in each valve, lobate anteriorly, anterior commissure rectimarginate, emarginated, umbo suberect, pedicle foramen large, deltidial plates concave, hinge teeth wedge shaped, dental plates thick, ventrally convergent, cardinal process commonly represented by callus lobe, hinge plates convex ventrally, septalium very deep, acutely V-shaped, median septum triangular in cross section, extending 0.5 valve length, structures commonly thickened by callus apically","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1446, 7a-c. *M. modesta, lower Albian, Bedfordshire, southern England, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X3 (Casey, 1961)","Museum_or_author_information":"Casey, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1446. zeilleriidae (p. 2176-2180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-535.jpg?height=1879&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ornithella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Ornithella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ornithella EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 273","Type_species":"Terebratula ornithocephala J. SOWERBY, 1815 in 1812-1815, p. 227, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Microthyridina Schuchert & LeVene, 1929b, p. 120 (type, Terebratulites lagenalis von Schlotheim, 1820, p. 284), nom. nov. pro Microthyris Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1884, p. 274, non Lederer, 1863","Synonyms":"Microthyridina, Microthyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-oval to pentagonal in outline, lobate anteriorly, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo suberect to incurved with rounded beak ridges, pedicle foramen permesothyrid, pedicle collar rarely observed, dental plates inwardly concave to angled, converging ventrally, embedded in callus in adult, hinge plates slightly deflected ventrally, becoming gently undulating, septalium flattening anteriorly to become convex median ridge, median septum acutely triangular in cross section, less than 0.5 valve length, umbonal cavities commonly filled with callus, connection between anterior of loop and septal pillar early in ontogeny, dorsal adductor scars elongate, set at slight angle to septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Callovian), ?Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)-Upper Jurassic (Callovian), ?Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Bajocian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1448, 3a-d. *O*. ornithocephala (J. Sowerby), Bathonian, lower Cornbrash, ?Somerset, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, \u00d7 1.3 (Muir-Wood, 1965b), d, dorsal valve interior, reconstruction, \u00d7 1.5 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1448. zeilleriidae (p. 2180-2183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-539.jpg?height=1157&width=1275&top_left_y=947&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parantiptychia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Parantiptychia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parantiptychia Xu & Liu, 1983b, p. 99 (Xu & LIU, 1980, p. 36, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"Antiptychina robusta Yang & Yin in Yang & OTHERS, 1962, p. 124, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, broadly oval to subpentagonal in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate early, becoming unisulcate or plicosulcate, umbo incurved with short beak ridges, pedicle foramen moderately large, possibly permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, inner socket ridges slightly deflected ventrally, hinge plates long and narrow, crural plates thin, persistent, extended as in Aulacothyroides, septalium commonly with anterior median ridge, septalium extending almost 0.3 valve length, median septum triangular in cross section, extending more than 0.5 valve length, loop ascending elements unknown","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1447, 5a-d. * P. robusta (YANG & Yin), Junzihe Formation, southern Qilian Mountains, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Xu & Liu, 1983b).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1447, 5e-ii. P. sulcata Xu & Liu, Zunzihe Formation, southern Qilian Mountains, transverse serial sections, 1.0, 1.5, 1.8, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.9, 4.3, 4.6, 4.9, 5.2, 5.6, 5.9, 6.1, 6.3, 6.9, 7.2, 7.6, 8.0, 8.5, 8.9, 9.1, 9.3, 9.8, 10.2, 10.7, 11.1, 11.6, 11.9 ~mm from umbo, X0.6 (adapted from Xu & Liu, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983, \nadapted from Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tauromenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Tauromenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tauromenia Seguenza, 1885, p. 253, footnote, non FUCINI, 1931","Type_species":"*T. polymorpha, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to elongate-oval or rounded-pentagonal in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo small, erect, pedicle foramen permesothyrid, anterior half of shell prominently costate, dental plates short, other characters unknown, hinge plates slightly convex ventrally, septalium shallow, median septum less than 0.5 valve length, loop characters unknown","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","First_Occurrence":"Rhaetian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (?Rhaetian), Lower Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian)","Geography":"Italy, ?Rhaetian, Italy, Portugal, Spain, northern Africa, Hettangian-Sinemurian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1449, 1a-d. *T. polymorpha, Hettangian, Sicily, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1449. zeilleriidae (p. 2180-2182).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-540.jpg?height=869&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":205.74,"ending_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":192.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetjuchithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Tetjuchithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetjuchithyris Smirnova in Smirnova & KONOVALOV, 1986, p. 81","Type_species":"T. flexibilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subtriangular in outline, anterior commissure uniplicate, umbo acute, erect, dental plates angled, widely spaced, recessive, septalium long, wide, septalial plates with outgrowth overarching septalial trough anteriorly, median septum long, thick posteriorly, becoming bladelike to acutely triangular anteriorly, extending about 0.75 valve length, loop long, almost reaching anterior margin, ascending branches widening posteriorly, uniting with broad, posteriorly arched transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian-Valanginian)","Geography":"Russia (Far East)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1447,1a\u2013ll. *T. \ufb02exibilis; a\u2013d, dorsal, lateral,anterior, ventral views, \u00d71 (Smirnova & Konovalov, 1986); e\u2013ll, serial transverse sections, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 1.9, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.85,2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.25, 3.45, 3.65, 4.05, 4.15, 4.45,4.65, 4.75, 4.95, 5.05, 5.15, 6.15, 6.45, 6.55, 8.35,8.75 mm from umbo [there is no record of the distance of the \ufb01nal section], \u00d71.5 (adapted from Smirnova & Konovalov, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zeillerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Vectellinae","Genus":"Zeillerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zeillerina Kyansep, 1959, p. 119","Type_species":"Zeilleria belbekensis Moisseev, 1934, p. 149, OD, emend., KYANSEP, 1961, p. 80","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, young specimens oval-pentagonal, adult specimens commonly strongly pentagonal in outline, ventribiconvex to planoconvex, anterior commissure incipiently uniplicate, umbo erect to slightly incurved, with subangular beak ridges, pedicle collar developed, teeth massive, cardinal process small, commonly weakly developed or absent, hinge plates slightly ventrally convex to flat, septalium poorly developed, rudimentary, median septum united with hinge plates in umbonal region only, triangular in cross section, 0.5 to 0.75 valve length, loop with short, ascending branches, sometimes with wedge-shaped spines.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Mediterranean region, Crimea, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1448, 1a-y. *Z. belbekensis (Moisseev), Kimmeridgian, southwestern Crimea, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Kyansep, 1959), e-y, serial transverse sections, 1.0, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 3.6, 4.4, 4.8, 5.3, 6.3, 6.5, 6.6, 6.9, 7.1, 7.2, 7.5, 7.6, 7.8, 8.1, 8.8, 9.5, 10.1 ~mm from umbo, X1 (adapted from Kyansep, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kyansep, 1959, \nadapted from Kyansep, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1448. zeilleriidae (p. 2180-2183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-539.jpg?height=1157&width=1275&top_left_y=947&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Macandrevia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Macandreviinae","Genus":"Macandrevia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Macandrevia KING, 1859, p. 261","Type_species":"Terebratula cranium M\u00dcLLER, 1776, p. 249, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Macandrewia Bronn, 1862, p. 305, obj., improper emendation, Frenula Dall, 1871, p. 55 (type, F. jeffreysi, OD), Waldheimiathyris Helmcke, 1939, p. 331, obj., Notorygmia Cooper, 1972, p. 13 (type, N. abyssa, OD)","Synonyms":"Macandrewia, Waldheimiathyris, Notorygmia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal in outline, smooth or with fine radial sculpture, umbo suberect to erect, deltidial plates rudimentary, pedicle foramen possibly permesothyrid, attrite, teeth moderate to large, dental plates short, straight, ventrally divergent, united by callus deposit closely applied to floor of valve, crural bases fused with inner socket ridges, crural plates steeply inclined to floor of valve, extended anteriorly, forming long, V-shaped trough extending about 0.5 valve length, low median ridge present early in ontogeny, but median septum absent in adult, loop extending about 0.75 valve length, smooth except for anterior fringe of short spines, ascending branches and transverse band moderately broad with short, posterior projections at union, diductor muscle scars attached to small, transverse impression over dorsal umbo, endopunctae minute, rather widely separated.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Antarctic Peninsula, Eocene, Japan, Miocene, Italy, Pliocene, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Pleistocene, Atlantic (10-2, 900 m), Pacific (240-4, 400 m), Antarctic (400-2, 800 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1450, 2a-e. M. americana Dall, Holocene, west entrance to Strait of Magellan, 470-562 m, Pacific, off Chile, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, e, dorsal valve oblique interior view, X1 (Cooper, 1973b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1450. zeilleriidae (p. 2183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-542.jpg?height=871&width=1277&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Polyplectella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Polyplectella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Polyplectella Feldman, Owen, & HIRSCH, 2001, p. 654","Type_species":"P. debriani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, oval to subpentagonal, almost equally biconvex but with ventral valve more inflated anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, shell mostly smooth but with polyplication developed marginally, umbo erect with distinct, mesothyrid beak ridges, median septum thin, extending about 0.6 of valve length","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"southern Israel (Negev)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1450, 1a-f. * P. debriani, upper Callovian, Hamakhtesh Hagadol, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, NHM 1038, d-f, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, NHM 1037, X1 (Feldman, Owen, & Hirsch, 2001).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Feldman, Owen, & Hirsch, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1450. zeilleriidae (p. 2183).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-542.jpg?height=871&width=1277&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gusarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Gusarellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gusarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gusarella PROSOROVSKAJA, 1962, p. 111","Type_species":"Zeilleria gusarensis MOISSEEV, 1944, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Montanella Ovtsharenko, 1976, p. 21 (type, Gusarella longa Prosorovskaja in Prosorovskaja & Pojarisskaja, 1968, p. 30), Micella Ovtsharenko, 1976, p. 24 (type, Gusarella makridini Pojarisskaja in Prosorovskaja & Pojarisskaja, 1968, p. 32), Eousella Ovtsharenko, 1976, p. 26 (type, Gusarella moisseievi Pojarisskaja in Prosorovskaja & Pojarisskaja, 1968, p. 35)","Synonyms":"Montanella, Micella, Eousella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongateoval to elongate-pentagonal in outline, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate with tendency toward sulciplication, umbo small, broad, with rounded-angular beak ridges, pedicle foramen circular, pedicle collar absent, dental plates straight, diverging ventrally, hinge plates united to form broadly U-shaped cardinal plate becoming Wshaped anteriorly, cavity may be present between crural bases and inner hinge plates, median septum absent, or rudiment present only in earliest development stages, loop almost reaching anterior margin, commonly spinose at point of union of descending and ascending branches, delicate transverse band rather posterior, dorsal adductor scars large, oval","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic-Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Crimea, Caucasus, Turkoman","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1451, 3a-jj. *G. gusarensis (Moisseev), Callovian, near Caspian Sea, western Turkoman, a- d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X0.75 (new), e, dorsal valve interior reconstruction, X0.75 (Prosorovskaja, 1962), f-j j, serial transverse sections, 1.9, 2.3, 3.8, 4.1, 4.7, 5.0, 5.2, 5.3, 5.5, 6.5, 6.6, 7.4, 7.9, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 9.6, 10.2, 10.7, 11.4, 11.9, 13.4, 14.7, 15.1, 15.8, 19.6, 21.9, 25.4, 27.8, 28.5, 29.6 ~mm from umbo, X1 (adapted from Prosorovskaja, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Prosorovskaja, 1962, \nadapted from Prosorovskaja, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1451. gusarellidae (p. 2184-2186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-543.jpg?height=1767&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paragusarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Gusarellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Paragusarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paragusarella SHI, 1992, p. 158 (SHI, 1990, p. 315, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"* P. uniplicata SHI, 1992, p. 159, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-oval in outline, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, umbo relatively small, erect to slightly incurved with angular beak ridges, pedicle foramen possibly permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, dental plates inwardly concave, diverging ventrally, cardinal process present, inner socket ridges deflected ventrally, hinge plates united to form shallow, U-shaped, entire cardinal plate","Beginning_age":"Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"southern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1451, 2a-c. *P. uniplicata, Burang, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, P31011, X1 (Shi, 1992).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Shi, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 1451. gusarellidae (p. 2184-2186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-543.jpg?height=1767&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protogusarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Gusarellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protogusarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protogusarella Perry & CHATTERTON, 1979, p. 315","Type_species":"*P. smithi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate-suboval in outline, anterior commissure weakly unisulcate to rectimarginate, umbo moderately incurved with rounded-angular beak ridges, foramen moderately large, permesothyrid, well-developed pedicle collar, dental plates inwardly concave, subparallel, hinge plates W-shaped, crural bases strong, given off possibly dorsally, inner hinge plates converging medianly but not meeting, forming perforate, apical cardinal plate, loop delicate, ribbonlike, at least 0.75 valve length, apparently not spinose, dorsal adductor scars elongate on either side of low, indistinct myophragm","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic (Induan)","First_Occurrence":"Induan","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic (Olenekian)","Last_Occurrence":"Olenekian","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic (Induan-Olenekian)","Geography":"USA (Idaho, Wyoming, Utah)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1451, 1akk. *P. smithi, Thaynes Formation, Preuss Range, southeastern Idaho, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, d, juvenile shell, dorsal view, e, dorsal valve interior, X2.6, f, loop reconstruction, X5 (Perry & Chatterton, 1979), g-k k, serial transverse sections, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.6, 4.8, 5.2, 5.6, 6.2, 6.6, 7.0, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8 ~mm from umbo, X2.6 (adapted from Perry & Chatterton, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Perry & Chatterton, 1979, \nadapted from Perry & Chatterton, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1451. gusarellidae (p. 2184-2186).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-543.jpg?height=1767&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eudesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Eudesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eudesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eudesia KING, 1850, p. 144","Type_species":"Terebratula orbicularis J de C. Sowerby, 1826 in 1826-1829, p. 68, OD, = T. cardium Valenciennes in LAMARCK, 1819, p. 255","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongate-oval in outline, umbo suberect to incurved, concealing deltidial plates, dental plates commonly enveloped in callus ventrally, hinge plates slightly convex ventrally, cardinal plate keeled, median septum high posteriorly, acutely triangular in cross section, extending about 0.5 valve length, loop transverse band with posteriorly directed carinae","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (?upper Bajocian, Bathonian)","Geography":"Europe, Asia, Africa, Serbia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1452, 3a-u. *E. cardium (Valenciennes), Bathonian, Ranville, France, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, X1 (Cooper, 1989), f-u, serial transverse sections, distances unknown, X1.2 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1965b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1989, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1452. eudesiidae (p. 2186-2188).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-545.jpg?height=1862&width=1285&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Eudesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apothyris COOPER, 1989, p. 101","Type_species":"*A. aberrans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, costellate, elongate-oval to subcircular in outline, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure commonly incipiently uniplicate, umbo broad, suberect to erect, with flattened palintropes demarcated by strong beak ridges, deltidial plates commonly excavated remnantal, costellae irregular, narrow, separated by spaces as wide as or wider than costellae, intercalation in two or three generations, pedicle collar not developed, dental plates very short, usually enveloped by callus, cardinal process small, possibly bilobed, inner socket ridges dorsally deflected, hinge plates concave ventrally, cardinal plate possibly perforate posteriorly, median septum very short, less than 0.2 valve length, supporting cardinal plate at apex, crural processes blunt, loop almost reaching anterior, ascending branches about half loop length, transverse band flattened","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian), Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1453, 1a-e. *A. aberrans, Callovian, Jebel Tuwaiq, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, X2 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1453. eudesiidae (p. 2186-2188).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-546.jpg?height=1007&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Flabellothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Eudesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Flabellothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Flabellothyris EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 262","Type_species":"Terebratula flabellum DEFRANCE, 1828a, p. 160, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Specimens from the Lower Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous are homeomorphs.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtrigonal to flabellate in outline, weakly biconvex, commissure commonly incipiently uniplicate, dorsal fold, if formed, occupying about 0.3 of valve width, commonly formed by three costae, umbo suberect with rounded-angular beak ridges, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct, commonly flaring, commonly concealed, hinge plates demarcated from inner socket ridges, ventrally directed, slightly concave, median septum short, dorsal valve structures concealed by callus apically.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"England, France, Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1453, 2a-c. *F. flabella (Defrance), dorsal, lateral, anterior views, lower Bathonian, middle Dhruma Formation, Djebel Tuwaiq, Saudi Arabia, X2 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1453. eudesiidae (p. 2186-2188).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-546.jpg?height=1007&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praeudesia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Eudesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Praeudesia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praeudesia Hegab & TKHORZHEVSKY, 1991, p. 3","Type_species":"* P. makridini Hegab & TKHORZHEVSKY, 1991, p. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded oval to subtrigonal in outline, maximum width anterior to midvalve, shell costellate laterally, biconvex, umbo suberect to incurved, concealing short, thin symphytium, with rounded beak ridges, pedicle collar not developed, dental plates thick, partially enveloped in callus, subparallel or slightly ventrally convergent, cardinal process absent, outer hinge plates weakly developed on ventral margin of inner socket ridges, deflected dorsally, median septum very low, about 0.25 valve length, appearing anteriorly as a euseptoidum, structures much thickened and obscured by umbonal callus, loop transverse band narrow.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian, ?Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian, ?Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bathonian, ?Callovian)","Geography":"Sinai","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1453, 3a-e. *P. makridini, Kehailia Member, Masajid Formation, Gebel Maghara, northern Sinai, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior, ventral views, X1.5 (Hegab & Tkhorzhevsky, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hegab & Tkhorzhevsky, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1453. eudesiidae (p. 2186-2188).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-546.jpg?height=1007&width=1280&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":80,"beginning_date":165.87,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphriganaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Eudesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sphriganaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphriganaria COOPER, 1989, p. 102","Type_species":"*S. modesta COOPER, 1989, p. 111, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, costellate, oval to subtrigonal in outline, maximum width ranging from midvalve to anterior, usually slightly ventribiconvex, anterior commissure with tendency toward weak uniplication in some species, umbo straight to erect, with rounded beak ridges, pedicle foramen usually mesothyrid, pedicle collar sessile, dental plates slender, slightly inwardly concave, cardinal process absent, inner socket ridges dorsally deflected, hinge plates flat, median septum very low, about 0.5 valve length","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kimmeridgian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)-Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia, Sinai, Egypt","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1452, 2a-e. *S. modesta, Callovian, upper Dhruma Formation, Jebel Tuwaiq, Saudi Arabia, a-e, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral, posterior views, X1 (Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1452. eudesiidae (p. 2186-2188).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-545.jpg?height=1862&width=1285&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Kimmeridgian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":149.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Eudesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xenorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenorina Baker, nom. nov. herein (COOPER, 1989, p. 115)","Type_species":"{ }^{*}X. ovata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, oval in outline, with rounded sides and narrowly rounded anterior, ventribiconvex, umbo erect to strongly incurved, pedicle foramen ranging from moderately large to very small, dental plates fairly long, parallel, thickened by callus in adult, cardinal process bilobed, protruberant, hinge plates short, thick, convex ventrally, cardinal plate scarcely supported by short, thick, rounded triangular median septum, structures much thickened by callus in old specimens, loop with broad transverse band","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1452, 1a-x. *X. ovata, Callovian, upper Dhruma Formation, Jebel Tuwaiq, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, X1 (Cooper, 1989), e-v, serial transverse sections, 0.4, 1.3, 1.7, 2.3, 2.7, 3.1, 3.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, 4.6, 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.7, 6.5, 7.2, 7.6 mm from umbo, X1, w, transverse, oblique section showing pedicle collar, X1.5, x, transverse section showing well-developed cardinal process, X1 (adapted from Cooper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1989, \nadapted from Cooper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1452. eudesiidae (p. 2186-2188).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-545.jpg?height=1862&width=1285&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kingena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Kingena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kingena DAVIDSON, 1852a, p. 40","Type_species":"Terebratula lima DEFRANCE, 1828b, p. 156, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kingia Schloenbach, 1866, p. 296, nom. null., non Theobald, 1910, nec Malloch, 1921","Synonyms":"Kingia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, biconvex, elongate-oval to pentagonal, rectimarginate to faintly uniplicate to ligate, shell ornament granular, beak short, suberect, foramen subcircular, permesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar sessile. Cardinal process small, transversely oval myophore, septalium broad, shallow, supported by long, thin, moderately high median septum, loop bilacunar, may be thickened. Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous: Europe, Australasia, India.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Australasia, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1454, 3a-c. ^*K. lima (Defrance), Upper Cretaceous, England, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views of exterior of neotype, NHM B79709, X2 (Owen, 1970), Fig. 1454, 3d-e. K. mesembrina (Etheridge), Upper Cretaceous, Western Australia, ventral and anterior views of partially complete loop showing strong, mediovertical connecting bands, X9 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).\nfig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aldingia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Aldingia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aldingia THOMSON, 1916b, p. 501","Type_species":"Terebratella furculifera TATE, 1880, p. 161, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, elongate-oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, deltidial plates commonly disjunct but conjunct in some adults, foramen submesothyrid to mesothyrid, beak short, erect. Pedicle collar sessile, hinge teeth supported by swollen bases derived from thickened dental plates. Cardinal process a sessile, transverse myophore, cardinalia thick with socket ridges flanking a solid hinge trough with large, strongly impressed adjustor scars, fused anteriorly with median septum, loop bilacunar. Paleogene (Eocene): Australia.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1454, 2 a-d. *A. furculifera (Tate), a-b, dorsal and lateral views of exterior of lectotype, SAM.P T895H, \u00d7 1.5, c-d, ventral and anterior view of dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 3 (Richardson, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dictyothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Dictyothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dictyothyropsis BARCZYO, 1969, p. 66","Type_species":"Terebratulites loricatus SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 270, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, pentagonal in outline, costellae fine, dichotomous, anterior commissure parasulcate, beak short, massive, erect, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct. Pedicle foramen large, round, mesothyrid, pedicle collar present, cardinal area wide and flat, teeth and dental plates long, massive, smooth. Cardinal process small, poorly developed, fused with hinge plates and median septum, loop bilacunar with mediovertical connecting band and broad hood.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1455, 2a-e. *D. loricata (Schlotheim), Poland, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of exterior, \u00d7 2.5, e, detail of umbonal region, \u00d7 6 (Barczyk, 1969).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1455, 2f-dd. *D. roemeri (Rollier), Poland, serial transverse sections 0.0, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 4.1, 4.4, 4.9, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 5.7, 6.0, 6.2, 6.4, 6.7, 7.1, 7.7, 8.0, 8.9 mm from first section, \u00d7 1 (adapted from Barczyk, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Barczyk, 1969, \nadapted from Barczyk, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1455. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).\nfig. 1455. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-549.jpg?height=1716&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=208)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-549.jpg?height=1716&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laquethiris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Laquethiris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laquethiris BITNER, 1996, p. 86","Type_species":"L. curiosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, elongate-oval to subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate to mildly unisulcate, deltidial plates small, disjunct, foramen large, oval to subcircular, submesothyrid to mesothyrid, beak short, suberect. Pedicle collar lateral connecting bands.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (lower Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (lower Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (lower Eocene), Neogene (lower Miocene)","Geography":"Chatham Islands, New Zealand, lower Eocene, Australia, upper Eocene-lower Miocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1454, 1a-e. *P. woodsii (Tate), lower Miocene, Australia, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of exterior of lectotype, SAM.P T901A, X2.5, c-e, ventral, lateral oblique, and anterior views of dorsal valve interior, X3 (Richardson, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Burdigalian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":15.99,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraldingia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Paraldingia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraldingia RICHARDSON, 1973, p. 122","Type_species":"Terebratella (?) woodsii TATE, 1880, p. 161","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Differs from Aldingia in possession of discrete dental plates, unisulcation, excavate inner hinge plates, and bilacunar loop with broad and moderately thick, mediovertical and lateral connecting bands.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (lower Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (lower Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (lower Eocene), Neogene (lower Miocene)","Geography":"Chatham Islands, New Zealand, lower Eocene, Australia, upper Eocene-lower Miocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1454, 1a-e. *P. woodsii (Tate), lower Miocene, Australia, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of exterior of lectotype, SAM.P T901A, X2.5, c-e, ventral, lateral oblique, and anterior views of dorsal valve interior, X3 (Richardson, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Burdigalian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":15.99,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tulipina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Tulipina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tulipina SMIRNOVA, 1962, p. 102","Type_species":"Zeilleria koutaisensis de LORIOL, 1896, p. 145, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, subpentagonal, globose, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak low, strongly incurved, pedicle foramen small, mesothyrid. Dental plates short and thick, lateral umbonal cavities vestigial. Cardinal process not differentiated, crural bases massive, septalium deep and cuplike, median septum short, high, bladelike with pair of obliquely inclined flanges (possibly for dorsal adductor muscle attachment) extending from base, loop bilacunar with prominent, mediovertical connecting band, hood strongly flared, with posteromedian lacuna and broad, dorsally convex transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Georgia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1455, 3a-y. * T. koutaisensis (DE LORIOL), a-c, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, X3 (Smirnova, 1990a), d, lateral view with loop reconstruction, X3 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), e-y, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.7, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 2.6, 3.2, 3.6, 3.8, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.6, 4.8, 5.2, 5.35, 5.6, 6.0, 6.4, 6.8, 7.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Smirnova, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSmirnova, 1990, \nMuir-Wood, 1965, \nadapted from Smirnova, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1455. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-549.jpg?height=1716&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zeuschneria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Zeuschneria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zeuschneria SMIRNOVA, 1975a, p. 137","Type_species":"Z. imitabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, foramen mesothyrid. Dental plates short, steeply inclined, bounding small, lateral umbonal cavities. Septalium broad with gently inclined hinge plates. Loop bilacunar with broad hood and well-developed mediovertical connecting band, spinose anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1455, 1a-nn. *Z. imitabilis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X3 (Smirnova, 1975a), d-n n, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.9, 3.1, 3.5, 3.7, 4.2, 4.5, 5.1, 5.3, 5.5, 5.9, 6.2, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7, 7.0, 7.1, 7.7, 7.9, 8.7, 9.2, 9.4, 9.6, 10.4, 10.5, 10.7, 11.5, 11.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Smirnova, 1975a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1975, \nadapted from Smirnova, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1455. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-549.jpg?height=1716&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zittelina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Zittelina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zittelina ROLLIER, 1919, p. 368","Type_species":"Z. orbis (QUENSTEDT), 1858, p. 639, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, subpentagonal to subquadrate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to incipiently unisulcate, beak suberect to slightly incurved, beak ridges indistinct, foramen small, circular, permesothyrid. Pedicle collar present. Cardinalia with small, central, concave hinge platform, septum thin, loop diploform, with short descending branches fringed with long spines, and large hood with annular flutings, laterally angled and anteriorly produced into gracefully curved projections.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic, ?Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic, ?Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic, ?Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Western Asia, Europe, ?Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1455, 4a-u. *Z. orbis (Quenstedt), Upper Jurassic, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of exterior, X2 (Owen, 1970), d-e, ventral and lateral views of loop, \u00d74 (adapted from Zittel, 1870); f\u2013u, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.2, 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, 3.3, 3.8, 4.0 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71 (Owen, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1455. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-549.jpg?height=1716&width=1277&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ecnomiosa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Ecnomiosinae","Genus":"Ecnomiosa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ecnomiosa COOPER, 1977, p. 129","Type_species":"E. gerda COOPER, 1977, p. 131, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subrounded to subpentagonal, smooth, rectimarginate, beak short, suberect, attrite, foramen large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Teeth strong, dental plates short. Cardinal process an indistinct, sessile, transverse myophore, cardinalia having inner hinge plates attached to short median septum, adult loop mediovertical, descending branches of loop attached to median septum in early adult stages of development (bilacunar).","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Caribbean, Japan, Indian Ocean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1456, 1a-f. * E. gerda, Caribbean, a-d, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views of exterior of holotype, USNM 550510a, X1, e-f, ventral and lateral oblique views of dorsal interior of holotype showing mediovertical loop, X1 (Cooper, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1456. kingenidae (p. 2192-2194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-551.jpg?height=1881&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Belothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Ecnomiosinae","Genus":"Belothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Belothyris S MIRNOVA , 1960, p. 117","Type_species":"B. plana SMIRNOVA, 1960, p. 118; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Possible junior synonym of Dzirulina NUTSUBIDZE, 1945.]","Synonyms":"Dzirulina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subpentagonal to elongate-oval, smooth, biconvex, ligate; anterior margin rectimarginate, beak low, incurved, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates gently diverging, curved, teeth massive with distinct denticulum. Hinge plates almost fused with inner socket ridges, septalium deep, broadly cup shaped, \ufb02attened anteriorly; loop mediovertical.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Georgia (Crimea, Caucasus, Daghestan), Western Europe.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1456,3a\u2013s. *B. plana; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of exterior of holotype, MGU 784\/19, \u00d71 (Smirnova, 1990a); d\u2013r, serial transverse sections 0.25, 0.40, 1.4, 1.5, 2.4, 2.7, 3.3, 4.3, 4.7, 5.0, 5.1, 5.45, 5.8, 6.5, 8.3 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d71 (adapted from Smirnova, 1990a); s, loop reconstruction, \u00d71.3 (adapted from Smirnova, 1960).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1456. kingenidae (p. 2192-2194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-551.jpg?height=1881&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dzirulina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Ecnomiosinae","Genus":"Dzirulina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dzirulina NUTSUBIDZE, 1945, p. 188","Type_species":"\"*Terebratula dzirulensis ANTHULA, 1899, p. 70, OD\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subpentagonal, biconvex, smooth, or capillate near shell margin, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak incurved, concealing symphytium, beak ridges short, angular, foramen circular, permesothyrid. Loop mediovertical. Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian): Georgia (Caucasus), USA (California).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)","Geography":"Georgia (Caucasus), USA (California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1456, 4a-bb. * D. dzirulensis (Anthula), Albian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of exterior, X1 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, loop reconstruction, X1.5, e-b b, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.5, 1.3, 1.9, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.3, 3.9, 4.8, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.85, 5.9, 6.0, 6.15, 6.4, 6.7, 7.2, 8.2, 9.8, 10.9, 11.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Kvakhadze, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nadapted from Kvakhadze, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1456. kingenidae (p. 2192-2194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-551.jpg?height=1881&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vaniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Ecnomiosinae","Genus":"Vaniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vaniella KVAKHADZE, 1974, p. 493","Type_species":"V. sinuata KVAKHADZE, 1974, p. 495, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, ligate, anterior commissure weakly unisulcate, beak short, incurved, foramen submesothyrid. Dental plates thickened, lateral beak cavities small. Cardinal process indistinct, inner socket ridges high, septalium deep, rather broad, loop mediovertical, lateral margins of muscle scars projecting above valve floor as obliquely inclined flanges.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Geography":"Georgia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1456, 2a-gg. * V. sinuata, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, GMG 329\/1, X1, e-gg, serial transverse sections 0.9, 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.2, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.5, 5.1, 5.7, 5.9, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5, 6.9, 7.0, 7.2, 8.0, 8.4, 9.8, 11.4, 12.0, 12.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Kvakhadze, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Kvakhadze, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1456. kingenidae (p. 2192-2194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-551.jpg?height=1881&width=1280&top_left_y=233&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aulacothyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Aulacothyropsinae","Genus":"Aulacothyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aulacothyropsis DAGYS, 1959b, p. 99","Type_species":"Waldheimia (Aulacothyris) reflexa BITTNER, 1890, p. 258, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate-oval, planoconvex to ventribiconvex, mildly unisulcate, beak short, erect, with distinct beak ridges, foramen minute, mesothyrid. Dental plates parallel, pedicle collar fused laterally to dental plates. Cardinal process not differentiated, septalial trough shallow, with outer hinge plates and crural bases lying in commissural plane, median septum long and thin, adult loop diploform with incipient detachment from septum, crural processes, dorsal and anterior edges of loop spinose.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic","Geography":"Alps, Balkans, Carpathians, Crimea, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1457, 1a-ff. *A. reflexa (Bittner), Norian, northwestern Caucasus, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, X1.5 (Dagys, 1963)","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1457. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-553.jpg?height=1386&width=1275&top_left_y=614&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Camerothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Aulacothyropsinae","Genus":"Camerothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Camerothyris BITTNER, 1890, p. 318","Type_species":"Terebratula subangusta M\u00fcnster, 1841, p. 64, SD DIENER, 1920, p. 98","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, planoconvex to biconvex, rectimarginate to unisulcate, beak short, erect, foramen small, mesothyrid. Dental plates uniting with ventral median septum to form Y-shaped, spondylium-like structure. Cardinal process not differentiated, well-developed septalium supported by bladelike median septum, adult loop diploform but possibly detached (through resorption) from septum. Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic: Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic-Upper Triassic","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1458a-c . * C. subangusta (M\u00fcnster), Upper Triassic, Dolomites, Italy, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, \u00d7 2 (Dagys, 1974).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1458d-z. C. minor Dagys, Upper Triassic, northwestern Caucasus, d- x, serial transverse sections 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 0.85, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 6 (adapted from Dagys, 1974), y-z, loop reconstructions, \u00d7 6 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974, \nadapted from Dagys, 1974, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1458. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2194).\nfig. 1458. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-554.jpg?height=701&width=1199&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=246)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-554.jpg?height=701&width=1199&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=246)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coriothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Aulacothyropsinae","Genus":"Coriothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coriothyris OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 168","Type_species":"C. corumensis OVTSHARENKO, 1983b, p. 169, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval or rounded-pentagonal, ventribiconvex, mildly unisulcate, beak short, erect to incurved with distinct beak ridges, foramen minute, mesothyrid. Dental plates short, bladelike, ventrally divergent. Cardinal process not differentiated, outer hinge plates short, dorsally inclined, inner hinge plates ventrally curved, uniting early in ontogeny with high median septum to form septalium, crural processes short, parallel, adult loop teloform, extending about half length of dorsal valve, descending and ascending loop branches broad.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic-Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1457, 2a-ii. * C. corumensis, Tadzhikistan, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Ovtsharenko, 1983b), d-ii, serial transverse sections 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.2, 2.8, 2.9, 3.5, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, 5.0, 5.3, 5.8, 6.2, 6.8, 7.5, 8.5, 8.7, 9.3, 9.7, 10.0, 10.1, 10.7, 10.9 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 1.8 (adapted from Ovtsharenko, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovtsharenko, 1983, \nadapted from Ovtsharenko, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1457. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2194).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-553.jpg?height=1386&width=1275&top_left_y=614&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oppeliella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Aulacothyropsinae","Genus":"Oppeliella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oppeliella TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1989a, p. 81","Type_species":"Waldheimia pinguicula ZITTEL, 1870, p. 139, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded-rhomboidal or transverse-oval, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak thick, short, moderately incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid, beak ridges short, sharp, deltidial plates conjunct, dental plates thick, short, slightly convergent ventrally, inner hinge plates fused posteromedianly, forming gently convex platform in section, median septum short, adult loop diploform","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Carpathians)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1459, 4 a-c c. * O. pinguicula (Zittel), a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, X2 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1459. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2194-2196).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-556.jpg?height=1818&width=1292&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ornatothyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Aulacothyropsinae","Genus":"Ornatothyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ornatothyrella DAGYS, 1974, p. 210","Type_species":"* O. ornata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, equibiconvex, ovoid outline, surface ornament of concentric rugae, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo short, erect, beak ridges distinct, foramen minute, mesothyrid, dental plates parallel, ventrally converging, pedicle collar absent, high dorsal median septum extending about 0.3 valve length, septalium Y-shaped. Adult loop resembling that of Aulacothyropsis, but less spinose and descending branches not medially united (i.e., adult loop of general diploform character but essentially teloform).","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"northwestern Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1459, 1a-y. *O. ornata, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Dagys, 1974), e-y, serial transverse sections 0.0 , 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, 0.85, 1.05, 1.15, 1.25, 1.35, 1.45, 1.55, 1.65, 1.75, 1.85, 2.05, 2.65 mm from ventral umbo, approximately X2 (adapted from Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974, \nadapted from Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1459. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2194-2196).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-556.jpg?height=1818&width=1292&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudorugitela":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Aulacothyropsinae","Genus":"Pseudorugitela","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudorugitela DAGYS, 1959b, p. 100","Type_species":"Waldheimia (Aulacothyris) pulchella BITTNER, 1890, p. 200, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, rounded subpentagonal in outline, surface ornament of concentric rugae, anterior commissure rectimarginate, tending to anterior ligation, umbo short, erect, beak ridges distinct, foramen minute, mesothyrid, dental plates thin, parallel, and united to pedicle collar, dorsal septalium Y-shaped, loop similar to that of Aulacothyropsis but spinose only anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Carnian)","First_Occurrence":"Carnian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Carnian, Norian)","Geography":"Alps, Carpathians, northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1459, 2a-dd. *P. pulchella (Bittner), Norian, Kuma River, northwestern Caucasus, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2 (Dagys, 1963), e-cc, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4, 5.0, 5.5, 5.7, 6.1, 6.5, 7.6, 8.9, 9.4, 10.3 mm from first section, \u00d7 2 (adapted from Dagys, 1959b), dd, loop reconstruction, \u00d7 4 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1963, \nadapted from Dagys, 1959, \nDagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1459. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2194-2196).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-556.jpg?height=1818&width=1292&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Smirnovina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Aulacothyropsinae","Genus":"Smirnovina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Smirnovina Calzada BADIA, 1985, p. 88","Type_species":"S. smirnovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, subpentagonal, globose, anterior commissure unisulcate to plicosulcate, beak low, incurved, pedicle foramen small. Dental plates slender, subparallel, pedicle collar short, sessile. Cardinalia lamellar, inner hinge plates gently inclined and fused medianly to septum to form short septalium, median septum short, high, bladelike, loop diploform, strongly flared, with posteromedian lacuna and broad, dorsally convex, transverse band. Lower Cretaceous: Spain.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1459, 3 a-x. * S. smirnovae, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of exterior of holotype, MGSB 32.690.1, X2 (Smirnova, 1990a), e-x, serial transverse sections 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.0, 3.4, 3.8, 4.0, 5.4, 5.9, 6.1, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.9, 8.0, 8.7, 9.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Calzada Badia, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1990, \nadapted from Calzada Badia, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1459. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2194-2196).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-556.jpg?height=1818&width=1292&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Babukella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Babukellinae","Genus":"Babukella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Babukella DAGYS, 1974, p. 208","Type_species":"* B. loculus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, strangulate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, beak short, attrite, with rounded beak ridges, foramen small, mesothyrid. Dental plates short. Cardinal process not differentiated, septalium distinct, dorsal median septum high, about 0.6 valve length. Loop diploform, with spinose anterior edges. Upper Triassic: northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"northwestern Caucasus, Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1460, 5 a-f. *B*. loculus, Carnian, northwestern Caucasus, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2, e-d, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3, 3.6, 3.8, 4.2, 4.5 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 2, ee-ff, loop reconstructions, \u00d7 4 (Dagys, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dagys, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1460. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2197).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-557.jpg?height=118&width=1247&top_left_y=1852&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fallax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Babukellinae","Genus":"Fallax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fallax ATKINS, 1960a, p. 72","Type_species":"F. dalliniformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, biconvex, smooth, elongate ovate to subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate to parasulcate, beak low, erect, beak ridges rounded, deltidial plates conjunct in adults, foramen small, round, permesothyrid. Dental plates lamellar, straight, pedicle collar broad, sessile, impunctate. Cardinalia lamellar with short, well-developed septalium, inner and outer hinge plates well developed, crural bases not differentiated, cardinal process not differentiated, median septum extending anteriorly about three-quarters valve length, crura short, subparallel, crural processes short, loop diploform, lophophore and mantle finely spiculate.\"","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"eastern Atlantic, western and southwestern Pacific","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1460, 4a-e. *F. dalliniformis, ac, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, NHM ZB2988, X1 (Atkins, 1960a), d, dorsal interior showing diploform loop, e, oblique view of ventral valve interior showing dental plates and muscle scars, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Atkins, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 1460. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2197).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-557.jpg?height=118&width=1247&top_left_y=1852&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hynniphoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Babukellinae","Genus":"Hynniphoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hynniphoria SUESS, 1859 in 1858-1859, p. 44","Type_species":"H. globularis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, globose, smooth, broadly uniplicate, beak low, erect to incurved, beak ridges indistinct, deltidial structures small and obscure, foramen very small. Ventral interior with dental plates and stout, apparently composite, median septal structure that projects free anteriorly as curved and thickening, blade- or scimitar-like structure, extending dorsally into shell cavity. Dorsal interior bearing stout inner socket ridges, median septum short, low, diminishing rapidly anteriorly, loop possibly diploform. Loop and other internal features imperfectly known.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"central Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1460, 3a-e. *H. globularis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d, lateral view of shell interior, reconstruction, e, oblique view of loop, reconstruction, approximately X10 (Suess, 1858 in 1858-1859).","Museum_or_author_information":"Suess, 1858","figure_index":"fig. 1460. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2197).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-557.jpg?height=118&width=1247&top_left_y=1852&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Katchathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Babukellinae","Genus":"Katchathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Katchathyris SMIRNOVA, 1975b, p. 120","Type_species":"K. privus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, moderately biconvex, subcircular in outline, capillate, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak low, slightly incurved, foramen permesothyrid, dorsal interior with broad, V-shaped septalium, septum extending for 0.3 valve length, crural processes short, loop diploform, extending about 0.75 valve length","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1461, 2a-ww. *K. privus, Crimea, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU 136\/440, X2.5 (Smirnova, 1975b), e-u u, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.55, 0.75, 0.85, 0.95, 1.0, 1.05, 1.1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.3, 1.35, 1.45, 1.5, 1.55, 1.75, 1.85, 1.9, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.45, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.75, 2.8, 2.85, 2.9, 2.95, 3.0, 3.1, 3.15, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 mm from ventral umbo, X2.5 (adapted from Smirnova, 1975b), v v-w w, loop reconstructions, X3 (Smirnova, 1975b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 1975, \nadapted from Smirnova, 1975, \nSmirnova, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1461. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2197-2201).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-558.jpg?height=1877&width=1287&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Makridinithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Babukellinae","Genus":"Makridinithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Makridinithyris TCHORSZHEVSKY, 1989a, p. 82","Type_species":"*Terebratula wablenbergi ZEUSCHNER, 1846, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly biconvex, subtrigonal or subpentagonal in outline, beak small, trigonal, erect to moderately incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid, beak ridges short, sharp, dental plates thin, ventrally convergent, trigonal septalium, crura prefalcifer, loop slender, relatively short, diploform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)","First_Occurrence":"Tithonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)-Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Carpathians)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1460, 1 a-t . * M. wablenbergi (Zeuschner), Tithonian, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of possible lectotype, \u00d7 1 (Zittel, 1870), e-t, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 4.3, 4.6, 5.1, 5.5, 6.5 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 1 (adapted from Barczyk, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zittel, 1870, \nadapted from Barczyk, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1460. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2197).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-557.jpg?height=118&width=1247&top_left_y=1852&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":149.24,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septicollarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Babukellinae","Genus":"Septicollarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septicollarina ZEZINA, 1981c, p. 16","Type_species":"* S. hemiechinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thin shelled, transversely oval, biconvex, anterior commissure slightly unisulcate, dorsal valve smooth, ventral valve carrying small low spines, beak straight, short, foramen permesothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct, dental plates straight, well developed, short septum in ventral valve dividing cavity beneath wide pedicle collar into two chambers, no cardinal process, inner hinge plates attached to long median septum, spicules not present, loop diploform, anteriorly spinose.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"western Pacific (Sea of Japan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1460, 2 a-c . *S. hemiechinata, a-b, exterior and interior views of ventral valve, \u00d7 4, c, line drawing of dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 4 (Zezina, 1981c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zezina, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1460. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2197).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-557.jpg?height=118&width=1247&top_left_y=1852&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vandobiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Aulacothyropsidae","Subfamily":"Babukellinae","Genus":"Vandobiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vandobiella POJARISKAJA, 1966, p. 22","Type_species":"V. perpusilla, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex or slightly biconvex, subcircular to subrhomboidal in outline, umbo broad, erect, beak ridges sharp, foramen large, oval, submesothyrid to mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Teeth elongate, wedge shaped, dental plates short, thick, inner hinge plates converging on valve floor to form V-shaped trough, cardinal process weakly developed, well-developed median septum associated with diploform loop.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)","Geography":"Tadzhikistan (Gissar Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1461, 1 a-d d. *V. perpusilla, a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGRI Museum No. VI-152\/9, X1 (Pojariskaja, 1966), e-cc, serial transverse sections, X2 (adapted from Pojariskaja, 1966), dd, loop reconstruction, X3 (Pojariskaja, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pojariskaja, 1966, \nadapted from Pojariskaja, 1966, \nPojariskaja, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1461. aulacothyropsidae (p. 2197-2201).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-558.jpg?height=1877&width=1287&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":165.29,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laqueus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Laqueinae","Genus":"Laqueus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laqueus DALL, 1870, p. 123","Type_species":"Terebratula californiana K\u00fcster, 1844, pl. 2b, 21-23, OD;  =Laqueus erythraeus Dall, 1920, p. 350, SD MacKinnon & Long, 2000, p. 89;  = L. californicus DALL, 1870, p. 123","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, variably ovate, subpentagonal to ligate, biconvex, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak low, erect, with distinct beak ridges, foramen medium, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, either symphytium or conjunct deltidial plates. Hinge teeth with ventrally recessive dental plates, pedicle collar sessile. Cardinalia with inner and outer hinge plates separated by crural californiana K\u00fcster, 1844, in the original designation by Dall (1870).","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"circum-north Pacific Ocean from California to Japan.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1462, 1a-e. *L. erythraeus, Holocene, California, USA, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 19395, \u00d71 (Hertlein & Grant, 1944); d\u2013e, normal and lateral oblique view of dorsal interior showing loop, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 1462. laqueidae (p. 2201-2209).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-560.jpg?height=1677&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parakingena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Parakingeninae","Genus":"Parakingena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parakingena SUN, 1981, p. 250","Type_species":"* P. xizangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, roundly pentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, erect, beak ridges angular, foramen large, subcircular, permesothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct, exterior finely pustulate with low plicae near anterior margin. Dental plates long, divergent. Cardinal process low, bilobate, inner hinge plates subhorizontal, uniting medianly and supported by bladelike median septum, loop bilacunar.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1463, 1a-dd. *P. xizangensis, Lower Cretaceous, a- c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Sun, 1981), d-d d, serial transverse sections 0.2, 0.9, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, 5.2, 5.7, 6.8, 7.0, 7.1, 7.4, 7.8, 8.1, 8.5, 9.0, 9.7, 11.0, 11.3, 12.0, 15.3, 15.5, 15.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1981, \nadapted from Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1463. laqueidae (p. 2203).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-562.jpg?height=222&width=1257&top_left_y=1572&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Colinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Parakingeninae","Genus":"Colinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Colinella OWEN , 1981, p. 306","Type_species":"Antiptychina? m\u00fcllerriedi IMLAY , 1937, p. 568; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nekvasilovela CALZADA BADIA, 1987, p. 321 (type, N. magransi CALZADA BADIA , 1987, p. 322)","Synonyms":"Nekvasilovela","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subpentagonal to broadly oval, smooth, biconvex, plicosulcate; beak low, erect to incurved, attrite; beak ridges sharp; foramen medium, permesothyrid. Dental plates short, thickened, slightly convergent. Cardinal process not differentiated, septalium well developed, adult loop bilateral.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian\u2013Hauterivian)","Geography":"Mexico, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1463,2a\u2013hh. *C. muellerriedi (IMLAY), Mexico; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, U.M. 18752, \u00d71 (Imlay, 1937); e\u2013hh, serial transverse sections 0.6, 1.0, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4, 2.7, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.3, 5.5, 5.7, 5.9, 6.1, 6.3, 6.5, 6.7, 6.9, 7.2, 7.5 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d72 (adapted from Owen, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1463. laqueidae (p. 2203).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-562.jpg?height=222&width=1257&top_left_y=1572&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Langshanthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Parakingeninae","Genus":"Langshanthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Langshanthyris SUN, 1987, p. 89","Type_species":"L. xizangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely rhomboidal to roundly pentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to parasulcate, shell smooth, occasionally with low and short plicae near anterior commissure. Beak low, erect, beak ridges subangular, foramen large, permesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates long, stout, pedicle collar excavate, resting on low, bladelike, ventral median septum. Cardinal process low and lobate, loop bilateral. Lower Cretaceous: Tibet.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1464, 1a-ee. *L. xizangensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, NIGP 79212, X2 (Sun, 1987), d-e e, serial transverse sections 0.2, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.6, 1.9, 2.3, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.2, 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.8, 5.3, 5.4, 5.7, 5.9, 6.4, 6.8, 7.3, 8.9, 9.3, 9.9 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Sun, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nSun, 1987, \nadapted from Sun, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1464. laqueidae (p. 2203).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-563.jpg?height=154&width=1238&top_left_y=1728&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rossithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Parakingeninae","Genus":"Rossithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rossithyris OWEN, 1980, p. 138","Type_species":"*. humpensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval, biconvex, rectimarginate, shell smooth, beak low, erect, foramen small, permesothyrid. Dental plates short, subparallel, supporting inwardly directed, peglike hinge teeth. Septalium Y-shaped, consisting of steeply inclined inner hinge plates fused to high, bladelike median septum, loop bilateral. Upper Cretaceous (Campanian): Antarctica (James Ross Island).","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Geography":"Antarctica (James Ross Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1463, 3a-p. * R. humpensis, a, dorsal view of holotype, NHM BB 76773, X1.5 (Owen, 1980), b-p, serial transverse sections 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (adapted from Owen, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nOwen, 1980, \nadapted from Owen, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1463. laqueidae (p. 2203).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-562.jpg?height=222&width=1257&top_left_y=1572&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waconella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Parakingeninae","Genus":"Waconella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waconella OWEN, 1970, p. 74","Type_species":"Terebratula wacoensis ROEMER, 1852, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, smooth, biconvex, oval-pentagonal to elongate-oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, beak ridges sharp, foramen small, permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Cardinal process not differentiated, septalium well developed, median septum extending about half valve length, adult loop bilateral.\"","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1464, 2a-y. *W. wacoensis (Roemer), Texas, USA, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1970), d-y, serial transverse sections 0.4, 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 2.6, 3.0, 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.9, 6.3, 6.6, 7.1, 7.5, 7.9, 8.2, 8.6, 8.9, 9.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (adapted from Owen, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1970, \nadapted from Owen, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1464. laqueidae (p. 2203).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-563.jpg?height=154&width=1238&top_left_y=1728&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebrataliopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliopsinae","Genus":"Terebrataliopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebrataliopsis SMIRNOVA, 1962, p. 98","Type_species":"T. quadrata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, subpentagonal in outline, ventral valve roundly carinate, commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, beak erect, foramen small, circular, beak ridges sharp. Hinge teeth broad, denticulum present, dental plates short, ventrally divergent, pedicle collar present. Hinge plates united medially and supported by median septum that extends for 0.6 valve length, loop trabecular, spinose.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"LLower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Poland, Czech Republic, Upper Jurassic, Crimea, Caucasus, Mangyshlak, Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1465,3a\u2013mm. *T. quadrata, Lower Cretaceous,Crimea; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d73 (new); d\u2013kk, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.75,1.4, 1.9, 2.15, 2.25, 2.5, 2.65, 2.75, 2.85, 3.0,3.25, 3.55, 3.95, 4.45, 4.65, 4.95, 5.45, 5.9, 6.1,6.45, 6.7, 7.05, 7.35, 7.6, 7.75, 8.1, 8.7, 9.1, 9.6,9.8, 10.5, 10.8, 11.1 mm from \ufb01rst section, \u00d71.5 (adapted from Smirnova, 1962); ll\u2013mm, loop reconstructions, \u00d73 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1465. laqueidae (p. 2203-2206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-565.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodallina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliopsinae","Genus":"Eodallina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodallina ELLIOTT, 1959, p. 146","Type_species":"E. peruviana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure beak erect, foramen hypothyrid, apparently lacking deltidial plates. Ventral interior with short, strong dental plates, low median ridge bisecting ventral muscle scars, extending to about midvalve. Septalium well developed, dorsal median septum extending anteriorly beyond midlength, loop diploform with spinose leading edges, crural processes short, transverse band of hood narrow. Upper Triassic: Peru.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Peru","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1465, 1a-c. * E. peruviana, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X4, c, dorsal interior, reconstruction, X4 (Stehli, 1956c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Stehli, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1465. laqueidae (p. 2203-2206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-565.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hamptonina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliopsinae","Genus":"Hamptonina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hamptonina ROLLIER, 1919, p. 360","Type_species":"Terebratella buckmani MOORE, 1860, p. 441, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, biconvex, rectimarginate, beak short, suberect, attrite, foramen circular, deltidial plates small, disjunct. Dorsal interior with inner socket ridges enclosing concave hinge plate, cardinal process small, transverse, dorsal median septum low posteriorly, rising steeply anteriorly, loop haptoid to diploform with spinose edges, moderately long crural processes. Middle Jurassic: England.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1465, 2a-d. * H. buckmani (Moore), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X3 (new), d, dorsal valve interior showing loop, reconstruction, X4 (Elliott, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1465. laqueidae (p. 2203-2206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-565.jpg?height=1879&width=1287&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kafirnigania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliopsinae","Genus":"Kafirnigania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kafirnigania KATZ, 1962, p. 138","Type_species":"K. pentangulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, elongate-subpentagonal in outline, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, less commonly rectimarginate, beak erect, beak ridges sharp, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates slightly convex, diverging from beak, lateral umbonal cavities deep. Well-developed, Y-shaped septalium. Loop (possibly incipiently) trabecular, haptoid and diploform juvenile loop stages also known.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Geography":"Tadzhikistan Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1466, 2a-bh. * K. pentangulata, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, No. 4-770\/1, author's collection, Kharkov State University, X1, d-g g, transverse serial sections 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.1, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1, 3.7, 3.9, 4.1, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, 4.9, 5.0, 5.3, 5.7, 6.2, 6.8, 7.4, 8.0, 8.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Katz, 1962), h h, loop reconstruction, X2 (adapted from Katz, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Katz, 1962, \nadapted from Katz, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1466. laqueidae (p. 2206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-566.jpg?height=1185&width=1277&top_left_y=883&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psilothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliopsinae","Genus":"Psilothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psilothyris COOPER, 1955b, p. 10","Type_species":"P. occidentalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tamarella Owen, 1965, p. 57 (type, Terebratula tamarindus J. de C. Sowerby in Fitton, 1836, p. 338)","Synonyms":"Tamarella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, smooth, biconvex, ovate to subpentagonal, rectimarginate to uniplicate, umbo erect, foramen small to large, round, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct, dental plates bladelike, cardinal process small, hinge plates fused, medianly concave, median septum short, slender, extending about 0.3 valve length, hinge plates fused with septum posteriorly to form septalium but may be free of hinge plates anteriorly, loop teloform, with short crura and long crural processes","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"North America, Europe, Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1466, 1a-e. *P. occidentalis, Lower Cretaceous, Arizona, USA, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views of holotype, USNM 124191, X2 (Cooper, 1955b), e, posterior part of interior of conjoined valves showing dental plates, medianly fused inner hinge plates with upturned edges, crura, and partially descending loop branches, X4 (Cooper, 1955b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1955, \nCooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 1466. laqueidae (p. 2206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-566.jpg?height=1185&width=1277&top_left_y=883&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glaciarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Glaciarculinae","Genus":"Glaciarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glaciarcula ELLIOTT, 1956, p. 285","Type_species":"Terebratella spitzbergensis DAVIDSON, 1852c, p. 78, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate-pyriform, biconvex, smooth, thin-shelled, rectimarginate, ventral beak elongate, moderately incurved, suberect, attrite, foramen mesothyrid, deltidial plates long, narrow, disjunct. Hinge teeth supported by vertical, lamellar dental plates, pedicle collar long, sessile. Cardinalia with well-developed inner and outer hinge plates, inner hinge plates steeply inclined, uniting with low median septum to form septalium, cardinal process a very short, transverse myophore, septal flanges developed on juvenile septal pillar, adult loop haptoid to incipiently trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Pleistocene","First_Occurrence":"Pleistocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Pleistocene-Holocene","Geography":"Scandanavia, Pleistocene, North Atlantic, Arctic, North Pacific, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1462, 2a-d. * G. spitzbergensis (Davidson), Holocene, North Atlantic, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, ZB1518, X3, d, dorsal interior showing loop and cardinalia, X6 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1462. laqueidae (p. 2201-2209).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-560.jpg?height=1677&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Gelasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":2.58,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dalligas":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Dalligadinae","Genus":"Dalligas","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dalligas STEINICH, 1968b, p. 336","Type_species":"D. nobilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute to small, thin-shelled, elongate-oval to subcircular, weakly capillate, hinge line straight, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, foramen large, hypothyrid. Cardinal process not differentiated, cardinalia consisting of sessile septalium, crura absent, loop axial with laterally directed septal flanges on posteroventral edge of high septal pillar. Lophophore spiculate.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1462, 3a-e. *D. nobilis, Germany, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 10 (Steinich, 1968), e, lateral oblique view of dorsal interior, \u00d7 10 (Steinich, 1968b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1968, \nSteinich, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1462. laqueidae (p. 2201-2209).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-560.jpg?height=1677&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Frenulina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Frenulinidae","Subfamily":"Frenulininae","Genus":"Frenulina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Frenulina DALL, 1895, p. 724","Type_species":"Anomia sanguinolenta GMELIN, 1792, p. 3, 347, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, smooth, commonly reddish-orange with white mottling, unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates commonly disjunct, occasionally conjunct. Hinge teeth with ventrally recessive dental plates, pedicle collar sessile. Cardinalia divergent from apex with inner socket ridges rather strong, united on their inner sides to crural bases, inner hinge plates rudimentary and not united medianly, cardinal process small, striated myophore, loop bilacunar to incipiently bilateral. Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene: Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Pacific, Indian Oceans, Holocene.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Pacific, Indian Oceans, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1467, 1a-d. *F. sanguinolenta (Gmelin), Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, Hawaiian Islands, X3 (new), d, dorsal interior showing loop, Philippines, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1467. frenulinidae (p. 2209-2211).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-568.jpg?height=1794&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jolonica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Frenulinidae","Subfamily":"Frenulininae","Genus":"Jolonica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jolonica DALL, 1920, p. 366","Type_species":"Jolonica Dall, 1920, p. 366, Campages (Jolonica) hedleyi DALL, 1920, p. 366, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Compsoria Cooper, 1973a, p. 23 (type, C. suffusa, OD), Kamoica Hatar, 1936, p. 313 (type, Jolonica (Kamoica) iduensis Hatai, 1936, p. 313, OD)","Synonyms":"Compsoria, Kamoica","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, ovate to subpentagonal, rectimarginate to weakly unisulcate, beak low, suberect, attrite, foramen mesothyrid to permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates recessive with narrow, lateral umbonal cavities, pedicle collar long, sessile. Cardinalia very similar to Frenulina but with prominent, upstanding cardinal process, strong inner socket ridges, flattened ventrally, fused to stout crural bases, inner hinge plates and septalium absent, median septum prominent, diminishing posteriorly. Loop bilacunar with median lacuna of hood occupied by calcareous plate.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Japan (Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands), western Pacific (South Japan, Philippines to 640 m), western Indian Ocean (off Mozambique to 132 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1467, 2a-g. *J. hedleyi, Holocene, off Jolo, Philippines, a-d, dorsal, anterior, lateral, and posterior views of holotype, USNM 111059, X1, e-f, ventral and lateral views of dorsal interior of holotype showing loop, X2, g, tilted view of ventral interior of holotype showing dental plates, X2 (Cooper, 1957b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1467. frenulinidae (p. 2209-2211).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-568.jpg?height=1794&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pictothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Frenulinidae","Subfamily":"Pictothyridinae","Genus":"Pictothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pictothyris THOMSON, 1927, p. 260","Type_species":"Anomia picta DILLWYN, 1817, p. 295, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ovate, biconvex, rectimarginate to faintly unisulcate, smooth, shell commonly reddish and variegated, beak suberect, foramen medium size, mesothyrid, attrite, deltidial plates conjunct. Hinge teeth strong, dental plates short, recessive, pedicle collar broad, sessile. Cardinal process prominent, upstanding, with distal, impressed, bilobed myophore, median septum low, thick, adult loop laterovertical. Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene: Japan (Formosa, Ryukyu Islands, 40-160 m).","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Japan (Formosa, Ryukyu Islands, 40-160 m)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1467, 3a-e. *P. picta (Dillwyn), Holocene, Japan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-e, dorsal and ventral interiors, X2 (Cooper, 1957b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1467. frenulinidae (p. 2209-2211).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-568.jpg?height=1794&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kikaithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Frenulinidae","Subfamily":"Pictothyridinae","Genus":"Kikaithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kikaithyris Yabe & HATAI, 1941, p. 495","Type_species":"* Pictothyris hanzawai YABE, 1932, p. 196, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, ovate to subpentagonal, biconvex, beak low, erect, beak ridges strong, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen small to minute, mesothyrid. Hinge teeth strong, dental plates thickened and almost obscured, diductor scars elongate, narrow. Cardinalia resembling Pictothyris but more robust, inner socket ridges swollen, cardinal process upstanding with distal, bilobed myophore, dorsal median septum low and thick. Adult loop laterovertical.\"","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Pleistocene","Last_Occurrence":"Pleistocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Pleistocene","Geography":"Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Taiwan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1467, 4a-e. *K. hanzawai (Yabe), Ryukyu Islands, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-e, dorsal and ventral interiors, X2 (Cooper, 1957b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1467. frenulinidae (p. 2209-2211).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-568.jpg?height=1794&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Pleistocene Upper","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0.01,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Shimodaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Frenulinidae","Subfamily":"Shimodaiinae","Genus":"Shimodaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Shimodaia MacKinnon, Saito, & ENDO, 1997, p. 226","Type_species":"S. pterygiota, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, red to white color markings, ovate, commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, attrite, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates recessive, pedicle collar long, sessile. Cardinal process inconspicuous, septal pillar arising (in adults) about midvalve, very long and narrow, strongly inclined anteroventrally, sometimes spinose distally, extending posteriorly as low ridge, hinge trough with incipient inner hinge plates, adult loop annular with descending branches attached to septal pillar and ascending branches commonly incomplete, juvenile axial loop phase with well-developed septal flanges. Holocene: Japan, South China Sea.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Japan, South China Sea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1467, 5a-e. * S. pterygiota, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, UMUT RB27390, X5, d-e, two views of dorsal interior, X5 (MacKinnon, Saito, & Endo, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"MacKinnon, Saito, & Endo, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1467. frenulinidae (p. 2209-2211).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-568.jpg?height=1794&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebratalia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliinae","Genus":"Terebratalia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebratalia BEECHER, 1893, p. 377","Type_species":"Terebratula transversa G. B. Sowerby, 1846, p. 94, OD, = Magasella radiata DALL, 1877b, p. 49","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pacifithyris Hatai, 1938, p. 98 (type, Terebratalia xanthica Dall, 1920, p. 346, OD)\"","Synonyms":"Pacifithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, outline extremely variable from subcircular to transversely oval, mildly unisulcate, ornamentation highly variable from smooth to costate, beak short, suberect, strongly attrite, beak ridges sharp, foramen large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar short, dental plates ventrally recessive, lateral umbonal cavities narrow and tending to infill with secondary shell. Cardinal process transverseoval myophore, cardinalia strong with some median shell thickening, dorsal adjustor scars impressed on thickened inner socket ridges, crura fairly long, slender, roughly circular in cross section, loop trabecular with very slender, lateral connecting bands extending from low median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Mexico (Baja California), Eocene, western North America, ?Japan, Oligocene, western North America, Japan, Miocene-Pleistocene, North Pacific (10-1, 750 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1468, 1 a-d. *T. transversa (Sowerby), Holocene, Vancouver Island, Canada, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal interior, loop missing, \u00d7 1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1468. terebrataliidae (p. 2211-2213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-570.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coptothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliinae","Genus":"Coptothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coptothyris JACKSON, 1918a, p. 479","Type_species":"Terebratula grayi Davidson, 1852c, p. 76, OD, =Magasella adamsi DAVIDSON, 1871, p. 307","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pereudesia Dall, 1920, p. 360, obj., nom. nov. pro Thomsonia Jackson, 1916, p. 22, non Signoret, 1879, nec Konow, 1884, = Cacata Strand, 1928, p. 38, obj., nom. nov. pro Thomsonia Jackson, 1916, p. 22, non Signoret, 1879, nec Konow, 1884","Synonyms":"Pereudesia, Thomsonia, Cacata","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, subquadrate to transversely oval, rectimarginate to mildly uniplicate, multicostate, beak suberect, attrite, foramen large, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct in adults. Pedicle collar short, hinge teeth strong, dental plates ventrally recessive with very reduced, lateral umbonal cavities. Cardinalia as in Terebratalia, median septum very low, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene), Holocene","Geography":"Japan, Korea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1468, 4a-d. *C. grayi (Davidson), Holocene, Korea Strait, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal interior showing cardinalia, teloform loop missing, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1468. terebrataliidae (p. 2211-2213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-570.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dallinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliinae","Genus":"Dallinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dallinella THOMSON, 1915c, p. 75","Type_species":"Terebratalia obsoleta Beecher, 1893, p. 382, 392, OD, = Terebratella occidentalis obsoleta DALL, 1891b, p. 186","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, subquadrate to transversely oval, multiplicate with wide, subdued, median uniplication, beak erect, attrite, foramen large, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct in adults. Pedicle collar short, hinge teeth strong, dental plates ventrally recessive with very reduced, lateral umbonal cavities. Cardinalia as in Terebratalia, crural processes attenuated, anteriorly projecting. Loop trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"northeastern Pacific (100-220 m)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1468, 5 a-d .* D. obsoleta (DALL), Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal interior showing cardinalia, trabecular loop missing, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1468. terebrataliidae (p. 2211-2213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-570.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diestothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliinae","Genus":"Diestothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diestothyris THOMSON, 1916b, p. 504","Type_species":"Terebratula frontalis MIDDENDORFF, 1849, p. 518, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Diestothyris (Tisimania) Hatai, 1938, p. 203 (type, Diestothyris tisimana Nomura & Hatar, 1936, p. 131)","Synonyms":"Diestothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly unisulcate, beak short, suberect, strongly attrite, foramen large, submesothyrid, deltidial plates very narrow. Pedicle collar well developed, thin, ventrally recessive dental plates, with small, deep, lateral umbonal cavities. Cardinal process subtriangular myophore, cardinalia strong, socket ridges strong, disjunct inner hinge plates with deeply impressed dorsal adjustor scars, fused posteriorly to cardinal process, septal pillar located anterior of midvalve, loop trabecular, slender.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"North America, Miocene-Pleistocene, Kamchatka, Japan, Pliocene, North Pacific (Okhotsk Sea, Japan Sea), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1469 a-d. *D. frontalis (Middendorff), Holocene, North Pacific, a, dorsal view, \u00d7 1.5, b-c, lateral and anterior views, \u00d7 2 (new), d, dorsal interior showing loop, reconstruction, \u00d7 3 (Davidson, 1887).","Museum_or_author_information":"Davidson, 1887","figure_index":"fig. 1469. terebrataliidae (p. 2211-2213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-571.jpg?height=582&width=619&top_left_y=240&top_left_x=861)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tythothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliinae","Genus":"Tythothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tythothyris ZEZINA, 1979, p. 223","Type_species":"T. rosimarginata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, biconvex, rectimarginate to weakly sulcate, similar to juvenile Diestothyris but crura and descending loop branches not developed, septal pillar with ventrally curved, ascending lamellae that do not unite, with small, posteriorly directed flanges at apices of ascending lamellae.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Okhotsk Sea, Kurile Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1468, 2 a-d. *T. rosimarginata, a-b, ventral and lateral oblique views of dorsal interior, c-d, dorsal and anterior oblique views of ventral interior, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1468. terebrataliidae (p. 2211-2213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-570.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliinae","Genus":"Xenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenothyris Ching, Rong, & SUN, 1976, p. 337","Type_species":"X. tuilaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, hinge line straight, ventribiconvex, multiplicate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, beak short, suberect, foramen semicircular, without deltidial plates. No ventral septum, dental plates short, highly divergent. Cardinal process low, flattened, narrow outer hinge plates present between divergent inner socket ridges, and crural bases as in Terebratalia, loop imperfectly known, possibly trabecular, dorsal median septum long, low posteriorly, high at midvalve, and forming a low ridge anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1468, 3a-d. * X. tuilaensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, reconstruction of dorsal interior showing possibly incomplete loop, X4 (Ching, Rong, & Sun, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ching, Rong, & Sun, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1468. terebrataliidae (p. 2211-2213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-570.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gemmarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Gemmarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gemmarcula ELLIOTT, 1947, p. 145","Type_species":"G. aurea, OD, = Terebratula truncata J. de C. Sowerby, 1826 in 1826-1829, p. 21, non Anomia truncata LINNAEUS, 1767, p. 1, 152","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trifidarcula Elliott, 1959, p. 147 (type, Terebratella trifida Meyer, 1864, p. 167, OD)","Synonyms":"Trifidarcula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, strophic, ovate to subquadrate, costate, rectimarginate to parasulcate, umbo short, suberect, attrite, foramen large, submesothyrid, symphytium present. Dental plates short, ventrally divergent, pedicle collar present. Cardinalia strong, buttressed by median septum, cardinal process transverse and countersunk in shallow hinge trough, adult loop trabecular, with small flanges extending laterally from transverse band, loop ontogeny similar to Terebratalia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, North America, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 1a-d. *G. aurea, Lower Cretaceous, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views of holotype, BMNH BB 9251, X2 (new), d, dorsal valve interior, X6.5 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arenaciarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Arenaciarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arenaciarcula ELLIOTT, 1959, p. 147","Type_species":"Terebratella fittoni MEYER, 1864, p. 250, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ovate, costate, commissure uniplicate to parasulcate, beak erect, beak ridges sharp, foramen mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates fused to side of valve. Septalium with raised inner socket ridges, crural bases, and median septal ridge, cardinal process consisting of medianly bifid myophore. Adult loop possibly trabecular. Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian): England, France, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Russia, Turkmenistan.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, France, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Russia, Turkmenistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 5a-m. * A. fittoni (Meyer), Aptian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of exterior, X2, d-m, serial transverse sections 1.1, 1.4, 1.9, 2.2, 2.6, 2.9, 3.2, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Owen, 1977).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1470, 5n. A. beaumonti (D'Archiac), Cenomanian, Belgium, dorsal interior, X2 (Owen, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977, \nOwen, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).\nfig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Choristothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Choristothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Choristothyris COOPER, 1942, p. 233","Type_species":"Terebratula plicata SAY, 1820, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, multicostate to plicate, sulcate, shell thick, beak suberect to erect, foramen large, submesothyrid, deltidial plates small, disjunct, Hinge teeth large, with deep fossettes in supporting callus, ventral muscle area large, flabellate, divided by low, stout median ridge, Cardinalia strong, inner socket ridges strong and high, hinge plate small, concave, cardinal process massive, trilobed, median septum high, thin, reaching to center of valve, crural processes long, slender, loop trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 2a-c. * C. plicata (Say), New Jersey, USA, a, dorsal exterior, X1, b-c, dorsal valve interior, interior showing calciteencrusted loop, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Helvetella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Helvetella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Helvetella OWEN, 1977, p. 221","Type_species":"Terebratula (Terebratella) arzierensis DE LORIOL, 1864, p. 441, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, pentagonal, costae strong, rounded, uniplicate to parasulcate, umbo massive, beak suberect, foramen large, circular, mesothyrid, symphytium short, broad, cardinal area extensive, slightly concave, beak ridges distinct. Cardinal process not developed, hinge plates short, triangular, ventrally deflected, loop trabecular. Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian): Switzerland, Spain.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","Geography":"Switzerland, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 4a-c. * H. arzierensis (de Loriel), Arzier, Vaud, Switzerland, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ismenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Ismenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ismenia KING, 1850, p. 142","Type_species":"Terebratulites pectunculoides von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 271, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, biconvex, with about 5 prominent plicae on each valve, beak low, suberect, attrite, foramen large, rounded, deltidial plates small, hinge line nearly strophic. Inner socket ridges prominent, inner hinge plates buttressed by median septum to form small septalium, cardinal process transverse, loop trabecular, anteriorly spinose.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1471ad. *I. pectunculoides (Von Schlotheim), Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977), d, dorsal interior showing loop, reconstructed, X3 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1471. terebrataliidae (p. 2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-573.jpg?height=534&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oblongarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Oblongarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oblongarcula Elliott, 1959, p. 147","Type_species":"Terebratula oblonga J. De C. SOWERBY, 1829 in 1826-1829, p. 68, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, elongate oval to subpentagonal, biconvex, costate to costellate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to incipiently unisulcate, shell thin, beak suberect, foramen mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, beak ridges well defined, pedicle collar well developed. Teeth strong, dental plates thin with narrow, lateral umbonal cavities. Cardinalia thin, platelike, cardinal process a raised, transverse myophore, sockets narrow, inner socket ridges enclosing septalium, median septum thin, supporting septalium beneath and extending anteriorly to half of valve length, crura delicate. Adult loop possibly teloform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Aptian)","Geography":"England, Germany, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 3a-d.*O. oblonga (J. DE C. SOWERBY), Aptian, Berkshire, England; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Owen, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ruegenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Ruegenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ruegenella OWEN, 1977, p. 224","Type_species":"Terebratula bumboldti HAGENOW, 1842, p. 539, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subquadrate to oval, costae rounded, anterior commissure rectimarginate to parasulcate, beak acuminate, incurved, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid, symphytium well exposed, beak ridges sharp, interarea extensive. Cardinal process massive, bilobed, hinge plates thickened, fused, median septum low. Adult loop trabecular. Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian): Belgium, Germany.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Belgium, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 6a-e. * R. humboldti (Hagenow), R\u00fcgen, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977), d-e, views of dorsal valve interior showing trabecular loop, X4 (Steinich, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977, \nSteinich, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonosemus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Trigonoseminae","Genus":"Trigonosemus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonosemus K\u00d6NIG, 1825, p. 3","Type_species":"T. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Delthyridea M'Coy, 1844, p. 150 (type, Delthyridaea McCoy King, 1850, p. 141, OD), Fissirostra D'Orbigny, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 269 (type, Terebratula recurva Defrance, 1828b, p. 133), Fissurirostra d'Orbigny, 1850 in 1849-1852, p. 132, nom. null., errore pro Fissirostra","Synonyms":"Delthyridea, Fissirostra, Fissurirostra, Fissirostra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, unequally biconvex to planoconvex, strophic, beak high, incurved, acutely pointed, unisulcate, shell thick, costate, interarea high, smooth, concave, foramen small, circular, permesothyrid, symphytium high and narrow. Ventral valve posteriorly thickened, teeth heavy, dental plates thick, lateral umbonal cavities vestigial. Cardinalia dominated by massive cardinal process with swollen base, dorsal diductor muscle scars deeply sunken, median septum thick, extending anteriorly to just over half valve length, loop narrow, rather small, trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"France, Belgium, Holland, England, Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1472, 1a-d. *T. elegans, Maastrichtian, Ciply, Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977), d, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nOwen, 1977, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dereta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Trigonoseminae","Genus":"Dereta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dereta ELLIOTT, 1959, p. 147","Type_species":"Terebratula pectita J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular, strongly biconvex, costate, anterior commissure unisulcate, foramen round to oval, mesothyrid, beak suberect, beak ridges angular, lateral areas smooth, bordering symphytium. Pedicle collar present, median ridge in ventral umbonal area, dental lamellae strong. Cardinal platform small, thick, cardinal process high, narrow, pillarlike, hinge plates fused anteriorly and supported by high median septum, adult loop possibly trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1472, 3a-c. *D. pectita (Sowerby), England, dorsal valve, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebrirostra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Trigonoseminae","Genus":"Terebrirostra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebrirostra D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 269","Type_species":"Terebratula lyra J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lyra Cumberland in J. Sowerby, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 84, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Lyra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, ornament of wavy radial costellae, dorsal valve elongate-oval to subtrigonal in outline, ventral valve very elongate, suberect beak, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly unisulcate, beak ridges angular, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates extending whole length of umbo, anteriorly curved and uniting with lateral margin. Cardinalia with large, triangular sockets, central hinge trough deep, cardinal process large, trilobed, median septum long, thin, extending anteriorly from cardinalia, adult loop teloform, long, thin.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous","Geography":"Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1472, 2a-b. *T. lyra (Sowerby), England, lateral and dorsal views of exterior, X1.5 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1934)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1472, 2c. T. incurvirostrum Lamplugh & Walker, England, dorsal valve interior, X2.5 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1934, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).\nfig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megathiris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Megathyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Megathiris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megathiris D'ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 269","Type_species":"Anomia detruncata GMELIN, 1790, p. 3, 347, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Megathyris Bronn, 1848, p. 244, nom. van., Argyope Davidson, 1850a, p. 65, obj., non SAVIGNY, 1826","Synonyms":"Megathyris, Argyope","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, broadly transverse, hinge line straight, ventribiconvex, multiplicate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, beak short, attrite, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Hinge teeth small, elongate, pedicle collar supported by long, narrow median septum and 2 subdued lateral septa extending almost to anterior margin. Cardinal process small, transverse, grooved, cardinalia with low hinge platform uniting 2 prominent socket ridges, crura short, widely separated, crural processes prominent, horizontal, pointed, median septum very long, narrow, high, flanked in anterior part of shell by 2 lateral septa reaching to near middle of dorsal valve, loop of 2 slender, arcuate descending branches free only near crura, attached to base of crura, valve floor, and anterior extremities of lateral septa and median septum, lophophore attached to dorsal mantle, ptycholophous, rarely weakly spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)-Holocene","Geography":"England, France, Belgium, Campanian-Maastrichtian, Italy, Eocene, Germany, Oligocene, Italy, Poland, Miocene, Europe, Pliocene, Mediterranean, Channel Islands, Portugal, Madeira, Algeria, France, Italy, Greece, Israel, Ghana (3-260 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1473, 3a-e. *M. detruncata (Gmelin), Holocene, Mediterranean, a-b, dorsal and ventral valve views, c, interior of dorsal valve, X5.4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d-e, interior of dorsal and ventral valves, X12 (Logan, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nLogan, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1473. megathyrididae (p. 2217-2221).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-576.jpg?height=1579&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Argyrotheca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Megathyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Argyrotheca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Argyrotheca Dall, 1900, p. 44","Type_species":"Terebratula cuneata RISSO, 1826, p. 388, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cistella Gray, 1853, p. 114, obj., non Gistl, 1848, Cistellarcula Elliott, 1954, p. 726 (type, C. wrigleyi, OD)","Synonyms":"Cistella, Cistellarcula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, commonly transversely ovate with wide hinge line but outline variable, ventribiconvex, smooth to more commonly multiplicate, beak short, subtruncate, foramen large, commonly hypothyrid, deltidial plates narrow. Pedicle collar well developed, supported by long, narrow, median septum. Cardinal process short, transversely elongate, buttressed by long, high, thick median septum, crura widely separate, short, prominent, pointed, loop long, formed of 2 slender, arcuate descending branches attached to base of crura, valve floor, and anterior end of median septum, short septal flanges present in adult stages, lophophore large, schizolophous, spicules not observed. Argyrotheca may include species that should be assigned to several different genera.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)-Holocene","Geography":"Belgium, Maastrichtian, cosmopolitan, Eocene-Miocene, England, Italy, Pliocene, Atlantic (60-1, 280 m), Caribbean, Pacific (160 m), Mediterranean (3-400 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1473, 2a-e. *A. cuneata (Risso), Holocene, Mediterranean, a, dorsal valve view, X15, b, ventral valve view, X13, c, dorsal valve interior of juvenile, X20, d-e, dorsal and ventral valve interiors, X20 (Logan, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Logan, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1473. megathyrididae (p. 2217-2221).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-576.jpg?height=1579&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bronnothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Megathyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bronnothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bronnothyris Popiel-Barczyk & SMIRNOVA, 1978, p. 134","Type_species":"Terebratula bronnii ROEMER, 1841, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, semicircular to subpentagonal in outline, wider than long, biconvex to planoconvex, plicate, with 6 to 10 broad, low costae, beak erect, foramen large, trigonal, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Pedicle collar well developed, ventral septum thin, short. Cardinal process low, broad, hinge plates broad, circular, concave, dorsal septum high, long, reaching from cardinalia to anterior margin, short septal flanges extending ventrally from dorsal septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (lower Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)-Paleogene (lower Danian)","Geography":"Germany, Denmark, Poland, England, The Netherlands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1474 a-o . * B. bronnii (Roemer), lower Maastrichtian, Kronsmoor, northwestern Germany, a, dorsal valve view, \u00d7 10, b, dorsal valve interior, \u00d715 (Johansen & Surlyk, 1990); c\u2013o, serial transverse sections 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.35, 1.5, 1.75, 1.8 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d718 (Steinich, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1474. megathyrididae (p. 2218-2220)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-577.jpg?height=1969&width=1283&top_left_y=144&top_left_x=207)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":64.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phragmothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Megathyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phragmothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phragmothyris COOPER, 1955a, p. 65","Type_species":"P. cubensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, ventribiconvex, with median septum rising above it, loop consisting of broad ribbon extending around muscle platform, and uniting with valve floor beneath it","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Oligocene","Geography":"Cuba","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1473, 1a-g. *P. cubensis, Eocene, Camaguey Province, a, holotype, dorsal valve, X3, b-e, lateral, ventral valve, anterior, posterior views, X3, f-g, ventral valve interior, dorsal valve interior, X3 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1473. megathyrididae (p. 2217-2221).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-576.jpg?height=1579&width=1283&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praeargyrotheca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Praeargyrothecidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Praeargyrotheca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praeargyrotheca Smirnova in Smirnova, Zezina, & Popiel-Barczyk, 1983, p. 52","Type_species":"Argyrotheca hexaplicata SMIRNOVA, 1972, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Smirnovaena Nekvasilov\u00e1, 1985, p. 101 (type, S. quadricostata, OD)","Synonyms":"Smirnovaena","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, biconvex, with 4 to 10 prominent, dorsoventrally opposed high, keeled plicae in each valve, with commonly flattopped, granular microornament not coincident with endopunctae, anterior commissure rectimarginate, foramen large, hypothyrid to submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, interior margin of both valves crenulated. Dental plates and lateral umbonal cavities visible in early growth stages, commonly obscured by secondary shell thickening in adults. Cardinal process not differentiated but small, transverse myophore may be visible, prominent trapezoidal median septum extending about 0.8 distance to anterior margin, tapering posteriorly to unite with a pair of inclined, partially excavate inner hinge plates to form septalium, septalium well demarcated from high inner socket ridges, descending branches of loop consisting of pair of arcuate ribbons that unite with dorsal valve floor and median septum just anterior of midvalve. Lower Cretaceous: Ukraine (Crimea).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Ukraine (Crimea)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1475 a-z .*P. hexaplicata (Smirnova), Berriasian, a, posterodorsal valve view, b, ventral valve view, c, anterior view, d, dorsal valve interior, e, ventral valve interior, X20 (MacKinnon & Smirnova, 1995), f-z, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4 ~mm from ventral umbo, X5 (adapted from Smirnova, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"MacKinnon & Smirnova, 1995, \nadapted from Smirnova, 1972","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Evargyrotheca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Praeargyrothecidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Evargyrotheca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Evargyrotheca MacKinnon & SMIRNOVA, 1995, p. 676","Type_species":"Argyrotheca alta SMIRNOVA, 1972, p. 110, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, subpentagonal, hinge line narrow, ventribiconvex, commonly with 4 dorsoventrally opposed, rounded plicae, anterior commissure rectimarginate, microornament of triangular granules coincident with endopunctae, beak high, apsacline, foramen large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Interior as for Praeargyrotheca. Lower Cretaceous: Ukraine (Crimea).\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Crimea)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1476, 2a-e. * E. alta (Smirnova), Berriasian, a, dorsal view, b, ventral view, c, dorsolateral view, d, anterior view, e, oblique view of dorsal valve interior, X20 (MacKinnon & Smirnova, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"MacKinnon & Smirnova, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1476. praeargyrothecidae (p. 2222).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-579.jpg?height=1211&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Krimargyrotheca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Praeargyrothecidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Krimargyrotheca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Krimargyrotheca MacKinnon & SMIRNOVA, 1995, p. 676","Type_species":"Argyrotheca concinna SMIRNOVA, 1972, p. 107, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, hinge line wide, ventribiconvex, commonly with 6 to 9 dorsoventrally opposed, rounded plicae, microornament of rounded granular mounds in granular groundmass, beak high, apsacline, foramen large, deltidial plates disjunct. Interior as for Praeargyrotheca. Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian): Crimea.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1476, 1 a-d .*K. concinna (Smirnova), a, posterodorsal view, b, ventral valve view, c, dorsal valve interior, d, ventral valve interior, X20 (MacKinnon & Smirnova, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"MacKinnon & Smirnova, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1476. praeargyrothecidae (p. 2222).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-579.jpg?height=1211&width=1277&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thaumatosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Thaumatosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thaumatosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thaumatosia COOPER, 1973a, p. 15","Type_species":"* T. anomala, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Minute, quadrate to subcircular in outline with a wide hinge line, costellate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, foramen large, amphithyrid. Teeth small, unsupported, with a pedicle groove at the apex, ventral median septum narrow and long. Dorsal valve sockets broad and deep, socket ridges erect, short, and thick, no loop or other brachial support.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Andaman Sea, off Thailand (4077 \\\\mathrm{~m})","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1477 a-f. *T*. anomala, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 550347 c, \u00d7 10, e-f, dorsal and ventral valve interiors, \u00d7 20 (Cooper, 1973b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nCooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1477. thaumatosiidae (p. 2222).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-580.jpg?height=692&width=1273&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bouchardia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Bouchardioidea","Family":"Bouchardiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bouchardia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bouchardia DAVIDSON, 1850a, p. 62","Type_species":"Anomia rosea MAWE, 1823, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Pachyrhynchus KING, 1850, p. 70, obj., non Wagler, 1822, nec Germar, 1824","Synonyms":"Pachyrhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, very thick shelled posteriorly, beak nearly straight, foramen permesothyrid, symphytium slightly concave. Ventral valve with a low septal ridge. High inner socket ridges enclosing a massive hinge platform with inverted, V-shaped, diductor muscle grooves, crura absent, paired brachidial lamellae curving posteroventrally from a high septal pillar, but not uniting distally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (?Maastrichtian), Paleogene (Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (?Maastrichtian), Paleogene (Paleocene)-Holocene","Geography":"South America (0150 m), upper Eocene-Oligocene, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1478,1a\u2013f. *B. rosea (MAWE), Holocene, Brazil; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72; e, ventral valve interior; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d74 (Brunton, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1478. bouchardiidae (p. 2223-2224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-582.jpg?height=1581&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Australiarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Bouchardioidea","Family":"Bouchardiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Australiarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Australiarcula ELLIOTT, 1960b, p. 26","Type_species":"A. artesiana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ovate, beak straight, foramen medium, permesothyrid, attrite, symphytium slightly concave, beak ridges sharp. Cardinal process small, bilobed myophore, posteriorly inserted on the cardinal platform, septal pillar high anteriorly, with curved, posteriorly directed, brachidial lamellae situated close to the elevated margins of deeply inserted adductor muscle scars on the valve floor, crura reduced to a pair of minute, inwardly curving projections located high in the anterior wall of the cardinal platform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"South Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1478, 4a-c. *A. artesiana, a-b, dorsal and anterior views, X2 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), c, dorsal valve interior, reconstructed, X2 (adapted from Elliott, 1960b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nadapted from Elliott, 1960","figure_index":"fig. 1478. bouchardiidae (p. 2223-2224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-582.jpg?height=1581&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bouchardiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Bouchardioidea","Family":"Bouchardiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bouchardiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bouchardiella Doello-Jurado, 1922, p. 200","Type_species":"Bouchardia patagonica IHERING, 1903a, p. 210, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, elongate-oval, thick shelled, beak short, straight, foramen permesothyrid, attrite, symphytium flat to concave. Ventral valve greatly thickened, bearing prominent grooves to accommodate inner socket ridges. Cardinal process small, bilobed myophore, posteriorly inserted on cardinal platform, socket ridges prominent, septal pillar high anteriorly and bearing 2 short, posteriorly inclined flanges. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene: Australia, South America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene","Last_Occurrence":"Paleogene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene","Geography":"Australia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1478, 2a. * B. patagonica (Ihering), Paleogene, Argentina, dorsal view of holotype, X2 (Ihering, 1903a)., Fig. 1478, 2 b-e. B. cretacea (Etheridge), Western Australia, b, dorsal view, X6, c, dorsal valve interior, X7, d, ventral valve interior, X6, e, oblique anterior view of conjoined valves showing septal pillar and septal flange abutting ventral valve, X10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ihering, 1903","figure_index":"fig. 1478. bouchardiidae (p. 2223-2224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-582.jpg?height=1581&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Malleia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Bouchardioidea","Family":"Bouchardiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Malleia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Malleia THOMSON, 1927, p. 283","Type_species":"Terebratella portlandica CHAPMAN, 1913, p. 187, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex, beak short, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Hinge teeth strong, transversely striated, with deeply grooved, swollen bases. Massive inner socket ridges united posteromedianly, bearing deep, inverted, V- or Y-shaped diductor muscle pits and enclosing a prominent posteromedian trough that probably served as a dorsal adjustor muscle attachment site, crura absent, elongate adductor muscle scars enclosing septal pillar, septal pillar high with incomplete ascending and rudimentary descending lamellae.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Pliocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1478, 3a-d. *M. portlandica (Chapman), Oli-gocene-Miocene, a-b, holotype, dorsal and anterior views, NMVP 12460, X4 (Richardson, 1973), c, dorsal valve interior showing septal lamellae, X5, d, posterior oblique view of dorsal valve interior, X5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1478. bouchardiidae (p. 2223-2224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-582.jpg?height=1581&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neobouchardia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Bouchardioidea","Family":"Bouchardiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neobouchardia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neobouchardia THOMSON, 1927, p. 270","Type_species":"Bouchardia minima THOMSON, 1918b, p. 260, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thick shelled, beak straight to suberect, foramen minute, permesothyrid, beak ridges sharp, symphytium slightly concave. Ventral valve greatly thickened, bearing prominent grooves to accommodate inner socket ridges. Cardinalia greatly thickened, inner socket ridges fused medially, supporting posteriorly a variably swollen, bosslike cardinal process bearing paired, inverted, Y-shaped diductor scars, crura vestigial, septal pillar very high, brachidial lamellae absent.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Pliocene)","Geography":"New Zealand, Australia, Oligocene-Miocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1478, 5a-d. *N. minima (Thomson), Miocene, New Zealand, a-b, dorsal and ventral views, c, dorsal valve interior, d, ventral valve interior with damaged beak, X6 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1478. bouchardiidae (p. 2223-2224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-582.jpg?height=1581&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Platidia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Platidiinae","Genus":"Platidia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Platidia COSTA, 1852 (Jan.), p. 47","Type_species":"* Orthis anomioides Scacchi & PHILIPPI, 1844, p. 69, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Morrisia Davidson, 1852d (May), p. 371, obj.","Synonyms":"Morrisia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subquadrate in outline, planoconvex, thin shelled, semitransparent, smooth, or with radiating lines or spinules on ventral valve, hinge line wide, foramen large, amphithyrid, deltidial plates very narrow, disjunct. Pedicle collar short, sessile, hinge teeth with narrow dental plates and grooved, swollen bases, short ventral myophragm. Cardinal process absent, inner socket ridges strong, outer socket ridges narrow, no hinge plates, septal pillar located directly anterior to large amphithyrid pedicle embayment, bladelike and leaning anteriorly proximally but posteriorly deflected distally and terminating in a pair of posteriorly directed, U-shaped septal flanges, crura long and slender with short processes, descending branches strongly arcuate, uniting medianly with lateral flanks of U-shaped septal flanges. Lophophore zygolophous.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","First_Occurrence":"Danian","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Danian)-Holocene","Geography":"Mediterranean (180-400 m), eastern Atlantic (50-1, 340 m), western Atlantic, Caribbean (170-1, 290 m), eastern Pacific (100-400 m), western Pacific (130 m), Indian Ocean (90-1, 500 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1479, 3ai. *P. anomioides (Scacchi & Philippi), Holocene, Caribbean, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X5, d, interior of ventral valve, X10, e-h, ventral, anterior, and 2 laterally tilted views of dorsal valve interior, X10, i, bilobed lophophore, X10 (Cooper, 1977)","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1479. platidiidae (p. 2225-2226).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-584.jpg?height=1708&width=1287&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aemula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Platidiinae","Genus":"Aemula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aemula STEINICH, 1968a, p. 193","Type_species":"A. inusitata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small (up to 8 mm in length), thin, oval to irregular subcircular, may be wider than long, planoconvex, dorsal valve smooth, ventral valve may carry fine spines, beak short, suberect, foramen large, amphithyrid, irregular in outline, deltidial plates narrow. Pedicle collar short, teeth small, dental plates slender. Hinge plates weakly developed, crura absent, septal pillar triangular with small, divergent septal flanges on apex, lophophore schizolophous to zygolophous. Differs from Platidia in lacking both crura and descending branches.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)","First_Occurrence":"Santonian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)-Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":"northwestern Germany, Santonian-Maastrichtian, England, Campanian, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Maastrichtian-lower Danian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1479, 1a-c. *A. inusitata, Maastrichtian, Hvidskud, Mon, Denmark, a-b, dorsal and ventral views, X10 (Surlyk, 1974), c, dorsal valve interior, X10 (Steinich, 1968a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Surlyk, 1974, \nSteinich, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1479. platidiidae (p. 2225-2226).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-584.jpg?height=1708&width=1287&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":85.7,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Platidiinae","Genus":"Amphithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphithyris THOMSON, 1918a, p. 20","Type_species":"A. buckmani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small (up to 5 mm wide), broadly suborbicular, planoconvex, smooth or with faint capillae on ventral valve, hinge line nearly straight, beak apicate, foramen amphithyrid. Hinge teeth without dental plates or swollen bases. Cardinalia consisting of socket ridges only, dorsal median septum low, triangular in lateral view, lophophore schizolophous, supported by spicules.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"New Zealand, Ross Sea, South Orkney Islands (74-641 m)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1479, 2a-e. *A. buckmani, holotype, NMNZ operatornameBr 80, a-b, line drawings of ventral and dorsal views, X5, c, lateral view, X5, d, interior of ventral valve, X10, e, interior of dorsal valve, X10 (Cooper, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1479. platidiidae (p. 2225-2226).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-584.jpg?height=1708&width=1287&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Annuloplatidia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Platidiinae","Genus":"Annuloplatidia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Annuloplatidia ZEZINA, 1981b, p. 144","Type_species":"*A. indopacifica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small (up to 4.7 mm wide), smooth, planoconvex to concavoconvex, foramen amphithyrid, pedicle collar sessile, deltidial plates rudimentary. Crura projecting anteriorly from inner socket ridges, transverse band connecting distal extremities of divergent septal flanges on apex of septal pillar to form a triangular ring, descending branches as in Platidia, lophophore zygolophous. Differs from Platidia in presence of transverse band in brachidium.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene","Geography":"USA (California), Pliocene, Indian Ocean, central Pacific, North Atlantic (370-5, 240 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1480, 2a-b. *A. indopacifica, Holocene, Pacific, a, beak of ventral valve, b, dorsal valve interior, X18 (Zezina, 1981b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zezina, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1480. platidiidae (p. 2226-2227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-585.jpg?height=751&width=1298&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scumulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Platidiinae","Genus":"Scumulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scumulus STEINICH, 1968a, p. 199","Type_species":"*S. inopinatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, thin shelled, outline subtriangular to elongate-oval, flattened biconvex, short, straight beak, foramen large, amphithyrid in juveniles to hypothyrid in adults. Pedicle collar distinct. Brachidium represented by descending branches that extend between crura and narrow, high, subtriangular septal pillar with truncated apex, lophophore strongly spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"England, upper Campanian, Denmark, Maastrichtian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1480, 1a-d. * S. inopinatus, Maastrichtian, Denmark, a-b, dorsal and lateral view of small specimen, c, dorsal valve interior, d, lateral view of brachidium, X20 (Steinich, 1968a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1480. platidiidae (p. 2226-2227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-585.jpg?height=751&width=1298&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phaneropora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Phaneroporinae","Genus":"Phaneropora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phaneropora ZEZINA, 1981c, p. 18","Type_species":"* ?. galatheae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, smooth, gently biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak ridges slightly tuberculate, foramen large, hypothyrid, deltidial plates very narrow, disjunct, pedicle collar short, hinge teeth with small recessive dental plates. No cardinal process, high inner socket ridges with long crura that are anteromedially convergent, septal pillar platelike at its base with high, narrow distal extremity (axial loop phase), descending branches absent, lophophore zygolophous and heavily spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Great Australian Bight, Southwestern Pacific, Indonesia (Arafura Sea)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1481, 2a-f. *. galatheae, a-b, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, Great Australian Bight, 1, 320-1, 340 m, ZMUC-BRA-1, X8 (Zezina, 1981c), c-d, ventral and lateral views of dorsal interior, X20, e, ventral valve interior, X20, f, detail of beak region, off Tasmania, 755 ~m, X40 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zezina, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1481. platidiidae (p. 2227-2228).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-586.jpg?height=1767&width=1273&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptothyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Phaneroporinae","Genus":"Leptothyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptothyrella MUIR-WOOD 1965c, p. 855, nom. nov. pro Leptothyris MUIR-WOOD, 1959, non CONRAD in KERR, 1875, p. 20","Type_species":"Leptothyris ignota MUIR-WOOD, 1959, p. 308; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very similar to Phaneropora but lacking beak ridge tubercles and with narrow descending loop branches extending between crura and distal extension of high, septal pillar; lophophore zygolophous.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Indian Ocean (off Zanzibar), Gulf of Aden, North Atlantic (2,000\u20134,737 m)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1481, 1a\u2013c. *L. ignota; a\u2013b, dorsal and lateral views, Gulf of Aden, \u00d77; c, dorsal interior, holotype NHM ZB 1555, off Zanzibar, \u00d712 (Muir-Wood, 1965c).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1481, 1d\u2013g. L. incerta (DAVIDSON), Gulf of Gascoigne, Atlantic; de, ventral and lateral views of dorsal interior, \u00d720; fg, dorsal and anterior oblique views of ventral interior, \u00d720 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1481. platidiidae (p. 2227-2228).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-586.jpg?height=1767&width=1273&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebratella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Terebratella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebratella D\u2019ORBIGNY, 1847, p. 269","Type_species":"Terebratula chilensis Broderip, 1833b, p. 141, OD, =Anomia dorsata Gmelin, 1792, p. 3, 348, Terebratula flexuosa P. P. King, 1835, p. 337, Terebratula patagonica GOULD, 1850, p. 347","Synonyms_with_authors":"Waltonia D AVIDSON , 1850d, p. 474 (type, W. valenciennesii); Magasella D ALL , 1870, p. 134 (type, Terebratella evansii DAVIDSON, 1852c, p. 77","Synonyms":"Waltonia, Magasella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transversely ovate, unisulcate, costate to strongly multicostate, beak erect to suberect, attrite, foramen medium to large, submesothyrid to mesothyrid, deltidial plates commonly conjunct. Cardinalia weakly to moderately thickened, hinge plates excavate, moderately to steeply inclined, meeting on low median septum to form septalium, adult loop trabecular, lophophore plectolophous. Paleogene (Oligocene)-Holocene: South America, New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Holocene","Geography":"South America, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1482, 1a-f. *T. dorsata (Gmelin), Holocene, Strait of Magellan, a-d, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, X1, e, ventral interior, X1, f, dorsal interior showing brachidium, X1 (Fischer & Oehlert, 1892).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nFischer & Oehlert, 1892","figure_index":"fig. 1482. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-588.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aerothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Aerothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aerothyris ALLAN, 1939, p. 245","Type_species":"Magellania macquariensis THOMSON, 1918a, p. 30, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, variably ovate, weakly to moderately unisulcate, smooth, beak suberect, attrite, foramen medium to large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates commonly disjunct, rarely conjunct in some adults. Cardinalia moderately thickened, outer hinge plates prominent and gently inclined, inner hinge plates more steeply inclined, uniting medianly to form septalium, cardinal process prominent, consisting of striated transverse myophore, crura with prominent crural processes, median septum bladelike, adult loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Macquarie Island, Antipodes Island","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1483, 1a-e. *A. macquariensis (Thomson), Macquarie Island, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X1, e, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Foster, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Foster, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1483. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-590.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aneboconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Aneboconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aneboconcha COOPER, 1973b, p. 28","Type_species":"A. obscura, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, elongate oval, gently unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen large, submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Cardinal process consisting of transversely oval myophore, socket ridges and outer hinge plates narrow, crural bases narrow, inner hinge plates well developed, uniting with bladelike median septum to form septalium, loop trabecular. Holocene: South Atlantic.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"South Atlantic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1482, 7a-e. *A. obscura, South Shetland Islands, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d-e, interior of ventral and dorsal valves, X2 (Cooper, 1973b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1482. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-588.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Calloria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Calloria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Calloria Cooper & LEE, 1993, p. 267","Type_species":"Terebratula inconspicua G. B. Sowerby, 1846, p. 92, OD, = Terebratula rubicunda G. B. SOWERBY, 1846, p. 93","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell red, small to medium, smooth, or secondarily anteriorly costate, moderately to strongly unisulcate, beak short, attrite, foramen large, submesothyrid, deltidial plates commonly disjunct but sporadically conjunct in gerontic specimens. Cardinal process a transverse myophore lacking any anterior swelling, inner hinge plates meeting low median septum to form septalium, loop trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1482, 6a-e. *C. inconspicua (G. B. Sowerby), Holocene, a-d, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, ZB 595, \u00d71 (Cooper & Lee, 1993), e, dorsal interior, X4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Lee, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1482. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-588.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dyscritosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Dyscritosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dyscritosia COOPER, 1982, p. 22","Type_species":"D. secreta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, subcircular, biconvex, rectimarginate, beak low, attrite, erect, foramen medium, submesothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Cardinalia similar to Aneboconcha. Adult loop trabecular. Holocene: USA (southern Georgia).","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"USA (southern Georgia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1482, 2a-d. *D. secreta, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 551169a, \u00d7 1, d, dorsal interior, \u00d7 2 (Cooper, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1482. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-588.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fosteria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Fosteria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fosteria ZEZINA, 1980, p. 26","Type_species":"Magellania? spinosa FOSTER, 1974, p. 142, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, rectimarginate to unisulcate, foramen large, submesothyrid, beak suberect, attrite, deltidial plates very narrow, disjunct. Cardinalia lamellar, lacking clearly defined cardinal process, inner hinge plates broad, steeply inclined, uniting with low posterior trail of median septum to form septalium, septal pillar high, spinose anteriorly, loop annular, descending branches with several curved spines.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Antarctic, South Atlantic (311-1, 226 m)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1482, 5a-d. *F. spinosa (Foster), Ross Sea, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 550269A, X4, d, line drawing of dorsal valve interior, X12 (Foster, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nFoster, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1482. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-588.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gmelinmagas":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Gmelinmagas","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gmelinmagas de MARINELARENA, 1964, p. 267","Type_species":"G. plicata, OD, = Terebratella dorsata Ortmann, 1902, p. 74, non Anomia dorsata GMELIN, 1792, p. 3, 348","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ventribiconvex, subpentagonal, unisulcate, coarsely costate anteriorly but smooth posteriorly, beak suberect, attrite, foramen relatively large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Cardinal process high, transverse, hinge plates excavate, moderately inclined, meeting on low septum to form septalium, loop trabecular. Paleogene-Neogene: Patagonia.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene","First_Occurrence":"Paleogene","Ending_age":"Neogene","Last_Occurrence":"Neogene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene-Neogene","Geography":"Patagonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1482, 3a-c. * G. plicata, Miocene, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1482. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-588.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gyrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Gyrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gyrothyris THOMSON, 1918a, p. 23","Type_species":"G. mawsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, transversely ovate to elongate oval, finely multicostate, anterior commissure weakly unisulcate, beak suberect to erect, foramen small, mesothyrid, attrite, deltidial plates usually conjunct, concave, almost hidden. Cardinalia thickened, cardinal process transversely oval myophore, median septum uniting posteriorly with narrow septalium, adult loop typically trabecular but occasionally teloform.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"off southern New Zealand, Macquarie Islands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1483, 2ae . * G. mawsoni, Macquarie Island, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-e, ventral and dorsal valve interiors, X1 (Foster, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Foster, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1483. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-590.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iheringithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Iheringithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iheringithyris LEVY, 1961, p. 84","Type_species":"Magellania ameghinoi IHERING, 1903b, p. 326, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, biconvex, circular, rectimarginate, beak low, suberect, foramen small, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, beak ridges sharp. Cardinalia thickened, crural bases swollen, diverging at about 45\u00b0 from median plane and enclosing narrow, partially infilled septalium, cardinal process well differentiated, consisting of posterior, rather sunken myophore with upturned lateral margins and anterior bosslike swelling, inner socket ridges with submarginal thickening, median septum relatively low and bladelike, extending about 0.6 valve length, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Patagonia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1482, 4a-c. *I. ameghinoi (Ihering), a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X1, c, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1482. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2231).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-588.jpg?height=1879&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magadina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Magadina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magadina THOMSON, 1915a, p. 399","Type_species":"* M. browni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, biconvex to planoconvex, ventrally carinate, unisulcate, Beak suberect, foramen permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, Hinge teeth strong with grooved, swollen bases, Cardinal process a transverse myophore, lacking anterior swelling, Swollen inner socket ridges tending to fuse anteriorly to enclose a short, deep hinge trough, Septal pillar high, Incomplete annular loop","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"New Zealand, Australia, Miocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1483, 3a-f. * M. browni, Miocene, New Zealand, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, NMNZ Br46, X2, e-f, dorsal and oblique views of dorsal valve interior, X4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1483. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-590.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Magella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magella THOMSON, 1915a, p. 396","Type_species":"M. carinata, OD, =Terebratella kakanuiensis Thomson, 1908, p. 102, non HUTTON, 1905, p. 479","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Cardinalia strongly resembling those of Calloria, but adult loop phase haptoid to incipiently trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene-Oligocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1483, 4a-e. *M. carinata, Oligocene, a, dorsal view, \u00d7 2, b-c, lateral and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 2, e, oblique view of loop, \u00d7 3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1483. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-590.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Neothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neothyris DOUVILL\u00c9, 1879, p. 274","Type_species":"Terebratula lenticularis DESHAYES, 1839, p. 359, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, weakly unisulcate, beak erect to incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid, attrite, deltidial plates conjunct. Strong posterior shell thickening in adults. Cardinalia thickened, crural bases fused with socket ridges, median septum short, high, bifurcating posteriorly to form wide hinge trough, almost filled by large, swollen boss of cardinal process, crura rather short, crural processes prominent, adult loop teloform, lophophore plectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1483, 5a-d. *N. lenticularis (Deshayes), Holocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal interior showing loop, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1483. terebratellidae (p. 2229-2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-590.jpg?height=1884&width=1280&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pachymagas":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Pachymagas","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pachymagas IHERING, 1903b, p. 332","Type_species":"Terebratella (Pachymagas) tehuelcha IHERING, 1903b, p. 332, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, unisulcate, beak suberect to erect, foramen large, mesothyrid, attrite, deltidial plates conjunct, posterior shell thickening moderately to very strongly developed. Hinge teeth strong. Cardinalia thickened, median septum bifurcating posteriorly to form wide hinge trough, almost completely filled by very swollen boss of cardinal process, loop trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Pliocene)","Geography":"South America, New Zealand, Oligocene-Miocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1484, 4a-c. *P. tehuelcha, Pliocene, Patagonia, a-b, lectotype, dorsal and lateral views of exterior, MACN 4990, X1, c, dorsal interior, loop not preserved, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1484. terebratellidae (p. 2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-592.jpg?height=1710&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praemagadina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Praemagadina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praemagadina MacKinnon in MacKinnon, Beus, & LEE, 1993, p. 338","Type_species":"P. campbelli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, both valves thickened posteriorly. Hinge teeth strong with grooved swollen bases, inner socket ridges robust, enclosing sessile hinge trough bearing large pedicle adjustor muscle scars, septal pillar high, anteriorly inclined, adult loop incomplete haptoid.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1484, 3a-e. * P. campbelli, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, OU 40741, X3, d-e, dorsal valve interior, normal and oblique views, X6 (MacKinnon, Beus, & Lee, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nMacKinnon, Beus, & Lee, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1484. terebratellidae (p. 2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-592.jpg?height=1710&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syntomaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Syntomaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syntomaria COOPER, 1982, p. 20","Type_species":"S. curiosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth but with prominent growth lines, elongate oval, narrowly biconvex, rectimarginate, beak suberect, attrite, foramen wide, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Cardinal process a well-developed transverse myophore, inner hinge plates excavate, uniting on valve floor, septal pillar high, anteriorly inclined, and narrow. Loop annular to incipiently haptoid, descending branches occasionally incomplete.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"South Sandwich Islands, South Atlantic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1484, 1a-d. *S. curiosa, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 551173a, X5, d, dorsal valve interior, X7 (Cooper, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1484. terebratellidae (p. 2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-592.jpg?height=1710&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waiparia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellinae","Genus":"Waiparia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waiparia THOMSON, 1920, p. 380","Type_species":"\"Pachymagas abnormis THOMSON, 1917, p. 412, OD\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, smooth, unisulcate, beak erect, attrite, foramen submesothyrid to mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Cardinal process with transversely oval myophore and small, pyramidal anterior boss, cardinalia thickened, inner hinge plates well developed, uniting on short median septum to form septalium, loop trabecular. Paleogene (Oligocene)Neogene (Miocene): New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene), Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1484, 2a-d. *W. abnormis (Thomson), Miocene, a c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, NMNZ Br113, X1.5, d, dorsal interior, loop not preserved, X3.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1484. terebratellidae (p. 2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-592.jpg?height=1710&width=1294&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adnatida":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Adnatidinae","Genus":"Adnatida","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adnatida RICHARDSON, 1991, p. 38","Type_species":"Magasella deformis TATE, 1880, p. 165, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, strongly unisulcate, ventrally carinate, beak erect to slightly incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid to submesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct and downwardly convergent along median line, beak ridges well developed. Cardinalia massively thickened, cardinal process small, sessile, transversely oval myophore, small pedicle adjustor muscle pits inserted just anteriorly of cardinal process, tending to become infilled by secondary shell in gerontic specimens, massive median swelling between very strong inner socket ridges, septal pillar very high, loop annular to haptoid.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1485, 3a-f. *A. deformis (Tate), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X3.5 (Richardson, 1991), d, ventral interior, e-f, normal and lateral views of dorsal interior, X4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1485. terebratellidae (p. 2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-593.jpg?height=1373&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anakinetica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Anakineticinae","Genus":"Anakinetica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anakinetica RICHARDSON, 1987, p. 38","Type_species":"Terebratella (?) cumingii DAVIDSON, 1852d, p. 368, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ovate, biconvex, beak large, suberect to straight, symphytium wide, flat, cardinal margin straight or nearly straight. Substantial posterior shell thickening in both valves, pedicle canal long and narrow, crura short, loop annular to trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1485, 2a-e .^* A. cumingii (DAvidson), a-d, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X2, e, dorsal interior, X3 (Richardson, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1485. terebratellidae (p. 2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-593.jpg?height=1373&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parakinetica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Anakineticinae","Genus":"Parakinetica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parakinetica RICHARDSON, 1987, p. 39","Type_species":"* P. stewarti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex, beak small, straight, deltidial plates disjunct, loop annular","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1485, 1a-f. *P. stewarti, Bass Strait, a-d, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, e-f, dorsal and ventral interiors, X5 (Richardson, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1485. terebratellidae (p. 2233).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-593.jpg?height=1373&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magellania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Magellaniinae","Genus":"Magellania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magellania BAYLE , 1880, p. 240, nom. nov. pro Waldheimia KING, 1850, p. 81, non BRULL\u00c9, 1846","Type_species":"Terebratula australis QUOY & GAIMARD, 1834, p. 551; OD;  =Terebratula \ufb02avescens LAMARCK, 1819, p. 246","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, ovate, smooth as juvenile, becoming costate, unisulcate; beak suberect to erect; foramen large, mesothyrid, attrite; symphytium moderately high. Cardinalia lamellar with wide inner hinge plates and narrow outer hinge plates divided by narrow crural bases, hinge plates excavate, meeting on medium septum to form septalium; cardinal process a transverse myophore; crura short, crural processes prominent; loop teloform, lophophore plectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (?Miocene), Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (?Miocene), Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (?Miocene), Holocene","Geography":"Australia, Antarctica, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1486, 3a\u2013d. *M. \ufb02avescens (LAMARCK), Holocene, Australia; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71 (Davidson, 1886); d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1486. terebratellidae (p. 2235-2236).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-594.jpg?height=1127&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diedrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Magellaniinae","Genus":"Diedrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diedrothyris RICHARDSON, 1980, p. 48","Type_species":"Waldheimia (?) johnstoniana TATE, 1880, p. 151, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, becoming multiplicate in adult, rectimarginate to unisulcate to intraplicate, beak suberect, foramen medium in size, mesothyrid. Cardinalia with crural bases separating excavate inner and outer hinge plates, inner hinge plates moderately inclined, uniting with bladelike median septum to form septalium, cardinal process consisting of upwardly projecting subquadrate myophore, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene), Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1486, 1a-d. *D. johnstoniana (Tate), upper Eocene, Aldinga, South Australia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1.6, d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Richardson, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1486. terebratellidae (p. 2235-2236).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-594.jpg?height=1127&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Victorithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Magellaniinae","Genus":"Victorithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Victorithyris ALLAN, 1940b, p. 289","Type_species":"V. peterboroughensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, smooth to variably costate, unisulcate to intraplicate, beak suberect to erect, foramen small, mesothyrid, symphytium convex with median ridge. Cardinalia thickened, with fused socket ridges and stout crural bases, thickened inner hinge plates meeting on short, thick median septum to form septalium, loop teloform.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene), Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1486, 2a-e. *V. peterboroughensis, Miocene, Victoria, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d-e, dorsal and ventral interiors, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1486. terebratellidae (p. 2235-2236).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-594.jpg?height=1127&width=1279&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Stethothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Stethothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Stethothyris THOMSON, 1918a, p. 23","Type_species":"S. uttleyi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to elongate-oval, smooth, biconvex, unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen small, mesothyrid, symphytium wide with superficial grooves and ridges. Pedicle cavity reduced by posterior valve thickening, hinge teeth small, strong, with swollen bases grooved to accommodate socket ridges. Cardinal process with swollen anterior lobe, and posterior myophore with lateral, upturned flanges that project beyond umbo, cardinalia swollen, extremely narrow, largely infilled septalium uniting posteromedianly with crural bases, pedicle adjustor attachment sites restricted and posteriorly located, forming prominent excavations leading to isolation of cardinal process from remainder of thickened inner socket ridge, hinge plate, crural base complex, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene-Oligocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1487, 3a-e. *S. uttleyi, Eocene: a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, NMNZ Br1270, X1, d-e, detail of ventral and dorsal valve interiors, X4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1487. terebratellidae (p. 2237-2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-596.jpg?height=1837&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aliquantula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Aliquantula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aliquantula RICHARDSON, 1991, p. 42","Type_species":"Waldheimia (?) insolita TATE, 1880, p. 151, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subcircular to elongate oval, smooth, biconvex, rectimarginate, beak suberect to slightly incurved, foramen very small, mesothyrid, beak ridges sharp, symphytium wide with superficial grooves and ridges. Pedicle cavity restricted by posterior shell thickening, teeth large, swollen bases grooved to accommodate socket ridges. Cardinal process small with small anterior lobe and upturned lateral margins, inner socket ridges and crural bases greatly swollen, restricting septalial trough, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene-Oligocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1488, 4a-d\\* A. insolita (TATE), Eocene, South Australia; a\u2013b, dorsal and lateral views, \u00d71.5; c, detail of pedicle foramen; d, closeup of cardinalia, \u00d75 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1488. terebratellidae (p. 2237-2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-597.jpg?height=1832&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Austrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Austrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Austrothyris ALLAN, 1939, p. 238","Type_species":"Waldheimia gambierensis Etheridge, 1876, p. 19, OD, = W. grandis TENISON-WOODS, 1865, p. 2","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, elongate subpentagonal, smooth, or marginally multiplicate, with intraplicate anterior commissure, beak prominent, suberect, truncated obliquely by a large, mesothyrid, attrite foramen, beak ridges rounded, symphytium high with median ridge. Cardinalia rather slender, cardinal process upwardly projecting, consisting of subquadrate myophore with mildly swollen anterior boss, low, bladelike median septum extending to midvalve, crura long and slender, crural bases low and well differentiated from stout, steeply inclined inner socket ridges, inner hinge plates fused to crural bases, steeply inclined and meeting low on sides of median septum, inner hinge plates extremely narrow anteriorly and broadening posteriorly, loop teloform. Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Miocene): Australia.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1487, 2 a-e .^* A. grandis (Tenison-Woods), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal interior, X1, e, detail of cardinalia, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1487. terebratellidae (p. 2237-2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-596.jpg?height=1837&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cudmorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Cudmorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cudmorella ALLAN, 1939, p. 242","Type_species":"* C. tatei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium to large, smooth, biconvex, intraplicate, beak erect, foramen mesothyrid and moderately large, symphytium low, with median ridge. Hinge teeth strong, with swollen bases. Cardinalia moderately thickened, inner socket ridges and stout crural bases separated by deep groove, crura short, thick, cardinal process small, subtriangular with prominent anterior boss, median septum thick, bifurcating posteriorly to form V-shaped hinge trough, adductor scars deeply impressed on either side of septum, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1488, 1a-d. * C. tatei, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X0.5, d, dorsal interior, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1488. terebratellidae (p. 2237-2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-597.jpg?height=1832&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elderra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Elderra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elderra RICHARDSON, 1991, p. 38","Type_species":"* E. toorlooensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, ovate, smooth, biconvex, unisulcate, beak suberect, beak ridges sharp, symphytium with median ridge. Cardinal process with small, transverse myophore and slight median swelling, small, earlike projections adjacent to myophore, crural bases and inner socket ridges thickened and swollen but not uniting medianly, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1488, 2a-d. * E. toorlooensis, Victoria, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1.5, d, dorsal interior, X3.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1488. terebratellidae (p. 2237-2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-597.jpg?height=1832&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Epacrothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Epacrothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Epacrothyris Hiller & MACKINNON, 2000, p. 68","Type_species":"Waldheimia pectoralis TATE, 1880, p. 157, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, strongly biconvex, elongate oval to subpentagonal, unisulcate to intraplicate, beak narrow, erect to incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, beak ridges moderately developed, symphytium flat to concave. Inner socket ridges, outer hinge plates, and crural bases well developed and fused, cardinal process large, cuplike, median septum high, uniting posteriorly with very narrow septalium, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand, Eocene-Oligocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1488, 3a-d. *E. pectoralis (TATE), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, dorsal interior, loop not preserved, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1488. terebratellidae (p. 2237-2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-597.jpg?height=1832&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pilkena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Pilkena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pilkena RICHARDSON, 1991, p. 42","Type_species":"P. compressa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, medium, ovate, unisulcate, beak suberect, beak ridges sharp, ventral valve carinate, symphytium with low median ridge. Cardinal process consisting of transverse myophore with prominent anterior swelling that may occupy entire hinge trough, crural bases swollen, median septum short, thick, with bladelike ventral edge, loop teloform. Paleogene (Oligocene): Australia.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1487, 1ae. * P. compressa, Victoria, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1.5 (Richardson, 1991), d-e, ventral and dorsal interior, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1487. terebratellidae (p. 2237-2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-596.jpg?height=1837&width=1282&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhizothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Rhizothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhizothyris THOMSON, 1915a, p. 399","Type_species":"Bouchardia rhizoida HUTTON, 1905, p. 480, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, biconvex, rectimarginate to unisulcate, elongate-oval, smooth, beak suberect, foramen small to medium, permesothyrid, symphytium wide, often with median ridge. Hinge teeth strong, pedicle cavity restricted by posterior shell thickening. Cardinalia very swollen and fused to form a massive hinge platform, distinctive cardinal process bearing two earlike, posterior projections, each bearing a deep, dorsal, pedicle, adjustor muscle pit, posterior bifurcation of median septum forming very narrow septalium commonly obscured by shell thickening, loop teloform. Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Miocene): New Zealand.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1489, 2a-c. *R. rhizoida (Hutton), Miocene, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Bowen & Campbell, 1973). \u2014\u2014Fig. 1489, 2d-e. R. labiata Allan, normal and posterior views of dorsal interiors, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bowen & Campbell, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1489. terebratellidae (p. 2240).\nfig. 1489. terebratellidae (p. 2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-598.jpg?height=962&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-598.jpg?height=962&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tioriorithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Tioriorithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tioriorithyris Hiller & MACKINNON, 2000, p. 74","Type_species":"Campages chathamensis ALLAN, 1932b, p. 14, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtriangular to subpentagonal, smooth, biconvex, parasulcate, beak suberect, attrite, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium low, gently convex, beak ridges not developed. Crural bases prominent, diverging from immediately anterior of linguiform, elevated cardinal process, and enclosing a narrow, elongate, nearly flat septalium, loop teloform. Paleogene (Paleocene-Eocene): New Zealand (Chatham Islands).","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Paleocene-Eocene)","Geography":"New Zealand (Chatham Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1489, 1 a- d. ^* T. chathamensis (Allan), a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, UCM 1436, X2, d, detail of dorsal interior, X5 (Hiller & MacKinnon, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHiller & MacKinnon, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1489. terebratellidae (p. 2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-598.jpg?height=962&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chathamithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Chathamithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chathamithyris ALLAN, 1932b, p. 15","Type_species":"C. traversi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, elongate oval, strongly biconvex, rectimarginate to gently unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium low. Cardinalia lamellar, septalium with gently inclined, equidimensional, inner and outer hinge plates separated by indistinct crural bases, cardinal process with ovate myophore, crura short, loop teloform. Paleogene (Paleocene): New Zealand (Chatham Islands).","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Geography":"New Zealand (Chatham Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1490, 1 a-b .*C. traversi, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, UCM 1439, x4.6 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1490. terebratellidae (p. 2240-2242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-599.jpg?height=1531&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magadinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Magadinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magadinella THOMSON, 1915a, p. 400","Type_species":"Magasella woodsiana TATE, 1880, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, smooth, pyriform to ovate, unisulcate, beak erect to nearly straight, symphytium wide. Strong posterior shell thickening, cardinalia strongly developed with anterior parts of outer hinge plates massively swollen, cardinal process with swollen anterior boss, dorsal pedicle adjustor muscle attachment sites forming restricted hinge trough, deeply impressed adjacent to cardinal process, loop haptoid to teloform.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1490, 2a-d. *M. woodsiana (Tate), Oligocene-Miocene, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d, dorsal interior, X3 (Richardson, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1490. terebratellidae (p. 2240-2242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-599.jpg?height=1531&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pirothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Pirothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pirothyris THOMSON, 1927, p. 280","Type_species":"Magasella vercoi BLOCHMANN, 1910, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, elongate oval, strongly biconvex, rectimarginate to slightly parasulcate, beak suberect, symphytium present. Cardinalia thickened, inner socket ridges massive, cardinal process with ovate myophore and prominent anterior boss occupying about half of hinge trough, crura short, loop haptoid.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1490, 3a-d. *P. vercoi (Blochmann), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of exterior, X4, d, dorsal interior, X10 (Richardson, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Richardson, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1490. terebratellidae (p. 2240-2242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-599.jpg?height=1531&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tanakura":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Tanakura","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tanakura HATAI , 1936, p. 322","Type_species":"Magasella fibula Hayasaka, 1921, p. 1, OD, non Reeve, 1861, p. 180;  = Tanakura tanakura HATAI, 1936, p. 322","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, subovate, rectimarginate, beak high, suberect, foramen small, permesothyrid to almost epithyrid, symphytium wide and concave with prominent median groove. Hinge teeth strong, bases swollen and grooved for reception of socket ridges, ventral muscle scars elongate and deeply impressed. Cardinalia with strong shell thickening, cardinal process a transverse myophore with massive, anterior, boss filling and dorsally fused to hinge trough, median septum bladelike, thickened posteriorly and extending anteriorly to about midvalve. Loop probably teloform. Neogene (Miocene): Japan.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1490, 4a-e. * T. tanakura (Hatai), a-d, dorsal, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X2, e, dorsal valve interior, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1490. terebratellidae (p. 2240-2242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-599.jpg?height=1531&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dallina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Dallinidae","Subfamily":"Dallininae","Genus":"Dallina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dallina BEECHER, 1893, p. 382","Type_species":"* Terebratula septigera LOV\u00c9N, 1846, p. 29, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, triangular to subquadrangular in outline, rectimarginate to paraplicate, beak erect, without beak ridges, foramen small to large, mesothyrid, attrite, symphytium concave. Hinge teeth small, weak, pedicle collar very short. Cardinalia lamellar with excavate inner and outer hinge plates separated by narrow crural bases, inner hinge plates converging on median septum to form V-shaped septalium, cardinal process not differentiated, median septum low anteriorly, extending beyond midvalve, adult loop teloform. Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene: Italy, Japan, Miocene-Pliocene, Italy, Japan, Norway, Pleistocene, Atlantic Ocean (40-2, 338 m), Pacific Ocean (23-402 m), Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (915-1, 153 m), Holocene.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Italy, Japan, Miocene-Pliocene, Italy, Japan, Norway, Pleistocene, Atlantic Ocean (40-2, 338 m), Pacific Ocean (23-402 m), Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (915-1, 153 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1491 a-f. *D. septigera (LOV\u00c9N ), Holocene, North Atlantic; a\u2013d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood, 1965a); e\u2013f, ventral and oblique lateral views of dorsal interior showing loop, \u00d71 (Atkins, 1960b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1491. dallinidae (p. 2242-2243).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-600.jpg?height=751&width=1275&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nipponithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Dallinidae","Subfamily":"Nipponithyridinae","Genus":"Nipponithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nipponithyris Yabe & HATAI, 1934, p. 588","Type_species":"Nipponithyris nipponensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Miyakothyris Hatai, 1938, p. 237 (type, Nipponithyris subovata Hatai, 1936, p. 321, OD), Isumithyris Hatai, 1948, p. 498 (type, I. kazusaensis, OD), Dicrosia Cooper, 1978, p. 12 (type, Abyssothyris fijiensis Elliott, 1960a, p. 526, OD)","Synonyms":"Miyakothyris, Isumithyris, Dicrosia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded pentagonal, rectimarginate to strongly unisulcate, beak erect to suberect, foramen small, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, both valves thickened posteriorly. Hinge teeth stout, ventral muscle scars deeply impressed, partly lodged in narrow delthyrial cavity. Cardinal process small, semielliptical to triangular, confined to apex, inner socket ridges strong, sockets deep, inner hinge plates forming a V-shaped trough, median septum extending anteriorly as low ridge well past midvalve, loop diploform to trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Japan, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1492, 1a-e. *N. nipponensis, Holocene, Japan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d-e, ventral and anterior oblique views of dorsal interior, X2 (Cooper, 1973a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1492. dallinidae (p. 2244).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-601.jpg?height=1740&width=1268&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Campages":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Dallinidae","Subfamily":"Nipponithyridinae","Genus":"Campages","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Campages Hedley, 1905, p. 43","Type_species":"C. furcifera, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Japanithyris Thomson, 1927, p. 251 (type, Terebratella mariae ADAMS, 1860, p. 412)","Synonyms":"Japanithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtriangular in outline, rectimarginate to intraplicate, beak short, suberect to erect, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium narrow, beak ridges not developed. Hinge teeth small, weak, pedicle collar very short. Lamellar inner hinge plates fused to median septum to form septalium, crural bases and outer hinge plates well developed, cardinal process spoon shaped, roughened, myophore facing posteriorly, adult loop diploform to trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Japan, off eastern Australia, western Pacific (140-1, 400 m), Indian Ocean, Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1492, 3a-e. *C. furcifera, Holocene, Moreton Bay, Australia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d-e, ventral and lateral oblique views of dorsal interior, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1492. dallinidae (p. 2244).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-601.jpg?height=1740&width=1268&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jaffaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Dallinidae","Subfamily":"Nipponithyridinae","Genus":"Jaffaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jaffaia THOMSON, 1927, p. 254","Type_species":"Magasella jaffaensis BLOCHMANN, 1910, p. 92, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular, biconvex, weakly unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen small, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct but resembling symphytium, beak ridges present. Hinge teeth strong, grooved, pedicle cavity partially restricted by shell thickening. Cardinalia moderately thickened, crural bases and socket ridges united, cardinal process a transverse myophore with small, triangular, anterior boss, hinge plates uniting to form septalium supported on median septum, crura and crural processes short, loop diploform. Holocene: Australia.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1492, 2 a-e. . J. jaffaensis (Blochmann), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2, d-e, normal and oblique views of dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1492. dallinidae (p. 2244).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-601.jpg?height=1740&width=1268&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Landonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Dallinidae","Subfamily":"Nipponithyridinae","Genus":"Landonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Landonella MacKinnon in MacKinnon, Beus, & LEE, 1993, p. 337","Type_species":"*L. laqueiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, ovate to subpentagonal, rectimarginate to intraplicate, beak suberect, attrite, foramen medium to large, mesothyrid, symphytium convex with median ridge. Hinge teeth small, cardinal process prominent, broad, excavate hinge plates fused to high, bladelike median septum, adult loop bilateral, ascending lamellae and transverse band broad, laterovertical connecting band slender.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","First_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Oligocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Oligocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1492, 4a-e. *L. laqueiformis, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, UCM RSA27652, d, ventral interior, e, oblique view of cardinalia, X2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1492. dallinidae (p. 2244).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-601.jpg?height=1740&width=1268&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Rupelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":33.9,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kraussina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kraussinoidea","Family":"Kraussinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kraussina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kraussina Davidson in SUESS, 1859, p. 210","Type_species":"Anomia rubra Pallas, 1776, p. 182, SD DAVIDSON, 1853, p. 69","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, transversely oval in outline, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, multicostate or rarely smooth, hinge line broad, nearly straight, beak strongly attrite. Cardinal process low, short, wide, socket ridges widely divergent, enclosing a pair of large, thickened, dorsal pedicle adjustor scars, crura and descending lamellae not developed, adult brachidium consisting of bifurcate septal pillar from distal tips of which may extend slender, curved, ventromedially directed processes, spicules very small.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Pliocene)","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Pliocene)-Holocene","Geography":"South Africa (Namaqualand), Pliocene-Pleistocene; Indian Ocean (off southern Africa, 20\u2013300 m), Holocene.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1493, 1a\u2013h. * K. rubra (PALLAS), Holocene, off southern Africa; a\u2013e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d71; f\u2013h, posterior, ventral, and anterior views of dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1973b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1493. kraussinidae (p. 2245-2246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-604.jpg?height=1571&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megerlia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kraussinoidea","Family":"Kraussinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Megerlia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megerlia KING, 1850, p. 145","Type_species":"Anomia truncata Linnaeus, 1767, p. 1, 152, OD, not preoccupied by Megerlea ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY, 1830","Synonyms_with_authors":"M\u00fchlfeldtia Bayle, 1880, p. 240, obj., Pantellaria Dall, 1919, p. 251 (type, Terebratula monstruosa SCACCHI, 1836, p. 8)","Synonyms":"M\u00fchlfeldtia, Pantellaria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, usually wider than long, biconvex to concavoconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, capillate, striae slightly nodulose, foramen large, submesothyrid to amphithyrid, beak suberect, subtruncate, usually abraded, deltidial plates disjunct. Valve interiors radially tuberculate, ventral valve with small median septum extending under but not supporting pedicle collar. No cardinal process, crural bases attached to inner sides of widely divergent socket ridges that are excavate below, loop bifurcate with distal extensions forming complete ring, descending branches extending from cardinalia to ring, lophophore plectolophous, spicules common in mantle and arms.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (Miocene)-Holocene","Geography":"Italy, France, Gibraltar, Algeria, Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic, Ivory Coast (121, 430 \\\\mathrm{~m}), off South Africa, Australia (New South Wales), Barbados, Florida Straits, Venezuela","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1493, 2a-g. * M. truncata (Linnaeus), Holocene, Marseille, Mediterranean, a-e, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, X1, f, interior of dorsal valve, g, interior of ventral valve, X1.2 (Logan, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Logan, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1493. kraussinidae (p. 2245-2246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-604.jpg?height=1571&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Megerlina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kraussinoidea","Family":"Kraussinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Megerlina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Megerlina EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1884, p. 243","Type_species":"Megerlina Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1884, p. 243 *Kraussia lamarckiana DAVIDSON, 1852c, p. 80, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal in outline, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, finely costellate, beak suberect, attrite, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, valve interiors radially tuberculate. Pedicle collar anteriorly excavate. Cardinal process weak, acutely triangular, inner socket ridges defining deep sockets and enclosing a pair of prominent, nonexcavate, pedicle adjustor scars, crura not developed, descending lamellae extending posteriorly as curved flanges from lateral flanks of bifurcate septal pillar but not reaching cardinalia, septal pillar tapers posteriorly as low, thick median septum, spicules stouter than in Kraussina.","Beginning_age":"Neogene","First_Occurrence":"Neogene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene-Holocene","Geography":"Tasmania, Neogene, Australia (New South Wales), South Africa (40-90 m), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1493, 3a-f. *M. lamarckiana (Davidson), Holocene, South Australia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X5, d, interior of ventral valve, \u00d76; e, interior of dorsal valve; f, oblique view of dorsal valve interior, \u00d76 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1493. kraussinidae (p. 2245-2246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-604.jpg?height=1571&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pumilus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kraussinoidea","Family":"Kraussinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pumilus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pumilus ATKINS, 1958, p. 560","Type_species":"* P. antiquatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal to oval in outline, smooth, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak suberect, attrite, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Pedicle collar well developed, excavate anteriorly. Dorsal diductor attachment a low, narrow, posteromedian strip, crura and descending lamellae not developed, adult brachidium consisting of bifurcate septal pillar from distal tips of which may extend slender, curved, pointed, ventromedially directed processes. Submarginal rim of dorsal valve prominently tuberculate, ventral valve less so, spicules present, adult lophophore schizolophous.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1493, 4a-d. *P. antiquatus, a-b, dorsal and ventral valve interiors, X13 (new), c-d, dorsal and ventral views of exterior, X9 (Atkins, 1958).","Museum_or_author_information":"Atkins, 1958","figure_index":"fig. 1493. kraussinidae (p. 2245-2246).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-604.jpg?height=1571&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zellania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gwynioidea","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zellania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zellania MOORE, 1855, p. 111","Type_species":"Z. davidsoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Adult shells shield shaped in outline, juveniles biconvex, adults more planoconvex with convexity retained in ventral valve. Probable schizolophous lophophore supported by a pair of well-developed, arcuate submarginal ridges and a hollow median septum. Ventral valve interior with ancillary median septum and ancillary lateral ridges. Middle Jurassic: United Kingdom.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"United Kingdom","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1494, 2a-f. *Z. davidsoni, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, X30 (Baker, 1970b), e-f, sketches of dorsal and ventral interiors, approximately X40 (adapted from Baker, 1970b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker, 1970, \nadapted from Baker, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1494. uncertain (p. 2247).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-605.jpg?height=953&width=1282&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Obolorugia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratellidina - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"Obolorugidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Obolorugia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Obolorugia Zhang in Zhang, Fu, & DING, 1983, p. 425","Type_species":"^* O. lixianensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Beak acutely elongated with apical foramen, rectimarginate, loop extending to midlength of dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"China (southern Gansu)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1495 a-l. *O. lixianensis, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, e-l, transverse serial sections, X3 (Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, Fu, & Ding, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parasulcatinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parasulcatinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parasulcatinella Xu & Liu, 1983b, p. 96 (Xu & LIU, 1980, p. 37, nom. nud.)","Type_species":"P. obesus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded rhomboidal in outline, unequally biconvex, ventral valve strongly convex, bow shaped with sides steeply sloping, fold extending from beak to anterior margin, dorsal valve weakly convex with wide, shallow sulcus appearing posteriorly with small plication at anterior margin, anterior commissure plicosulcate, beak sharp, incurved, beak ridges angular, delimiting well-developed palintrope, delthyrium narrow, without deltidial plates, pedicle collar absent, dental plates thin, straight, ventrally divergent, cardinal process absent, hinge plates not demarcated from well-developed, inner socket ridges, septalium broadly V-shaped, median septum low, thick, very short, crural plates divergent on floor of valve anteriorly, loop short with wide, ascending lamellae.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qilian Province, Junzihe Formation)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1496, 1a-m. * P. obesus, southern Qilian Mountains, Qingai, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1 (Xu & Liu, 1983b), e-m, serial transverse sections, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0, 1.4, 1.9, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7 ~mm from umbo, X1.25 (adapted from Xu & Liu, 1983b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983, \nadapted from Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1496. uncertain (p. 2249).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-607.jpg?height=607&width=619&top_left_y=432&top_left_x=861)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triseptothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Triseptothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triseptothyris XU, 1978, p. 314","Type_species":"T. yanjinensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, semioval to elliptical in outline, biconvex, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate, umbo erect, beak ridges subangular, clearly delimiting palintrope, foramen moderate, oval, permesothyrid, pedicle collar present, dental plates slender, short, straight, ventrally divergent, cardinal process absent, inner socket ridges deflected dorsally, demarcated from outer hinge plates, crural bases given off possibly ventrally, septalium wide, open U-shape, moderately deep, supported by low, thick, bladelike median septum and two lateral septa, length of median septum and form of loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"southwestern China (Liekoupo Formation, Yunnan Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1496, 2a-h. *T. yanjinensis, Yanjin County, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, X1.5 (Xu, 1978), e-h, serial transverse sections, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 1.5 mm from umbo, X2 (adapted from Xu, 1978 )","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \n\\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1978, \nadapted from \\\\mathrm{Xu}, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1496. uncertain (p. 2249).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-607.jpg?height=607&width=619&top_left_y=432&top_left_x=861)","beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugosothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellata - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rugosothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugosothyris ZHANG, 1987a, p. 151","Type_species":"R. dangduoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, pentagonal, ventribiconvex, ventral beak elongate with apical foramen, curved and overhanging dorsal beak, bisulcate, few coarse, low plicae, generally only two, ornament of 8-10 evenly spaced, concentric wrinkles, thin, short dental plates, posteriorly foramenate hinge plate, punctate, simple short loop.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"China (southern Gansu)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1497 a-i.*R. dangduoensis, a-d, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, XI-B337, X2, e- i, serial transverse sections 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.8, 2.5 mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Zhang, 1987a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zhang, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1497. uncertain (p. 2250).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-608.jpg?height=492&width=1124&top_left_y=751&top_left_x=277)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cadomella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cadomelloidea","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cadomella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cadomella OEHLERT, 1887b, p. 1, 285","Type_species":"Leptaena moorei Davidson in Davidson & MORRIS, 1847, p. 251, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, subquadrate, with wide hinge line and low interareas, ornamentation of subdued capillae and impersistent growth lamellae. Teeth strong, extending subparallel to hinge line, umbonal region almost completely infilled with secondary callus with surface opposing cardinal process forming bilobed platform, thickened submarginal rim of ventral valve bearing numerous depressions that appear to accommodate corresponding tuberculation in the dorsal valve. Cardinal process prominent, bilobed, flanked by pair of transverse hinge sockets, short, pronglike, anteroventrally directed crura defining posterolateral margins of adductor muscle scars, dorsal adductor muscle scars large and very prominent, bounded by raised margins that meet medianly to form hollow, triangular median ridge, dorsal valve submarginal ridge strongly tuberculate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian)","Geography":"France, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1498 a-d .*C. moorei (Davidson), Ilminster, England, a-b, dorsal, ventral exterior, X8, c, dorsal interior, X18, d, ventral interior, X13.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1498. uncertain (p. 2251).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-609.jpg?height=896&width=622&top_left_y=436&top_left_x=862)","beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mongolella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order and Superfamily uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Mongolellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mongolella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mongolella ALEKSEEVA, 1976, p. 347","Type_species":"M. altaica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for family NGOLELLIDAE  = \"Small, costate, ventribiconvex with ventral beak incurved over dorsal beak; cardinal process massive, elongate; ventral spondylium-like structure supported by massive median septumlike structure, both features covered with thick secondary material, dental lamellae probably absent so that massive hinge teeth and associated secondary material probably form the walls of spondylium.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1499, 1a-g. *M. altaica, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, PIN 3406 \/ 50, X3, e, lateral view, X5, f, posterior part of shell interior, X3, g, line drawing of cardinalia, X5 (Alekseeva, Mendbayar, & Erlanger, 1981)","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, Mendbayar, & Erlanger, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1499. mongolellidae and uncertain (p. 2252).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-610.jpg?height=1731&width=631&top_left_y=444&top_left_x=855)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Microbilobata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order and Family uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Microbilobata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Microbilobata Jin & CHATTERTON, 1996, p. 47","Type_species":"M. avalanchensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, subpentagonal outline, smooth, dorsal sulcus, with low, rounded, medial costa, and corresponding ventral sulcus and medial costa, moderately biconvex, emarginated anterior commissure, no evident deltidial plates. Ventral internal features obscured, dorsal loop narrow, anteriorly pointed, relatively long. Punctae possibly present.   [This enigmatic shell may represent an early centronelliform loop-bearer reminiscent of the terebratuloids, if so it is the earliest member of the taxon or a convergent development that possibly simulates that taxon. Alternatively, it may be a late representative of those Ordovician atrypaceans bearing a loop that is basically a jugum without accompanying spiralia. The questionable presence of punctae in Microbilobata is unhelpful in making any decision. The earliest Pridolian terebratuloids as well as subsequent earlier Devonian taxa in that group have an external form very different from Microbilobata.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (upper Wenlock)","Geography":"northwestern Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1887 a-g .* M. avalanchensis; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 42; d\u2013e, ventral and side views, \u00d7 32; f, dorsal view, \u00d7 30; g, silicified shell with ventral valve removed to show acuminate loop, \u00d7 40 (Jin & Chatterton, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & Chatterton, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1887. uncertain (p. 2817).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-548.jpg?height=1804&width=1281&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":428.68,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liosomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenata - Order uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Liosomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Liosomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liosomena LIANG, 1990, p. 110","Type_species":"*L. obscura, OD.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A pseudopunctate orthotetoid species described by Liang in 1990, but its smooth shell surface and bladelike cardinal process preclude its assignment to the Orthotetidina. More and better-preserved specimens are needed to determine its general affinities. Found in Permian (Capitanian) deposits in China (Zhejiang).","Beginning_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"B. (Torospirifer)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"B. (Torospirifer)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"B. (Torosospirifer) G OURVENNEC , 1989, p. 158","Type_species":"Spirifer Rousseau ROUAULT, 1846, p. 322; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse with acute to rounded cardinal angles; dental plates mostly buried in umbonal callus, with large, deeply impressed, ventral diductor muscle \ufb01eld; crural plates present, occasionally buried in umbonal callus.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-lower Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1213,5a\u2013d. *B. (T.) rousseaui (ROUAULT), Pragian, France; a\u2013b, neotype, dorsal and ventral views of internal molds, \u00d71.2 (Gourvennec, 1989); c, neotype, lateral view of internal mold, \u00d71.2 (new); d, microornament, \u00d715 (Gourvennec, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1213. hysterolitidae (p. 1830-1836).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-189.jpg?height=1872&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":405.16,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kozlowskiellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtinopsinae","Genus":"Kozlowskiellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kozlowskiellina BOUCOT, 1958, p. 1, 031","Type_species":"Kozlowskiella strawi BOUCOT, 1957b, p. 320, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, cardinal angles acute, ventral interarea moderately high, flat to curved, catacline or apsacline, deltidial plates apically perforate, medially conjunct, fold and sulcus smooth, flanks with strong plications, capillae crossed by fila, dental plates and discrete median septum present, bilobed cardinal process, can become ctenophoridium.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Britain, Gotland, eastern North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1225, 3 a-e .* K. strawi (\u0412\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0442), Wenlock, British Isles, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, X1.5 (Boucot, 1957b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Boucot, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1225. cyrtinopsidae (p. 1840-1841).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-202.jpg?height=1872&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boucotia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Boucotia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boucotia GILL, 1969, p. 1, 227","Type_species":"Anoplia australis GILL, 1942, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, subcircular, ventral interarea apsacline, surface smooth or finely capillate, crested septa in both ventral and dorsal valves or in ventral valve only","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Emsian)","Geography":"southeastern Australia, Argentine Precordillera","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1246, 1a-d. *B. australis (GILL), Humevale Formation, a-b, exterior, interior of articulated shell, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, X8 (Gill, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gill, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1246. uncertain (p. 1871).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-230.jpg?height=1842&width=1289&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rensselaeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Rensselariinae","Genus":"Rensselaeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rensselaeria HALL, 1859, p. 39","Type_species":"Terebratula ovoides Eaton, 1832, p. 45, non Sowerby, 1812, p. 227, SD Hall & Clarke, 1893, p. 257, =Atrypa elongata CONRAD, 1839, p. 65","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, shell entirely costellate, costellae moderately strong, shell elongate, subovate to subcircular, ventribiconvex, commissure rectimarginate. Long dental plates obsolescent, largely submerged in secondary material laterally, thick, foramenate cardinal plate sessile posteriorly, thick crural plates, loop long, transverse plate long. Middle Lower Devonian: North America.","Beginning_age":"middle Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"middle Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"middle Lower Devonian","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1319, 3a-c. *R. elongata (Conrad), New York, USA, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, dorsal valve slightly crushed, X1, c, rubber replica of dorsal interior, X1 (Cloud, 1942)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1319, 3d-h. R. marylandica Hall, Maryland, USA, d-f, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views, g, interior of posterior part of ventral valve, h, reconstructed loop, X1 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cloud, 1942, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1319. centronellidae (p. 1996).\nfig. 1319. centronellidae (p. 1996).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-355.jpg?height=1888&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-355.jpg?height=1888&width=1284&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prionothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Centronellidae","Subfamily":"Eurythyridinae","Genus":"Prionothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prionothyris CLOUD, 1942, p. 66","Type_species":"* ? perovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Umbones smooth, peripherally finely costellate, subcircular to moderately elongate, dental plates obsolescent to obsolete, massive, sessile, imperforate cardinal plate, posteriorly trifid, striate","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"eastern North America, Colombia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1322,3a\u2013f. *P. perovalis, New York, USA; a\u2013c, holotype, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 108481, \u00d71; d, posterior of dorsal valve, \u00d71; e, ventral view of free loop, \u00d72; f, interior of ventral valve, \u00d71 (Cloud, 1942).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM","figure_index":"fig. 1322. centronellidae (p. 1998-1999).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-357.jpg?height=1388&width=1291&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Cryptonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptonella HALL, 1861, p. 101","Type_species":"Terebratula rectirostra Hall, 1860, p. 88, SD Hall & CLARKE, 1894, p. 861","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to elongate, ventribiconvex, smooth or anteriorly faintly plicate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, foramen submesothyrid, dental plates short to obsolescent, muscle field well impressed, free, perforate or imperforate hinge plate extending unsupported between socket plates, adult loop teloform (cryptonelliform)","Beginning_age":"Upper Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Devonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Lower Devonian-Upper Devonian","Geography":"North America, South America, Europe, ?New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1340, 6a-c. *C*. rectirostra (Hall), Middle Devonian, New York, USA, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, AMNH FI 25373, \u00d71 (new), \u2014\u2014Fig. 1340, 6d. C. planirostra (Hall), Middle Devonian, New York, ventral view of loop, \u00d72 (Cloud, 1942)","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nCloud, 1942","figure_index":"fig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).\nfig. 1340. cryptonellidae (p. 2024-2026).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-384.jpg?height=1503&width=1282&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sardope":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Sardope","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sardope Dieni, Middlemiss, & OWEN, 1975, p. 196","Type_species":"S. sardoa Dieni, Middlemiss, & OWEN, 1975, p. 198, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Aniabrochus, but smooth with a straight beak, the posterior part of the shell is bulbous. Found in the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) in Sardinia and France.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)","Geography":"Sardinia, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1370, 2a-j. * S. sardoa, Sardinia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, IGPSB 31, X1, d-j, serial transverse sections 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 4.4 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Dieni, Middlemiss, & Owen, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Dieni, Middlemiss, & Owen, 1975","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nucleata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Nucleatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nucleata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nucleata QUENSTEDT, 1868 in 1868-1871, p. 25","Type_species":"N. collina, OD, =Terebratulites nucleatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 281","Synonyms_with_authors":"Glossothyris Douvill\u00e9, 1879, p. 267, obj., Vjalovithyris Tchorszhevsky, 1989b, p. 33 (type, V. pinguis Tchorszhevsky, 1989b, p. 34, OD)","Synonyms":"Glossothyris, Vjalovithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subrounded to subpentagonal in outline, ventribiconvex or planoconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak short, truncated by small to medium foramen, beak ridges obscure, no symphytium, cardinal process small, short crural bases expanding directly into crural processes and curving into wide transverse band of very short, wide, rounded loop","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)-Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Indonesia (Sula Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1423, 5a-o. *N. nucleata (Schlotheim), White Jura, Bavaria, Germany, a-b, dorsal and anterior views of silicified specimen, X2, c, ventral valve with loop exposed, X2 (Cooper, 1983), d-0, serial transverse sections, 1.2, 1.7, 2.2, 2.5, 2.9, 3.5, 4.1, 4.4, 4.7, 4.9, 5.3, 5.7 ~mm from first section, X1 (Barczyk, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nBarczyk, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gwynia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Gwynioidea","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gwynia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gwynia KING, 1859, p. 258","Type_species":"Terebratula capsula JEFFREYS, 1859, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Biconvex, notothyrium triangular, wider and larger than delthyrium, Ventral interarea narrow, triangular, apsacline, delthyrium bounded by 2 small, oval teeth, Dorsal valve interior with a pair of well-developed, arcuate, submarginal ridges extending from stout inner socket ridges, dorsal interarea anacline, cardinal process not differentiated","Beginning_age":"Pleistocene","First_Occurrence":"Pleistocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Pleistocene-Holocene","Geography":"Norway, Pleistocene (postglacial), eastern Atlantic, Adriatic (Croatia), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1494, 1a-f. *G. capsula (Jeffreys), Holocene, United Kingdom, a-d, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, X50, e-f, ventral and dorsal interiors, X55 (Logan, MacKinnon, & Phorson, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Logan, MacKinnon, & Phorson, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1494. uncertain (p. 2247).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-605.jpg?height=953&width=1282&top_left_y=1235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Gelasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":2.58,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Credolingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Credolingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"\"Credolingula Smirnova in Smirnova & USHATINSKAYA, 2001, p. 57\"","Type_species":"C. olferievi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell slightly biconvex, equivalved, with poorly defined sulcus, bearing low indistinct median fold in both valves, pseudointerareas of both valves vestigial, ventral valve interior with asymmetrical paired umbonal muscle, bisected by pedicle nerve impression, dorsal interior with visceral area occupying about two-thirds of sagittal length, posterolateral muscle fields strongly asymmetrical, mantle canal system of both valves bifurcate.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Last_Occurrence":"Albian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","Geography":"central European Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1669a-h. * C. olferievi, lower Albian, Stoilo quarry near Staryi Oskol, central European Russia, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, PIN4796\/1, x1.8, b, dorsal valve exterior, PIN4796\/2, x1.8, c, ventral valve exterior, PIN4796\/5, x7, d, ventral valve interior, PIN4796\/6, x6.5, e, dorsal valve interior, PIN4796\/16, x5, f, detail of ventral valve interior showing posterior part of visceral field, PIN4796\/3, x7, g, detail of dorsal valve interior showing anterior part of visceral field, PIN4796\/17, x7, h, detail of dorsal valve interior showing posterior part of visceral field, PIN4796\/4, x15 (Smirnova & Ushatinskaya, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova & Ushatinskaya, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1669. lingulidae (p. 2533).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-264.jpg?height=1874&width=1269&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meristopacha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Pseudolingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Meristopacha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meristopacha Sutton in Sutton, Bassett, & CHERNS, 1999, p. 57","Type_species":"Lingula granulata Phillips in Phillips & SALTER, 1848, p. 370, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly biconvex, elongate subrectangular, dorsal valve with hemiperipheral growth, ornament of strong regular concentric rugae, ventral interior with low visceral platform raised anteriorly, dorsal interior with strong median ridge crossing visceral area and widely separated central and anterior lateral muscle scars, ventral mantle canals saccate baculate with straight, subparallel vascula lateralia.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn-Llandeilo)","Geography":"Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1670, 1a-d. * M. granulata (Phillips), upper Llanvirn-Llandeilo, a, ventral valve exterior, SM A45419, x2.5, b, dorsal internal mold, NHM BC51673, x2.5, c, ventral internal mold, NHM BC51797, x2.5, d, ventral internal mold, NMW 27.110G.437a, x5 (Sutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 1999).\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":"SM, \nNMW, \nSutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1670. pseudolingulidae (p. 2533-2536).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-265.jpg?height=1899&width=1281&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sedlecilingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Pseudolingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sedlecilingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sedlecilingula MERGL, 1997b, p. 98","Type_species":"S. sulcata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell broadly elongate, both valves with sulcus, and weakly emarginated anterior margin, ornamentation with raised concentric fila, sulcus may bear faint radial plications, ventral pseudointerarea large, with well-defined propareas, separated by deep, moderately expanding pedicle groove, ventral interior with large raised muscle platform, posterior part of visceral area finely pitted, dorsal pseudointerarea well developed, dorsal interior lacking median ridge and paired umbonal scars.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1670, 2a-c. * S. sulcata, Klabava Formation, Sedlec, a, holotype, ventral internal mold, x8, b, detail of visceral area and pseudointerarea, x10, c, ventral valve exterior, latex cast, MBHR66837, x8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1670. pseudolingulidae (p. 2533-2536).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-265.jpg?height=1899&width=1281&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atansoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Atansoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atansoria POPOV, 2000a, p. 261","Type_species":"A. concava, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell concavoconvex, subcircular, dorsal valve mainly with hemiperipheral growth, dorsal pseudointerarea vestigial but undivided, dorsal interior with limbus, dorsal posterolateral muscle fields large and strongly impressed, outlined by muscle bounding ridges, dorsal central muscle scars strongly impressed, divided by median furrow, and partially enclosing small outside lateral muscle scars, dorsal mantle canal system baculate with arcuate, subperipheral vascula lateralia and short, divergent vascula media.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1671, 2a-c. * A. concava, Mayatas Formation, upper Caradoc, northern coast of Atansor lake, Kazakhstan, holotype, dorsal valve interior, oblique lateral, and posterior views, NMW 98.65G.4, \u00d723 (Popov, 2000a).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMW, \nPopov, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1671. obolidae (p. 2536-2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-267.jpg?height=1797&width=1283&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Divobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Divobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Divobolus Sutton in Sutton, Bassett, & CHERNS, 1999, p. 36","Type_species":"Obolus quadratus Bulman in Stubblefield & BULMAN, 1927, p. 121, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly biconvex, slightly inequivalved, elongate oval to subcircular, ventral interarea low, apsacline, lacking flexure lines, pedicle groove shallow, dorsal pseudointerarea low, crescent shaped, not raised above valve floor, median groove shallow, visceral areas in both valves weakly impressed, dorsal interior with short median tongue, and closely placed central and outside lateral muscle scars, mantle canal system in both valves baculate, ventral vascula lateralia submarginal, widely divergent proximally, dorsal vascula media long, divergent","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Great Britain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1672, 2a-d. * D. quadratus (Bulman), Shineton Shale Forma-","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1672. obolidae (p. 2536).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-268.jpg?height=1889&width=1289&top_left_y=254&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eodicellomus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Eodicellomus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eodicellomus Holmer & Ushatinskaya in Ushatinskaya & HOLMER, 2001, p. 125","Type_species":"E. elkaniiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell close to equibiconvex, ornamentation of thin radial costellae, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline, pedicle groove deep, broadly triangular, propareas well developed, elevated, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, with short median groove and flattened propareas, central and anterior parts of both valves strongly thickened, forming visceral platforms, vascular system of both valves well developed, with deep vascula lateralia and dorsal vascula media","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian)","First_Occurrence":"Atdabanian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Atdabanian-Botomian)","Geography":"South Australia, Transantarctic Mountains","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1673 a-k .* E. elkaniiformis, Parara Limestone, Botomian, Yorke Peninsula and Flinders Ranges, a, dorsal valve interior, PIN4664\/6246, x9, b, holotype, ventral valve interior, x10, c, detail of visceral area, PIN4664\/6172, x18, d, oblique posterior view of dorsal umbo, PIN4664\/6167, x42, e, oblique posterolateral view of ventral umbo, x24, f, detail of ornamentation, x100, g, detail of ventral larval shell, PIN4664\/6168, x80, h, oblique lateral view of dorsal valve interior, PIN4664\/6170, x16, i, dorsal valve interior, x11, j, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, PIN4664\/6173, x22, k, oblique posterolateral view of ventral interior, PIN4664\/6164, x17 (Ushatinskaya & Holmer, 2001)","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya & Holmer, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1673. obolidae (p. 2536).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-269.jpg?height=1732&width=1289&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":521,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Josephobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Josephobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Josephobolus MERGL, 1997a, p. 137","Type_species":"J. regificus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell broadly oval, subacuminate, ornamentation of oblique, parallel terrace lines on flanks, narrow posteromedian and anterolateral sectors with faint terrace lines crossing each other and forming a regular network of asymmetrical pits, ventral pseudointerarea large, with narrow propareas, pedicle groove deep, rapidly expanding anteriorly, dorsal pseudointerarea short, visceral areas of both valves weakly impressed, interior of shell densely covered by large pits.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1672, 1a-c. * J. regificus, Klabava Formation, Zbiroh, a, partial internal mold of ventral valve, MBHR 66781, x5, b, ventral valve exterior, MBHR 66782, x3.7, c, detail of ornamentation of fragmentary valve, MBHR 667893, x8 (new). Michal Mergl","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1672. obolidae (p. 2536).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-268.jpg?height=1889&width=1289&top_left_y=254&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kacakiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Kacakiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kacakiella MERGL, 2001a, p. 13","Type_species":"K. bouceki, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell equibiconvex, ventral pseudointerarea with long pedicle groove, visceral area poorly impressed, exterior of larval shell smooth with several radial ribs, postlarval ornament of shallow pits in divaricate pattern, flanks with oblique terrace lines","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1674, 1a-d. *K. bouceki, Motol Formation, Wenlock, Lod\u011bnice, Svat\u00fd Jan pod Skalou, a, ventral valve interior, PCZCU503, x8, b, detail of ornamentation, PCZCU466, x45, c, ventral valve exterior","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1674. obolidae (p. 2536-2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-270.jpg?height=1894&width=1281&top_left_y=254&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kosagittella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Kosagittella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kosagittella MERGL, 2001a, p. 11","Type_species":"K. clara, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, equibiconvex, elongate oval, ventral pseudointerarea small, orthocline, pedicle groove short, shallow, dorsal pseudointerarea short, with wide median groove and small propareas, dorsal vascula media subparallel, long, deeply impressed.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1675, 1a-b. *K. clara, Kopanina Formation, Ludlow, Kr\u00e1l\u016fv Dv\u016fr, Dlouh\u00e1 hora, a, holo-","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1675. obolidae (p. 2541-2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-271.jpg?height=1482&width=1288&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Libecoviella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Libecoviella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Libecoviella MERGL, 1997a, p. 132","Type_species":"* Lingula arachne BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 111, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subacuminate, subtriangular to elongate oval, inequivalved, ornamentation of fine terrace lines, in posteromedian part arranged in divaricate pattern, anterolaterally and anteriorly with zigzag pattern, ventral pseudointerarea small, undercut, flexure lines poorly defined, pedicle groove parallel sided, deep, short, dorsal pseudointerarea short, with broad median groove, visceral field and muscle scars weakly impressed, ventral vascula lateralia broad, submarginal. Dorsal vascula media narrow, divergent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1676, 1 a-c .* L. arachne (Barrande), T\u0159enice Formation, Libe\u010dov, a, dorsal valve exterior, latex cast, SBMNL32018, x4, b, fragmentary ventral valve interior, SBNML32021, x4, c, fragmentary dorsal valve interior, SBNML32020, x4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1676. obolidae (p. 2541-2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-273.jpg?height=1761&width=616&top_left_y=270&top_left_x=888)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lithobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Lithobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lithobolus MERGL, 1996a, p. 45","Type_species":"L. plebeius, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, elongate suboval, ventral pseudointerarea raised, lacking flexure lines, pedicle groove deep, broadly triangular, ventral visceral area poorly defined, dorsal pseudointerarea mainly occupied by median groove, interior of both valves with large pits.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1671, la-c. * L. plebeius, Klabava Formation, Prague Basin, Ejpovice, Bukov, a-b, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, latex cast of ventral valve external mold, MBHR66787, x8, c, dorsal valve interior, MBHR66785, x10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1671. obolidae (p. 2536-2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-267.jpg?height=1797&width=1283&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mytoella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Mytoella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mytoella MERGL, 2002, p. 28","Type_species":"M. krafti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell strongly biconvex for subfamily, small, thin shelled, ventral pseudointerarea low with distinct flexure lines, pedicle groove narrow and long, dorsal pseudointerarea short, with broad median groove, vascular markings obscure","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1677a-e. *M. krafti, \u0160\u00e1rka Formation, Osek, M\u00fdto, a, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, x10, b, detail of ventral pseudointerarea, x13, c, external mold of ventral valve, PCZCU557, x10, d, dorsal valve exterior, PCZU556, x4.8, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, PCZCU566, x7.8 (new). Michal Mergl\"","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1677. obolidae (p. 2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-274.jpg?height=1764&width=1219&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=292)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ovolingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Ovolingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ovolingula MERGL, 1998, p. 225","Type_species":"*Lingula ovum BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 194, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate elliptical, biconvex, pseudointerareas of both valves minute, pedicle groove narrow and shallow, ventral visceral area with raised transverse platform, dorsal visceral area with large, triangular, raised platform, anteriorly supported by thin and long median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Bohemia, Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1675, 2a-d. *O. ovum (Barrande), Kr\u00e1l\u016fv Dv\u016fr Formation, Bohemia, a, lectotype, internal mold of dorsal valve, SBNML25973, x9, b, internal mold of ventral valve, MBHR1986, x9, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, MBHR1986, \u00d79, d, ventral valve exterior, MBHR1989, x9 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1675. obolidae (p. 2541-2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-271.jpg?height=1482&width=1288&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pidiobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Pidiobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pidiobolus MERGL, 1995, p. 103","Type_species":"* P. minimus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell thickened, strongly biconvex, minute, subcircular, exterior with fine pitting, ventral pseudointerarea undercut with deep and broad pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea with broad median groove and minute propareas, dorsal central muscle scars large, spindle shaped.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc-Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1678a-g. * P. minimus, Klabava Formation, Arenig, Ole\u0161n\u00e1 Beds Member, T\u011bn\u011b, a, ventral valve exterior, x60, b, detail of pitted ornamentation, x300, c, ventral valve interior, PCZCU607, x60, d, detail of ventral pseudointerarea, x160, e, oblique lateral view of ventral valve interior, PCZCU609, x85, f, dorsal valve exterior, PCZCU608, x60, g, oblique posterior view of dorsal valve exterior, PCZCU611, x60 (new). Michal Mergl","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1678. obolidae (p. 2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-275.jpg?height=1739&width=1283&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Teneobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Teneobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Teneobolus MERGL, 1995, p. 104","Type_species":"* T. gracilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell equally biconvex, elongate oval, smooth, ventral pseudointerarea with growth lines curved forward along narrow, deep, anteriorly projecting pedicle groove","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1674, 2a-c. *T. gracilis, Klabava Formation, Ole\u0161n\u00e1 Beds Member, T\u011bn\u011b, a, holotype, complete specimen with detached valves, internal mold of ventral (right) and dorsal (left) valves, MM512, x10, b, juvenile dorsal valve exterior, x55, c, oblique posterior view, PCZCU551, x65 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1674. obolidae (p. 2536-2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-270.jpg?height=1894&width=1281&top_left_y=254&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wadiglossella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Wadiglossella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wadiglossella Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1995, p. 55","Type_species":"W. odiosa, OD, =Lingula carens BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 103","Synonyms_with_authors":"Careniellus Mergl, 2001a, p. 9 (type, Lingula carens Barrande, 1879, pl. 103, OD)","Synonyms":"Careniellus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly equibiconvex, broadly oval, ornament of fine growth lines superposed on coarser fila, ventral pseudointerarea high and very short, with shallow pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea short, undivided.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery), Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1676, 2a-b. * W. carens (Barrande), Motol Formation, Wenlock, Lod\u011bnice, \u010cernidla, a, lectotype, ventral valve interior, SBNML24458, x8, b, dorsal valve exterior, SBNML24457, x8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1676. obolidae (p. 2541-2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-273.jpg?height=1761&width=616&top_left_y=270&top_left_x=888)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wosekella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Obolinae","Genus":"Wosekella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wosekella MERGL, 2002, p. 29","Type_species":"Lingula debilis BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell equibiconvex, ornamentation smooth medianly, with numerous radial plications and oblique wavy fila laterally, ventral pseudointerarea with flexure lines, pedicle groove long and deep, dorsal pseudointerarea with broad median groove, visceral area large but poorly defined.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1679a-e. *W. debilis (Barrande), \u0160\u00e1rka Formation, Llanvirn, Osek, M\u00fdto, Bohemia, a, ventral external mold, latex cast, PCZCU573, x7.8, b, external mold, latex cast showing ornamentation, PCZCU577, x25, c, internal mold of ventral valve, PCZCU571, x7.8, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, PCZCU572, x7.8, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, PCZCU570, x7.8 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1679. obolidae (p. 2542).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-276.jpg?height=1324&width=1281&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barrandeoglossa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Barrandeoglossa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barrandeoglossa MERGL, 2001a, p. 14","Type_species":"Lingula fissurata BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 103, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell equibiconvex, ornament of fine, elevated, sometimes wavy concentric fila, ventral pseudointerarea narrow, subtriangular, with deep, short pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea absent, dorsal interior with median ridge","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Devonian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1680a-c. * B. fissurata (Barrande), Motol Formation, Wenlock, Beroun, Ratinka, and Svat\u00fd Jan pod Skalou, a, ventral valve interior, SBNML34251, x5, b, dorsal valve interior, SBNML73198, x5.5, c, detail of ornamentation, PCZCU206, x30 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1680. obolidae (p. 2542-2546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-277.jpg?height=1226&width=1098&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=319)","beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Prastavia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Glossellinae","Genus":"Prastavia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Prastavia MERGL, 2001a, p. 13","Type_species":"P. distincta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell equibiconvex, ornament of discontinuous, elevated concentric fila, ventral pseudointerarea small, low, with shallow pedicle groove, dorsal pseudointerarea absent, visceral area of both valves prominent and thickened, ventral vascula lateralia with deeply impressed secondary branches","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1681a-f. *P. distincta, Chote\u010d Formation, Praha-Holyn\u011b, Prastav, a, ventral valve interior, x30, b, oblique","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1681. obolidae (p. 2546).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-278.jpg?height=1252&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Litoperata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Obolidae","Subfamily":"Elliptoglossinae","Genus":"Litoperata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Litoperata Sutton in Sutton, Bassett, & CHERNS, 1999, p. 55","Type_species":"L. agolensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly biconvex, elongate oval, with hemiperipheral growth, umbo of both valves marginal, ornament of strong, evenly spaced concentric rugellae, muscle scars and mantle canals not impressed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo-Ashgill)","Geography":"Llandeilo, Great Britain, Ashgill, Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1682a-d. *L. agolensis, Golden Groove Group, Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire, Great Britain, a, possible ventral valve exterior, NMW 96.8G.80, x20, b, possible ventral valve interior, NMW 96.8G.803, x20, c, possible dorsal valve exterior, NMW 96.8G.105, x40, d, possible dorsal valve interior, x40 (Sutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMW, \nSutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1682. obolidae (p. 2546-2547).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-279.jpg?height=840&width=1289&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fagusella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fagusella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fagusella MERGL, 1996a, p. 46","Type_species":"* F. indelibata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex to convexoconcave, rugellose ornamentation, ventral pseudointerarea short, steeply apsacline, with broad and deep pedicle groove terminated posteriorly by large rounded subtriangular emarginature, dorsal pseudointerarea undivided, slightly raised above valve floor, ventral interior with large visceral area, broadly rhomboidal in outline, extended anterior to midvalve, ventral anterolateral muscle fields deeply impressed, dorsal visceral field bordered laterally by low rim, with anterior projection extending anteriorly beyond midvalve, dorsal median ridge long, bisecting visceral area, dorsal anterior lateral muscle scars small, situated close to large central scars","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1683, 1a-b. *F. indelibata, Klabava Formation, Prague Basin, Bukov, a, oblique lateral view of dorsal valve exterior, MBHR66798, x35, b, holotype, ventral valve interior, MBHR66790a, x10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1683. zhanatellidae (p. 2547-2548).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-280.jpg?height=1887&width=1286&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Koneviella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Koneviella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Koneviella USHATINSKAYA, 1997, p. 495","Type_species":"K. menensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly biconvex, subcircular, ornament of slightly irregular concentric rugellae, larval and postlarval shell finely pitted with hemispherical pits of varying sizes, ventral valve with emarginature, propareas raised, flattened and bisected by flexure lines, and with pitted ornamentation, pedicle groove deep, dorsal pseudointerarea low, occupied mainly by median groove, visceral areas and muscle scars of both valves weakly impressed, ventral mantle canals baculate with straight, divergent, subcentral vascula lateralia. upper Middle Cambrian: Russia (Siberia).","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Russia (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1683, 2a-d. * K. menensis, Eirina Formation, Glyptagnostus stolidotus Biozone, Mene river, northcentral Siberia, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, PIN4511\/120, x24, b, incomplete ventral valve interior, PIN4290\/107, x21, c, dorsal valve interior, x30, d, pitted surface of dorsal propareas, PIN4511\/122, x700 (Ushatinskaya, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1683. zhanatellidae (p. 2547-2548).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-280.jpg?height=1887&width=1286&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Drumian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":504.5,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wahwahlingula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Zhanatellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wahwahlingula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wahwahlingula Popov, Holmer, & MILLER, 2002, p. 218","Type_species":"* Lingula antiquissima JEREMEJEW, 1856, p. 80, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell slightly dorsibiconvex, elongate suboval to subtriangular, larval and postlarval shell with microornament of fine hemispherical pits, ventral pseudointerarea orthocline with narrow and shallow pedicle groove, propareas with flexure lines, dorsal pseudointerarea crescent shaped with rudimentary undivided propareas, ventral interior with weakly impressed visceral area bisected by pedicle nerve impression and baculate, submarginal vascula lateralia, dorsal interior with visceral area extending anterior to midvalve and bisected by fine median ridge, vascular lateralia marginal, arcuate, vascular media short, divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc, ?Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian-Ordovician (Tremadoc, ?Arenig)","Geography":"northwestern Russia, western USA, ?Australia (Canning Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1683, 3a-e. * W. antiquissima (Jeremejew), Tosna Formation, Upper Cambrian, (Cordylodus proavus Biozone), Lava and Syas rivers, northwestern Russia, a, neotype, ventral valve exterior, CNIGR180\/12348, x3, b, ventral valve interior, CNIGR182\/12348, x11, c, dorsal valve interior, CNIGR12348, x10, d, surface microornament, x500, e, detail of pitted microornament, GLAHM 101691, x800 (Popov, Holmer, & Miller, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"GLAHM, \nPopov, Holmer, & Miller, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1683. zhanatellidae (p. 2547-2548).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-280.jpg?height=1887&width=1286&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Diencobolus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Paterulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Diencobolus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Diencobolus Holmer & OTHERS, 2001, p. 65","Type_species":"D. simplex, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly biconvex, equivalved, elongate oval to subcircular, both valves with holoperipheral growth and eccentric to submarginal umbo, both valves lacking pseudointerareas and pedicle notch, larval and postlarval shell finely pitted with subcircular to subelliptical pits of varying sizes, ventral valve with weakly impressed visceral area, occupying median part of valve posterior to midlength, dorsal interior with a low median ridge widening anteriorly and bearing small, elongate suboval anterior lateral muscle scars at posterior end, central muscle scars large, suboval, at midvalve, lateral to median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-early Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"early Arenig","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian-Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc-early Arenig)","Geography":"Kazakhstan (Malyi Karatau), Kyrgyzstan, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1684, 2 a-h .^* D. simplex, Glyptagnostus stolidotus Biozone, Malyi Karatau, Kyrshabakty, Kazakhstan, a, holotype, dorsal valve interior, IGNA427\/87, x13, b-c, dorsal valve exterior, oblique lateral view, x43, d, detail of larval shell, x140, e, microornament of larval shell, x650, f, microornament of postlarval shell, NMW98.61G.55, x1088, ~ g, ventral valve interior, IGNA427\/729, x23, h, dorsal valve interior, IGNA427\/730, x32 (Holmer & others, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer & others, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1684. paterulidae (p. 2549).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-281.jpg?height=1904&width=1298&top_left_y=244&top_left_x=224)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eopaterula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Paterulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eopaterula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eopaterula Sutton in Sutton, Bassett, & CHERNS, 2000, p. 73","Type_species":"* E. curtisi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to elongate suboval, ventral valve acuminate, true pseudointerareas lacking in both valves, but with thickened posterior margins, not differentiated from limbus, ventral thickened posterior margin, with narrow, subtriangular pedicle depression, dorsal thickened margin, with wide subtriangular to semicircular median depression","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1685a-f. *E. curtisi, Micklewood Formation, Tortworth Inlier, Gloucestershire, a, holotype, internal mold of ventral valve, latex cast, CMBCc1679, x15, b, internal mold of ventral valve, CMBCc1632a, x15, c, exfoliated ventral valve, CMBCc1631b, x10, d, exfoliated possible ventral valve, CMBCc 1678 a, x15, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, CMBCc1661a, x15, f, internal mold of dorsal valve, latex cast, CMBCc1654a, x15 (Sutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1685. paterulidae (p. 2549).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-282.jpg?height=1568&width=1279&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tarphyteina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Paterulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tarphyteina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tarphyteina Sutton in Sutton, Bassett, & CHERNS, 2000, p. 74","Type_species":"*T. taylorae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate suboval, true pseudointerareas lacking in both valves, but with thickened posterior margins, ventral thickened posterior margin elongate, dorsal thickened margin short, undivided","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Geography":"Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1684, 1a-e. *T. taylorae, Golden Grove Group, upper Llandeilo, near Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire, a, holotype, ventral valve interior, NMW96.8G.109, x40, b, ventral valve exterior, NMW96.8G.160, x40, c-d, dorsal valve exterior, interior, NMW96.8G.108, x40, e, detail of ornamentation, NMW96.8G.461, x500 (Sutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1684. paterulidae (p. 2549).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-281.jpg?height=1904&width=1298&top_left_y=244&top_left_x=224)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chynithele":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chynithele","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chynithele Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & VAN\u011aK, 1996, pl. 101, case VIII, fig. 1","Type_species":"* C. ventricona, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve highly conical, dorsal valve flat","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1686, 2a-c. * E. veterna, Klabava Formation, Hr\u00e1dek, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, latex cast, x17, b, detail of umbo and pedicle notch, x60, c, oblique lateral view, PCZCU629, \u00d723 (new). [Michal Mergl]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1686. discinidae (p. 2552-2555).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-283.jpg?height=1901&width=1268&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoschizotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoschizotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoschizotreta MERGL, 2002, p. 46","Type_species":"E. veterna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with holoperipheral growth, weakly biconvex, pedicle notch short, broad, without distinct listrium, dorsal apex in posterior part of shell, ornament of fine concentric rugellae.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1686, 2a-c. * E. veterna, Klabava Formation, Hr\u00e1dek, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, latex cast, x17, b, detail of umbo and pedicle notch, x60, c, oblique lateral view, PCZCU629, \u00d723 (new). [Michal Mergl]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1686. discinidae (p. 2552-2555).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-283.jpg?height=1901&width=1268&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ivanothele":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ivanothele","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ivanothele MERGL, 1996b, p. 123","Type_species":"I. mordor, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell planoconvex to concavoconvex, subcircular, exterior with coarse rugellae on both valves, ventral valve high, asymmetrically conical, with curved beak, pedicle track short, wide, mainly closed by listrium, internal tube thick walled, long and irregularly curved, dorsal valve with subcentral beak, dorsal visceral area large, at center of valve, with large anterior adductor muscle scars.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1687, 1a-e. *I. mordor, Kopanina Formation, Ludlow, a-b, holotype, ventral valve exterior, lateral view, x5, c, dorsal valve exterior, MBHR19627, x4, d, dorsal valve exterior, MM14a, x5, e, dorsal valve interior, MM6a, x5 (new). [Michal Mergl]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1687. discinidae (p. 2555-2556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-284.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praeoehlertella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Praeoehlertella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praeoehlertella MERGL, 2001a, p. 28","Type_species":"* P. umbrosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval to subcircular, convexoplanar, ornamentation of fine, concentric, regularly spaced fila, passing into coarser, concentric rugellae, ventral valve with narrow pedicle track bordered by narrow bands, dorsal valve with submarginal apex.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)-Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1688a-c. *P. umbrosa, Praha Formation, Dvorce-Prokop Limestone, Pragian, Svat\u00fd Jan pod Skalou, Na stydl\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch Quarry, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, MBHR49779, x9.5, b, ventral valve exterior, MBHR49775, x9.5, c, dorsal valve exterior, MBHR49799, x9.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1688. discinidae (p. 2555-2556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-285.jpg?height=1149&width=1129&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=306)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pyrodiscus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pyrodiscus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pyrodiscus Little & others, 1999, p. 1056","Type_species":"* P. lorrainae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known, possible discinoid with suboval, uniplicate shell, both valves with mixoperipheral growth, narrow oval pedicle opening extending to posterior margin, listrium present.","Beginning_age":"Silurian","First_Occurrence":"Silurian","Ending_age":"Silurian","Last_Occurrence":"Silurian","Geological_periods":"Silurian","Geography":"Russia (Orenburg district)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":419,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Curdus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Curdus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Curdus Holmer & Ushatinskaya in Ushatinskaya & Holmer, 2001, p. 129","Type_species":"*C. pararaensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve with small umbonal notch; ventral pseudointerarea triangular, apsacline, divided by deep pedicle groove, forming triangular delthyrium; propareas long, with flexure lines; dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, with wide median groove; ornamentation of concentric growth lines, crossed by discontinuous wrinkles; ventral visceral field short, strongly thickened, with elevated posterolateral muscle scars; dorsal visceral field with low median ridge and pair of elongate posterolateral muscle scars; both valves with straight divergent vascula lateralia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Geography":"South Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1690a\u2013h. *C. pararaensis, Koolywurtie Limestone, Yorke Peninsula; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 24; b, detail of ornamentation, PIN4664\/6207, \u00d7 160; c, dorsal valve exterior, PIN4664\/6209, \u00d7 26; d, dorsal valve interior, PIN4664\/6212, \u00d7 20; e, dorsal valve interior, PIN4664\/6210, \u00d7 16; f, holotype, ventral valve interior, PIN4664\/6211, \u00d724; g, detail of ventral pseudointerarea, PIN4664\/6220, \u00d7 48; h, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, PIN4664\/6217, \u00d7 104 (Ushatinskaya & Holmer, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Minlatonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Botsfordiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Minlatonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Minlatonia Holmer & Ushatinskaya in Ushatinskaya & HOLMER, 2001, p. 130","Type_species":"*M. tuckeri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve with pointed beak, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline, with triangular pedicle groove and long propareas, dorsal pseudointerarea anacline, flattened, with wide triangular median groove and low propareas, distinctive reticulate ornamentation, produced by intersecting radial and concentric striae, ventral visceral field thickened, dorsal visceral field slightly thickened, with long anterior projection, bisected by median ridge","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Botomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Botomian)","Geography":"South Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1691 a-i. * M. tuckeri, Parara Limestone, Yorke Peninsula, a, ventral valve exterior, x32, b, detail of umbo, PIN4664\/6233, x108, c, dorsal valve exterior, PIN4664\/6221, x32, d, oblique lateral view of ventral valve interior, PIN4664\/6227, x22, e, dorsal view of complete articulated shell, PIN4664\/6230, x30, f, oblique posterolateral view of complete articulated shell, PIN4664\/6232, x24, g, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, PIN4664\/6226, x40, h, detail of reticulate ornamentation, PIN4664\/6228, x112, i, detail of dorsal umbo, PIN4664\/6225, \u00d794 (Ushatinskaya & Holmer, 2001).'","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya & Holmer, 2001","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":513.13,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Longtancunella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotheloidea","Family":"Lingulida - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Longtancunella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Longtancunella Hou & OTHERS, 1999, p. 80","Type_species":"*L. chengjiangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus poorly known, thin, lingulid-like shell, slightly convex, subcircular, mostly occurring in clusters, individuals apparently joined by pedicles, internal characters unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"China (Yunnan Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1692. *L. chengjiangensis, Yu\u2019anshan Formation, Qiongzhusian Stage; holotype, cluster of specimens with preserved pedicles, part, NIGPA1145a, \u00d72 (Hou & others, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eohadrotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eohadrotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eohadrotreta Li & HOLMER, 2004, p. 204","Type_species":"E. zhenbaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to transversely oval, with rounded to straight posterior margin, ventral valve low conical to gently convex, ventral pseudointerarea gently procline, with shallow to vestigial intertrough, pedicle foramen not enclosed within larval shell, remaining as open notch through much of ontogeny, apical process and apical pits vestigial to absent, dorsal valve gently convex, dorsal pseudointerarea narrowly triangular, orthocline, with median groove, dorsal median buttress well developed, dorsal median septum well developed, extending anterior to midvalve. Lower Cambrian: China (Shaanxi Province).","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"China (Shaanxi Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1693a-h. *E. zhenbaensis, lower Shuijingtuo Formation, Qiongzhusian Stage, Xiaoyang section, Zhenba, South Shaanxi, a, dorsal valve exterior, NIGP135167, x47, b, dorsal valve interior, x50, c, oblique lateral view, NIGP135170, x80, d-e, holotype, ventral valve exterior, oblique posterior view, NIGP 135165, x40, f, oblique posterior view of dorsal valve exterior, NIGP135176, \u00d793, g, posterior view of complete articulated juvenile shell, NIGP 135175, x100, h, oblique anterior view of ventral valve interior, x80 (new), Fig. 1694a-c. *E. zhenbaensis, lower Shuijingtuo Formation, Qiongzhusian Stage, Xiaoyang section, Zhenba, South Shaanxi, a, oblique posterior view of unrestricted delthyrium, NIGP 135174, x400, b, ventral valve interior, NIGP135173, x60, c, detail of larval shell and pedicle foramen, NIGP135166, x200 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP","figure_index":"fig. 1693. acrotretidae (p. 2560).\nfig. 1694. acrotretidae (p. 2560).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-291.jpg?height=1790&width=1300&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=218)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-292.jpg?height=903&width=1281&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kostjubella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kostjubella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kostjubella Popov, Holmer, & GORJANSKY, 1996, p. 306","Type_species":"* K. relaxata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, ventral valve strongly convex in lateral profile with maximum height anterior to umbo, ventral pseudointerarea narrow, divided by deep intertrough, pedicle foramen small, elongate suboval, not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve gently convex with shallow sulcus, dorsal pseudointerarea low, with lenslike median groove, ventral interior with bosslike apical process, anterior to short internal pedicle tube, ventral mantle canals baculate, dorsal median ridge strong, subtriangular, buttressed posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","First_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan (Tarbagatay Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1695, 1a-f. *K. relaxata, Kostyube Mountain, a, ventral valve exterior, PMKz63, x26, b, oblique lateral view, x34, c, oblique posterior view, x40, d, holotype, dorsal valve, interior, PMKz61, x46.5, e, oblique lateral view, x52.2, f, ventral valve interior, PMKz64, x45 (Popov, Holmer, & Gorjansky, 1996).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov, Holmer, & Gorjansky, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1695. acrotretidae (p. 2560-2566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-293.jpg?height=1614&width=1276&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":499.63,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mixotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mixotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mixotreta USHATINSKAYA, 1998, p. 39","Type_species":"M. quasidentata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, subcircular, ventral valve subconical, pseudointerarea procline to catacline, divided by narrow and shallow intertrough, pedicle foramen small, circular, within larval shell, at end of short recurved external tube, dorsal valve gently convex, pseudointerarea orthocline, median groove bisected by low ridge and bounded anteriorly by pair of toothlike projections, dorsal larval shell with median depression, apical process occluding umbonal part of valve and projecting anteriorly, internal pedicle tube perforating apical process, flanked by pair of apical pits, dorsal interior with large cardinal muscle fields separated by median buttress, central muscle scars well developed near midvalve, dorsal median ridge weakly developed or absent. Middle Cambrian (Mayaian): Russia (Siberia).","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","First_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Geography":"Russia (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1696, 1a-d. * M. quasidentata, Corynexochus perforatus-Anopolenus henrici biozones, Olenek river near mouth of Khorbusonka river, north-central Siberia, a, holotype, posterior view of conjoined valves, PIN 4290\/301, x50, b, ventral valve interior, PIN 4290\/309, x50, c, dorsal valve interior, x30, d, pseudointerarea, PIN 4290\/305, x220 (Ushatinskaya, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1696. acrotretidae (p. 2560-2566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-294.jpg?height=1856&width=1291&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":499.63,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Odontotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Odontotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Odontotreta USHATINSKAYA, 1998, p. 40","Type_species":"O. mirabilis, OD, =Stilpnotreta galinae Popov, Holmer, & GORJANSKY, 1996, p. 310","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, ventral valve strongly convex to subconical, pseudointerarea apsacline, divided by intertrough, terminating with pair of toothlike projections, pedicle foramen within larval shell, dorsal valve convex, pseudointerarea subtriangular, orthocline, mainly occupied by median grove, which is divided medianly by strong ridge, ventral interior with elongate subtriangular apical process anterior to internal foramen, ventral mantle canals baculate, dorsal cardinal muscle large, fields extending anteriorly to midlength, median ridge low.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","First_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Last_Occurrence":"Mayaian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Mayaian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan, Sweden, Denmark (Bornholm)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1697, 1a-d. *O. galinae (Popov, Holmer, & Gorjansky), Chingiz Formation, Chingiz Range, Central Kazakhstan, a, holotype, oblique posterior view of complete shell, PIN4672\/1, x65, b, oblique posterolateral view of ventral valve exterior, x40, c, detail of ventral pseudointerarea with toothlike projections, PIN4672\/2, x130, d, dorsal valve interior, PIN4672\/7, x50 (Ushatinskaya, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1697. acrotretidae (p. 2562-2566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-295.jpg?height=1877&width=1296&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":499.63,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ombergia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ombergia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ombergia Holmer, Popov, & BASSETT, 2000, p. 374","Type_species":"O. mirabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, ventral valve highly conical with extremely long external pedicle tube, ventral pseudointerarea catacline to slightly procline, divided by weak intertrough, dorsal valve weakly convex, with subtriangular pseudointerarea, occupying about half of valve width, divided by broad median groove, ventral interior with thick apical process occluding umbo, buttressed dorsoanteriorly by septum, dorsal interior with thick, low, subtriangular median septum slightly buttressed posteriorly, dorsal cardinal muscle scars large, raised, extending anteriorly about half valve length","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc-lower Arenig)","Geography":"Baltoscandia, South Kyrgyzstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1698a-g. *O. mirabilis, Latorp Limestone, Hunneberg Regional Stage, Sweden, a, dorsal valve exterior, x32, b, detail of larval shell, x110, c, detail of postlarval ornamentation, SGUType8511, x235, d, dorsal valve interior, SGUType8512, x40, e, holotype, ventral valve exterior, SGUType8508, x25, f, oblique lateral view of ventral valve exterior, showing apical process buttressed by septum, SGUType8509, x65, g, ventral valve interior, SGUType8510, \u00d775 (Holmer, Popov, & Bassett, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer, Popov, & Bassett, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1698. acrotretidae (p. 2562-2563).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-296.jpg?height=639&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":481.96,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Talasotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Talasotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Talasotreta Holmer, Koneva, & Popov in Holmer & OTHERS, 1996, p. 484","Type_species":"T. apollonovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, ornamented by regularly spaced concentric rugellae, ventral valve broadly conical with procline to catacline pseudointerarea divided by intertrough, pedicle foramen enclosed within larval shell, dorsal valve gently convex with moderately high pseudointerarea divided by shallow broad subtriangular median grove, ventral interior with ridgelike apical process anterior to internal foramen, or occluding umbonal area in some species, ventral mantle canals pinnate, dorsal interior with low median ridge buttressed posteriorly","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"Llanvirn, Sweden, USA, upper Arenig-Llanvirn, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1695, 2a-e. *T. apollonovi, Zyrykauz Formation, Llanvirn, Malyi Karatau Range, a, dorsal valve interior, IGCA 2943\/28, x4.5, b, ventral valve interior, IGCA 2943\/31, x5, c, ventral valve interior, IGCA 2943 \/ 32, x5, d, dorsal valve exterior, IGCA 2943\/33, x5, e, ventral valve exterior, latex cast, IGCA, 2943\/36, x5 (Holmer & others, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHolmer & others, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1695. acrotretidae (p. 2560-2566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-293.jpg?height=1614&width=1276&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tasbulakia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tasbulakia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tasbulakia POPOV, 2000b, p. 425","Type_species":"* T. tenuis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular, ventral valve high, slightly apsaconical, ventral pseudointerarea poorly defined, divided by weak intertrough, pedicle foramen circular, facing posteriorly, within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea narrow, divided by deep median grove, internal pedicle tube supported anteriorly by ridgelike apical process, dorsal median septum high, triangular, bearing up to five septal rods, projecting anteriorly as long spines, dorsal cardinal muscle fields small, situated on raised platforms. Upper Ordovician (lower Ashgill): Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1696, 2a-i. *T. tenuis, Zharyk Beds, Zharyk, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, x20, b, oblique posterolateral view, x29, c, detail of larval shell, x174, d, detail of larval pitting, NMW98.65G.82, x940, e, dorsal valve interior, NMW98.65G.89, x25, f, oblique lateral view of ventral valve interior, NMW98.65G.86, x46, g, dorsal valve exterior, x26, h, oblique lateral view, NMW98.65G.93, x35, i, ventral valve interior, NMW98.65G.91, x38 (Popov, 2000b).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nPopov, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1696. acrotretidae (p. 2560-2566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-294.jpg?height=1856&width=1291&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tingitanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Acrotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tingitanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tingitanella STRENG, 1999, p. 48","Type_species":"T. calamisca, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular to pentagonal in outline, posterior margin straight to gently convex, ventral valve apsaconical to cataconical, ventral pseudointerarea well defined, bisected by poorly defined intertrough, pedicle foramen circular, enclosed within larval shell, forming short external tube, dorsal valve gently convex, dorsal pseudointerarea with orthocline median groove and anacline propareas, apical process poorly developed, low, triangular, median buttress present, median septum or ridge absent.","Beginning_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"lower Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"lower Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1697, 2a-f. *T. calamisca, Jbel Wawrmast Formation, Hupeolenus?, Cephalopyge notabilis-Ornamentaspis frequens biozones, Anti-Atlas, a, dorsal valve exterior, PIW96X134.2, \u00d7 70, b, holotype, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 40, c, holotype, oblique lateral view, \u00d7 50, d, holotype, detail of pseudointerarea, PIW96X30.12, \u00d7 160, e, oblique anterolateral view of ventral valve interior, PIW96X30.11, \u00d7 100, f, oblique lateral view of dorsal valve interior, PIW96X30.14, \u00d7 160 (Streng, 1999)\"","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nStreng, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1697. acrotretidae (p. 2562-2566).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-295.jpg?height=1877&width=1296&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":504.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Naimania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Torynelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Naimania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Naimania POPOV, 2000a, p. 271","Type_species":"* Issedonia procera Popov in Nazarov & POPOV, 1980, p. 105, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subcircular in dorsal outline, ventral valve high, conical, nearly tubular, ventral pseudointerarea flat, catacline, with narrow intertrough, dorsal valve gently concave, dorsal pseudointerarea straight, anacline, divided by weak median groove, internal pedicle tube supported anteriorly by rudimentary ridgelike apical process, dorsal cardinal muscle scars large, strongly impressed, dorsal median septum high, triangular, with single rod and concave surmounting plate, bearing hemispherical cavity flanked by pair of rodlike processes.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1699, 1a-e. A. concava, Mayatas Formation, northern coast of Atansor lake, a, dorsal valve interior, x28, b, oblique lateral view, NMW98.65.G.47, x39, c, dorsal valve median septum and surmounting plate, NMW 98.65G.44, x55, d, dorsal valve exterior, NMW98.65G.45, x34, e, oblique posterolateral view of ventral valve exterior, NMW98.65G.43, \u00d767 (Popov, 2000a).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMW, \nPopov, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1699. torynelasmatidae and ephippelasmatidae (p. 2568).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-297.jpg?height=1776&width=1289&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":450.87,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aipyotreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ephippelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aipyotreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aipyotreta Sutton in Sutton, Bassett, & CHERNS, 2000, p. 98","Type_species":"A. lockleyi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve highly conical, ventral pseudointerarea catacline to procline, ventral larval shell as conical as rest of valve, dorsal valve transversely oval, dorsal median septum consisting of simple vertical plate with surmounting rod","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Geography":"Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1699, 2a-f. *A. lockleyi, Golden Grove Group, upper Llandeilo, Pen-yr-Allt, Carmarthenshire, a, holotype, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, x75, b, holotype, detail of dorsal pseudointerarea, x100, c, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, NMW96.8G.775, x50, d, detail of larval shell, NMW96.8G.770, x100, e, detail of larval pitting, NMW96.8G.781, x750, f, posterior view of ventral valve, NMW96.8G.766, x50 (Sutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sutton, Bassett, & Cherns, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1699. torynelasmatidae and ephippelasmatidae (p. 2568).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-297.jpg?height=1776&width=1289&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bathmoleca":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Biernatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bathmoleca","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bathmoleca Sutton in Sutton, Bassett, & CHERNS, 2000, p. 103","Type_species":"B. addisoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve extremely conical, strongly apsacline, ventral larval shell less conical and apsacline, dorsal cardinal muscle scars on raised platform, undercut anteriorly, dorsal median septum with hollow surmounting rod on posterior slope of septum","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","First_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandeilo","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Llandeilo)","Geography":"Wales","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1700, 2a-f. *B. addisoni, Golden Grove Group, lower Llandeilo, near Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire, a-b, holotype, dorsal valve interior, oblique lateral view, NMW96.8G.181, x60, c-d, dorsal valve exterior, interior, NMW96.8G.742, x60, e-f, ventral valve","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1700. biernatidae (p. 2568).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-299.jpg?height=1874&width=1279&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":56.9,"beginning_date":463.02,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Concaviseptum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Biernatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Concaviseptum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Concaviseptum Brock, Engelbretsen, & DEAN-JONES, 1995, p. 114","Type_species":"C. laurei, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral interior with two parallel ridges extending along anterior internal surface, dorsal median septum high, deeply anteriorly excavated, with surmounting plate draping over to fuse dorsally with inner surface of valve, dorsal central muscle scars pyriform","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Australia (Victoria)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1700, 1a-e. *C. laurei, Cooper Creek Limestone, a, dorsal valve exterior, AMF92867, x44, b, dorsal valve interior, x47, c-d, anterior and lateral view, AMF92865, x60, e, ventral valve, oblique view of interior, AMF92869, x83 (Brock, Engelbretsen, & Dean-Jones, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brock, Engelbretsen, & Dean-Jones, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1700. biernatidae (p. 2568).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-299.jpg?height=1874&width=1279&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Havlicekion":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Biernatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Havlicekion","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Havlicekion MERGL, 2001a, p. 35","Type_species":"H. splendidus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve highly conical, dorsal valve weakly sulcate, with deeply impressed muscle scars, dorsal median septum low, with robust, narrowly triangular to rodlike surmounting plate, postlarval shell with prominent, regular concentric rugellae","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)-Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1701 a-d. * H. splendidus, Praha Formation, Dvorce-Prokop Limestone, Svat\u00fd Jan pod Skalou, Na Stydl\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch Quarry, Bohemia, a, holotype, dorsal valve interior, x60, b, oblique lateral view, PCZCU40, x60, c, oblique lateral view of ventral valve exterior, x60, d, oblique anterior view of ventral valve exterior, PCZCU36, x60 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1701. biernatidae (p. 2568).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-300.jpg?height=1047&width=1284&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acanthatreta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ceratretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acanthatreta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acanthatreta STRENG, 1999, p. 38","Type_species":"A. meiwirthae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell ventribiconvex, transversely oval, ventral pseudointerarea poorly defined, steeply procline to catacline, bisected by intertrough, pedicle foramen circular to elongate oval, not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea with deep, triangular median groove, with small propareas, apical process forming ridge connecting posterior and anterior valve slopes, and placed anterior to internal foramen, with filigree spine.\"","Beginning_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"lower Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"lower Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1702a-i. *A. meiwirthae, Jbel Wawrmast Formation, Cephalopyge notabilis Biozone, Tachguelt, High Atlas, a, dorsal valve exterior, PIW96X125.8, x55, b, ventral valve exterior, PIW96X125.7, x30, c, dorsal valve interior, PIW96X126.1, x40, d, holotype, oblique anterolateral view of ventral valve interior, PIW96X25.15, x35, e, detail of ventral pseudointerarea, PIW96X125.3, x65, f, lateral view of ventral valve exterior, PIW96X25.9, x50, g, oblique anterolateral view of dorsal valve interior, PIW96X25.14, x50, h, detail of apical process, PIW96X30.1, x95, i, detail of apical process, PIW96X25.11, x150 (Streng, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Streng, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1702. ceratretidae (p. 2568).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-301.jpg?height=1836&width=1294&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":504.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Almohadella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ceratretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Almohadella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Almohadella STRENG, 1999, p. 43","Type_species":"A. braunae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell ventribiconvex, transversely oval, ventral pseudointerarea steeply procline, bisected by broad intertrough, widening dorsally, pedicle foramen slitlike, not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea with broad, triangular median groove, propareas small, apical process forming robust ridge connecting posterior and anterior valve slopes, median buttress broad.\"","Beginning_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"lower Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"lower Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1703a-f. *A. braunae, Jbel Wawrmast Formation, Cephalopyge notabilisOrnamentaspis frequens biozones, Lemdad Syncline, High Atlas, a, dorsal valve exterior, PIW96X21.3, x35, b, dorsal valve interior, PIW96X22.6, x40, c, detail of pedicle foramen, PIW96X18.6, x160, d, oblique anterolateral view of dorsal valve interior, PIW96X22.9, x40, e, holotype, ventral valve\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1703. ceratretidae (p. 2568-2570).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-302.jpg?height=1565&width=1272&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":504.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Collarotretella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Collarotretella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Collarotretella MERGL, 1997b, p. 102","Type_species":"C. septata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell biconvex, broadly oval, exterior sparsely spinose, nearly smooth, foramen large, circular, directed posteroventrally, internally with thickened collar, ventral pseudointerarea low, small, undivided, dorsal pseudointerarea obscure, dorsal interior with short, distinct median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1706a-b. *C. septata, Klabava Formation, Hr\u00e1dek, a, holotype, ventral valve internal mold, MBHR 66845, x15, b, dorsal valve internal mold, MBHR 66847, x15 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1706. siphonotretidae (p. 2576).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-306.jpg?height=510&width=980&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=385)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbaspina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Siphonotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Siphonotretoidea","Family":"Siphonotretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orbaspina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbaspina Valentine & BROCK, 2003, p. 237","Type_species":"O. gelasinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pedicle foramen large, keyhole shaped, extending forward through resorption to form elongate, broadly triangular, pedicle track, pedicle track covered posteriorly by concave plate and anteriorly by short listrium-like plate, tubular hollow spines of uniform size, postlarval shell with numerous subcircular dimples, loosely arranged in concentric rows","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery-Wenlock)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1707a-g. * O. gelasinus, Boree Creek Formation, uppermost Llandovery, amorphognathoides Zone, to earliest Wenlock, ranuliformis Zone, central-western New South Wales, a-b, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, interior, x17, c, detail of pseudointerarea, AMF120610, x50, d, detail of postlarval dimpling, AMF122212, x50, e-f, ventral valve exterior, interior, x30, ~ g, detail of spines, AMF 120612, x300 (new).\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":"AMF","figure_index":"fig. 1707. siphonotretidae (p. 2576).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-307.jpg?height=1860&width=1284&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Olenekina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Paterinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Olenekina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Olenekina USHATINSKAYA, 1997, p. 55","Type_species":"O. olenekensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, transversely suboval, postlarval shell covered with slightly irregular concentric rugellae, larval shell finely granulated, ventral valve with open delthyrium and apsacline interarea, dorsal valve with open notothyrium underlined by median plate inside valve, interior characters weakly impressed with a pair of ridges parallel to hinge line in both valves","Beginning_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"upper Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"upper Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"upper Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"upper Middle Cambrian","Geography":"north-central Siberia, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1708, 2a-c. *O. olenekensis, Eirina Formation, Glyptagnostus stolidotus Biozone, Kotui river, a, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, PIN4510\/141, x25, b, ventral valve exterior, PIN4290\/206, x45, c, dorsal valve interior showing ridges along hinge line, PIN4510\/146, \u00d770 (Ushatinskaya, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ushatinskaya, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1708. paterinidae (p. 2578-2579).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-309.jpg?height=1160&width=1286&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Drumian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":504.5,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wynnia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Paterinata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Paterinida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paterinoidea","Family":"Paterinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Wynnia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wynnia WALCOTT, 1908, p. 142","Type_species":"Orthis warthi WAFGEN, 1891, p. 102, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Genus inadequately known(previously questionably assigned to Orthida, but with organophosphatic shell).  The shell is ventribiconvex and subcircular, with a ventral valve that has an open delthyrium and an apsacline interarea, and a dorsal valve that is sulcate with an open notothyrium. The ventral valve has an elongate triangular muscle field, divided.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian","Geography":"Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1708,1a\u2013k. *W. warthi (WaagEn), Neobolus Beds, Tsanglangpuian, Kussak Fort Hill, Salt Range; a\u2013e, internal mold of complete articulated shell, ventral view, dorsal view, oblique posterior dorsal view, oblique lateral dorsal view, oblique posterior ventral view, TUBr1080\/110, \u00d7 4; f\u2013g, internal mold of ventral valve, oblique lateral view, TUBr1080\/109, \u00d7 4; h\u2013j, exfoliated ventral valve (organophosphatic), oblique anterior view, oblique lateral view, \u00d7 6; k, detail of terminal vascular trunks, TUBr1080\/111, \u00d715 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1708. paterinidae (p. 2578-2579).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-309.jpg?height=1160&width=1286&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Fortunian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":538.8,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":512.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Celidocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Celidocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Celidocrania Liu, Zhu, & XUE, 1985, p. 9","Type_species":"C. luohensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Had been synonymized with Acanthocrania -- see explanation in Description.","Synonyms":"Acanthocrania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"This genus was earlier synonymized with Acanthocrania (see Bassett, 2000, p. 171) They are certainly very close in dorsal morphology, in particular with a common ornamentation of coarse spines and papillae and with distinctively large anterior adductor muscle scars divided by a weak myophragm, although in Celidocrania this latter feature becomes a distinct longitudinal ridge anteriorly. Closer comparison was originally not possible based only on the original illustrations of the Chinese material from Hinggan Ling in Heilongjiang Province. Recently, however, it has been possible to examine type specimens of Celidocrania, which confirms their general similarity to Acanthocrania, with the possible exception of the distinct anterior ridge.  [One factor to bear in mind when comparing the two genera is their differences in age. Known specimens of Acanthocrania first appear in the lower Upper Ordovician (Caradoc, Sandbian). The type specimens of Celidocrania are from the Dazhi-Xiqiue lithological interval of somewhat earlier, mid-Ordovician age (upper Arenig\u2013lower Llanvirn; Liu, Zhu, & Xue, 1985).]","Beginning_age":"Middle Ordovician (upper Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"upper Arenig","Ending_age":"Middle Ordovician (lower Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Middle Ordovician (upper Arenig\u2013lower Llanvirn)","Geography":"North China (Heilongjiang Province)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":474.17,"ending_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":469.42,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Deliella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Deliella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"\"Deliella HALAMSKI, 2004, p. 182\"","Type_species":"* D. deliae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsal valve subconical, beak posteriorly subcentral, anterior face convex, posterior face subplanar, ornament of fine costae, branching costellae, and capillae, fine concentric growth lines forming a netlike granular pattern at intersection with radial ornament, encrusting, ventral valve not known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Poland, Germany, Ukraine, North America","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mesocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesocrania SMIRNOVA, 1997, p. 998","Type_species":"Craniscus barskovi SMIRNOVA, 1972, p. 20, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve low and undulose or weakly subconical with subcentral to posterocentral beak, shell outline subsquare through subrectangular to slightly rounded, weakly preserved growth lines and occasional short, irregular riblets, dorsal posterior adductor scars large, separated, close under posterior margin, anterior adductors large, rounded to kidney shaped, raised on flaring platform and separated by a slender ridge, limbus-marginal rim slender, shell structure with some branching punctate canals, encrusting, ventral valve not known.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Oxfordian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)-Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Ukraine","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Novocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Novocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Novocrania Lee & BRUNTON, 2001, p. 5","Type_species":"Patella anomala M\u00fcller, 1776, p. 237; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":"Neocrania","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Neocrania = Dorsal valve convex to conical, beak subcentral to posterocentral, smooth, finely pustulose or rarely finely costellate, posterior margin commonly straight, recent species with dendroid shell punctation, dorsal posterior adductor scars large, rounded, thickened, widely separated, anterior scars commonly crescentic, raised above valve floor, weak myophragm bisects muscle field, encrusting, ventral valve uncalcified in recent species, otherwise sometimes thin, ventral posterior adductor scars large, anterior scars united medially, marginal mantle setae observed in recent forms, valve margins variably thickened, with limbus or faint submarginal rim.    [Novocrania is a nomen novum proposed as a replacement generic name for Neocrania Lee & Brunton, 1986, p. 150, which is preoccupied by an insect genus (Lepidoptera) published by Davis, 1978, p. 92 (type species, Neocrania bifasciata). Diagnostic characters, stratigraphic range, and geographic distribution of Novocrania are as set out by BASSETT, 2000, p. 180, fig. 100, 2 a-h (under Neocrania).  One amendment is to note that in fact the thin, encrusting ventral valve of Recent species, including the type species, is not uncommonly weakly calcified, confirming the disposition of large, submarginal, rounded, and separated posterior muscle scars, with large, posterocentral, medially united anterior scars within a heart-shaped pit bounded by a strong rim, ventral limbus broad, pustulose, vascular system pinnate.]","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Eocene)-Holocene","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 100, 2a-h. *N. anomala (M\u00dcller), Holocene, a-c, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, off western coast of Sweden, north of Hunnebostrand (60 to 120 m), NMW 98.10G.1, x3, d, e, dorsal valve\"","Museum_or_author_information":"NMW","figure_index":"fig. 100. craniidae (p. 178-180).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-206.jpg?height=1335&width=1288&top_left_y=143&top_left_x=171)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Belubula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Belubula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Belubula PERCIVAL, 1995, p. 48","Type_species":"B. spectacula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Zhuzhaiia Xu & Li, 2002, p. 419 (type, Z. transitense","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell large, globose, strongly biconvex, ventral valve with prominent, incurved beak, ventral interarea triangular, concave, divided by broad, concave homeodeltidium, ventral interior with deep umbonal cavities, muscle platform low, solid, cardinal buttress stout, wall-like, dorsal interior with low visceral platform, slightly vaulted anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc, ?Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc, ?Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc, ?Ashgill)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales), ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1717, 4a-d. * B. spectacula, Belubula Limestone, Caradoc, New South Wales, Australia, a, dorsal valve interior, SUP73473, x1.6; b, ventral valve, interarea, SUP73476, \u00d7 1; c\u2013d, holotype, conjoined valves, lateral view, posterior view, SUP73470, \u00d71 (Percival, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1717. trimerellidae (p. 2592-2594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-323.jpg?height=1399&width=1267&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bowanpodium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bowanpodium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bowanpodium PERCIVAL, 1995, p. 55","Type_species":"B. solidum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell biconvex, ventral valve with high interarea, divided by broad homeodeltidium, umbonal cavities vestigial, ventral muscle platform low, solid, cardinal buttress prominent, supported anteriorly by ridge, dorsal muscle platform solid, strongly thickened, elevated anteriorly and excavated anterolaterally, and with weak anterior median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1717, 3 a-b. * B. solidum, Quondong Limestone, a, holotype, dorsal valve interior, AMF60700, x3, b, ventral valve interior, AMF60757, x1.5 (Percival, 1995)","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1717. trimerellidae (p. 2592-2594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-323.jpg?height=1399&width=1267&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Corystops":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Corystops","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Corystops PERCIVAL, 1995, p. 55","Type_species":"C. lamellatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex to convexiplanar, lamellose, ventral interarea undivided, planar, and strongly apsacline, ventral interior with low, solid visceral platform, dorsal interior with low, solid visceral platform, divided anteriorly by median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1717, 1a-d. *C. lamellatus, Quondong Limestone, a-b, holotype, dorsal valve exterior, interior of holotype, SUP63498, x2, c, ventral valve exterior, SUP63502, x2, d, ventral valve interior, SUP63503, x2 (Percival, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1717. trimerellidae (p. 2592-2594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-323.jpg?height=1399&width=1267&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Keteiodoros":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Keteiodoros","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Keteiodoros Strusz & OTHERS, 1998, p. 176","Type_species":"* K. bellense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very large and strongly equibiconvex, ventral umbo long, incurved, dorsal umbo strongly incurved, bulbous, fitting against posterior end of ventral platform, long, thick longitudinally and transversely curved articulating plate, more or less concentric with umbo, extending from dorsal beak almost to surface of ventral platform, valve margins slightly overlapping dorsoventrally in front of flattened zones, serving as articulatory structure, both valves with deeply excavated, steep-sided platform supported by long median septum, ventral valve with deep umbonal cavities.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1718a-e. * K. bellense, Dripstone Formation, southeast of Wellington, central New South Wales, a, holotype, anterior view of inside of complete articulated shell, AMF101116, x0.4, b-e, lateral, posterior, anterior, and ventral views of complete articulated shell, AMF101117, x0.4 (Strusz & others, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Strusz & others, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1718. trimerellidae (p. 2594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-324.jpg?height=1269&width=1274&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Porcidium":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Trimerellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Trimerelloidea","Family":"Trimerellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Porcidium","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porcidium PERCIVAL, 1995, p. 53","Type_species":"P. dorsilobum, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell dorsibiconvex, ventral interarea orthocline, planar to weakly concave, bisected by narrow ridgelike homeodeltidium, flanked by deep grooves, ventral interior with low, solid visceral platform, slightly elevated anteriorly, cardinal buttress rudimentary to absent, dorsal visceral platform low, solid, surrounded by raised peripheral rim, with anterior adductors bisected by low median ridge, hinge plate forming prominent curved transverse bar, with strongly impressed, paired internal oblique muscle scars","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1717, 2a-b. *P. dorsilobum, Quondong Limestone, a, holotype, ventral valve interior, SUP63482, x3, b, dorsal valve interior, SUP63493, x3 (Percival, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Percival, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1717. trimerellidae (p. 2592-2594).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-323.jpg?height=1399&width=1267&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pelmanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Obolellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Naukatida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Naukatoidea","Family":"Pelmanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pelmanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pelmanella Popov & OTHERS, 1997, p. 343","Type_species":"* P. borealis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell ventribiconvex, elongate to subcircular, with straight anterior commissure, delthyrium open, narrow, triangular, with distal margins joined by anteris, ventral interior with central muscle platform separated from cardinal muscle platforms by deep oblique grooves, dorsal interior with medianly located anterior adductor scars divided by median ridge. Lower Cambrian (Toyonian): Greenland.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","First_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Ending_age":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toyonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (Toyonian)","Geography":"Greenland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1719a-b. *P. borealis, Paralleldal Formation, Peary Land, central North Greenland, a, holotype, ventral valve interior, MGUH23743, x5.4, b, dorsal valve interior, MGUH23747, x5.4 (Popov & others, 1997).\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & others, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1719. pelmanellidae (p. 2595).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-325.jpg?height=503&width=630&top_left_y=1627&top_left_x=881)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":25,"beginning_date":513.13,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_ending_stage":75,"ending_date":510.38,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anomalocalyx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Kutorginata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Kutorginida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kutorginida - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Anomalocalyx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anomalocalyx BROCK, 1999, p. 182","Type_species":"A. cawoodi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell with deeply coniform ventral valve, ventral interarea catacline to weakly procline with narrow delthyrium, covered completely by evenly convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve with incurved umbo, wide, poorly defined, open notothyrium and broad median sulcus, ornament of low, broad costellae becoming fluted at commissural margin and regular concentric growth lamellae, ventral interior with a pair of rounded, dorsally directed, nublike denticles situated on either side of delthyrium, and elongate, tapering, tubelike structure extending toward posterior shell margin directly under pseudodeltidium, dorsal interior with small, divergent socket ridges bordering anteriorly shallow sockets excavated into posterior valve wall.","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian (Floran)","First_Occurrence":"Floran","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian (Undillan)","Last_Occurrence":"Undillan","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian (Floran-Undillan)","Geography":"Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1720a-g.* A. cawoodi, Murrawong Creek Formation, Murrawong Creek, a, holotype, ventral valve oblique posterior, x45, b-c, posterior and side views, AM F97383, x43, d-e, oblique lateral views of incomplete ventral valve showing tubelike structure, AM F107867, x35, f, dorsal valve interior showing socket ridges, AM F107869, x51, g, dorsal valve exterior, AM F107870, x38 (Brock, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brock, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1720. uncertain (p. 2596).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-327.jpg?height=1093&width=1286&top_left_y=172&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":57.1,"beginning_date":506.43,"ending_stage":"Drumian","fraction_up_ending_stage":71.4,"ending_date":501.64,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leigerina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Leigerina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leigerina R\u014c\u014cMUSOKS, 2004, p. 19","Type_species":"L. hiiuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semicircular outline, profile mainly gently biconvex, with dorsal valve slightly concave posteromedianly only, ornament evenly parvicostellate, no rugae known, relatively large apsacline ventral interarea with large pseudodeltidium, small anacline dorsal interarea with low chilidium, ventral interior with relatively small flaring teeth merging anterolaterally with muscle-bounding ridges bordering subcircular muscle field, very thin and relatively inconspicuous ventral median septum, dorsal interior with prominent erect cardinal process between prominent curved socket plates, low myophragm and dorsal muscle field very weakly impressed","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc-Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1722, 2 a-d. *L. hiiuensis, K\u014drgessare formation, Vormsi Stage, lower Ashgill, Estonia, a, holotype, dorsal exterior, K\u014drgessare, TUG 1003-109, x1.5, b, ventral interior, K\u00e4rdla, TUG 42-61, x1.5, c, interarea of conjoined valves, K\u014drgessare, TUG 50-30, x2, d, dorsal interior, Kohila, TUG 106-20, x1.5 (R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1722. strophomenidae (p. 2598-2602).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-330.jpg?height=1887&width=1291&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nasutimena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Nasutimena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nasutimena Jin & ZHAN, 2001, p. 30","Type_species":"Strophomena fluctuosa BILLINGS, 1860, p. 57, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline subtriangular to subpentagonal, smoothly geniculate profile, ornament unequally parvicostellate, with small concentric to crisscross rugae interrupted by the major costellae variably developed over all or part of shell. Ventral and dorsal interiors as in Strophomena, apart from shorter and weaker dorsal transmuscle septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1723a-e. *N. fluctuosa, a-c, holotype, dorsal, anterior, and ventral views of dorsal exterior, Vaureal Formation, middle Ashgill, Anticosti Island, Canada, GSC 2017, x2, d, ventral interior, Caution Creek Formation, middle Ashgill, Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada, GSC 109020, \u00d72.5; e, dorsal interior, Stony Mountain Formation, Ashgill, southern Manitoba, Canada, GSC 109021, \u00d72.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC","figure_index":"fig. 1723. strophomenidae (p. 2598-2602).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-331.jpg?height=1872&width=1276&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saxbyonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Strophomeninae","Genus":"Saxbyonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saxbyonia R\u014c\u014cMUSOKS , 2004, p. 20","Type_species":"* S. fluctuosa; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semicircular to trapezoidal outline. Profile initially biconvex; resupinate anteriorly. Ornament irregularly parvicostellate with distinctive small irregular rugae over much of the valve surface, particularly posteromedianly. Apsacline ventral interarea with pseudodeltidium; dorsal anacline interarea with chilidium of subequal size to pseudodeltidium, together filling delthyrium. Ventral interior with low teeth merging anterolaterally with subpentagonal muscle area, which is slightly raised and undercut. Dorsal interior with promi nent cardinal process projecting posteriorly and extending for some distance anteriorly, uniting anteriorly onto low myophragm. Short but prominent curved socket plates. Dorsal muscle field poorly impressed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1722,3a\u2013d. *S. fluctuosa, K\u00f5rgessare Forma tion, Vormsi Stage, lower Ashgill, Estonia; a\u2013b, holotype, dorsal and posterior views of conjoined valves, Vormsi Island, TUG 80-132, \u00d71; c, ventral interior, K\u00f5rgessare, Hiiuma Island, TUG 50-24, \u00d71.5; d, dorsal interior, Kohila, GMUT Br 1546, \u00d71.5 (R\u00f5\u00f5musoks, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1722. strophomenidae (p. 2598-2602).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-330.jpg?height=1887&width=1291&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Djindella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Djindella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Djindella MENAKOVA, 1991, p. 25","Type_species":"D. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Semicircular to subquadrate outline, profile gently planoconvex to biconvex with low ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, low apsacline ventral interarea with pseudodeltidium covering delthyrium, strong teeth supported by dental plates extending anterolaterally into well-developed muscle-bounding ridges that converge anteriorly and form a high muscle platform supported by a median septum, dorsal interior with bifid cardinal process and notothyrial platform, otherwise poorly known.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1724, 2a-c. *D. plana, upper reaches of DzhindyDariya River, Zerafshan Range, Tajikistan, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of conjoined valves, Geological Museum of Tajikistan 1430\/1, x2 (Menakova, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Menakova, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1724. strophomenidae (p. 2602).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-333.jpg?height=1799&width=1276&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fenomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Fenomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fenomena Zhan & COCKS, 1998, p. 45","Type_species":"F. distincta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile planoconvex to slightly biconvex, rectangular to subsemicircular outline, large pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, dental plates short and weak with no ventral muscle-bounding ridges, strong bilobed cardinal process continuous with socket ridges laterally, short sockets with strong curved socket ridges, subperipheral rim in adults, elevated dissected dorsal muscle field, dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1725, 2a-e. *F. distincta, Changwu Formation, middle Ashgill, Dianbian, Zhejiang Province, a, latex of dorsal exterior, NIGP 128077, \u00d74, b-c, internal mold and latex cast of ventral valve, NIGP 128073, x2, d-e, internal mold and latex cast of dorsal valve, NIGP 128076, \u00d74 (Zhan & Cocks, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nZhan & Cocks, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1725. strophomenidae (p. 2602-2604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-335.jpg?height=1879&width=1289&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Karomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Karomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Karomena Popov, Nikitin, & COCKS, 2000, p. 855","Type_species":"K. squalida, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile dorsibiconvex to convexoplane, with slightly uniplicate anterior margin, ventral interarea planar, apsacline, with convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea anacline, with entire convex chilidium, unequally parvicostellate ornament, ventral interior long, straight, divergent dental plates, poorly defined subrhomboidal muscle field with no bounding ridges, adductor scars completely separating diductor scars, dorsal interior with bilobed, posteriorly facing cardinal process on high notothyrial platform, strong socket ridges curved backward toward hinge line and fused with cardinal process, small adductor muscle field bisected by fine but prominent short median septum and two pairs of short, variable side septa, the subparallel inner pair being stronger.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1724, 3a-e. *K. squalida, Otar Member, Dulankara Formation, upper Caradoc, Dulankara Mountain, Chu-Ili Range, a-b, ventral and lateral views of conjoined valves, CNIGR 63\/12375, x2, c, ventral internal mold, CNIGR 62\/12375, x2, d-e, dorsal internal mold, x2, and latex cast, holotype, 61 \/ 12375, x5 (Popov, Nikitin, & Cocks, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov, Nikitin, & Cocks, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1724. strophomenidae (p. 2602).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-333.jpg?height=1799&width=1276&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oepikoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Oepikoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oepikoides BENEDETTO, 1995, p. 252","Type_species":"*O. notus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsally gently geniculate profile, parvicostellate ornament, apsacline area with pseudodeltidium, suboval ventral muscle field without bounding ridges, lacks dorsal median septum, lateral septa, or subperipheral rim, internal papillae elongate, particularly posterolaterally, short flaring socket ridges, short erect cardinal process lobes directed posteriorly, mantle canals unknown","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1726, 1a-c. *O. notus, Las Plantas Formation, lower Caradoc, Gualcamayo, northern Precordillera, Argentina, a, ventral exterior, CEGH-UNC 13501, x1.5, b, ventral interior, CEGH-UNC 13717, x1.5, c, holotype, dorsal interior, CEGH-UNC 13716, x2 (Benedetto, 1995).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"Benedetto, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1726. strophomenidae (p. 2604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-336.jpg?height=1818&width=1296&top_left_y=258&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oxostrophomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Oxostrophomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oxostrophomena Nikitina & OTHERS, 2006, p. 173","Type_species":"Strophomena dubia RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1956, p. 143, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrangular outline, profile strongly convexoconcave with very weak rounded geniculation, ventral interarea apasacline with pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea anacline to orthocline with discrete chilidial plates, ornament parvicostellate with irregular small rugellae posterocentrally, ventral interarea with large striated teeth supported by divergent dental plates extending anteriorly into muscle-bounding ridges at sides only of the suboval muscle field, dorsal interior with cardinal process of narrow triangular notothyrial platform, short straight socket ridges striated posteriorly and divergent anteriorly, relatively small muscle field poorly developed, very short thin dorsal median septum in valve center only, mantle canals saccate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Last_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1725, 3a-f. *O. dubia, Uzunbulak Formation, Kopalysai, Chu-Ili Range, a-b, dorsal and lateral views of dorsal exterior, USNM 485166, x1.5, c-d, ventral interior mold and latex, USNM 485167, x2, e, dorsal interior mold, x2.2, f, latex mold, USNM 489169 , x3 (Nikitina & others, 2006).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nNikitina & others, 2006","figure_index":"fig. 1725. strophomenidae (p. 2602-2604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-335.jpg?height=1879&width=1289&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sakunites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Strophomenidae","Subfamily":"Furcitellinae","Genus":"Sakunites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sakunites R\u014c\u00d3MUSOKS, 2004, p. 31","Type_species":"Leptaena luhi SOKOLSKAYA, 1954, p. 57, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular with maximum width at hinge line or just anterior to it, Ventral valve profile gently convex, with minor and gradual geniculation near the anterolateral margins, Dorsal valve relatively flat apart from gentle concavity at anterolateral margins, Umbo scarcely developed, Parvicostellate ornament with weak irregular rugae, Apsacline ventral interarea, Smaller anacline dorsal interarea, Ventral interior with bilobed and slightly elevated muscle field surrounded by prominent muscle-bounding ridges, Dorsal interior with strong but short socket plates, Narrow notothyrial platform, Prominent muscle field with irregular margins that are elevated laterally, Short, fine dorsal median septum in valve center only","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1726, 2a-d. *S. luhi (Sokolskaya), Vasalemma Formation, Oandu Stage, upper Caradoc, Estonia, a, ventral exterior, Tuula, TUG 72-237, x2, b, ventral interior, J\u00f3gisoo, TUG 72-175, x1.5, c-d, exterior and interior of dorsal valve, Saku, TUG 72-173, x2.7 (R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"R\u014d\u014dmusoks, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1726. strophomenidae (p. 2604).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-336.jpg?height=1818&width=1296&top_left_y=258&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dirafinesquina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Dirafinesquina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dirafinesquina Cocks & ZHAN, 1998, p. 125","Type_species":"D. globosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly convex ventral profile, gently concave and geniculate dorsal profile, semicircular outline, ventral bounding ridges surrounding a suboval and bilobed muscle field, cardinal process lobes variably developed from ponderous to weak but erect rather than anteriorly directed, low, short, straight, but variably thick socket ridges flaring laterally and separate from cardinal process, circular dorsal muscle field, low wide myophragm starting from notothyrial platform and narrowing anteriorly, mantle canals unknown. Ordovician (Darriwilian-Caradoc): Southeast Asia.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian-Caradoc)","Geography":"Southeast Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1727, 3a-d. *D globosa, Naungkangyi Group, lower Caradoc, Linwe, Shan States, Myamnar, Burma, a, lateral view of ventral internal mold, BMNH BB37607, x1.5, b-c, dorsal and posterior views of ventral internal mold, BMNH BB37619, x2, d, holotype, latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BB37593, \u00d75 (Cocks & Zhan, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks & Zhan, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1727. rafinesquinidae (p. 2604-2608).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-337.jpg?height=1778&width=1291&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heteromena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Heteromena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heteromena Zhan & JIN, 2005, p. 42","Type_species":"H. dorsiconversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile weakly concavoconvex, Ornament regular parvicostellae with irregular rugae in posteromedian area only, Small pseudodeltidium and chilidium, Ventral interior with short dental plates, diverging anteriorly, ventral muscle field subcircular in outline, with weak muscle-bounding ridges, Dorsal interior with cardinal process lobes strong but thin, platelike, with much of cardinal process posterior to hinge line, myophragm also thin but well developed, strong but short socket ridges diverging at about 120\u00b0, notothyrial platform absent, weakly impressed dorsal muscle field with no transmuscle septa","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1728a-d. *H. dorsiconversa, Dashaba Formation, upper Arenig-Llanvirn, Shuanghe, Changning County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China, a-b, internal and external molds of ventral valve, NIGP 134442, x2, c-d, holotype, mold and latex cast of dorsal interior, NIGP 134441, x2 (Zhan & Jin, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nZhan & Jin, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1728. rafinesquinidae (p. 2608).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-338.jpg?height=948&width=1082&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=356)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pentagomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Rafinesquininae","Genus":"Pentagomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pentagomena Zhan & JIN, 2005, p. 40","Type_species":"* P. parvicostellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently concavoconvex to weakly biconvex, vestigial pseudodeltidium, small chilidium, ornament of regular parvicostellae, rugae absent. Ventral interior with thin, widely diverging dental plates, ventral muscle field elongately subpentagonal with variably developed muscle-bounding ridges, thin notothyrial platform. Dorsal interior with cardinal process mostly anterior to hinge line, socket ridges relatively weak, subpentagonal dorsal muscle field weakly impressed, transmuscle septa weakly developed.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovican (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1727, 2a-d. *P. parvicostellata, Dashaba Formation, upper Arenig-Llanvirn, Shuanghe, Changning County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China, a, mold of ventral exterior, NIGP 134437, x2, b, ventral interior mold, NIGP 134435, x2, c-d, holotype, dorsal internal mold and latex cast, NIGP 134421, x2 (Zhan & Jin, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nZhan & Jin, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1727. rafinesquinidae (p. 2604-2608).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-337.jpg?height=1778&width=1291&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptaena (Ygdrasilomena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Leptaena (Ygdrasilomena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptaena (Ygdrasilomena) Cocks, 2005, p. 260","Type_species":"*L. (Y.) roomusoksi; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"See Cocks and Rong, 2000, p. 241, in which, in addition to Leptaena (Leptaena), there are also a large number of generic synonyms and the subgenus Leptaena (Septomena).","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile, outline, and interior similar to Leptaena (Leptaena) but with distinctive ornament of diagonal rugae forming an interference pattern on disc, in contrast to simple pattern of laterally extensive rugae in L. (Leptaena).  [The distinctive ornament of Leptaena (Ygdrasilomena) is quite different from the regular rugae of the other two subgenera recognized within Leptaena.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Sweden, Iran","Figure_captions":"Leptaena (Ygdrasilomena) \u0421\u043e\u0441\u043as, 2005, p. 260 *L. (Y.) roomusoksi, OD. Profile, outline, and interior similar to L. (Leptaena) but with distinctive ornament of diagonal rugae forming an interference pattern on disc, in contrast to simple pattern of laterally extensive rugae in L. (Leptaena). Ordovician (Ashgill): Sweden, Iran.\u2014\u2014Fig. 1729, 1a-c. * L. (Y.) roomusoksi, Boda Limestone, middle Ashgill, Osmundsberget Quarry, Dalarna, Sweden, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views of conjoined valves, RMS Br 102778a, x4 (Cocks, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1729. rafinesquinidae (p. 2609-2610).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-339.jpg?height=1159&width=1286&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissoleptaena (Lissoleptaena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Lissoleptaena (Lissoleptaena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissoleptaena (Lissoleptaena) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 171","Type_species":"L. lissodermis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Leptaena but with no radial ornament laterally, although present near median plane; rugae faint.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lissoleptaena (Vanekaria)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Lissoleptaena (Vanekaria)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lissoleptaena (Vanekaria) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK in HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK & VANEK, 1998, p. 60","Type_species":"Lissoleptaena vicaria HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1992, p. 173; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This was designated as a separate genus even though its type species was orginally assigned to Lissoleptaena . There is a a single prominent median costellae as the only radial ornament. The dental plates are shorter than those of Crassitestella, and the ventral muscle field is described as subcircular and nonbilobate, though diagrams and plates show a bilobate field. No dorsal interiors are known, but the name is provisionally retained as a possible subgenus of Lissoleptaena.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1729, 2a-d. * L ? (V.) vicaria, Pragian, Bohemia, a, holotype, ventral valve, Slivenec Limestone, Srbsko, VH 5194, x4.3, b, ventral valve, Dvorce-Prokop Limestone, Konv\u00e1\u010dka, Sm\u00edchov, VH 5196, \u00d74, c, ventral valve, Dvorce-Prokop Limestone, Konv\u00e1\u010dka, Sm\u00edchov, VH 8212, x3.8, d, ventral valve, Dvorce-Prokop Limestone, Konv\u00e1\u010dka, Sm\u00edchov, VH 100902a, \u00d76 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1729. rafinesquinidae (p. 2609-2610).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-339.jpg?height=1159&width=1286&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crassitestella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Rafinesquinidae","Subfamily":"Leptaeninae","Genus":"Crassitestella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crassitestella BAFRLI, 1995, p. 39","Type_species":"Leptaena reedi COCKS, 1968, p. 310, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Crassitestella Bafrli, 1995, p. 39 *Leptaena reedi Cocks, 1968, p. 310, OD. Ventral profile convex to rounded and geniculate, sharply geniculate dorsal profile, outline relatively transverse for family, parvicostellate ornament with continuous rugae except on trail, gently concave and apsacline ventral interarea with wide delthyrium, dorsal interarea short and anacline with small, convex chilidial plates extending laterally across hinge line as raised plates with flanking grooves, blunt teeth, dental plates short and stout, continuing as strong, curved muscle-bounding ridges not meeting anteriorly, strong cardinal process, sockets deep, subparallel to hinge line, sometimes crenulated, notothyrial platform high, strong socket ridges, short median ridge variably developed and may be grooved to form a double ridge, paired outwardly concave transmuscle septa strongest at midvalve length, occasional extra septa developed laterally, saccate mantle canal system. Silurian (Llandovery): Europe.-Fig. 1729, 3a-d. * C. reedi (\u0421\u043e\u0441\u043as), Woodland Formation, Rhuddanian, Woodland Point, Girvan, Scotland, a-b, ventral exterior, BMNH B73341, x3, c, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB31458, x3, d, dorsal interior, BMNH B73342, \u00d73 (Cocks, 1968).","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1729, 3a-d. * C. reedi (\u0421\u043e\u0441\u043as), Woodland Formation, Rhuddanian, Woodland Point, Girvan, Scotland, a-b, ventral exterior, BMNH B73341, x3, c, ventral internal mold, BMNH BB31458, x3, d, dorsal interior, BMNH B73342, \u00d73 (Cocks, 1968).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Cocks, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1729. rafinesquinidae (p. 2609-2610).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-339.jpg?height=1159&width=1286&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paromalomena (Paromalomena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Paromalomena (Paromalomena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paromalomena (Paromalomena) Rong, 1984, p. 150","Type_species":"Platymena polonica TEMPLE, 1965, p. 407, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[See Cocks & Rong , 2000, p. 254.] Similar to P. (Paromalomena) but with no anterior fold or sulcus, ornamentation of small irregular rugae, more pronounced anteriorly, fine subequal parvicostellae, ventral muscle field bilobed, weekly developed dorsal transmuscle septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paromalomena (Shanomena)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Paromalomena (Shanomena)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paromalomena (Shanomena) Cocks & Fortey , 2002, p. 68","Type_species":"Stropheodonta mcmahoni Reed, 1915, p. 76; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to P. (Paromalomena) but with no anterior fold or sulcus; ornamentation of small irregular rugae, more pronounced anteriorly; fine subequal parvicostellae; ventral muscle field bilobed; weekly developed dorsal transmuscle septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Burma (Myanmawr)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1730, 2a\u2013e. *P. (S.) m honi (reed), Panghsa-pye Formation, Hirnantian, Panghsa-pye, Northern Shan States; a\u2013b, ventral internal mold and latex cast, BMNH BC 56785, \u00d72; c\u2013d, lectotype, dorsal internal mold and latex cast, GSI 11611 (BMNH BC 56789), \u00d7 2; e, latex cast of dorsal valve, BMNH BC 56786, \u00d72 (Cocks & Fortey, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Glyptomenoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Glyptomeninae","Genus":"Glyptomenoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Glyptomenoides Popov & Cocks , 2006, p. 259","Type_species":"Rafinesquina girvanensis Salmon, 1942, p. 571; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular to subrectangular with maximum width at hinge line; profile with pedicle valve convex and gently geniculate, and dorsal valve relatively flat with dorsal geniculation; ventral interarea apsacline with small deltidial plates; dorsal interarea narrower, anacline with chilidium. Ornament unequally parvicostellate and irregularly rugate. Ventral interior with short stout teeth and short dental plates; muscle field bilobed, flabellate anteriorly and with short curved muscle-bounding ridges developed laterally only. Dorsal interior with small divided cardinal process lobes fused with prominent strong socket plates; short stout myophragm with bilobed muscle scars; pair of very small septa inside muscle area and a larger pair anterior to it and curved toward valve center; subperipheral diaphragm variably devel oped at geniculation point. Similar to Glyptomena but geniculate and rugate.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Laurentia, ?Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1730, 1a\u2013d. *G. girvanensis (sALmon), Balclatchie Formation, lower Caradoc, Girvan, Scotland; a, ventral internal mold, BMNH B 73288, \u00d72; b\u2013c, mold and latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH B 73290, \u00d73; d, latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH B15213, \u00d74 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trondomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Teratelasminae","Genus":"Trondomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trondomena \u0421\u041e\u0421\u041aS, 2005, p. 264","Type_species":"* T. bella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Glyptomenid with gentle but normal convexity and elongately semicircular outline, robust flaring teeth, flaring crenulated dorsal socket plates, initially straight, but curving round anterolaterally, and supported by short dental plates, prominent dorsal socket plates curved and extending laterally up to half hinge width, weak subparallel dorsal side septa, dorsal median septum absent.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1731a-e. *T. bella, Boda Limestone, middle Ashgill, Osmundsberget Quarry, Dalarna, Sweden, a-b, ventral and lateral views of ventral valve, LO 9582, \u00d7 2; c, ventral interior showing interarea and teeth, BMNH BC 58018, \u00d7 1.5; d\u2013e, holotype, posterior, \u00d7 3, and dorsal, \u00d7 1.5, views of dorsal interior, RMS Br 138091 (Cocks, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1731. glyptomenidae (p. 2611-2612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-342.jpg?height=1189&width=1282&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ungulomena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Glyptomenidae","Subfamily":"Ungulomeninae","Genus":"Ungulomena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ungulomena \u0421\u041e\u0421\u041aS, 2005, p. 265","Type_species":"^* U. lindstroemi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subquadrangular transverse outline, gently convex ventral valve with marked but evenly rounded geniculation at about two-thirds valve length, flat dorsal valve until geniculation, which matches ventral valve. Central ventral sulcus and dorsal fold on trail. Large apsacline interarea with large pseudodeltidium, smaller anacline dorsal interarea with chilidium smaller than pseudodeltidium. Ventral interior with large triangular teeth that flare sharply but diminish quickly laterally, dental plates initially diverging at about 90\u00b0. Dorsal interior with upright cardinal process, well-developed socket plates flaring laterally and curving posteriorly, weak myophragm extending anteriorly to a short weak median septum at about two-thirds disc length, pair of slightly curved to straight dorsal side septa only in disc center, variable but usually prominent dorsal diaphragm corresponding to the crest of geniculation, diaphragm undercut by up to 2 mm","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Baltica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1732 a-g. * U. lindstroemi, Boda Limestone, Middle Ashgill, Osmundsberget Quarry, Dalarna, Sweden, a-c, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views of conjoined valves, x2.5, d, posterior view of interarea of conjoined valves, LO 9583, x3, e, ventral interior mold, BMNH BC 58233, x2.5, f-g, dorsal view, x2.5, and posterior view of dorsal valve, holotype, BMNH BC 57970, \u00d75 (Cocks, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"LO, \nCocks, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1732. glyptomenidae (p. 2612).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-343.jpg?height=1270&width=1278&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amphistrophia (Sulcatastrophiella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Amphistrophiidae","Subfamily":"Amphistrophiinae","Genus":"Amphistrophia (Sulcatastrophiella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amphistrophia (Sulcatastrophiella) Boucot & Blodgett in Boucot, Blodgett, & STEWART, 1997, p. 282","Type_species":"Amphistrophiella (Sulcatastrophia) stinnesbecki; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to A. (Amphistrophia) but with relatively narrow but pronounced dorsal valve sulcus and corresponding ventral valve fold","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","Last_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock-Ludlow)","Geography":"North and South America","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Ludfordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":422.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arcticastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Douvillininae","Genus":"Arcticastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arcticastrophia Li & JONES, 2002, p. 653","Type_species":"A. costellata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Borealistrophia, gently convex ventral valve lacking sulcus, ventral muscle-bounding ridges high and prominent, in order to support elevated muscle field in ventral valve","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1733, 4a-d. * A. costellata, Baad Fiord Member of Bird Fiord Formation, Ensorcellement River, Grinnell Peninsula, Devon Island, Arctic Canada, a-b, holotype, dorsal view and dorsal interior, UA12086, x2.3, c, paratype, ventral interior, UA12082, x2.7, d, paratype, dorsal view, UA12081, \u00d72.5 (Li & Jones, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Jones, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1733. amphistrophiidae and douvillinidae (p. 2613-2614).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-345.jpg?height=1807&width=1283&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Borealistrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Douvillininae","Genus":"Borealistrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Borealistrophia Li & JONES, 2002, p. 650","Type_species":"* B. rongi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Nadiastrophia, but with much shorter, cordate ventral muscle scars, more prominent and thicker socket plates, much shorter side septa in dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (uppermost Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"uppermost Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (uppermost Emsian)-Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1733, 1a-c. *B. rongi, Baad Fiord, Blubber Point, and Norwegian Bay members of Bird Fiord Formation, Eifelian, southwestern Ellesmere Island, North Kent Island, Devonian Island, Grinnell Peninsula and Bathurst Island, Arctic Canada, a-b, holotype, dorsal exterior and interior, UA12075, x3.7, c, paratype, ventral interior, UA12078, x3 (Li & Jones, 2002).\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Jones, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1733. amphistrophiidae and douvillinidae (p. 2613-2614).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-345.jpg?height=1807&width=1283&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":83,"beginning_date":397.06,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymostrophia (Cymostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Douvillininae","Genus":"Cymostrophia (Cymostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymostrophia (Cymostrophia) CASTER, 1939, p. 39","Type_species":"Leptaena stephani BARRANDE, 1848, p. 230, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline; strongly convex profile; ornament of very pronounced rugae interrupted by radial costellae.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Lochkovian\u2013Givetian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymostrophia (Cymostrophiella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Douvillininae","Genus":"Cymostrophia (Cymostrophiella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymostrophia (Cymostrophiella) Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & VAN\u011aK, 1998, p. 63","Type_species":"Leptaena convoluta BARRANDE, 1848, pl. 20, 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Radial costellae absent on dorsal valve, where they are replaced by grooves, concentric rugellae absent or confined to ventral umbonal region to form very weak undulations.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1733, 3a-c. * C. (C.) convoluta (Barrande), a, ventral exterior, Vina\u0159ice Limestone, west of M\u011b\u0148any, Bohemia, VH 10693g, x1.5, b, dorsal exterior, Vina\u0159ice Limestone, west of M\u011b\u0148any, Bohemia, VH 10695i, x2, c, ventral interior, Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, Bohemia, VH 9491c, x2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1733. amphistrophiidae and douvillinidae (p. 2613-2614).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-345.jpg?height=1807&width=1283&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cymostrophia (Protocymostrophia(":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Douvillininae","Genus":"Cymostrophia (Protocymostrophia(","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cymostrophia (Protocymostrophia) Harper & BOUCOT, 1978, p. 127","Type_species":"Strophomena ivanensis BARRANDE, 1879, pl. 52, IV 1-4, 9-12, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to C. (Cymostrophia), but with suboval rather than transverse outline, gently concavoconvex profile, less pronounced interrupted rugae in ornament","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Ludlow","Ending_age":"Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Ludlow)-Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Gorstian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":426.74,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Undifossula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Douvillinidae","Subfamily":"Protodouvillininae","Genus":"Undifossula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Undifossula Gratsianova & YAZIKOV, 1998, p. 65","Type_species":"*Douvillina grandicula GRATSIANOVA, 1975, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Originally proposed as a subgenus of Protodouvillina.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Gratsianova, R. T., & A. Yu. Yazikov. 1998. Rod Protodouvillina (Brakhiopody, Devon): reviziya sostava, novye taksony, filogeniya i filozony [=Genus Protodouvillina (Brachiopoda, Devonian): Revision, new taxa, phylogeny, phylozones]. Novosti Paleontologii i Stratigra\ufb01 i, Vypusk 1 (supplement to Geologiya i Geofizika, 39): 57\u201379, pl. 1\u20133. -- In Russian with English abstract.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Givetian)-Middle Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Siberia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesoleptostrophia (Rhytirugea)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mesoleptostrophia (Rhytirugea)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesoleptostrophia (Rhytirugea) Havl\u00ed\u010dek & VAN\u0114K, 1998, p. 61","Type_species":"Leptaena sowerbyi BARRANDE, 1848, p. 239, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular and alate, shell thin, profile biconvex posteriorly but ventral valve subplanar anteriorly, ventral interarea low, apsacline, with small pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea small and thin. Ornament costellate and often slightly undulose, with some intervening parvicostellae, irregular rugae variably developed over entire valve. Ventral interior with small ventral process, triangular muscle field, flabellate and weakly impressed anteriorly, small, lanceolate adductor scars. Dorsal interior with denticulate hinge line to over half valve width, massive cardinal process lobes, muscle field bounded posterolaterally by short substantial ridges. Mantle canals not impressed.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1734, 2a-d. * M? (R.) sowerbyi (Barrande), a, ventral exterior, Kon\u0115prusy Limestone, Kon\u0115prusy, NM L6673, \u00d71.5, b-c, holotype, dorsal view of conjoined valves, Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, NM L6457, \u00d71.5 and \u00d73, d, dorsal internal mold, Zl\u00edchov Limestone, Hlubo\u010depy, VH 438, \u00d74 (Havli\u010dek & Van\u0115k, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"NM, \nHavli\u010dek & Van\u0115k, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1734. leptostrophiidae (p. 2614).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-346.jpg?height=693&width=411&top_left_y=1361&top_left_x=1092)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nervostrophia (Nervostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nervostrophia (Nervostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nervostrophia (Nervostrophia) CASTER, 1939, p. 79","Type_species":"Strophomena nervosa HALL, 1843, p. 266, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Description as for genus = Profile gently concavoconvex to planoconvex, distinctive ornament of radial costellae that are intermittently discontinuous over whole shell, hinge line completely denticulate, triangular ventral muscle field similar to Leptostrophia with some radial ridges, open anteriorly, ventral process continuous with myophragm, ponderous but short cardinal process lobes ventrally, posteriorly directed, short socket plates subparallel with cardinal process lobes, prominent dorsal muscle-bounding ridges","Beginning_age":"Devonian (?Givetian, Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Devonian (?Givetian, Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (?Givetian, Frasnian)","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nervostrophia (Ailostrophia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nervostrophia (Ailostrophia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nervostrophia (Ailostrophia) ALEKSEEVA, 2003, p. 25","Type_species":"Leptaena asella de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 224","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Although erected as a separate genus, this subgenus is very similar to Nervostrophia, in particular with the very distinctive ornament, in which the primary costellae are differentially and irregularly enhanced along their lengths. Ailostrophia only differs from Nervostrophia in having a carinate ventral valve that is more strongly convex than that of Nervostrophia.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1735, 1 a-d . * N. (A.) asella (Verneuil), Semilukskii Horizon, right bank of Don River, Pentino, central part of Russian Platform, a-b, ventral and dorsal views of conjoined shell, VNIGNI 141, \u00d7 3, c, ventral interior, VNIGNI 5367, \u00d7 3, d, dorsal interior, VNIGNI 5365, \u00d7 3 (Alekseeva, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1735. leptostrophiidae (p. 2618).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-347.jpg?height=1776&width=1279&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eocymostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eocymostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eocymostrophia BAARLI, 1995, p. 48","Type_species":"* E. balderi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile gently concavoconvex, outline transverse to semicircular, ornament regular but very fine parvicostellae with fine rugae broken by parvicostellae, denticles on short denticular plates, dental plates absent, triangular ventral muscle field well impressed posterolaterally with short straight muscle-bounding ridges posterolaterally only, variable cardinal process lobes, but usually erect and ponderous, deep alveolar pit, very thin, poorly developed dorsal median septum, thin, straight, subparallel to slightly divergent dorsal transmuscle ridges.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Baltic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1734, 1a-c. * E. balderi, Vik Formation, Telychian, Sandvika, Norway, a, dorsal external mold, PMO 135.935, x2, b, ventral internal mold, PMO 135.945, x1.5, c, holotype, dorsal internal mold, PMO 135.968, x1.5 (Baarli, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMO, \nBaarli, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1734. leptostrophiidae (p. 2614).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-346.jpg?height=693&width=411&top_left_y=1361&top_left_x=1092)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nervostrophiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nervostrophiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nervostrophiella ALEKSEEVA, 2003, p. 31","Type_species":"N. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Nervostrophia in shape, outline, and interior features but with much smaller shell size, very fine and weak costellae sporadically enhanced near valve margin, and flat pseudodeltidium and chilidium","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Russia (southern Timan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1735, 2a-d. * N. plana, Lyaiolskaya Formation, right bank of Lyaiol River, a-b, holotype, ventral and dorsal views of conjoined valves, VNIGNI 5495, x4, c, ventral interior, VNIGNI 5496, x4, d, dorsal interior, VNIGNI 5497, \u00d74 (Alekseeva, 2003).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1735. leptostrophiidae (p. 2618).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-347.jpg?height=1776&width=1279&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudoleptostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudoleptostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudoleptostrophia GAD, 1997, p. 192","Type_species":"Leptostrophia dahmeri R\u00d6SLER, 1954, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular, profile gently resupinate, ventral interarea apsacline and entire, dorsal interarea unknown. Ornament of fine multicostellae. Ventral interior similar to Leptostrophia, with prominent myophragm posteriorly, but with muscle-bounding ridges variable from straight to slightly incurved anteriorly. Dorsal interior with denticulate hinge line to over three-quarters of valve width, robust, erect cardinal process lobes, posterolaterally and parallel to which run very short socket plates no longer than cardinal process lobes. Short myophram within muscle field extending anteriorly into a very weak median septum up to one-third valve length. Mantle canals not impressed.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1736. * P. dahmeri (R\u00d6sLer), Dillenberger Formation, lower Emsian, D\u00f6rsbachtal, mold of ventral exterior, GLR-P 5611\/5, x1.5 (new)., FIG. 1737 a-c .* P. dahmeri (R\u00d6sLer), Dillenberger Formation, lower Emsian, D\u00f6rsbachtal, a, lectotype, mold of ventral interior, GLR-P Mbg 2031, x1.5, b, mold of ventral interior, GLR-P 5611 \/ 6, x1.5, c, mold of dorsal interior, GLR-P Sch 194\/18, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1736. leptostrophiidae (p. 2618).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-348.jpg?height=765&width=1190&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=239)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Timanostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophomenoidea","Family":"Leptostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Timanostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Timanostrophia ALEKSEEVA, 2003, p. 29","Type_species":"T. ukhtensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Nervostrophia in shape, outline, and distinctive ornament but with thick and strong brachial ridges and brevisepta in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Russia (Timan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1735, 3 a-c .* T. ukhtensis, Sirachoiskii Horizon, right bank of Ukhty River, Sirachoi, southern Timan, a, holotype, ventral and dorsal views of a conjoined shell, VNIGNI 5385, x2, b, ventral interior, VNIGNI 5391, x3, c, dorsal interior, VNIGNI 5394, x3 (Alekseeva, 2003).\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nAlekseeva, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1735. leptostrophiidae (p. 2618).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-347.jpg?height=1776&width=1279&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bandaleta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Taphrodontinae","Genus":"Bandaleta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bandaleta Nikitin & POPOV, 1996, p. 5","Type_species":"B. plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile planoconvex to slightly concavoconvex, transverse outline, parvicostellate ornament, ventral pseudointerarea apsacline with pseudodeltidium, dorsal bilobed ventral muscle field with long divergent diductor scars, strong teeth, dental plates vestigial to absent, simple, small, knoblike cardinal process, high dorsal double septum continuing to subperipheral rim, subrectangular dorsal muscle field with bounding ridges, ventral mantle canals saccate and dorsal mantle canals lemniscate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian-Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1738, 4a-d. *B. plana, Dulankara Regional Stage, upper Caradoc, Betpak-Dala Desert, a, exterior of conjoined valves, CNIGR 3\/12877, x3, b, ventral internal mold, CNIGR 4\/12877, x3, c-d, latex cast and internal mold of dorsal valve, CNIGR 5\/12877, x2 (Nikitin & Popov, 1996).\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nNikitin & Popov, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1738. plectambonitidae, taffiidae, and bimuriidae (p. 2620-2622).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-351.jpg?height=1581&width=1296&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Uzunbulakia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Plectambonitidae","Subfamily":"Taphrodontinae","Genus":"Uzunbulakia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Uzunbulakia Nikitina & OTHERS, 2006, p. 178","Type_species":"U. rugosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transverse outline, concavoconvex profile, small interarea with ventral pseudodeltidium, ornament finely multicostellate with rugellae posteriorly. Ventral interior with widely divergent short teeth, no dental plates, small bilobed muscle field, prominent subperipheral rim. Dorsal interior with small, simple, bulbous cardinal process, median ridge low and broad, proceeding from low notothyrial platform that becomes double-crested anteriorly and does not extend anteriorly beyond entire diaphragm..","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Last_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1738, 1a-d. *U. rugosa, Uzunbulak Formation, Uzunbulak, Chu-Ili Range, a, dorsal exterior, USNM 485144 , x3, b, holotype, ventral interior, USNM 485142, x3, c-d, internal mold and latex cast of dorsal interior, USNM 485143, x3 (Nikitina & others, 2006).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nNikitina & others, 2006","figure_index":"fig. 1738. plectambonitidae, taffiidae, and bimuriidae (p. 2620-2622).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-351.jpg?height=1581&width=1296&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tinopena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Taffiidae","Subfamily":"Taffiinae","Genus":"Tinopena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tinopena LAURIE, 1997b, p. 712","Type_species":"T. shergoldi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile concavoconvex, outline subcircular to transversely ovate, parvicostellate ornament, ventral interarea orthocline to apsacline, dorsal interarea catacline, chilidium completely covering notothyrium, subcordate ventral muscle field, teeth with shelflike fossettes, small dental plates, subperipheral rim in both valves, bladelike to subcircular cardinal process, short socket ridges, ovate posterior dorsal adductor muscle scars larger than subcircular anterior pair; narrow dorsal median septum to subperipheral rim; similar to Spanodonta but with dorsal median septum.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Last_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1738, 3a\u2013e. *T. shergoldi, Gap Creek Formation, Kunian Gap, Emanuel Range, Western Australia; a\u2013b, exterior and interior views of ventral valve, CPC 33269, \u00d7 4; c\u2013d, exterior and interior views of dorsal valve, CPC 33270, \u00d74; e, holotype, dorsal interior, CPC 33273, \u00d74 (Laurie, 1997b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1738. plectambonitidae, taffiidae, and bimuriidae (p. 2620-2622).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-351.jpg?height=1581&width=1296&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asperdelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Bimuriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Asperdelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asperdelia Nikitina & OTHERS, 2006, p. 176","Type_species":"A. villosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transverse with alate cardinal extremities, profile concavoconvex with gently sulcate anterior commissure and short trail anterolaterally, ventral interarea apsacline, dorsal interarea ancline with prominent chilidium, fine parvicostellate ornament, comae common, ventral interior with short divergent teeth, muscle field weakly impressed, dorsal interior with simple undercut cardinal process fused with socket plates, dorsal median septum present, crossing spear-head-shaped bema and extending anteriorly to strong subperipheral rim, mantle canals saccate and strongly impressed in dorsal valve","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Last_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1738, 2a-d. *A. villosa, Uzunbulak Formation, Kurzhaksai, Chu-Ili Range; a, ventral exterior, USNM 485161, \u00d72; b, ventral interior, USNM 485159, \u00d72.5; c\u2013d, mold and latex of dorsal interior, USNM 489158, \u00d7 3 (Nikitina & others, 2006).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1738. plectambonitidae, taffiidae, and bimuriidae (p. 2620-2622).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-351.jpg?height=1581&width=1296&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anchoramena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Anchoramena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anchoramena BENEDETTO, 1995, p. 251","Type_species":"A. cristata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular to transverse, profile resupinate, unequally parvicostellate ornament with small posterolateral rugae, ventral interarea apsacline, vestigial pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea anacline, no chilidium known, dental plates absent, differs from Palaeostrophomena in lacking bounding ridges to weakly developed ventral muscle field, relatively small trifid cardinal process, small socket plates flaring anterolaterally, dorsal median septum originating from anterior end of small notothyrial platform, well-impressed dorsal muscle field bounded posteriorly and laterally with prominent bounding ridges, well-impressed saccate mantle canals","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1739a-c. *A. cristata, Las Plantas Formation, lower Caradoc, River Gualcamayo, northern Precordilleras, Argentina, a, dorsal exterior, CEGH-UNC 13695, x4, b, ventral interior, CEGH-UNC 13686b, x2, c, holotype, dorsal interior, CEGH-UNC 13686a, x2.5 (Benedetto, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benedetto, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1739. leptellinidae (p. 2622).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-352.jpg?height=1289&width=616&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=244)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptastichidia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Leptastichidia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptastichidia Zhan & JIN, 2005, p. 34","Type_species":"* L. catatonosis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Convexoconcave, dorsal geniculation short, pseudodeltidium small. Ornament of unequal parvicostellae with accentuated major costellae, posterolateral rugae common. Ventral interior lacking dental plates, ventral muscle field small, trilobed, with straight anterior margin. Dorsal interior with ridgelike or sometimes bulbous cardinal process, socket ridges thin, high, raised laterally from valve floor, myophragm large, merging anteriorly with weak dorsal median septum, platform absent in both valves.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Arenig-Llanvirn)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1740, 3a-d. * L. catatonosis, Dashaba Formation, upper Arenig-Llanvirn, Shuanghe, Changning County, Sichuan province, southwestern China, a-b, ventral internal mold and latex cast, NIGP 134409, x3, c-d, holotype, dorsal internal mold and latex cast, NIGP 134411, x4 (Zhan & Jin, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nZhan & Jin, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1740. leptellinidae (p. 2622-2624).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-353.jpg?height=1539&width=1293&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nikitinamena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Nikitinamena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nikitinamena Popov & COCKS, 2006, p. 266","Type_species":"* N. bicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline rhomboidal, profile concavoconvex, evenly geniculate, anterior commisure weakly uniplicate, ventral valve with widely diverging pair of low angular plications enclosing very shallow sulcus, ventral interarea apsacline with small apical pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea hypercline with small separate chilidial plates. Ornament of fine unequal parvicostellae. Ventral interior with small teeth and small bilobed muscle field with short adductor scars separating larger diductor scars, ventral mantle canals saccate with short, diverging vascular media. Dorsal interior with simple, bulbous cardinal process on low notothyrial platform, small, curved socket plates, fine median septum extending to midlength.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1740, 1a\u2013d. *N. bicostata, Degeres Member, Dulankara Formation, upper Caradoc, Dulankara Mountains, Chu-Ili Range; a, holotype, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 57716, \u00d74; b, internal mold of juvenile ventral valve, BMNH BC 57718, \u00d7 4; c, dorsal interior, BMNH BC 57717, \u00d7 3; d, dorsal internal mold, BMNH BC 57720, \u00d74 (Popov & Cocks, 2006).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1740. leptellinidae (p. 2622-2624).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-353.jpg?height=1539&width=1293&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tesikella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptellinidae","Subfamily":"Palaeostrophomeninae","Genus":"Tesikella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tesikella Popov, Cocks, & Nikitin , 2002, p. 44","Type_species":"* Palaeostrophomena necopina Popov, 1980, p. 145; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular to transversely subrectangular, maximum width just anterior to hinge line; profile gently resupinate; ventral interarea low, catacline with strong but narrow pseudodeltidium; dorsal interarea low, anacline, with separate chilidial plates. Ornament parvi costellate. Ventral interior with double teeth; no dental plates; bilobed muscle field with low but entire muscle-bounding ridges; subperipheral rim variably developed. Dorsal interior with trifid cardinal process on low notothyrial platfom; low, widely divergent socket ridges. Strong narrow median septum over three-quarters of valve length joined anteriorly to subperipheral diaphragm. Mantle canals well impressed and saccate.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1740, 2a\u2013d. *P. necopina (PoPov), Anderken Formation, lower to middle Caradoc, Anderkenyn-Akchoku, Chu-Ili Range; a, ventral exterior, BMNH BC 57434, \u00d72; b, mold of ventral interior, BMNH BC 57432, \u00d72; c\u2013d, mold, \u00d72, and latex cast, \u00d73, of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 57604 (Popov, Cocks, & Nikitin, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1740. leptellinidae (p. 2622-2624).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-353.jpg?height=1539&width=1293&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bekella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bekella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bekella Nikitina & OTHERS, 2006, p. 185","Type_species":"B. paula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular, profile concavoconvex, ventral interarea apsacline. Ornament finely parvicostellate. Ventral interior with small teeth, dental plates absent, small, poorly defined muscle field, anterolaterally to which are a pair of subquadrangular structures rising from valve floor. Dorsal interior with trifid cardinal process, small but distinctive bema bisected by a median septum that forks for a short distance anteriorly, small rod-shaped process rising from valve floor anterolateral to muscle field. Strong subperipheral diaphragm developed. Similar to Leangella except distinctive rodlike structures in interiors of both valves. Ordovician (Darriwilian): Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Last_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1741, 2a-e. * B. paula, Uzunbulak Formation, Kurzhaksai, Chu-Ili Range, a, ventral exterior, USNM 485150, x9, b, d, internal mold, x5, and latex cast, x8.5, USNM 485148: c, e, latex cast of dorsal interior oblique, x10, and straight views, x12, holotype, USNM 485155 (Nikitina & others, 2006).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nNikitina & others, 2006","figure_index":"fig. 1741. leptestiidae and sowerbyellidae (p. 2624-2627).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-355.jpg?height=1643&width=1286&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sortanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Leptestiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sortanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sortanella Nikitin & POPOV, 1996, p. 9","Type_species":"S. quinquecostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Profile weakly resupinate with anterior margin sulcate in juveniles and uniplicate in adults, transverse outline, pseudodeltidium and chilidium well developed, unequal parvicostellate ornament, simple teeth, dental plates absent, cordate ventral muscle field with weak median ridge, two distinctive peripheral rims, the inner merging with hinge line at midwidth, trifid not undercut cardinal process, broad, short, strongly elevated dorsal median septum uniting anteriorly with diaphragm bounding small bema, dorsal subperipheral rim. Ordovician (Caradoc): Kazakhstan.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1741, 3a-c. *S. quinquecostata, Dulankara Regional Stage, upper Caradoc, SortanManai Salt Marsh, Betpak-Dala Desert, a, ventral view of conjoined valves, CNIGR 11\/12877, \u00d73; b, ventral internal mold, CNIGR 14\/12877, \u00d7 3; c, dorsal internal mold, CNIGR 13\/12877, \u00d7 3 (Nikitin & Popov, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1741. leptestiidae and sowerbyellidae (p. 2624-2627).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-355.jpg?height=1643&width=1286&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cathrynia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Cathrynia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cathrynia CANDELA, 1999, p. 91","Type_species":"* C. puteus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular to subrectangular, maximum width at hinge line, profile planoconvex, ventral interarea narrow, apsacline, dorsal interarea narrower and hypercline. Ornament finely parvicostellate with concentric filae. Ventral interior with short flaring teeth, small bilobed muscle field, very short median septum in posterior only, radial rows of papillae near anterolateral margins, weak peripheral rim often developed. Dorsal interior with simple undercut cardinal process fused with widely flaring, straight to slightly curved socket ridges, prominent median septum less than half valve length ending anteriorly and fused with pair of lateral septules, irregular bilobed bema bordered by coarse papillae. Mantle canals not impressed. Ordovician (Caradoc): Ireland.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1742, 1a-d. * C. puteus, Bardahessiagh Formation, middle Caradoc, Pomeroy, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, a, latex cast of ventral exterior, K27230, x10.5, b, ventral internal mold, K27340 (7), x10.5, c-d, holotype, mold and latex cast of dorsal interior, K27239, x10.5 (Candela, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Candela, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1742. xenambonitidae and hesperomenidae (p. 2624-2627).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-356.jpg?height=1879&width=1281&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenuimena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Xenambonitidae","Subfamily":"Aegiromeninae","Genus":"Tenuimena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenuimena Nikitina & OTHERS, 2006, p. 188","Type_species":"* T. planissima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semicircular, maximum width just anterior to hinge line, profile planoconvex to weakly resupinate, small interarea with pseudodeltidium and chilidium. Ornament finely parvicostellate. Ventral interior with small flaring teeth, dental plates absent, suboval muscle field flanked posterolaterally by short, relatively straight muscle-bounding ridges. Dorsal interior with simple undercut cardinal process, short, flaring socket plates, fine median septum to half valve length. Mantle canals not impressed. Differs from other Aegiromeninae in lacking papillae and from Chonetoidea in lacking obvious bema and dental plates.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","First_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Last_Occurrence":"Darriwilian","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Darriwilian)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1742, 3a-c. *T. planissima, Uzunbulak Formation, Kurzhakai, Chu-Ili Range, a, latex of ventral exterior, USNM 485108, x2, b, ventral internal mold, USNM 485105, x5, c, holotype, latex of dorsal interior, USNM 485105a, x5 (Nikitina & others, 2006).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nT, \nNikitina & others, 2006","figure_index":"fig. 1742. xenambonitidae and hesperomenidae (p. 2624-2627).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-356.jpg?height=1879&width=1281&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":469.42,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":458.18,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rongambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Hesperomenidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rongambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rongambonites Zhan & COCKS, 1998, p. 33","Type_species":"* R. bella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline semielliptical to semicircular, profile concavoconvex with strongly convex ventral valve and dorsal concavity variable, parvicostellate ornament, ventral interarea apsacline, dorsal interarea anacline, strong teeth, variable dental plates fusing anterolaterally with bounding ridges of relatively small bilobed ventral muscle field, undercut cardinal process strongly striated posteriorly and connecting laterally with curved socket plates, triangular platform with strong, straight, anterolateral bounding ridges joined anteriorly by a curved and raised section, high dorsal median septum not reaching platform anteriorly, muscle field variably impressed with weak, anterolaterally directed side septa","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1742, 2 a-c. * R. bella, Changwu Formation, middle Ashgill, Dianbian of Daqiao, Zhejiang Province, a, ventral internal mold, NIGP 128051, x3, b-c, dorsal internal mold and latex cast, NIGP 128053 , x3 (Zhan & Cocks, 1998)","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nZhan & Cocks, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1742. xenambonitidae and hesperomenidae (p. 2624-2627).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-356.jpg?height=1879&width=1281&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Olgambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Olgambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Olgambonites Popov, Cocks, & NIKITIN, 2002, p. 50","Type_species":"O. insolita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transverse, profile gently resupinate, ventral interarea procline to slightly apsacline with apical pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea anacline with separate chilidial plates. Ornament unequally parvicostellate. Ventral interior with small teeth, dental plates absent, small bilobed muscle field with short adductor scars completely separating larger diductor scars, ventral mantle canals lemniscate. Dorsal inte- rior with simple undercut cardinal process fused with narrow socket ridges, fine median septum and bilobed bema bordered by rim and bearing up to 8 small side septa.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1741, 1a-e. *O. insolita, Anderken Formation, lower to middle Caradoc, Anderkenyn-Akchoku, Chu-Ili Range, a, latex cast of ventral exterior, BMNH BC 57592, x4, b-c, mold and latex cast of ventral interior, BMNH BC 56664, x4, d-e, holotype, mold and latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 56663, x4 (Popov, Cocks, & Nikitin, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov, Cocks, & Nikitin, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1741. leptestiidae and sowerbyellidae (p. 2624-2627).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-355.jpg?height=1643&width=1286&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhilgyzambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Strophomenida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectambonitoidea","Family":"Sowerbyellidae","Subfamily":"Sowerbyellinae","Genus":"Zhilgyzambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhilgyzambonites Popov, Cocks, & NIKITIN, 2002, p. 52","Type_species":"Z. extenuata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline rectimarginate, profile concavoconvex, ventral interarea apsacline with delthyrium completely covered by pseudodeltidium, dorsal interarea anacline with chilidium. Ornament of fine unequal parvicostellae. Ventral interior with small teeth, dental plates absent, muscle field small but raised high anteriorly, variably developed broad subperipheral rim. Dorsal interior with undercut cardinal process fused with flaring, curved socket ridges, deep alveolus and strongly elevated entire bema, prominent median septum originating anterior to bema and not extending anteriorly of prominent subperipheral rim.","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1741, 4a-e. *Z. extenuata, Anderken Formation, lower to middle Caradoc, Anderken-Akchoku, Chu-Ili Range, a, latex cast of ventral exterior, BMNH BC 57490, \u00d7 6, b, latex cast of dorsal exterior, BMNH BC 57491, \u00d7 6, c, ventral internal mold, BMNH BC 57493, \u00d7 6, d-e, internal mold and latex cast of dorsal interior, BMNH BC 57492, \u00d7 5 (Popov, Cocks, & Nikitin, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov, Cocks, & Nikitin, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1741. leptestiidae and sowerbyellidae (p. 2624-2627).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-355.jpg?height=1643&width=1286&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bacbonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Bacbonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bacbonetes Racheboeuf & TONG-DZUY, 2000, p. 1052","Type_species":"B. janvieri, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, transversely subrectangular, with faintly differentiated median enlarged costa in ventral valve, spines cyrtomorph extraverse, with two proximal spines lacking on left side, distal spines implantation alternating on both sides, dorsal interior with weakly elevated cardinal process, inner socket ridges poorly developed, low and short. Lower Devonian: Vietnam.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1743, 2a-d. * B. janvieri, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, ventral interior, dorsal interior, x3 (Racheboeuf & Tong-Dzuy, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Tong-Dzuy, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1743. strophochonetidae (p. 2628-2630).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-359.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Cyrtochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtochonetes Racheboeuf & TONG-DZUY, 2000, p. 1059","Type_species":"Chonetes indosinensis MANSUY, 1916, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, transversely subrectangular, with cyrtomorph intraverse, symmetrically arranged spines, weak ventral median enlarged costa in juveniles, becoming obscure with growth, dorsal interior with internally subglobose, deeply bilobed cardinal process. Lower Devonian: Vietnam.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1743, 3a-c. * C. indosinensis (Mansuy), ventral exteriors, dorsal interior, x3 (Racheboeuf & Tong-Dzuy, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Tong-Dzuy, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1743. strophochonetidae (p. 2628-2630).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-359.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptochonetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Leptochonetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptochonetina HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1998, p. 117","Type_species":"L. vulgaris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, thin, semicircular in outline with markedly convex ventral valve and moderately concave dorsal valve, surface smooth, rarely with median costa, orthomorph oblique spines, asymmetrically arranged, spines on right side appearing before left ones, cardinal process small, U-shaped, cardinal process pit elongate, extending anteriorly to about one-quarter valve length, inner socket ridges long, straight, rather strong, widely divergent, almost parallel to hinge line, anderidia absent, low and short, breviseptum-like ridge, flanked by pair of weak lateral septa, may be developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Zlichovian)","First_Occurrence":"Zlichovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Zlichovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Zlichovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Zlichovian)","Geography":"Czech Republic (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1743, 1a-b. *L. vulgaris, a, ventral valve internal mold, x3.4, b, ventral internal mold with enlaged median costa, x5.5 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1743. strophochonetidae (p. 2628-2630).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-359.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":402.41,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tulynetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Tulynetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tulynetes Racheboeuf & TONG-DZUY, 2000, p. 1048","Type_species":"Chonetes hoabinhensis MANSUY, 1914, p. 58, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, costellate with median enlarged costa variably developed, in ventral valve only or in both valves, spines orthomorph perpendicular, with two proximal spines lacking on left side, ventral interior with relatively short, laterally elongated, subrectangular hinge teeth, dorsal interior with strongly bilobed and dorsally geniculated cardinal process, elevated above valve floor, breviseptum-like, often spinose median ridge, and medially well-developed endospines, long, narrow, posteriorly bent inner socket ridges","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1743, 4a-c. *T. hoabinhensis (Mansuy), ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, dorsal interior, x3 (Racheboeuf & Tong-Dzuy, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nRacheboeuf & Tong-Dzuy, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1743. strophochonetidae (p. 2628-2630).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-359.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zephyronetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Strophochonetinae","Genus":"Zephyronetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zephyronetes HAVL\u00cd\u010c\u00c9, 1995, p. 56","Type_species":"Chonetes zephyrus Barrande, 1879, pl. 46, IV, 1-3, OD, =Strophochonetes (Zephyronetes) HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1995, p. 56","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small and thin walled, almost biplanar in lateral profile, spines symmetrically arranged, orthomorph perpendicular to intraverse, dorsal interior with slender and long socket ridges, anderidia extremely reduced to undiscernible.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Czech Republic (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1743, 5. *Z. zephyrus (Barrande), ventral exterior, x5 (Havli\u010dek, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1743. strophochonetidae (p. 2628-2630).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-359.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Strophochonetidae","Subfamily":"Protochonetinae","Genus":"Orthochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthochonetes Racheboeuf & TONG-DZUY, 2000, p. 1065","Type_species":"Chonetes verneuili BARRANDE, 1848, p. 248, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Parachonetinae with transverse, markedly arched shell, spines numerous, orthomorph perpendicular, and symmetrically displayed, radial costellae relatively narrow, elevated, with vertical flanks.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1743, 6a-c. * O. verneuili (Barrande), ventral valve, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, x1.2 (Racheboeuf & Tong-Dzuy, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf & Tong-Dzuy, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1743. strophochonetidae (p. 2628-2630).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-359.jpg?height=1886&width=1291&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Balikunochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Balikunochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Balikunochonetes Chen & ARCHBOLD, 2002, p. 235","Type_species":"B. liaoi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, semicircular in outline, shell costellate, ventral valve exterior rugose forward, spines orthomorph, high angled, at 75\u00b0 to 90\u00b0, myophragm long and elevated, extending anteriorly beyond midlength, dorsal median septum thin, extending to midlength, pentalobed myophore, anderidia at about 80\u00b0, accessory septa broad, thick, extending anteriorly almost to anterior margin, anteriorly divergent at 15\u00b0 to 35\u00b0, with two pairs of subparallel, adventitious septa.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"northwestern China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1744, 1a-b. *B. liaoi, a, ventral interior, x2, b, dorsal interior, x4 (Chen & Archbold, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen & Archbold, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1744. chonostrophiidae (p. 2630).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-361.jpg?height=1047&width=1247&top_left_y=253&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Santanghuia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Chonostrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Santanghuia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Santanghuia Chen & ARCHBOLD, 2002, p. 233","Type_species":"S. santanghuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, semicircular in outline, with catacline interarea, shell finely costellate, spines orthomorph oblique, low angled, less than 45^{\\\\circ}, myophragm thick, high, extending anteriorly to midlength, strong cardinal process with pentalobed myophore, no dorsal median septum, anderidia faintly developed, accessory septa thick, broad, long, reaching anterior margin, anteriorly divergent at 10^{\\\\circ} to 20^{\\\\circ}","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"northwestern China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1744, 2a-c. * S. santanghuensis, ventral interior, dorsal interiors, \u00d7 4 (Chen & Archbold, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen & Archbold, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1744. chonostrophiidae (p. 2630).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-361.jpg?height=1047&width=1247&top_left_y=253&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adatsagochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Adatsagochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adatsagochonetes AFANASJEVA, 2004b, p. 164","Type_species":"A. mongolicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, semicircular in outline, longitudinal profile concavoconvex, moderately arched, five pairs of oblique orthomorph spines at about 50\u00b0, ventral interior with myophragm extending anteriorly to midlength, dorsal interior with elevated cardinal process anteriorly bounded by cardinal process pit, no median septum or radial ridges, numerous irregularly displayed endospines on dorsal valve interior.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"central Mongolia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1745, 1a-b. *A. mongolicus, ventral internal mold, dorsal internal mold, \u00d7 3 (Afanasjeva, 2004b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanasjeva, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1745. anopliidae (p. 2630-2631).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-362.jpg?height=1057&width=1284&top_left_y=253&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kaninochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Anopliinae","Genus":"Kaninochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kaninochonetes AFANASJEVA, 2004a, p. 35","Type_species":"K. kaninensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, semicircular in outline, weakly concavoconvex, four or five pairs of oblique orthomorph spines at about 50\u00b0-60\u00b0, ventral interior with myophragm extending anteriorly to midlength, dorsal interior with flattened cardinal process anteriorly bounded by cardinal process pit, no median septum nor radial ridges, small endospines arranged in numerous radial rows.","Beginning_age":"Middle Permian (lower Guadalupian, Ufimian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Middle Permian (lower Guadalupian, Ufimian)","Last_Occurrence":"Ufimian","Geological_periods":"Middle Permian (lower Guadalupian, Ufimian)","Geography":"northern part of Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"FIG 1745, 2 a-c .* K. kaninensis, Kanin Peninsula, ventral exterior, ventral interior, dorsal interior, x3 (Afanasjeva, 2004a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanasjeva, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1745. anopliidae (p. 2630-2631).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-362.jpg?height=1057&width=1284&top_left_y=253&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chilenochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Chilenochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chilenochonetes Isaacson & DUTRO, 1999, p. 627","Type_species":"* C. anna, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium, markedly concavoconvex, with maximum width anterior to hinge line, shell surface capillate with interspaces twice their width, ventral interior with short myophragm, hinge teeth small, laterally elongate, dorsal interior with large cardinal process pit, short median septum, not extending anteriorly beyond midline, with a pair of long and narrow accessory septa, short anderidia, and short, prominent, socket ridges. Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian): northern Chile.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"northern Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1746, 1a-d. * C. anna, a, ventral interior, x2, b, dorsal interior, latex, x2.5, c-d, ventral exterior and dorsal interior, latex, x2 (Isaacson & Dutro, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Isaacson & Dutro, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1746. anopliidae (p. 2631-2633).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-363.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibberochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Gibberochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibberochonetes AFANASJEVA, 2002, p. 59","Type_species":"G. gibber, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, semicircular, ventral sulcus distinct in largest shells, no dorsal fold, spines almost vertical or weakly cyrtomorph intraverse, ornament of rounded, thin, radial costae anteriorly bifurcating, crossed by very fine concentric growth lines, myophragm about one-fourth valve length, dorsal interior with low, knoblike cardinal process with cardinal process pit, no median septum or brachial ridges, strong endospines forming two weakly divergent radial rows near midline. It is better placed within the subfamily Caenanopliinae. It is found in the Carboniferous (Namurian) of Argentina.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1746, 3a-c. * G. naranjoensis, San Juan Province, ventral external mold, ventral internal mold, dorsal internal mold, x4 (Taboada, 2004)","Museum_or_author_information":"Taboada, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1746. anopliidae (p. 2631-2633).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-363.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gonzalezius":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Gonzalezius","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gonzalezius TABOADA, 2004, p. 413","Type_species":"* G. naranjoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell weakly concavoconvex, subcircular in outline, shell surface capillate, with well-marked concentric growth lines, spines orthomorph oblique and symmetrically arranged, ventral interior with long and narrow myophragm and parallel hinge teeth, dorsal interior with cardinal process pit and two or more thin, weakly divergent accessory septa, short and narrow breviseptum, anderidia very thin, long, bladelike. Carboniferous (Namurian): Argentina.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Namurian)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1746, 3a-c. * G. naranjoensis, San Juan Province, ventral external mold, ventral internal mold, dorsal internal mold, x4 (Taboada, 2004)","Museum_or_author_information":"Taboada, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1746. anopliidae (p. 2631-2633).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-363.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ogorella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Ogorella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ogorella RACHEBOEUF, 2001, p. 579","Type_species":"O. janickae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, with orthomorph oblique, symmetrical spines, radial ornamentation of costae originating anterior of beaks, widening up to commissures, ventral and dorsal interareas flat, lying in the same plane, large pseudodeltidium and chilidium, stout, laterally elongated and horizontal hinge teeth, short myophragm dividing relatively small muscle field, dorsal interior with short septum supporting cardinal process, with low and wide myophore, anderidia long and narrow, strongly divergent, accessory septa markedly divergent, narrow, and spinose, periphery of both valves smooth, flat.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1746, 4a-d. *O. janickae, Massif Armoricain, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, ventral interior, dorsal interior, x4 (Racheboeuf, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Racheboeuf, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1746. anopliidae (p. 2631-2633).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-363.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pinegochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Anopliidae","Subfamily":"Caenanopliinae","Genus":"Pinegochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pinegochonetes Afanasjeva, 2000, p. 287","Type_species":"Chonetes pinegensis KULIKOV, 1974, p. 144, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium-sized, semicircular in outline, concavoconvex to almost planoconvex, with distinct sulcus and fold, radial ornament of bifurcating and intercalating costae and costellae, spines oblique orthomorph at about 35\u00b0-40\u00b0, symmetrically arranged, ventral interior with stout myophragm extending about two-thirds valve length, dorsal interior with cardinal process elevated above valve floor, anteriorly bounded by cardinal process pit, inner socket ridges parallel to hinge line, no median septum or brachial ridges, inner surface covered with radially displayed endospines, two rows of Upper Permian (lower Kazanian): north of Russian Platform (Arkhangelsk Region).","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Geography":"\"north of Russian Platform (Arkhangelsk Region)\"","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1746, 2a-c. *P. pinegensis (Kulikov), Pinega River, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, dorsal interior, x1.5 (Afanasjeva, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Afanasjeva, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1746. anopliidae (p. 2631-2633).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-363.jpg?height=1662&width=1276&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":271.79,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neochonetes (Huangichonetes)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Neochonetes (Huangichonetes)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neochonetes ( Huangichonetes) SHEN & ARCHBOLD, 2002, p . 335","Type_species":"Chonetes substrophomenoides HuAng, 1932, p. 3; od]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, reverse, trapezoidal Neochonetes shell with small but prominent and acute ears, and conspicuous and moderately wide sulcus; strongly convex visceral disc; hinge spines projecting posterolaterally at 30\u00b0\u201340\u00b0 to hinge line; radial costellae fine, numbering 30\u201350 near margin; ventral interior with very short myophragm .","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1747, 1a\u2013d. *N. (H.) substrophomenoides (HuAng); ventral internal mold, dorsal external mold, juve nile dorsal interior, adult dorsal interior, \u00d7 3 (Shuzhong Shen & Archbold, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1747. rugosochonetidae (p. 2634).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-365.jpg?height=1848&width=1202&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=267)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neochonetes (Nongtaia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Neochonetes (Nongtaia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neochonetes ( Nongtaia) ARCHBOLD , 1999, p. 75","Type_species":"N. (N.) taoni ; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Neocho netes (Neochonetes), but shell small, subquad rate, with relatively narrow, distinct sulcus, distinct dorsal fold, distinct ornament of coarse capillae increasing in number by bifurcation.","Beginning_age":"middle Permian (lower Guadalupian (Ufimian = Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"middle Permian (lower Guadalupian (Ufimian = Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"middle Permian (lower Guadalupian (Ufimian = Roadian)","Geography":"southeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Figi. 1748, 2a\u2013d. * N. (N.) taoni, Ufimian, Thailand; ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, ventral interior, dorsal interior, \u00d74.5 (Archbold, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neochonetes (Zechiella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Neochonetes (Zechiella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neochonetes (Zechiella) ARCHBOLD, 1999, p. 78","Type_species":"Chonetes davidsoni von SCHAUROTH , 1856, p. 222; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thin-shelled Neocho netes with obsolescent radial capillae, sulcus absent, internal structures poorly developed.","Beginning_age":"middle Permian (lower Guadalupian (Ufimian = Roadian)","First_Occurrence":"Roadian","Ending_age":"middle Permian (lower Guadalupian (Ufimian = Roadian)","Last_Occurrence":"Roadian","Geological_periods":"middle Permian (lower Guadalupian (Ufimian = Roadian)","Geography":"southeastern Asia, Germany, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1748, 1a\u2013b. *N. (Z.) d soni (von scHAurotH), Germany; ventral valve with spines, dorsal side of articulated shell, \u00d74 (Archbold, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoconetes (Zhongyingia)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Neoconetes (Zhongyingia)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neochonetes (Zhongyingia) Shen & ARCHBOLD, 2002, p. 333","Type_species":"Neochonetes zhongyingensis LIAO, 1980, p. 257, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Reverse, trapezoidal outline with acute ears, greatest width at hinge line, with cardinal extremities extended, spines less than 45^{\\\\circ}, ventral valve slightly convex with shallow and broad sulcus, shell surface finely costellate, dorsal interior with long lateral ridges parallel to hinge line.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"South China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1747, 2a-f. * N. (Z.) zhongyingensis (Liao), ventral and dorsal exteriors, latex, ventral internal mold and latex, dorsal interior, latex and internal mold, x3 (Shen & Archbold, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shen & Archbold, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1747. rugosochonetidae (p. 2634).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-365.jpg?height=1848&width=1202&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=267)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Robertsella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Robertsella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Robertsella CHEN & SHI, 2003, p. 135","Type_species":"Rugosochonetes macgregori ROBERTS, 1971, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Shell medium, subrectangular in outline, valve exteriors densely costate and irregularly lamellose, cardinal extremities angular to subrounded, hinge spines orthomorph oblique, ventral interior with short myophragm, dorsal interior with high and thick inner socket ridges, bilobed cardinal process, large and deep cardinal process pit, short median septum not extending anteriorly beyond midlength, slightly elevated anteriorly.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"northwestern China, Australia (New South Wales)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1749, 2a-c. R. tarimensis Chen & Shi, northwestern China, ventral exterior, ventral internal mold, dorsal interior, x2 (Chen & Shi, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen & Shi, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1749. rugosochonetidae (p. 2634).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-367.jpg?height=1054&width=1288&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tethyochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Tethyochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tethyochonetes CHEN & OTHERS, 2000, p. 5","Type_species":"Waagenites soochowensis quadrata ZHAN, 1979, p. 70, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, transversely rectangular, strongly concavoconvex, cardinal extremities varying from acute to slightly semielliptical, ears smooth, broad, flattened, or slightly swollen, sulcus varying from deep, broad, and distinct to shallow, narrow, and indistinct, sulcal bounding flanks distinct to depressed, fold slightly raised to flattened, external ornament with robust and rounded costae, sometimes bifurcating, ventral myophragm thin and high, extending anteriorly to half valve length, cardinal process rounded and blunt, bilobed internally, trilobed externally, dorsal median septum stout, raised at its middle to anterior part, originating anterior to cardinal process pit, continuing forward for half valve length, lateral septa stout, short, and distinct, brachial scars strongly swollen and semicircular in outline","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian)","First_Occurrence":"Wuchiapingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (uppermost Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"uppermost Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian-uppermost Changhsingian)","Geography":"eastern and southwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1749, 1a-b. *T. quadrata (Zhan), uppermost Changhsingian, ventral valve, dorsal interior, x3 (Chen & others, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nChen & others, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1749. rugosochonetidae (p. 2634).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-367.jpg?height=1054&width=1288&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thuringochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Rugosochonetinae","Genus":"Thuringochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thuringochonetes AFANASJEVA, 2002, p. 630","Type_species":"T. thuringicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small, semicircular in outline, without sulcus and fold, and weakly concavoconvex, external ornament with very thin radial costellae, sometimes bifurcating, and alternating with some stronger radial costae, spines symmetrically arranged, oblique orthomorph to weakly cyrtomorph, low angled, becoming almost parallel toward cardinal angles, ventral myophragm restricted to umbonal region, dividing a markedly bilobate diductor muscle field, adductor scars adjacent, smooth, and semiellipical in outline, cardinal process knob shaped, anteriorly bounded by large cardinal process pit, dorsal median septum low and narrow, not extending beyond midlength of valve, anderidia relatively long.   [The genus was originally placed within the family Strophochonetidae owing to the presence of enlarged capillae and to the strongly bilobed nature of the ventral muscle field. These characters do not support such a family assignment in comparison with features such as spines and the morphology of the dorsal interior.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Thuringia, Rhenish Slate Mountains (Germany)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1749,3a\u2013e. *T. thuringicus; ventral exterior, damaged ventral valve with spines, dorsal exterior, dorsal interior, ventral internal mold, \u00d74 (Afanasjeva, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1749. rugosochonetidae (p. 2634).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-367.jpg?height=1054&width=1288&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Binderochonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Svalbardiinae","Genus":"Binderochonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Binderochonetes AFANASJEVA , 2004b, p. 162","Type_species":"B. manankovi; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Junior subjective synonym of Striochonetes WATERHOUSE & PIYASIN , 1970; see RacHeBoeuF, 2000, p. 415","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[The distinguishing characters given by the author in the diagnosis of the new genus, as well as in the comparison between the two type species (p. 164), are considered to be no more than intrageneric variations possibly resulting from evolutionary changes. Both type species are Upper Permian, that of Striochonetes (southern Thailand) being Kazanian in age, while that of Binderochonetes (northeastern Mongolia) is Tatarian in age.] (Afanasjeva, 2004b).","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"northeastern Mongolia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Riosanetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Riosanetinae","Genus":"Riosanetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Riosanetes Mart\u00ednez Chac\u00f3n & Winkler PRINS, 2000, p. 226","Type_species":"R. fernandezi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small with thin valves, planoconvex to slightly concavoconvex, subrectangular, cardinal extremities rounded, costellate ornamentation with fine costae and costellae, apart from smooth ears, external ornamentation especially prominent internally, indicating very thin valves, ventral interior with short myophragm, posteriorly elevated, without vascular ridges, dorsal interior with very thin anderidia, high and strong inner socket ridges, without median septum, tubercles placed in rows along the intercostal sulci, occasionally tubercles of central rows are more marked but never form septa, brachial ridges not developed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Tournaisian)","Geography":"northern Spain (Cantabrian Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1750, 2a-c. * R. fernandezi, ventral internal mold, dorsal external mold, dorsal internal mold, x5 (Mart\u00ednez Chac\u00f3n & Winkler Prins, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mart\u00ednez Chac\u00f3n & Winkler Prins, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1750. rugosochonetidae (p. 2634-2636).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-368.jpg?height=1141&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":355.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aitegounetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Riosanetinae","Genus":"Aitegounetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aitegounetes Chen & SHI, 2003, p. 138","Type_species":"A. aitegouensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Aitegouchonetes Chen & Shi, 2003, p. 138, lines 8 and 14, nom. null.;  Aitegouensis Chen & Shi, 2003, p. 138, line 17, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Aitegouchonetes, Aitegouensis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small to medium, markedly concavoconvex, and subrectangular, cardinal extremities angular to subrounded, valve exteriors strongly costellate except for weakly ribbed ears, oblique orthomorph, low-angled spines, ventral interior with thin myophragm about half valve length, dorsal interior with pair of short, thin anderidia, stout inner socket ridges, but without median septum, valve covered with radial rows of endospines, never fused, no brachial ridges.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"northwestern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1750, 3a-c. *A. aitegouensis, ventral exterior, dorsal exterior, dorsal interior, x3 (Chen & Shi, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen & Shi, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1750. rugosochonetidae (p. 2634-2636).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-368.jpg?height=1141&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linshuichonetes":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Chonetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chonetoidea","Family":"Rugosochonetidae","Subfamily":"Riosanetinae","Genus":"Linshuichonetes","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linshuichonetes Campi & SHI, 2002, p. 110","Type_species":"*L. elfinis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subquadrate to semicircular rugosochonetid, characterized externally by fine capillation, a weak or absent median sulcus and fold, internally by a lack of median, lateral, and accessory septa in dorsal interior, absence of vascular mantle canals in ventral interior and presence of distinct radiating rows of papillae in interiors of both valves, except on either side of midline in posterior part of dorsal valve, where only raised clusters of papillae occur.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"middle Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)-middle Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"southwestern China (Sichuan), Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1750, 1a-c. *L. elfinis, Wordian, Sichuan, southwestern China, a, ventral exterior, x7, b-c, dorsal exteriors, x12, x10 (Campi & Shi, 2002).\u201d","Museum_or_author_information":"Campi & Shi, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1750. rugosochonetidae (p. 2634-2636).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-368.jpg?height=1141&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Caruthia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Productininini)","Genus":"Caruthia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Caruthia Lazarev & CARTER, 2000, p. 12","Type_species":"* C. borealis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline subrounded with well-differentiated, subtriangular ears, lateral profile almost semicircular, corpus shallow, ribbing weak on both valves, originating on corpus, rugae weak dorsally, spines rare, scattered on venter and rows separating ears from flanks, lateral ridges in both valves, dorsally extending as weak marginal ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian-lower Moscovian)","Geography":"USA (southeastern Alaska)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1751, 1a-f. * C. borealis, Prince of Wales Island, a-d, holotype, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, USNM 498809, x2, e-f, dorsal valve interior, ventral and posterior views, x2 (Lazarev & Carter, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nLazarev & Carter, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1751. productellidae (p. 2639).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-370.jpg?height=789&width=1289&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tethysiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productininae (Tribe Paramarginiferini)","Genus":"Tethysiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tethysiella Kotlyar, Zakharov, & POLUBOTKO, 2004, p. 521","Type_species":"*Productus (Productus) urushtensis LICHAREW, 1936, p. 36, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse shells with prominent ears and well-developed trails that may be nasute, separated from the corpus by a cincture, ribbing is strong and rugae confined posterolaterally, spines appear to be in rows between ears and flanks plus some anterolaterally on ventral valve close to cincture","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Russia (northwestern Caucasus mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1751, 2a-e. *T. urushtensis (Licharew), Urushten Formation, a, ventral valve exterior, ventral view, x2, b, anterior view, x1, c, incomplete ventral valve exterior, anterolateral view, x2, d, ventral valve lateral view, x2, e, dorsal valve exterior, x2 (Kotlyar, Zakharov, & Polubotko, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nKotlyar, Zakharov, & Polubotko, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1751. productellidae (p. 2639).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-370.jpg?height=789&width=1289&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lazarevonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Avoniini)","Genus":"Lazarevonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lazarevonia WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 22","Type_species":"Krotovia arcuata WATERHOUSE, 1978, p. 52, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, somewhat resembling Quasiavonia in shape, having a moderately inflated umbo, but differing in its elongate and more frequent spine bases ventrally and small rounded bases with fine spines dorsally, weakly lamellose growth lines, lateral ridges may extend around visceral disc as slight shell thickening","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian-Changhsingian)","Geography":"Himalaya (western Nepal, Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1752, 3a-f. * L. arcuata (Waterhouse), West Dolpo, western Nepal, a, holotype, partially exfoliated ventral valve exterior, UQF 68815, x2, b, partially exfoliated ventral valve exterior, x2, c, mold of dorsal valve exterior, x2, d, largely exfoliated dorsal valve exterior with remaining shell in areas of shell thickening, x2 (Waterhouse, 1978), e, rubber replica of dorsal valve interior, x2, f, internal mold of ventral valve, x2 (Waterhouse, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1978, \nWaterhouse, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1752. productellidae (p. 2639-2640).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-371.jpg?height=992&width=1286&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Callyconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Costispiniferini)","Genus":"Callyconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Callyconcha WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 23","Type_species":"* Comuquia australis ARCHBOLD, 1984, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Comuquia in shape, but differs in having few strong ventral spines, mostly limited to flanks, and apparently no dorsal spines, lamellose growth lines present ventrally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Geography":"Western Australia (Carnarvon Basin), ?southern Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1752, 1a-d. * C. australis (Archbold), Callytharra Springs, Carnarvon Basin, a-c, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, GSWA F11050, x3.5, d, ventral valve exterior, x3.2 (Archbold, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1752. productellidae (p. 2639-2640).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-371.jpg?height=992&width=1286&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":292.02,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Amosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Lethamiini)","Genus":"Amosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Amosia SIMANAUSKAS, 1996, p. 378","Type_species":"* A. sueroi, OD, =Productella aff. bifaria (Stainbrock in Amos, 1961, p. 91, 1979, p. 75)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small- to medium-sized concavoconvex shells with shallow corpus cavity, outline semicircular, and somewhat resembling Dyschrestia, ornament weakly lamellose, no ribbing, spines fine, but more robust at ears, close to hinge line, and anteriorly, dorsal spines sparse and fine, cardinal process sessile, quadrifid to trifid, not supported by short, narrow median septum, lateral ridges short, interiors endospinose.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"Argentina (Tepuel-Genoa Basin, Chubut Province)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1753, 2a-f. *A. sueroi, Chubut Province, a, ventral valve, anteroventral view, x2, b, ventral valve viewed laterally, x2, c, incomplete ventral valve viewed obliquely showing spines, x2, d, holotype, replica of incomplete dorsal valve interior, MLP 26003a, x3, e, shell, dorsal view, x2, f, replica from internal mold showing ventral interior, x2 (Simanauskas, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simanauskas, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1753. productellidae (p. 2640-2641).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-372.jpg?height=1518&width=1279&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Archboldina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Lethamiini)","Genus":"Archboldina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Archboldina WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 22","Type_species":"Pustula micracantha HOSKING, 1933, p. 49, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, evenly spinose, concavoconvex shells resembling Wooramella, but with weakly rugose ears that lack spines, more strongly defined concentric ornament dorsally and somewhat swollen spine bases ventrally, dorsal interiors with anteriorly weak subperipheral rim and anteriorly elevated adductor muscle scars.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1754, 1a-f. *A. micracantha (Hosking), Callytharra Formation, Carnarvon Basin, a-b, lectotype, crushed dorsal valve, dorsal and ventral views, GSWA 1\/4970b, x2, c, crushed ventral valve exterior, x1.8, d, dorsal valve exterior, x1.6, e, interior showing subperipheral rim, prominent muscle scars, and brachial impressions, x1.8, f, posterodorsal view showing cardinal process and high lateral ridges, x2.2 (Archbold, 1984).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1754. productellidae (p. 2641-2642).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-373.jpg?height=1889&width=1276&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":292.02,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tuberculatella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Lethamiini)","Genus":"Tuberculatella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tuberculatella WATERHOUSE, 1982, p. 42","Type_species":"T. tubertella, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Lethamia, but with pustulose ventral spine bases, a weak ventral median sulcus, and narrow dorsal medium septum","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian-Gzhelian)","Geography":"eastern Europe, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1754, 3a-e. *T. tubertella, Huai Bun Nak, Thailand, a-b, holotype, internal mold viewed ventrally and dorsally, TBR 579, x2, c, dorsal valve external mold, x2, d, latex replica of ventral valve exterior with swollen spine bases, x2, e, ventral valve internal mold, posterior view showing muscle fields and median sulcus, x2 (Waterhouse, 1982).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nWaterhouse, 1982","figure_index":"fig. 1754. productellidae (p. 2641-2642).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-373.jpg?height=1889&width=1276&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wooramella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Overtoniinae (Tribe Lethamiini)","Genus":"Wooramella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wooramella ARCHBOLD in HOGEBOON & ARCHBOLD, 1999, p. 260","Type_species":"Pustula senticosta HOSKING, 1933, p. 47, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, outline subrounded, concavoconvex profile, and shallow corpus cavity, spines on both valves arranged in concentric bands but absent from hinge lines, internal features poorly known, but cardinal process said to be bilobed and low, with short thin medium septum.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1754, 2 a-g .* W. senticosa (Hosking), Callytharra Formation, Carnarvon Basin, a-c, lectotype, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, GSWAFI\/4970a1, x1.8, d, crushed shell with ventral valve umbo missing and showing the dorsal cardinal process and medium septum, x2 (Archbold, 1984), e-g, partially crushed shell, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.5 (Archbold, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1984, \nArchbold, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1754. productellidae (p. 2641-2642).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-373.jpg?height=1889&width=1276&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":292.02,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jinomarginifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Marginiferinae (Tribe Paucispiniferini)","Genus":"Jinomarginifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jinomarginifera SHEN, SHI, & ARCHBOLD, 2003b, p. 231","Type_species":"J. lhazeensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized marginiferine with deep corpus cavity, resembling Rectimarginifera, but with less coarse costae, weaker median reticulation, and thin ventral spines on flanks, disc, and ears, lacking six major halteroid spines and with no dorsal internal anterior subperipheral ridge.","Beginning_age":"upper Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"upper Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"upper Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"southern and western China, including southern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1755 a\u2013e. *J. lhazeensis; a\u2013c, holotype, posteroventrally exfoliated shell, ventral, anteroventral, and lateral views, NMV P308105, \u00d7 1.5; d, ventral valve exterior, ventral view, \u00d7 1.5; e, external mold of dorsal valve with fragment of ventral umbo in place, \u00d7 1.5 (Shen, Shi, & Archbold, 2003b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Labaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Labaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Labaella Kotlyar, Zakharov, & POLUBOT\u041a\u041e, 2004, p. 517","Type_species":"Productus (Productus) bajarunassi LICHAREW, 1937, p. 47 111, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large Plicatiferini with widely extended ears, fine ribbing and delicate rugation forming reticulation over corpus with ribbing continued on trails, spine row at low angle from hinge line and grouped on anteroventral ear surface, rare elsewhere, dorsal interior resembles that of Plicatifera.   [This genus somewhat resembles Lazarevia Carter & PoLetaev , 1998, from the early Upper Carboniferous but differs in being smaller, with more prominent ears, and it has a clear median ventral sulcation. The authors placed the new genus in a new family, but this is unnecessary.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","Geography":"Russia (northwestern Caucasus mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1756a-f. *L. bajarunassi (Licharew), Nikitin Formation, Nikitin Ravine, a-c, anterior view, ventral view, and with corpus removed showing exfoliated dorsal valve exterior (the broken anterior edge shows as a crack line on a ), x1, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1, e-f, shell viewed ventrally showing spine bases close to hinge line and on ears and anteriorly with anterior part of corpus and ventral trail missing, \u00d7 1 (Kotlyar, Zakharev, & Polubotko, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1756. productellidae (p. 2644).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-375.jpg?height=1831&width=1274&top_left_y=271&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":253.07,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lazarevia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Plicatiferinae (Tribe Plicatiferini)","Genus":"Lazarevia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lazarevia Carter & POLETAEV, 1998, p. 125","Type_species":"L. stepanowensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Plicatifera in shape, but with more numerous, weaker, and less regular rugae on corpus, ribbing covering corpus and trails, spines fine, scattered sparsely over ventral valve, plus some near hinge line and row separating ears from flanks, corpus cavity shallow, ventral interior with variably developed submarginal rim","Beginning_age":"Lower Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Lower Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian-lower Moscovian)","Geography":"Canadian Archipelago (Ellesmere Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1757a-f. *L. stepanowensis, Hare Fiord Formation, a-e, holotype, ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, GSC 115552 , x1, f, natural mold of ventral valve interior, x1 (Carter & Poletaev, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nCarter & Poletaev, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1757. productellidae (p. 2644).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-376.jpg?height=895&width=625&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pitakpaivania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Productinae (Tribe Productini)","Genus":"Pitakpaivania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pitakpaivania WATERHOUSE, 2004, p. 69","Type_species":"Kutorginella aprica GRANT, 1976, p. 143, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Retariin lacking strong ventral sulcus, with weak reticulation on corpus only, but ribs becoming strong on trail, spines fine at hinge and on both corpus surfaces, strong halteroid on flanks and trail medianly, plus a pair anterodorsally, ventral interior with weak lateral ridges continuing across ears, dorsal interior with trifid cardinal process and lateral ridges continuing as weak submarginal ridges laterally [Differentiation of this genus is not entirely clear, and in several characters it resembles Retaria Muiwood & Cooper, 1960 more closely than Kutorginella ivanova, 1951. The former typically comes from late Lower to early Upper Permian, while the latter is of late Upper Carboniferous age. Grant (1976) commented on the similarity of his species to Retaria from Texas and further study may indicate that Retaria and Kutorginella are valid genera, with Pitakpaivania being closely related to Retaria, or its junior synonym.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"southern Thailand (Rat Buri Formation)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1758, 1a-g. *P. aprica (Grant), Ko Muk, Thailand peninsula, a-d, holotype, dorsal view of incomplete shell, lateral view, ventral view, and anterior view, USNM 212481, x1.5, e, oblique dorsolateral view of shell showing a moderately deep corpus cavity, x1, f, lateral view showing thick spines on flank and trail, x1.5, g, incomplete ventral valve interior, x1.5 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1758. productidae (p. 2644-2646).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-377.jpg?height=1898&width=1289&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tarimoplecta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Dictyoclostinae (Tribe Liraplectini)","Genus":"Tarimoplecta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tarimoplecta Chen & SHI, 2000, p. 336","Type_species":"T. tarimensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium-sized Liraplectini with planoconvex deep corpus cavity and long trail, ventral ribbing increasingly coarse anteriorly, rugae not extending onto venter, spines strong on ears and trail, sparse and finer on ventral corpus, cardinal process weakly trifid, supported by strong but short lateral ridges, and narrow median septum reaching anterior border of corpus\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"northwestern China (Tarim Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1758, 2a-d. * T. tarimensis, Keziliqiman Formation, southern Xinjiang, a, holotype, ventral valve in anteroventral view, NMV P303392, x1, b, ventral valve viewed ventrolaterally with dorsal valve internal mold viewed anteriorly to left, x1, c, dorsal valve interior, x1, d, incomplete ventral valve internal mold, x1 (Chen & Shi, 2000)\"","Museum_or_author_information":"NMV, \nT, \nChen & Shi, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1758. productidae (p. 2644-2646).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-377.jpg?height=1898&width=1289&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Latispinifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Yakovleviinae (Tribe Latispiniferini)","Genus":"Latispinifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Latispinifera LAZAREV, 2000b, p. 27","Type_species":"L. chaykensis, OD, =Reticulatia huecoensis Sarytcheva, 1977, p. 94, non KING, 1931, p. 68","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Valves thin shelled, in profile, border between corpus and trails indistinct, ribs on trail not coarse, six or more in 10 mm width, spines with thickest rows on flanks.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an-Moscovian)","Geography":"\"Russia (Cape Chayka)\", \"northwestern Spain\"","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1759a-e. *L. chaykensis, a-b, holotype, ventral valve, anterior and posterior views, Moscovian, Cape Chayka, PIN 2833\/26, x1, c, ventral valve exterior, ventral view, x1, d, dorsal exterior, x1, e, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1 (Sarycheva, 1977)\"","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarycheva, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1759. productidae (p. 2648).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-379.jpg?height=1505&width=1289&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":346.73,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Admoskovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Yakovleviinae (Tribe Reticulatiini)","Genus":"Admoskovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Admoskovia LAZAREV, 2000a, p. 496","Type_species":"A. inflatiformis (Ivanov), OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Yakovleviinae of medium to large size and deep corpus cavity, both discs reticulate, ventral spines thick, halteroid, and numerous. Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)-Lower Permian (Artinskian). low, supported by strong lateral ridges extending to border of corpus posteriorly, median septum short.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Kasimovian)","Geography":"Eurasia, mid-Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1760a-c. * A. inflatiformis (Ivanov), Kasimovian, River Medvedka of the Moscow river, Neverov Formation, a, ventral valve exterior showing ear spines, x1, b, somewhat crushed ventral valve exterior showing hinge, ear, and flank spines, \u00d7 1; c, shell viewed ventrally with part of ventral valve missing to show dorsal interior, \u00d7 1 (Lazarev, 2000c).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1760d. A. ivanovorum Lazarev; incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Lazarev, 2000c).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1760e. A. sp.; incomplete ventral valve interior, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1760. productidae (p. 2648-2649).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-380.jpg?height=913&width=1288&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rigrantia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Yakovleviinae (Tribe Rigrantiini)","Genus":"Rigrantia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rigrantia LAZAREV, 2000b, p. 28","Type_species":"*Antiquatonia planumbona STEHLI, 1954, p. 316, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Spines at hinge well developed and of similar size to those on flanks, reticulate ornament fine, regular, and covering entire disc, ears distinct and internally may be separated from corpus by ear baffles","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1761, 1a-f. * R. planumbona (Stehli), Bone Spring Formation, western Texas, a-c, lectotype, posterior, anteroventral, and lateral views, AMNH 27299 \/ 2: 1, x1, d, shell viewed dorsally, x1, e-f, dorsal valve viewed internally and externally, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"AMNH, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1761. productidae (p. 2650).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-381.jpg?height=1698&width=1269&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bicarteria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productidae","Subfamily":"Yakovleviinae (Tribe Rigrantiini)","Genus":"Bicarteria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bicarteria LAZAREV, 2000b, p. 28","Type_species":"Productus semireticulatus var. hermosanus GIRTY, 1903, p. 359, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Spines at hinge thinner than larger (youngest) spines in rows at flanks, reticulate ornament commonly irregular and may not reach margin of venter, cardinal ridge weak, may diverge from hinge slightly","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-Kasimovian)","Geography":"North America, ?southeastern Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1761, 2a-f. *B. hermosana (Girty), Bashkirian, Colorado, USA, a-c, ventral valve, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, d-e, ventral valve, ventral and lateral views, x1, f, dorsal valve, lateral view, x1 (Girty, 1903).","Museum_or_author_information":"Girty, 1903","figure_index":"fig. 1761. productidae (p. 2650).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-381.jpg?height=1698&width=1269&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Contraspina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Waagenoconchini)","Genus":"Contraspina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Contraspina Waterhouse, 2002b, p. 46, Productus purdoni DAVIDSON, 1862, p. 31, OD","Type_species":"Productus purdoni DAVIDSON, 1862, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Waagenoconcha (Gruntoconcha) but having a more elongate outline and spine bases closely spaced and fine posteriorly, becoming somewhat coarser anteriorly, well-developed median fold and sulcus from umbo to anterior margins, interiors unknown. Upper Permian (Capitanian): Pakistan (Salt Range).","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Pakistan (Salt Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1762, 2a-f. * C. purdoni (Davidson), a-c, holotype, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, BMNH B82367, x1, d-f, juvenile specimen, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1762. echinoconchidae (p. 2650-2652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-383.jpg?height=1862&width=1269&top_left_y=270&top_left_x=241)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":264.34,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fostericoncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Echinoconchoidea","Family":"Echinoconchidae","Subfamily":"Juresaniinae (Tribe Waagenoconchini)","Genus":"Fostericoncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fostericoncha WATERHOUSE, 2002b, p. 48","Type_species":"Waagenoconcha? gigantea W WTERHOUSE, 1983, p. 125, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large to gigantic transverse waagenoconchin with wide ears, ventral umbo low, sulcus and dorsal fold originating near umbos, spines fine on both valves, but thicker and lacking fine elongate bases toward ventral hinge and ears, dorsal spines from rounded pustules.   [Preservation and quantity of available specimens are poor, so aspects of morphology remain unknown. In 1983 Waterhouse appeared to think his new species, ?W. gigantea, belonged to his new genus Wimanoconcha, placed in Brunton and others (2000, p. 516) within Waagenoconcha.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1762, 1a-c. * F. gigantea (Waterhouse), Pija Member, Manang, a-b, holotype, part of ventral valve external mold and its rubber replica, UQF73619, x1, c, part of ventral valve internal mold, and at the margin, external mold, x1 (Waterhouse, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1762. echinoconchidae (p. 2650-2652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-383.jpg?height=1862&width=1269&top_left_y=270&top_left_x=241)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aurilinoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Aurilinoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aurilinoproductus SHEN, SHI, & ARCHBOLD, 2003a, p. 79","Type_species":"A. alatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Median to large Linoproductinae with large triangular alae extending up to 20 mm beyond corpus width, spines not observed at hinge line, but on ears and common on venter with elongate spine bases.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China (southern Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1763, 2a-e. *A. alatus, Qubuerga Formation, a-d, holotype, viewed anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally, and ventrally, NMV P305973, x1, e, incomplete ventral valve exterior, x1 (Shen, Shi, & Archbold, 2003a).\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":"NMV, \nShen, Shi, & Archbold, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1763. linoproductidae (p. 2652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-384.jpg?height=1308&width=1296&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cimmeriella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Linoproductinae","Genus":"Cimmeriella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cimmeriella ARCHBOLD & HOGEBOOM, 2000, p. 101","Type_species":"Productus foordi ETHERIDGE, 1903, p. 19, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium Linoproductinae with globose corpus shape and long trails, ventral profile strongly convex with weakly concave, geniculate dorsal valve, ribbing well defined, entire, rugae weak, on flanks only, spines confined to single rows close to hinge line, enlarging laterally, low cardinal process supported by short, wide medium septum and paired ridges partially enclosing adductor scars posteriorly. Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian): Western Australia, Timor, Malaysia, Yunnan, Tibet, and Karakorum.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Timor, Malaysia, Yunnan, Tibet, and Karakorum","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1763, 1a-f. * C. foordi (Etheridge), Callytharra Formation, Carnarvon Basin, a-b, ventral valve in ventral and posterior views, x1, c, almost complete ventral valve in lateral view, x1, d, ventral valve interior, x1, e-f, incomplete dorsal valve viewed externally and internally, x1.2 (Archbold, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1763. linoproductidae (p. 2652).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-384.jpg?height=1308&width=1296&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":292.02,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pinegeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Paucispinauriinae","Genus":"Pinegeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pinegeria WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 49","Type_species":"Terrakea? pinegensis Grigorieva in SARYTCHEVA, 1977, p. 144, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline with relatively narrow hinge line and virtually no ears, semioval lateral profile with geniculate dorsal valve, prominent costellation and weak rugae dorsally, ventral spines fine posteriorly, larger posterolaterally, laterally, and on trail, fine and erect on dorsal valve, cardinal process squat, trifid to quadrifid.    [This species is readily distinguishable from the others described by Grigorieva in 1977 as being a possible Russian Terrakea species.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"northern and western Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1764, 2a-e. *P. pinegensis (Grigorieva), a-c, holotype, shell viewed ventrally, dorsally, and laterally, PIN 1120\/771, x1, d, detail of cardinal process viewed posteriorly, x6, e, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Sarytcheva, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1764. linoproductidae (p. 2652-2654).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-385.jpg?height=905&width=1274&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spargospinosa":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Linoproductidae","Subfamily":"Paucispinauriinae","Genus":"Spargospinosa","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spargospinosa WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 41","Type_species":"*Terrakea belokhini Ganelin in SARYTCHEVA, 1977, p. 141, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Terrakea but said to be less strongly spinose at ventral hinge line, corpus quite deep and trail present, ventral spines erect, sparse at hinge and ears, scattered over corpus and trail, some may have swollen spine bases, ventral interior resembling Terrakea.    [It appears that species attributed to Terrakea in the past and now divided into separate genera, whether from Australia or Russia, display continuous variation in their morphology (Briggs, 1998). A meaningful differentiation of nominal genera in this group is questionable, other than for the new genus Pinegeria.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Wordian-Capitanian)","Geography":"Russian arctic (Siberia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1764, 1a-f. *S. belokhini (Ganelin), a-c, holotype, viewed anteroventrally with part of ventral trail missing, laterally and posteriorly showing part of ventral valve internal mold, PIN 28834\/349, x1, d, another posterior view of partially exposed ventral internal mold and part of spinose hinge line on right, x1, e-f, ventral valve exterior viewed ventrally and anteriorly, showing larger spine bases on trail, x1 (Sarytcheva, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sarytcheva, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1764. linoproductidae (p. 2652-2654).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-385.jpg?height=905&width=1274&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bocharella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Bocharella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bocharella Ganelin & LAZAREV, 2000, p. 39","Type_species":"B. zyrjankensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium-sized with weakly concavoconvex corpus and geniculated trails of similar length, spines absent on ears, but short single rows at anterior margins of ears, elongate spine bases rare and mainly on trail, lateral ridges in both valves, cardinal process wide with paired supporting ridges from anterior ends of which a medium septum extends to three-quarters disc length. Lower Upper Permian (Kazanian): northeastern Asia.","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"northeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1765, 2a-d. *B. zyrjankensis, Ufimian, lower Kazanian, Verkhnii Koargychan River, a, holotype, ventral valve viewed ventrally, PIN 2834\/1562, x1, b, ventral valve viewed anteroventrally, x1, c, ventral valve viewed laterally, x1, d, dorsal valve external mold showing lines of dimples representing spine positions on ventral valve, x1 (Ganelin & Lazarev, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ganelin & Lazarev, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1765. monticuliferidae (p. 2655-2656)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-387.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kolymaella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Kolymaella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kolymaella Ganelin & LAZAREV, 2000, p. 40","Type_species":"Cancrinella ogonerensis ZAVODOWSKY, 1960, p. 65, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium-sized, very weakly concavoconvex shells with geniculations and short trails, spines in single rows crossing each ear, with elongate spine bases on venter and tending to become arranged concentrically on trail, dorsal lateral ridges diverging from hinge line (40\u00b0 to 45\u00b0), paired supporting ridges extending anteriorly from cardinal process base, no medium septum.\"","Beginning_age":"lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Ending_age":"lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kazanian","Geological_periods":"lower Upper Permian (lower Kazanian)","Geography":"northeastern Asia, Central Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1765, 4a-e. *K. ogonerensis (Zavodowsky), Ufimian, Munugudzhak River, a, group of ventral valve exteriors, x1, b, ventral valve exterior showing fine ribbing and swollen spine bases, x1, c, dorsal valve interior, x1, d, incomplete dorsal valve interior showing paired supporting ridges, x1, e, dorsal valve external mold with cardinal process remaining, x1 (Ganelin & Lazarev, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ganelin & Lazarev, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1765. monticuliferidae (p. 2655-2656)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-387.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":271.79,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nambuccalinus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Lyoniini)","Genus":"Nambuccalinus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nambuccalinus WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 33","Type_species":"* Lyonia bourkei BRIGGS, 1998, p. 147, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, somewhat transverse outline and with shallow corpus cavity, similar to Lyonia, spines on both valves, ventrally scattered, subprostrate from short spine bases plus two or three rows of larger spines along hinge margins, dorsally finer spines cover all but ears, rugae weak, dorsal cardinal ridges weak and median septum narrow, short.    [Waterhouse (2001) placed this genus in his new tribe Lyoniini for its wide costellate shells with a shallow corpus and one or two rows of erect ventral hinge spines. The distinction, however, between the new genus and Lyonia can be made by the single row of hinge spines, perhaps fewer dorsal spines, and presence of dorsal dimples in the latter. The evidence from Briggs (1998) suggests that the dorsal interior of N. bourkei is closely similar to that of Lyonia, so the validity of Nambuccalinus remains question able.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (?upper Gzhelian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Gzhelian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (?upper Gzhelian), Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1766, 1 a-d . * N. bourkei (Briggs), Giro Group, Asselian, Sydney-Bowen Basin, a, holotype, dorsal external mold of complete shell, UQF75314, x2, b, rubber replica of posterior region of ventral valve exterior, x2, c, external mold of dorsal valve showing on valve exterior that dimples represented ventral hinge spine positions, x2, d, rubber replica of dorsal valve interior, x2 (Briggs, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Briggs, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1766. monticuliferidae (p. 2656-2659).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-388.jpg?height=1782&width=1289&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":301.28,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nambdoania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Lyoniini)","Genus":"Nambdoania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nambdoania WATERHOUSE, 2002b, p. 52","Type_species":"Cancrinella papilionata WATERHOUSE, 1978, p. 109, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembles Lyonia, but lacks dorsal spines, and single rows of ventral hinge spines are less prominent, cardinal process less flattened than in Lyonia and supported by a short median septum and weak cardinal ridges.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1767, 2a-e. * N. papilionata (Waterhouse), Nambdo Member, Dolpo, western Nepal, a, holotype, dorsal valve external mold, UQF 69029, x1, b, ventral valve exterior, x2, c, ventral valve external mold, x2, d, dorsal valve external mold, x1.5, e, dorsal valve interior, x1.5 (Waterhouse, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1767. monticuliferidae (p. 2656-2660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-389.jpg?height=1175&width=1286&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nikitinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Lyoniini)","Genus":"Nikitinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nikitinia Kotlyar, Zakharev, & POLUBOTKO, 2004, p. 521","Type_species":"N. licharewi, OD, =Productus (Productus) cancriniformis Licharew, 1937, p. 38 105, non CHERNYSCHEW, 1889","Synonyms_with_authors":"Productus (Productus) cancriniformis Licharew, 1937, p. 38 105, non Chernyschew, 1889","Synonyms":"Productus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subcircular outline, small ears, concavoconvex profile and shallow corpus cavity, rugae dominate fine ribbing, especially ventrally over corpus, elongate spine bases accentuate ribs from which they arose, spine row close to ventral hinge extending to ears.    [The authors only describe spines as being near the hinge and on the ears, but their illustrations and those of Licharew (1937) appear to show well-developed spine bases on the ventral corpus, similar to those of several linoproductoids. Their assignment to the Linoproductidae is not in accord with the current Treatise classification (Brunton & others, 2000, p. 526) largely because of the shallow corpus cavity.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Russia (northwestern Caucasus mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1766, 2a-c. *N. licharewi, Lower Urushten Formation, Urushten River, a, holotype, ventral view, CRMGE 268 \/ 2139, x2, b, lateral view, x1, c, partial internal mold of dorsal valve showing impressions from ventral valve spine row near hinge, x2 (Kotlyar, Zakharev, & Polubotko, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kotlyar, Zakharev, & Polubotko, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1766. monticuliferidae (p. 2656-2659).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-388.jpg?height=1782&width=1289&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nisalaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Lyoniini)","Genus":"Nisalaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nisalaria WATERHOUSE, 2002b, p. 51","Type_species":"Cancrinelloides (Bandoproductus) inflata WATERHOUSE, 1983, p. 130, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cancrinella sp. Waterhouse, 1978, p. 76","Synonyms":"Cancrinella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Weakly concavoconvex with low ventral umbo, spines in single row at hinge, on umbo, and scattered on venter, arising anteriorly from elongate spine ridges more prominent than costellation, no dorsal spines.   [The three descriptions of the type species by Waterhouse (1978, 1983, and 2002b) differ slightly in terms of profile and umbonal inflation, so the above is based, to some extent, on the cited figures of 1978. Waterhouse (2002b) placed his genus in the Auriculispinini, but a lack of spine clustering at the hinge or ears seems more appropriate to the Lyoniini. The reference to Cancrinella sp. WaterHouse, 1978, was to his use of the name (no species mentioned) in 1978 for some specimens from the same locality as the type of Nisalaria and which would seem to be conspecific, although not named in 1978. It is not considered to belong to Cancrinella as now defined.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"Nepal","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1767, 1a-c. * C. inflata (Waterhouse), Nisal member, Dolpo, western Nepal, a, holotype, ventral valve exterior, UQF 68909, x1, b, ventral valve exterior, x2, c, incomplete dorsal valve exterior plus part of ventral trail external mold, x2 (Waterhouse, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1767. monticuliferidae (p. 2656-2660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-389.jpg?height=1175&width=1286&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Regrantia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Compressoproductinae","Genus":"Regrantia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Regrantia WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 28","Type_species":"Striatifera linoproductiformis Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 1210, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Moderately sized compressoproductines with variably narrow hinge resulting from attachment to hard substrates, lateral profile modest at ventral umbo, relatively flat corpus with weakly geniculate trail, dorsal valve concave and shallow corpus cavity, rugae irregular, posterolateral rhizoid spines with few scattered spines on ventral corpus, cardinal process weakly bilobed, from just posterior of hinge line, extending anteroventrally so as to lie ventrally on long narrow median septum.    [The complete reclassification of the Linoproductoidea presented by Waterhouse (2001, p. 24) is based on keeping the superfamily \u201cas a well-defined group, and separate from its ancestors,\u201d with the result that it differs from that adopted by Brunton and others (2000). Waterhouse placed his genus Regrantia in his tribe Compressoproductini, which was said to have a moderately high body corpus, and he described Regrantia as having a deep body corpus. However, inspection of the lavish original illustrations and full description (with measurements) of the type species by Cooper and Grant (1975) shows it to have a shallow corpus depth, enabling it to fit well into the Brunton & others (2000) classification.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1768, 1a-g. *R. linoproductiformis (Cooper & Grant), Neal Ranch Formation, Glass Mountains, a-c, holotype, viewed laterally, ventrally, and dorsally, USNM 153972 ~b, x1, d, posteroventral view of attached specimen showing rhizoid spines, x2, e, posterior end of shell in dorsal view, x3, f-g, dorsal valve interior and in lateral view showing disposition of cardinal process, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1768. monticuliferidae (p. 2660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-391.jpg?height=1363&width=1293&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striatiferella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Striatiferellinae","Genus":"Striatiferella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striatiferella Legrand-Blain in Legrand-Blain, Delvolv\u00e9, & HANSOTTE, 1996, p. 195","Type_species":"S. arizensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium-sized, weakly concavoconvex shells with hinge line up to one-third maximum width and resembling Striatifera other than in its fine dorsal spines at ears and trail.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (lower Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Serpukhovian)","Geography":"France (Pyrenees)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1768, 2a-e. *S. arizensis, a-c, holotype, dorsal valve external mold, internal replica, MH5a1, x1, and detail of external ornament at margin showing molds of spine bases, x2, d-e, ventral valve external replica and internal mold, x1 (Legrand-Blain, Delvolv\u00e9, & Hansotte, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Legrand-Blain, Delvolv\u00e9, & Hansotte, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1768. monticuliferidae (p. 2660).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-391.jpg?height=1363&width=1293&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coopericus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Schrenkiellinae","Genus":"Coopericus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coopericus LAZAREV, 2004, p. 161","Type_species":"Linoproductus angustus KING, 1931, p. 67, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Schrenkiellin spine pattern of single hinge row of strong clasping spines with few or no other spines, together with an elongate outline, corpus convex, but with umbo and trails weakly convex in lateral profile; rugae prominent on ears and close to hinge line, cardinal process extending slightly posteriorly into small ventral umbo.  [Lazarev (2004) placed this genus in his new subfamily, the Coopericinae, separated from other schrenkiellids by its shell shape and stratigraphy.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Moscovian), Lower Permian","Geography":"Bone Spring Formation, North America (Texas), Russia (Moscow Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1769, 1a-b. *L. angustus (King), Skinner Ranch and Bone Spring Formations, Lower Permian, Glass Mountains, Texas, a-c, lectotype, ventral valve, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, YPM 11519a, x1, d-e, ventral valve, lateral and posterior views, x1, f-g, dorsal valve, external and internal views, x1, h, posterior region of ventral valve with complete row of clasping spines viewed internally, x1 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).\u2019","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1769. monticuliferidae (p. 2660-2661).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-392.jpg?height=1723&width=1284&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Elalia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Schrenkiellinae","Genus":"Elalia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Elalia LAZAREV, 2004, p. 159","Type_species":"E. aljutovensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size medium to large, ribs and interspaces approximately equal in width, rugae irregular, extending onto trail, spines in single row at hinge, relatively thick, with few or no other spines, cardinal process lobes medianly fused, and cardinal ridges weak.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Gzhelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Gzhelian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Gzhelian)","Geography":"Russia, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1769, 2a-c. * E. aljutovensis, early Moscovian, Moscow Basin, Russia, a, holotype, ventral valve viewed ventrally, PIN 3452 \/ 3161, x1, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1, c, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Lazarev, 2004).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1769, 2 d. Elalia sp., ventral valve exterior, x1 (Lazarev, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lazarev, 2004, \nLazarev, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1769. monticuliferidae (p. 2660-2661).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-392.jpg?height=1723&width=1284&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Krekarpius":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Schrenkiellinae","Genus":"Krekarpius","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Krekarpius LAZAREV, 2004, p. 159","Type_species":"Productus praelaevicostus Krestovnikov & KARPYSHEV, 1948, p. 45, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized with strongly convex ventral corpus profile, trail less convex, umbo projecting only weakly posterior to hinge line; rugae weakly developed, only at flanks, spines thin, most prominently in row close to hinge line, with thinner ones scattered on venter and flanks","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)-Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"\"Russia (southern Urals)\"","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1769, 3a-d. * K. praelaevicostus (Krestovnikov & Karpyshev), a-b, ventral valve, ventral and posterior views, upper Famennian, southern Ural Mountains, x1, c, ventral valve lateral view, upper Famennian, southern Ural Mountains, x1 (Krestovnikov & Karpyshev, 1948), d, incomplete dorsal valve interior, Zelenetskii horizon, uppermost Famennian, Mid-Pechora region, Russia, x1 (Lazarev, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Krestovnikov & Karpyshev, 1948, \nLazarev, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1769. monticuliferidae (p. 2660-2661).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-392.jpg?height=1723&width=1284&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Biplatyconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Biplatyconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Biplatyconcha Waterhouse, 1983, p. 125, Platyconcha grandis WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 8","Type_species":"Platyconcha grandis WATERHOUSE, 1975, p. 8, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Megalosia Waterhouse, 1988, p. 44 (type, M. chuluensis, OD)","Synonyms":"Megalosia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Resembling Marginalosia, but large size and with no dorsal spines, narrow, but well-differentiated ventral interarea and strong teeth, dorsal valve thin shelled and elongate dimples representing ventral valve elongate spine bases, dorsal lateral ridges continue as subperipheral rim.   [This genus was originally assigned to the Waagenoconchidae and in Brunton and others (2000, p. 516) to the Waagenoconchini. Briggs (1998) demonstrated that it is a strophalosiid, figuring the ventral interarea and teeth. It was Briggs who suggested that Megalosia was an objective synonym, and Waterhouse (2002b) acknowledges this. The same position was taken by Shen, Shi, and Archbold (2003a), who figured examples of the type species from southern Tibet.[","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"northwestern Nepal, southern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1770 a-e. *B. grandis (Waterhouse), Qubuerga Formation, north of Mount Qomolangma, Everest, southern Tibet, a, ventral valve exterior, x1, b, dorsal valve exterior, x1, c, ventral valve internal mold, x1, d, dorsal valve internal mold, x1 (Shen, Shi, & Archbold, 2003a), e, rubber cast of part of ventral valve showing teeth and interarea, x2 (Briggs, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shen, Shi, & Archbold, 2003, \nBriggs, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1770. strophalosiidae (p. 2663).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-394.jpg?height=1575&width=1291&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kufria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Kufria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kufria Waterhouse, 2002b, p. 53, Strophalosia blanfordi REED, 1944, p. 104, OD","Type_species":"Strophalosia blanfordi REED, 1944, p. 104, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, transversely subelliptical outline and low, convex ventral profile, dorsal disc flat with short trails, elongate ventral spine bases do not form strong ribs as in Licharewiella but are variable in length and strength, bearing fine spines anteriorly, interareas appear to be minute, but Reed (1944) recorded an umbonal cicatrix.  [Differentiation of this genus rests on its unusual external ornamentation of long, riblike spine bases, but reed\u2019s (1944) description and figures are of one specimen only. In 1944 reed attributed his previously described variety Productus (Waagenoconcha) abichi waagen var. consors to his new species, but also, incorrectly, Strophalosia gerardi King (1850, pl. 19,6\u20137 ), which illustrate the type specimen for the type species of Strophalosia, according to the ICZN (1962)]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"Pakistan (Salt Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1771, 1a-b. *K. blanfordi (Reed), Chhidru Formation, holotype, by monotypy, ventral and posterior views showing broken ventral umbo, GSI 16884, x1.5 (Reed, 1944)., Fig. 1771, 1 c- d. K. (Waagenoconcha) abichi W_\\\\text AAGEN , var. consors (ReEd), internal cast of shell, ventral and posterior views with broken umbo exposing mold of cardinal process, x1 (Reed, 1931).","Museum_or_author_information":"Reed, 1944, \nReed, 1931","figure_index":"fig. 1771. strophalosiidae (p. 2663).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-395.jpg?height=1397&width=1286&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tupelosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Strophalosiinae","Genus":"Tupelosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tupelosia Archbold & SIMANAUSKAS, 2001, p. 222","Type_species":"T. paganzoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Circular to slightly elongate small shells with coarse, recumbent ventral spines, including a row close to hinge, cicatrix minute, teeth small, cardinal process squat, separated from short median septum by posteroventrally facing impressed adductor scars, shell substance thick. Lower Permian (Asselian): Argentina (Paganzo Basin).","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"Argentina (Paganzo Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1771, 2a-e. *T. paganzoensis, Tupe Formation, upper Asselian, a-b, holotype, external and internal views of dorsal valve, DCG-MLP356f, x3, c-e, ventral valve posterior, ventral, and internal views, x3 (Archbold & Simanauskas, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nArchbold & Simanauskas, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1771. strophalosiidae (p. 2663).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-395.jpg?height=1397&width=1286&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Guadalupelosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Dasyalosiinae","Genus":"Guadalupelosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Guadalupelosia Archbold & SIMANAUSKAS, 2001, p. 223","Type_species":"Strophalosia inexpectans Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 795, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Muirwoodicia Waterhouse, 2002b, p. 54, obj.","Synonyms":"Muirwoodicia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized, weakly median septum concavoconvex shells with short trails; hinge line about two-thirds maximum width, with low interareas and weakly convex narrow pseudodeltidium; cicatrix minute; delicate, fine recumbent spines on both valves; teeth small, but well formed; ventral adductor scars rounded with raised rims; inner socket ridges extending as cardinal then lateral ridges and continuing as subperipheral rim defining corpus area, which is fully bisected by narrow median septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Wordian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Wordian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1772, 2a-i. *G. inexpectans (Cooper & Grant), Cherry Canyon Formation, a-e, holotype, ventral valve anterior, posterior, lateral, ventral, and internal views, USNM 151229 ~b, x1, f, posterodorsal view showing interarea and teeth, x3, g, dorsal valve exterior, x1, h-i, interior and posteriorly, x3 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper & Grant, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 1772. strophalosiidae (p. 2663-2667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-396.jpg?height=1429&width=1287&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Melvillosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Mingenewiinae","Genus":"Melvillosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Melvillosia WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 56","Type_species":"* M. canadensis, OD, nom. nov. pro Craspedalosia pulchella Waterhouse, 1969, non DUNBAR, 1955, p. 81","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with oval to subtriangular outline, cicatrix minute to absent, interareas narrow but prominent ventrally, spines on ventral valve in two series, strong erect and fine semirecumbent with slightly swollen bases, dorsal valve with rare suberect spines, weakly to strongly lamellose with fine capillae, especially dorsally, interiors not known.    [Waterhouse (2001) placed Melvillosia in the subfamily, altering its definition to include genera with capillate ornament, but he did not consider the presence of dorsal spines on his genus as significant. In view of Muir-Wood and Cooper\u2019s (1960) mention of rare capillae on dorsal valves of Craspedalosia, the distinction between it and Melvillosia is not entirely secure. If dorsal spines are considered important, then Orthothrix with its similar outline and lamellose plus spinose dorsal valve has to be compared.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Wordian, ?Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"Wordian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Wordian, ?Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Wordian, ?Capitanian)","Geography":"Canadian Arctic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1772, 1a-e. *M. canadensis, Melville Island, a-b, holotype, viewed ventrally and dorsally, GSC 23828, x1, c, detail of dorsal valve margin showing capillate lamellae and spine bases, x4, d-e, specimen stripped of spines, ventral and dorsal views, x1 (Waterhouse, 1969).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"GSC, \nWaterhouse, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1772. strophalosiidae (p. 2663-2667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-396.jpg?height=1429&width=1287&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":269.21,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capillaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Echinalosiinae","Genus":"Capillaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capillaria WATERHOUSE, 2001, p. 67","Type_species":"Strophalosia preovalis var. warwicki MAXWELL, 1954, p. 543, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small or medium-sized rounded shells resembling Echinalosia, but with fine capillae and few spines dorsally, ventral spines in two series, small unbonally and increasing in size to posterolateral margins and anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)-Upper Permian (Capitanian)","Geography":"Eastern Australia, Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1773a-e. * C. warwicki (Maxwell), a, holotype, ventral valve internal mold, UQF15626, x2, b, cast of posterolateral region of ventral valve exterior, x2, c, cast of shell exterior viewed posterodorsally, x2, d, dorsal valve external mold showing fine capillae, x3, e, cast of incomplete dorsal valve interior, x2 (Briggs, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Briggs, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1773. strophalosiidae (p. 2665-2666).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-397.jpg?height=951&width=1286&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudostrophalosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Strophalosiidae","Subfamily":"Echinalosiinae","Genus":"Pseudostrophalosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudostrophalosia CLARKE, 1970, p. 987","Type_species":"Strophalosia brittoni MAXWELL, 1954, p. 543, partim., OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized ovate shells with geniculate dorsal valves and short trails, ventral spines semirecumbent, fine to coarse toward anterior and coarse at ears, dorsal spines fine, numerous and between weakly lamellose rugae, dorsal lateral ridges impersistent, but may continue as ear baffles and subperipheral rim.    [Briggs (1998) published his study of the Strophalosiidina and Productidina of eastern Australia, which included the reinvestigation of this genus in which he recorded convincing evidence for its separation from Wyndhamia, where it was included in Brunton and others (2000, p. 547).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)-Upper Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"East Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1774a-e. * P. brittoni (Maxwell), a, replica of ventral valve exterior, x2, b, mold of dorsal valve exterior, x2, c-d, internal mold of ventral valve and replica of posterior region showing teeth, interarea, and muscle field, x2, e, replica of dorsal valve interior, x2 (Briggs, 1998)","Museum_or_author_information":"Briggs, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1774. strophalosiidae (p. 2666-2667).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-398.jpg?height=1737&width=1286&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eileenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Strophalosioidea","Family":"Chonopectidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eileenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eileenella Racheboeuf in Wongwanich & OTHERS, 2004, p. 1081","Type_species":"E. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small leptaenidlike geniculate chonopectid shells with weak concentric, sublamellose growth lines, especially on short trail, ventral and dorsal valves almost flat, hinge spines not extending to ears, rounded peripheral ventral ridge bearing row of stubby, flattened spiny tubercles projecting anteriorly and anterolaterally, ventral valve interior with well-developed diductor muscle field divided by thin myophragm, dorsal interior with short and wide cardinal process supported by short inner socket ridges and median septum, thin, broadly lobate peripheral ridges bordering disc.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian, Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Namurian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian, Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Namurian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (Namurian, Bashkirian)","Geography":"southern Thailand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1775, 1a\u2013f. *E. elegans; a, holotype, rubber replica of ventral valve exterior showing anterior spinose tubercles, BMNH BD12524, \u00d7 5; b\u2013c, rubber replica showing spine bases at hinge line and ventral valve internal mold, \u00d75; d, rubber replica of dorsal valve interior, \u00d75; e, rubber replica of incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 5; f, reconstruction drawing of articulated shell viewed laterally, \u00d75 (Wongwanich & others, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":48.4,"ending_date":319.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carilya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Agelesiinae","Genus":"Carilya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carilya Archbold in Brunton, Cocks, & LONG, 2001, p. 369","Type_species":"*Taeniothaerus miniliensis COLEMAN, 1957, p. 96, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Miniliconcha Waterhouse, 2004, p. 71, obj.","Synonyms":"Miniliconcha","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large subquadrate shell with weak ventral median sulcus, differing from Taeniothaerus in having finer and more densely arranged spines arising ventrally from small spine ridges, coarser clusters of spines directed posterolaterally from small ears and posterolateral margins, dorsal valve with dimples and fine spines, dorsal adductor scars enclosed posterolaterally by thickened shell.    [The description of Carilya, based on species previously described as Taeniothaerus from Western Australia, narrows the definition of Taeniothaerus to species found in Tasmania and eastern Australia. Waterhouse's junior objective synonym is based entirely on the specimens and holotype of Coleman, 1957.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (lower Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian-lower Kungurian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1776 a-h .* C. miniliensis (Coleman), Wandagee Formation, lower Kungurian, Minilya River, Carnarvon Basin, a-b, holotype, viewed posteriorly and laterally, UWA 34445, x1 (Coleman, 1957), c-d, lateral and part dorsal views (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960), e, dorsal valve interior, x1 (Coleman, 1957), f-h, incomplete dorsal valve interior, exterior, and lateral view showing posteroventrally directed cardinal process, adductor scars, and incomplete long median septum, x1 (Muir-Wood & Cooper, 1960).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"Coleman, 1957, \nMuir-Wood & Cooper, 1960,","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":278.84,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saeptathaerus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Agelesiinae","Genus":"Saeptathaerus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saeptathaerus WATERHOUSE, 2002a, p. 230","Type_species":"Aulosteges fairbridgei COLEMAN, 1957, p. 40, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large aulostegine resembling Megasteges in shape and with bands of stronger, more erect spines on the ventral trail, other ventral and thinner dorsal spines arising from the anterior ends of spine ridges, ridges diverging narrowly from the cardinal process base, enclosing dorsal adductor scars posterolaterally and almost equalling the length of the median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Tatarian)","Geography":"Western Australia, Himalayas","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1777 a-f. * S. fairbridgei (Coleman), Herdman Formation, lower Tatarian, western Kimberly, a-d, holotype, internal cast of shell with little remaining shell material, posterior, dorsal (umbonal area), lateral, and ventral views, UWA 29438f, \u00d7 1, e-f, smaller internal cast, dorsal and ventral views, \u00d7 1 (Coleman, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":"Coleman, 1957","figure_index":"fig. 1777. aulostegidae (p. 2670).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-402.jpg?height=1026&width=1272&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":257.43,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Licharewiconcha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Institillinae","Genus":"Licharewiconcha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Licharewiconcha Kotlyar, Zakharev, & POLUBOT\u041a\u041e, 2004, p. 517","Type_species":"Productus (Sinuatella) subsinuatus LICHAREW, 1936, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized, subquadrate to transverse outline, strong triangular ears, probably with a shallow corpus cavity and well-differentiated trails, interarea wide, but short, ribbing well defined, but lacking on ears, rugae slightly more prominent than ribbing posteromedianly, not on the anterior corpus, ears, or trails, median sulcus and dorsal fold start close to umbones, spines large, clasping clumps on the lateral hinge line and ears, possibly finer spines on the ventral corpus.    [This genus was described in its own new family, but it fits well within the Institellinae. The genus authors do not mention a type specimen, but their figures 8.6\u20139 appear to match closely those of the named holotype by Licharew (1936) and figured by him as pl. 1, 7a\u2013c. ]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","Geography":"Russia (northwestern Caucasus mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1780,2a\u2013f. *L. subsinuatus (LiCHarew), Urushten Formation, near Kutan; a\u2013d, possible holotype, almost complete shell, ventral, anterior, lateral, and dorsal views showing short interarea and impressions of ventral spine bases in a row between ears and flanks, CRMGE 890\/2139, Severnaya Ravine, \u00d7 1; e, dorsal view of shell showing some ventral hinge spines projecting posteriorly, \u00d7 1; f, incomplete ventral valve exterior showing spine cluster at one ear and possible smaller spine bases on corpus, \u00d7 2 (Kotlyar, Zakharev, & Polubotko, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1780. aulostegidae (p. 2670-2672).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-405.jpg?height=1874&width=1267&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":253.07,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Colemanosteges":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Aulostegidae","Subfamily":"Rhamnariinae","Genus":"Colemanosteges","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Colemanosteges WATERHOUSE, 2002b, p. 49","Type_species":"* Taeniothaerus (?) fletcheri COLEMAN, 1957, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium-sized rhamnariine with a planoconvex profile and short trails, hinge line about one-half to three-quarters maximum width with narrow, short ventral interarea with open delthyrium, ventral spines coarse, recumbent with elongate bases and interspersed fine spines toward anterior margin, clusters on ears, spines fine dorsally, cardinal process buttress plates slightly divergent to posterior ends of weakly raised adductor scars.   [The above follows Coleman\u2019s description and illustrations (1957).]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (lower Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Tatarian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (lower Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Tatarian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (lower Tatarian)","Geography":"Western Australia, ?southern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1780, 1a-e. *C. fletcheri (Coleman), Liveringa Formation, western Kimberly, Australia; a\u2013b, holotype, ventral valve, ventral and dorsal views, CPC 1950, \u00d7 0.67; c, holotype, ventral valve viewed laterally, CPC 1950, \u00d71; d, dorsal view of specimen with cluster of posteroventral spines, \u00d71; e, incomplete dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Coleman, 1957).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1780. aulostegidae (p. 2670-2672).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-405.jpg?height=1874&width=1267&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":254.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Reedosepta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Tschernyschewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Reedosepta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Reedosepta WATERHOUSE, 2002b, p. 50","Type_species":"Productus (Tschernyschewia) parilis REED, 1944, p. 86, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar in size and shape to Tschernyschewia, but differing in its ventral ornamentation of pustulose spine bases of differing sizes, somewhat resembling the ornament of Juresania, clusters of erect spines lacking swollen bases on small ears and posterior flanks, dorsal spines with fewer and smaller spine bases.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Capitanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Capitanian)","Geography":"Pakistan (Salt Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1781, 1a-f. *R. parilis (Reed), Middle Productus Limestone, Wargal Formation, a-e, lectotype, ventral, lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, GSI 16856 (selected by Waterhouse, 2002b), x1.5, and detail of ventral valve spine base ornament, x2, f, posterior view of broken ventral valve showing high median septum, x1.5 (Reed, 1944).","Museum_or_author_information":"selected by Waterhouse, 2002, \nReed, 1944","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":261.94,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Strophalosiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Aulostegoidea","Family":"Tschernyschewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trigonoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonoproductus WATERHOUSE, 2002b, p. 51","Type_species":"Tschernyschewia inexpectans Cooper & GRANT, 1975, p. 915, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar in size and outline to Tschernyschewia, but with well-formed ears, double row of strong rhizoid spines at ventral hinge line, dorsal valve with well-developed anterior fold, dorsal valve median septum starting between adductor scars and reaching anterior border of disc","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Sakmarian)","Geography":"USA (western Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1781,2a\u2013f. *T. inexpectans (C ooPer & grant), Hess Formation, Glass Mountains; a\u2013d, holotype, incomplete shell, dorsal, posterior, lateral, and anterolateral views showing part of shell interior, USNM 152681, \u00d71; e, ventral valve exterior in anteroventral view, \u00d71; f, dorsal cardinalia, internal view, \u00d72 (Cooper & Grant, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Linoldhamina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Lyttoniidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Lyttonioidea","Family":"Lyttoniidae","Subfamily":"Linoldhamininae","Genus":"Linoldhamina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Linoldhamina xu, SHen, & cHenG, 2005, p. 1014","Type_species":"* L. xainzaensis; OD.  Holotype, NIGP137072,","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Han-Kui xu, Shu-Zhong Shen, & Li-Ren Cheng. 2005. Linoldhamininae, a new subfamily of Lyttoniidae Waagen, 1883 (Brachiopoda) from the Guadalupian (middle Permian) Xiala Formation in the Xainza area, northern China. Journal of Paleontology 79(5):1012\u20131018.]","Beginning_age":"Guadalupian","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Guadalupian","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Guadalupian","Geography":"Xainza area, northern China","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schuchertellopsis (Schuchertellopsis)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Schuchertellinae","Genus":"Schuchertellopsis (Schuchertellopsis)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schuchertellopsis (Schuchertellopsis) MAILLIEUX, 1939, p. 5","Type_species":"S. durbutensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Lacking ventral median septum; inner socket ridges extending at shallow angle from hinge, muscle fields indistinct; shell extropunctate and pseudopunctate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)\u2013Upper Devonian (Frasnian):","Geography":"western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1782a\u2013b. *S. (S.) durbutensis, Mailleux collection, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels; a, SEM of exfoliated internal surface of ventral valve showing cross-bladed laminae, \u00d7 3000; b, SEM of exfoliated ventral valve interior showing extropunctae, represented by pits, and pseudopunctae represented by tubercles, \u00d7300 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Schuchertellopsis (Krejcigrafella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthotetoidea","Family":"Schuchertellidae","Subfamily":"Schuchertellinae","Genus":"Schuchertellopsis (Krejcigrafella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Schuchertellopsis. (Krejcigrafella) STRUVE, 1978.","Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"The main feature differentiating these two taxa is shell structure; the Schuchertellopsis (Schuchertellopsis) having laminar shell and the Schuchertellopsis (Krejcigrafella) fibrous shell.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neocramatia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Orthotetidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Chilidiopsoidea","Family":"Eocramatiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neocramatia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neocramatia HARPER, 1989, p. 102","Type_species":"N. diffidentia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Concavoconvex, costellate with branching and intercalated ribs, socket ridges divergent, bilobed dorsal platform present together with arcs of pustules in both ventral and dorsal valves near anterior margin.\"","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Scotland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1783, 2a-f. * N. diffidentia, Myoch Formation, Girvan, southwestern Scotland, a-b, internal mold of ventral valve and rubber replica, HML 12412, x6, c-d, internal mold of dorsal valve and rubber replica, HML 8910, x9, e, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, HML 12148b, x5, f, rubber replica of ventral exterior, HML 12148a, x6.5 (Harper, 1989).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper, 1989","figure_index":"fig. 1783. eocramatiidae and triplesiidae (p. 2678).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-409.jpg?height=1839&width=1276&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Acaretyrricula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Triplesiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Triplesioidea","Family":"Triplesiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Acaretyrricula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Acaretyrricula Jin & CHATTERTON, 1997, p. 23","Type_species":"A. tenuiguttae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, triradiate shell, waisted in front of narrow hinge line, both beaks elongate, ventral extremely so, pseudodeltidium monticulate, surface smooth apart from growth lines, anterior emargination formed by abrupt median deflection, giving tongue to dorsal valve, with corresponding ventral reflection of ventral valve, dental plates long, subparallel, cardinal process proximally grooved, distally unknown.","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Canada (Northwest Territories)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1783, 3a-c. *A. tenuiguttae, Telychian, a, holotype, view of ventral valve interior and interarea, x15, b, ventral valve exterior, x15, c, dorsal valve interior, x20 (Jin & Chatterton, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & Chatterton, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1783. eocramatiidae and triplesiidae (p. 2678).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-409.jpg?height=1839&width=1276&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Korinevskia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthotetida","Suborder":"Clitambonitidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Polytoechioidea","Family":"Polytoechiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Korinevskia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Korinevskia Popov, Vinn, & NIKITINA, 2001, p. 149","Type_species":"Billingsella akbulakensis ANDREEVA, 1960, p. 291, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Protambonites, but complete chilidium, large ventral adductor scars, short dental plates, ventral mantle canal system saccate","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (upper Tremadoc-lower Arenig)","Geography":"southern Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1785a-e. *K. akbulakensis (Andreeva), a-b, mold of ventral interior and rubber replica, x2, c, rubber replica of dorsal interior, x2, d, rubber replica of juvenile ventral exterior, x2, e, rubber replica of incomplete ventral exterior, x2 (Popov, Vinn, & Nikitina, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov, Vinn, & Nikitina, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1785. polytoechiidae (p. 2681).","figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":481.96,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saesorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Protorthida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Protorthoidea","Family":"Protorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Saesorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saesorthis Geyer & MERGL, 1997, p. 796","Type_species":"Israelaria simplicissima MERGL, 1983, p. 339, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, subequally biconvex, subrectangular, uniplicate, finely ramicostellate, apical plate small, brachiophore nubs small","Beginning_age":"Middle Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Cambrian","Ending_age":"Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1786a-e. * S. simplicissima (Mergl), Jbel Wawrmast Formation, lower Middle Cambrian, a, rubber replica of ventral interior, PIW 92IV137a, x7, b, mold of dorsal interior, PIW 92IV118a, x4, c, dorsal interior, PIW 92IV121, x7, d, partially exfoliated dorsal valve, MM 189a, x4, e, detail of ornament on dorsal valve, MM 189c, x7 (Geyer & Mergl, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Geyer & Mergl, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1786. protorthidae (p. 2682).","figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 4","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":512.3,"ending_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":498.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Celsiorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Celsiorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Celsiorthis Paterson & BROCK, 2003, p. 223","Type_species":"C. bulancis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, ramicostellate, ventral interarea high, steeply apsacline to catacline, ventral muscle scar bilobed, dental plates large, brachiophores tusklike with thick bases, dental sockets wide and deep","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1787, 2a-e. *C. bulancis, Tabita Formation, northwestern New South Wales, a, mold of ventral interior, AM F120716, x4, b, rubber replica of ventral interior, AM F120714, x7.5, c, rubber replica of ventral exterior, AM F120717, x6, d-e, anterior and dorsal views of interior, AM F120710, x7.5 (Paterson & Brock, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Paterson & Brock, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1787. orthidae (p. 2684).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-415.jpg?height=1488&width=1289&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leoniorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leoniorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leoniorthis EGERQUIST, 2003, p. 35","Type_species":"* L. robusta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, shallow sulcus, coarsely costellate, ventral muscle scar suboval, cardinal process forming high ridge.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Estonia, western Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1787, 1 a-c. * L. robusta, Volkhov Formation, Putilova, western Russia, a, ventral interior, PMU In 144, x4, b, ventral exterior, PMU In 125, x6, c, dorsal interior, PMU In 120, x5 (Egerquist, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"PMU, \nEgerquist, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1787. orthidae (p. 2684).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-415.jpg?height=1488&width=1289&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Suriorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Orthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Suriorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Suriorthis BENEDETTO, 2003, p. 225","Type_species":"S. depressus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, dorsibiconvex, alate, sharply sulcate, costate or sparsely costellate, ventral muscle scar, short and triangular, vascula media strongly divergent, simple, bladelike cardinal process situated on small triangular notothyrial platform, continuous anteriorly with thick median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1788a-f. *S. depressus, Suri Formation, northwestern Argentina, a\u2013b, mold of ventral interior and rubber replica, CEGH-UNC 19801, \u00d75; c\u2013d, mold of dorsal interior and rubber replica, CEGH-UNC 15762, \u00d75; e, rubber replica of ventral exterior, CEGH-UNC 15758, \u00d7 4; f , rubber replica of dorsal interior, CEGH-UNC 15920, \u00d75 (Benedetto, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1788. orthidae (p. 2684).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-416.jpg?height=1038&width=987&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=379)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alocorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Anomalorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Alocorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alocorthis Paterson & BROCK, 2003, p. 227","Type_species":"A. psygmatelos, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, transverse, weakly ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, ramicostellate, ventral muscle scar subtriangular, slightly raised on secondary shell, cardinal process absent, brachiophores short and widely divergent, marked by furrows on dorsal surfaces and fanlike terminations.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1789, 1a-c. *A. psygmatelos, Tabita Formation, northwestern New South Wales, a-b, rubber replica and internal mold of ventral valve, AM F120723, x10, c, rubber replica of dorsal interior, AM F120719, x16 (Paterson & Brock, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Paterson & Brock, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1789. archaeorthidae and glyptorthidae (p. 2687-2690).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-418.jpg?height=1882&width=1286&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parisorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Glyptorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parisorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parisorthis Zhan & JIN, 2005, p. 16","Type_species":"P. dischidanteris, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, ventribiconvex, sulcate, shell surface multicostellate, imbricate, tuberculate, dental plates parallel, short, cardinal process with thick shaft and bilobed myophore on elevated notothyrial platform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"China, Dashaba Formation, Sichuan Province, southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1789, 3a-d. *P. dischidanteris, Dashaba Formation, Sichuan Province, southern China, a-b, ventral and dorsal interiors of conjoined valves, NIGP 134340, x3, c, internal mold of ventral valve, NIGP 134345, x2.5, d, internal mold of dorsal valve, NIGP 134347, \u00d74 (Zhan & Jin, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"NIGP, \nZhan & Jin, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1789. archaeorthidae and glyptorthidae (p. 2687-2690).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-418.jpg?height=1882&width=1286&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mollesella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperonomiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mollesella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mollesella BENEDETTO, 2003, p. 231","Type_species":"M. planiventralis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, convexiplane, semielliptical, sulcate, finely multicostellate, ventral muscle scar triangular, notothyrial platform raised with thickened, usually bulbous, cardinal process","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1790, 1a-d. *M. planiventralis, Molles Formation, northwestern Argentina, a, internal mold of ventral valve, CEGH-UNC 19649, x1.5, b, rubber replica of ventral interior, CEGH-UNC 19673, x1.5, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, CEGH-UNC 15895 c, x5, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, CEGH-UNC 19654, x1.2 (Benedetto, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benedetto, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1790. hesperonomiidae, hesperorthidae, and plaesiomyiidae (p. 2690).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-419.jpg?height=1884&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Asturorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Hesperorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Asturorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Asturorthis Villas & COCKS, 1996, p. 573","Type_species":"* A. sarreoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, dorsibiconvex, subquadrate, ramicostellate, delthyrium with apical plate, cardinal process bilobed with crenulated posterior surfaces","Beginning_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1790, 3a-e. *A. sarreoensis, El Castro Formation, northern Spain, a-b, internal mold and rubber replica of ventral valve, DPO 29464, \u00d71.5; c\u2013e , internal mold and rubber replicas of dorsal valve, interior and exterior, DPO 29467, \u00d7 1.5 (Villas & Cocks, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1790. hesperonomiidae, hesperorthidae, and plaesiomyiidae (p. 2690).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-419.jpg?height=1884&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bokotorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Orthoidea","Family":"Plaesiomyidae","Subfamily":"Plaesiomyinae","Genus":"Bokotorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bokotorthis Popov, Nikitin, & COCKS, 2000, p. 848","Type_species":"Schizophorella kasachstanica RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1956, p. 118, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, biconvex, uniplicate, coarsely costate","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1790, 2a-d. * B. kasachstanica (Rukavishnikova), Dulankara Formation, Chu-Ili Range, a, internal mold of ventral valve, CNIGR 38 \/ 12375, x2, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, CNIGR 39\/12375, x3, c, rubber replica of dorsal interior, CNIGR 34\/12375, x4, d, rubber replica of ventral exterior, CNIGR 36\/12375, x2 (Popov, Nikitin, & Cocks, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nPopov, Nikitin, & Cocks, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1790. hesperonomiidae, hesperorthidae, and plaesiomyiidae (p. 2690).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-419.jpg?height=1884&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Weberorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Plectorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Weberorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Weberorthis Popov & COCKS, 2006, p. 277","Type_species":"Mimella brevis RUKAVISHNIKOVA, 1956, p. 116, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, dorsibiconvex, subquadrate, uniplicate, finely multicostellate, short dental plates continuous anteriorly with muscle-bounding ridges completely confining ventral muscle field, high, narrow notothyrial platform with expanded, bulbous, cardinal process, ventrolaterally directed brachiophores with bases convergent onto median ridge.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1791, 1a-d. *W. brevis (Rukavishnikova), Dulankara Formation, Chu-Ili Range, a, internal mold of ventral valve, BMNH BC 57749, x2.5, b-c, posterior view of internal mold of dorsal valve and rubber replica of cardinalia, BMNH BC 57751, x2, x3, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, BMNM BC 57613, \u00d73 (Popov & Cocks, 2006).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popov & Cocks, 2006","figure_index":"fig. 1791. plectorthidae (p. 2690-2691).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-421.jpg?height=770&width=1289&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Roanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Eoorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Roanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Roanella Brock & TALENT, 1999, p. 111","Type_species":"Orthis (Plectorthis) platystrophoides CHAPMAN, 1911, p. 311, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, semicircular to subquadrate, ventribiconvex, unequally costellate, deltidial plates fused to form symphytium, anterior margin of ventral muscle scar marked by raised median boss.   [Although this genus has strong similarities with a number of billingselloids, its features, particularly those of the dorsal valve, are more typically orthoid; it is transferred pending data on shell structure.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1792a-i. *R. platystrophoides (Chapman), Garvey Gully Formation, East Central Victoria, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, lateral, and posterior views of conjoined valves, NMV P148697, x3.5, f-g, external and internal views of ventral valve, NMV P148703, x3.5, h-i, external and internal views of dorsal valve, NMV P148705, \u00d73.5 (Brock & Talent, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMV, \nBrock & Talent, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1792. eoorthidae (p. 2691).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-423.jpg?height=1024&width=1294&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Guzhangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":498.75,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kvania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Giraldiellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kvania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kvania HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1994, p. 298","Type_species":"* Nothorthis kvanica MERGL, 1984, p. 17, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, subcircular, sulcate, fascicostellate, ventral muscle scar subpentagonal, notothyrial platform small, lacking cardinal process.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Bohemia, Germany, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1793, 1a-c. * K. kvanica (Mergl), Milina Formation, Bohemia, a, internal mold of ventral valve, MM 076, x14.5, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, MM 075, x6.6, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, MM 074, \u00d78.8 (Mergl, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mergl, 1984","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gnamptorhynchos":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Playstrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gnamptorhynchos","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gnamptorhynchos JIN, 1989, p. 75","Type_species":"P. regularis globata TWENHOFEL, 1928, p. 177, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, dorsibiconvex, globose, uniplicate, strong angular to subangular costae, well-developed dental plates, bladelike cardinal process, uni- or trilobate, elevated notothyrial platform supported by one or two ridges.   [Jin & ZHan (2000) transferred Jin\u2019s aberrant genus from the rhynchonellids to the platystrophiids on the basis of its orthide ventral muscle field and dental plates.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Last_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Caradoc)-lower Silurian (Llandovery)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1793, 2a-e. *G. globatum (Twenhofel), Ellis Bay Formation, Ashgill, Anticosti Island, Canada, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views of conjoined valves, YPM10420, x2 (Jin & Zhan, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & Zhan, 2000","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Telychian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":432.93,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Siljanostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Plectorthoidea","Family":"Playstrophiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Siljanostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Siljanostrophia Zuykov & EGERQUIST, 2005, p. 2","Type_species":"S. jaanussoni, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, biconvex, uniplicate, costate with shell surface additionally ornamented by thin hollow spines, ventral interior with pseudospondylium, cardinal process simple, elevated notothyrial platform supported by two ridges","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1793, 3a-f. *S. jaanussoni, Boda Limestone, Dalarne, a-d, posterior, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of conjoined valves, RM \\\\operatornameBr 135287, x3, e, ventral interior, RM \\\\operatornameBr 99630, x4.5, f, dorsal interior, CNIGR 2\/13121, x3 (Zuykov & Egerquist, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nZuykov & Egerquist, 2005","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Christiferina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Christiferina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Christiferina COOPER, 1956a, p. 961","Type_species":"C. cristata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, subcircular, multicostellate, cordate ventral muscle scar, cardinal process with grooved shaft and expanded myophore capped by sharp crest, high median ridge bisecting dorsal muscle scar.","Beginning_age":"Middle Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Middle Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Middle Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Scotland, USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1794, 1 a-e. * C. cristata, Virginia, a-c, lateral, anterior, and dorsal views of conjoined valves, Edinburg Formation, Strasburg, USNM 117353, \u00d7 2; d, ventral interior, Chatham Hill Formation, Sharon Springs, USNM 111794c, \u00d72; e, dorsal interior, Chatham Hill Formation, Sharon Springs, USNM 111794d, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1956a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1794. dalmanellidae (p. 2692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-424.jpg?height=1568&width=1274&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Minororthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Dalmanellinae","Genus":"Minororthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Minororthis Ivanov in Ivanov & MIAGKOVA, 1950, p. 23","Type_species":"M. nalivkini, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subquadrate with obtuse cardinal extremities, ventribiconvex, multicostellate, dorsal valve sulcate, ventral valve subcarinate, cardinal process flanked by high, divergent brachiophores.   [The figured material is poorly preserved, lacks institution accession numbers, and is not well illustrated. The overall features suggest placement within the Dalmanellidae, possibly even the Dalmanellinae, but in the absence of critical information such as the nature of the shell substance, this assignment is tentative.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Ordovician (Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Ending_age":"Middle Ordovician (Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Middle Ordovician (Caradoc)","Geography":"Russia (central Ural Mountains)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1794, 2a-d. * M. nalivkini, a, dorsal exterior, x2, b, ventral valve, x2, c, dorsal interior, x2, d, internal mold of ventral valve, x2 (Ivanov & Miagkova, 1955).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ivanov & Miagkova, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 1794. dalmanellidae (p. 2692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-424.jpg?height=1568&width=1274&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66.7,"ending_date":447.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Haymina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Harknessellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Haymina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Haymina BOGOYAVLENSKAYA, 1991, p. 84","Type_species":"H. carinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium sized, subrectangular, dorsibiconvex, with ventral carina and narrow dorsal sulcus, ventral muscle field cordate, teeth small, notothyrium platform absent, cardinal process simple and bladelike, brachiophores short.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Russia (Northern Urals)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1795, 1a-c. * H. carinata, Khaiminskaya Formation, a, internal mold of ventral valve, 138 \/ 2087, x1, b, internal mold of dorsal valve, 140 \/ 2087, x1, c, detail of ornament, 136\/2087, \u00d76 (Bogoyavlenskaya, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bogoyavlenskaya, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1795. harknessellidae, heterorthidae, and paurorthidae (p. 2692-2693).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-426.jpg?height=1639&width=1289&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fehamaya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Heterorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fehamaya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fehamaya MERGL, 1983, p. 340","Type_species":"F. circula, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, markedly ventribiconvex, rectimarginate valves, finely multicostellate, ventral muscle scar large and flabellate with diductors enclosing adductor scars, cardinal process large, posterior part of myophore bilobate, brachiophores short and divergent","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1795, 2a-c. * F circula, Hirnantian, upper Ashgill rocks, Foum el Fehamaya, Morocco, a-b, internal and external molds of ventral valve, VH 4015 a, b, x1.7, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, VH 4015d, x1.3 (Mergl, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mergl, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1795. harknessellidae, heterorthidae, and paurorthidae (p. 2692-2693).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-426.jpg?height=1639&width=1289&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tenuiseptorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Paurorthidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tenuiseptorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tenuiseptorthis M\u00e9lou in M\u00e9lou, Oulebsir, & PARIS, 1999, p. 830","Type_species":"* T. niliensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex, rectimarginate, fascicostellate, widely divergent brachiophores, almost parallel to hinge line, ventral muscle scar short and wide, notothyrial platform reduced or absent, with small cardinal process and thin median septum","Beginning_age":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","First_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Ending_age":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Last_Occurrence":"Llanvirn","Geological_periods":"Middle Ordovician (Llanvirn)","Geography":"Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1795, 3a-e. *T. niliensis, Argiles dOued Saret, Borj Nili, a-b, internal mold of ventral valve and rubber replica, LPB 17301, x10, c-d, internal mold of dorsal valve and rubber replica, LPB 17302, x10, e, rubber replica of ventral exterior, LPB 17306, x2 (M\u00e9lou, Oulebsir, & Paris, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nM\u00e9lou, Oulebsir, & Paris, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1795. harknessellidae, heterorthidae, and paurorthidae (p. 2692-2693).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-426.jpg?height=1639&width=1289&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Dapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":471.26,"ending_stage":"Darriwilian","fraction_up_ending_stage":56.9,"ending_date":463.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Draborthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Draboviidae","Subfamily":"Draboviinae","Genus":"Draborthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Draborthis Marek & HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1967, p. 280","Type_species":"D. caelebs, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex, sulcate, multicostellate, ventral muscle scar large, oval, dorsal interior with low septum and divergent brachiophore bases. Upper Ordovician: widespread.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician","First_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Ordovician","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician","Geography":"widespread","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1796, 1a-d. * D. caelebs, Kosov Formation, Ashgill, Bohemia, a-b, dorsal and ventral views of conjoined internal molds, VH 1470, x5, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, VH 1464a, x5, d, external mold of dorsal valve, VH 531a, x5 (Havli\u010dek, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1796. draboviidae and schizophoridae (p. 2693-2697).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-427.jpg?height=1154&width=1272&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lipanorthis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Enteletoidea","Family":"Linoporellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lipanorthis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lipanorthis Benedetto in Benedetto & CARRASCO, 2002, p. 656","Type_species":"* L. andinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, ventribiconvex, sulcate, ventral interarea curved, steeply apsacline to catacline, ventral muscle scar bilobed to cordate, cardinalia short with ridgelike cardinal process on low septalium.   [Identification of endopunctae indicates this is a dalmanellidine (Harper & others, 2004), and the genus is accordingly placed here rather than within the plectorthoids. The mold material illustrated here demonstrates clearly the presence of endopunctae, not immediately identifiable on the type species.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","First_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Last_Occurrence":"Tremadoc","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Tremadoc)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1797a-d. L. santalaurae Benedetto, Coquena Formation, Tremadoc, a, internal mold of ventral valve, CORD-PZ 30401-1, x2.5, b-c, internal mold and rubber replica of dorsal interior, CORD-PZ 30434-1, x5, d, rubber replica of dorsal exterior, CORD-PZ 30435.b-4, x2.5 (Harper & others, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Harper & others, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1797. linoporellidae (p. 2697).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-428.jpg?height=1872&width=1236&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":486.85,"ending_stage":"Tremadocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":477.08,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kotlaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kotlaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kotlaia GRANT, 1993, p. 4","Type_species":"* K. capillosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium sized, subcircular, weakly sulcate, costellae fine and tubular, ventral interior with long, low median septum and short, divergent dental plates, brachiophores long and laterally compressed","Beginning_age":"Middle Permian","First_Occurrence":"Middle Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Middle Permian-Upper Permian","Geography":"Greece, Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1796, 2a-f. * K. capillosa, Chhidru Formation, Upper Permian, Pakistan, a-d, ventral, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views of conjoined valves, USNM 402084, x2, e-f, ventral and dorsal interiors, USNM 402085, x2 (Grant, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nGrant, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1796. draboviidae and schizophoridae (p. 2693-2697).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-427.jpg?height=1154&width=1272&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bethia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Orthida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bethia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bethia Sutton, Briggs, Siveter, & SIVETER, 2005, p. 1013","Type_species":"* B. serraticulma, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Silurian brachiopods with soft-tissue preservation, found in the Wenlock, Silurian, Herefordshire.    [This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Sutton, Mark D., Derek E. G. Briggs, David J. Siveter, & Derek J. Siveter. 2005. Silurian brachiopods with soft-tissue preservation. Nature 436\/18:1013\u20131015.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","First_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Ending_age":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Last_Occurrence":"Wenlock","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Wenlock)","Geography":"Herefordshire, England","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sheinwoodian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":432.93,"ending_stage":"Homerian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":426.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Radkeina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Mesonomiinae","Genus":"Radkeina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Radkeina LAURIE, 1997a, p. 185","Type_species":"R. taylori, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, strongly biconvex, fascicostellate shells, dental plates converging to form sessile spondylium supported anteriorly only by fairly high, wide median ridge, accessory septa present rarely, short, shallow recumbent socket plates, fulcral plates well developed, thick. Similar to Glyptotrophia with wide hinge line and distinct cardinal process, but biconvexity stronger, and dorsal adductor muscle field elevated on callosities.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cambrian (?Trempealeauan)","First_Occurrence":"Trempealeauan","Ending_age":"Upper Cambrian (?Trempealeauan)","Last_Occurrence":"Trempealeauan","Geological_periods":"Upper Cambrian (?Trempealeauan)","Geography":"Australia (Queensland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1798, la-h. *R. taylori, Chatsworth Limestone, Georgina Basin, a, ventral valve exterior, x4, b, ventral valve, lateral view, x4, c, dorsal valve exterior, x4, d, dorsal valve, posterior view, x4, e, ventral valve interior, x4, f, ventral valve interior, x4, g, dorsal valve interior, x4, h, dorsal valve interior, x4 (Laurie, 1997a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Laurie, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1798. huenellidae (p. 2699).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-430.jpg?height=1417&width=1298&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=224)","beginning_stage":"Jiangshanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":87.5,"beginning_date":491.4,"ending_stage":"Cambrian Stage 10","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":486.85,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Huenellidae","Subfamily":"Rectotrophiinae","Genus":"Trigonostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonostrophia BENEDETTO, 2003, p. 237","Type_species":"*T. reversa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium-sized triangular shells, exterior smooth with very fine radial striations, commissure gently lobate to parasulcate, with shallow sulcus in each valve, anterior margin of ventral valve strongly deflected dorsally, hinge line narrow with low, narrow interareas, teeth thin, short, parallel dental plates extending anteriorly and converging to form long, narrow pseudospondylium, extending to 40 percent of valve length, slightly raised above valve floor, supported anteriorly in some specimens by very low, short median septum, notothyrial platform short, slightly elevated anteriorly, cardinal process absent, dorsal mantle canal system digitate, with two pairs of straight trunks and several shorter, closely spaced minor trunks. Similar to Rectotrophia, but cardinal process absent, pseudospondylium longer and narrower.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"northwestern Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1798, 2a-f. * T. reversa, Suri Formation, Famatina Range, a, ventral valve exterior, x2.5, b, dorsal valve exterior, x2, c, ventral valve interior mold, x2.5, d, cast of ventral valve interior mold, x2, e, posterior oblique view of dorsal valve interior mold, x2, f, dorsal valve interior mold, x2.5 (Benedetto, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nBenedetto, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1798. huenellidae (p. 2699).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-430.jpg?height=1417&width=1298&top_left_y=251&top_left_x=224)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parallelostrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Parallelostrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parallelostrophia Benedetto, \u0421\u0435\u0441\u043d, & ESBRY, 2003, p. 526","Type_species":"* P. septata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized smooth shells, commissure apparently rectimarginate, lacking fold and sulcus, wide hinge line with well-developed ventral interareas, spondylium simplex supported by long, high median septum and two strong accessory septa, long, initially convergent, then subparallel socket plates, accessory septa may be present, adductor muscle field not discernible. Similar to Calliglypha, but lacking ornament, with rectimarginate commissure, strong ventral accessory septa and longer socket plates, similar to Yangtzeella, but rectimarginate and lacking septalium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (lower Arenig)","Geography":"Argentina (Precordilleran basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1799, 1a-e. *P. septata, San Juan Formation, Cerro San Roque section, a, ventral valve exterior, x2, b, ventral valve interior, x2, c, ventral valve interior, anterior oblique view, x2, d, dorsal valve interior, x2, e, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Benedetto, Cech, & Esbry, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Benedetto, Cech, & Esbry, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1799. clarkellidae (p. 2699-2700).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-431.jpg?height=1332&width=1274&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":474.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Punastrophia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Clarkellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Punastrophia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Punastrophia BENEDETTO, 2001, p. 141","Type_species":"*P. multiseptata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small- to medium-sized, smooth, subelliptical shells, hinge line narrow, with narrow interareas in each valve, spatulate spondylium simplex supported by a robust median septum extending anterior to spondylium, 3 or more pairs of thin, short accessory septa present, ventral mantle canals digitate, slightly elevated, concave, and somewhat triangular notothyrial platform present, cardinal process unknown, sockets delimited by distinct fulcral plates, socket plates with up to 3 pairs of long, shallow accessory septa, 2 or 3 distinct, shallow dorsal median septa present, dorsal mantle canal system digitate. Very similar to Clarkella, but Punastrophia has 2 or 3 shallow median dorsal septa and more pairs of accessory septae supporting ventral spondylium and dorsal socket plates.   [The precise nature of the number and variation of the number of septa in each valve is somewhat unclear at this time; given the variation observed thus far, distinguishing a new genus apart from Clarkella appears warranted.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","First_Occurrence":"Arenig","Ending_age":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Last_Occurrence":"Arenig","Geological_periods":"Lower Ordovician (Arenig)","Geography":"northwestern Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1799, 2a\u2013e. *P. multiseptata, Vega Pinato, Puna region; a, ventral valve exterior mold, \u00d73; b, ventral valve interior mold, \u00d7 3; c, cast of ventral valve interior mold, \u00d7 4; d, dorsal valve interior mold, \u00d73; e, cast of dorsal valve interior mold, \u00d73 (Benedetto, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1799. clarkellidae (p. 2699-2700).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-431.jpg?height=1332&width=1274&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":477.08,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eoporambonites":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Porambonitoidea","Family":"Porambonitidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eoporambonites","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eoporambonites Popov, Egerquist, & ZUYKOV, 2005, p. 756","Type_species":"*Porambonites latus PANDER, 1830, p. 98, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ordovician (Arenig-Caradoc) syntrophiidine brachiopods from the East Baltic region, specifically from the Lower Arenig, Billingen Regional Stage, Maekula Member, St. Petersburg District, Russia, North Estonia.   [This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Popov, L. E., Eva Egerquist, & M. A. Zuykov. 2005. Ordovician (Arenig-Caradoc) syntrophiidine brachiopods from the East Baltic region. Palaeontology 48(4):739\u2013761, \ufb01g. 6A\u2013I, K.]","Beginning_age":"Ordovician (Lower Arenig, Billingen Regional Stage)","First_Occurrence":"Billingen","Ending_age":"Ordovician (Lower Arenig, Billingen Regional Stage)","Last_Occurrence":"Billingen","Geological_periods":"Ordovician (Lower Arenig, Billingen Regional Stage)","Geography":"Maekula Member, St. Petersburg District, Russia, North Estonia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":35.3,"beginning_date":475.03,"ending_stage":"Floian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":471.26,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eosotrophina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eosotrophina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eosotrophina Zhan & RONG, 1995, p. 568","Type_species":"* Camerella uniplicata Liang in Liu, Xu, & LIANG, 1983, p. 282, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small- to medium-sized, smooth shells, outline rhombic to pentameral, wider than long, strongly uniplicate, teeth strong, spondylium duplex supported for entire length by low median septum extending anterior to spondylium, outer hinge plates well developed, widely divergent, long inner hinge plates that converge and unite with long median septum to form long septalium duplex, median septum increasing in height anteriorly, alate plates poorly developed, fine and very short. Similar to Liostrophia but smaller, with well-developed outer hinge plates and poorly developed alate plates.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (middle Ashgill)","Geography":"East China (southwestern Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1800, 1a-g. *E. uniplicata (Liang), Xiazhen Formation, Dianbian-Shiyang, Jiangshan County; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d72; b, articulated valves, posterior view, ventral below, \u00d7 2; c, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, \u00d7 2; d, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d72; e, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, \u00d7 2; f\u2013g, serial sections 1.6 and 2.6 mm from posterior end of specimen, ventral valve above, magnification not given (Zhan & Rong, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1800. parastrophinidae (p. 2700-2702).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-432.jpg?height=996&width=1293&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":85,"beginning_date":446.34,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":445.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ilistrophina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Pentamerida","Suborder":"Syntrophiidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camerelloidea","Family":"Parastrophinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ilistrophina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ilistrophina Popov, Cocks, & NIKITIN, 2002, p. 69","Type_species":"* I. tesikensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth shells, outline rounded pentameral, varies from wider than long to longer than wide, strongly uniplicate, fold and sulcus varies from rounded to broad and flat, originating anterior to midvalve, teeth small, strong, spondylium sessile posteriorly, raised and supported anteriorly by low median septum extending anterior to spondylium, outer hinge plates short, subparallel to convergent, inner hinge plates long, converging and uniting with long, high median septum to form long, deep septalium duplex, crura long, alate plates well developed. Similar to Eosotrophina but smaller and with sessile spondylium.","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (middle Caradoc)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Caradoc","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc-middle Caradoc)","Geography":"southeastern Kazakhstan (Chu-Ili Range)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1800, 2a-e. *I. tesikensis, Anderken Formation, Tesik River; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d74; b, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, \u00d7 4; c, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 4; d, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, \u00d74; e, serial section 0.9 mm from posterior end of specimen, dorsal valve above, \u00d77 (Popov, Cocks, & Nikitin, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1800. parastrophinidae (p. 2700-2702).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-432.jpg?height=996&width=1293&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":450.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tectogonotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Trigonirhynchiinae","Genus":"Tectogonotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tectogonotoechia GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 1998, p. 769","Type_species":"T. tectogonia, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with slightly elongate subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Beak suberect to erect, delthyrium with conjunct deltidial plates, Fold and sulcus narrow, arising at one-third shell length, anterior commissure uniplicate, rounded, dentate, Costae strong, angular, numerous, simple, extending from beaks, Dental plates short, thin, vertical, teeth short, Dorsal median septum low, short, septalium with cover plate, cardinal process lacking, crura unknown","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1801a-l. *T. tectogonia, Felmin Formation, 1.3 km north of Barrios de Luna, Cantabrian Mountains, Dominio Palentino, northern Spain, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-l, hypotype, serial sections 0.25, 0.35, 0.85, 1.1, 1.35, 1.5, 1.55, 1.6 mm from posterior, x5 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nGarc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1801. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2703).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-433.jpg?height=560&width=1271&top_left_y=1557&top_left_x=247)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hunanotoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Hunanotoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hunanotoechia MA, 1993, p. 717","Type_species":"H. tieni; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small; subcircular to subpentagonal outline; dorsibiconvex profile. Beak erect; small deltidial plates disjunct; foramen ovate, laterally fl attened. Fold and sulcus arising at about midlength; anterior commissure uniplicate; tongue high, rounded, serrate. Costae numerous, angular with rounded tops, simple, from beaks, well developed over whole shell. Dental plates short, vertical or slightly divergent ventrally; teeth stout. Hinge plates short, horizontal, united at small septalium; dorsal median septum low, extending about one-third valve length; crural bases triangular in section; crura slender, laterally flattened distally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1802, 1a\u2013j. *H. tieni, lower part of Changlungchieh Shale, Xikuangshan, central Hunan; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d73; f\u2013j, serial sections 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 mm from posterior, \u00d76 (Ma, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1802. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2703-2705).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-434.jpg?height=315&width=965&top_left_y=1751&top_left_x=526)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":373.44,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orophomesorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Orophomesorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orophomesorhynchus SARTENAER, 2001, p. 203","Type_species":"Terebratula huotina de VERNEUIL, 1845, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal outline, strongly dorsibiconvex profile, ventral beak erect and projecting, strong fold and sulcus arising at the umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid with a rounded top, and dentate, costae strong, simple, regular, and angular with rounded crests, starting near the beaks, some parietal costae, numerous, narrow, angular lateral costae, dental plates short and convergent ventrally, umbonal cavities narrow, teeth short and stout, septalium and dorsal median septum lacking, hinge plates thick posteriorly, becoming thinner and almost meeting anteriorly, crural bases subtriangular in section, crura subtriangular in section proximally, becoming crescentic distally with a convex surface dorsal","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"European Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1802, 2a-k. *O. huotinus (de Verneuil), Zadonsk beds, Horizon, Middle and Late Palmatolepis triangularis and crepida Zones, town of Zadonsk, left bank of River Don, Central Devonian Field, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (de Verneuil, 1845), c-k, topotype, serial sections 1.15, 1.5, 2.2, 2.6, 3.1, 3.4, 4.05, 4.4, 5.25 mm from posterior, x1.6 (Sartenaer, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"de Verneuil, 1845, \nSartenaer, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1802. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2703-2705).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-434.jpg?height=315&width=965&top_left_y=1751&top_left_x=526)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paropamisorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Paropamisorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paropamisorhynchus SARTENAER, 2001, p. 201","Type_species":"Ripidiorhynchus (?) kotalensis BRICE, 1971, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, strongly dorsibiconvex profile. Ventral beak slightly incurved. Strong fold and sulcus arising close to beaks, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded, dentate. Costae strong, simple, angular with rounded crests, arising at beaks, some parietal costae present. Dental plates strong, convergent ventrally, teeth stout. Dorsal median septum high, extending well past hinge area, septalium short, with cover plate anteriorly, hinge plates united, crura subtriangular in section proximally, convex ventrolaterally in section distally. Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian, ?lower Famennian): Afghanistan.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian, ?lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian, ?lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian, ?lower Famennian)","Geography":"Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1803, 1a-p. * P. kotalensis (Brice), Ghouk, bed 1 in Brice, 1971, west-central Afghanistan, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f-n, topotype, serial sections 0.25, 0.65, 0.8, 0.9, 1.15, 1.4, 1.5, 1.75, 2.4 ~mm from posterior, x3, o-p, paratype, serial sections 5.0, 6.1 mm from posterior, scale not given, copied at x0.5 (Brice, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brice, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1803. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2705-2707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-436.jpg?height=1901&width=1288&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Piridiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Piridiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Piridiorhynchus SARTENAER, 2001, p. 192","Type_species":"* P. confinium, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal outline, strongly biconvex to inflated profile. Beak erect to incurved, deltidial plates observed in sections. Fold and sulcus strong, narrow, extending from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded. Costae medium, angular with rounded top, simple, from beaks, parietal costae commonly present. Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, teeth short, stout. Hinge plates short, divided, horizontally flattened, septalium small, dorsal median septum slender, high posteriorly, extending one-third valve length, crura rodlike proximally, convex ventrolaterally in section, slightly curved toward ventral valve distally. Upper Devonian (lowermost Famennian): Belgium, Russia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lowermost Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lowermost Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lowermost Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lowermost Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lowermost Famennian)","Geography":"Belgium, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1803, 4a-o. *P. confinium, Early Palmatolepis triangularis Zone, Sinsin, near Aye, Belgium, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f-o, paratype, serial sections 1.05, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.45, 2.55, 2.85, 4.4, 4.8, 5.2 mm from posterior, x1.6 (Sartenaer, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1803. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2705-2707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-436.jpg?height=1901&width=1288&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":25,"ending_date":368.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Poleomesorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Poleomesorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Poleomesorhynchus SARTENAER, 2001, p. 206","Type_species":"Camarotoechia gregeri BRANSON, 1923, p. 91, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Camarotoechia gregeri Branson, 1923, p. 91, OD","Synonyms":"Camarotoechia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with subtriangular to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Ventral beak suberect to erect, Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded, dentate, Costae distinct, simple, arising at beaks, angular with rounded crests, parietal costae present, Dental plates vertical, extending to hinge area, umbonal cavities large, teeth stout, Dorsal median septum low and thick, extending well past hinge area, hinge plates undivided, septalium deep, short, with cover plate, crura suboval proximally, convex ventrolaterally in section distally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1803, 3a-o. *P. gregeri (Branson), Snyder Creek Shale, Cow Creek, Calloway County, central Missouri, a-b, topotype, dorsal and lateral views, x1.1, c, second topotype, ventral view, x1.1, d-e, third topotype, dorsal and lateral views, x1.1 (Branson, 1923), f-o, topotype, serial sections 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, 2.35, 2.55, 2.75, 2.9, 3.15, 3.3 mm from posterior, x3.25 (Sartenaer, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Branson, 1923, \nSartenaer, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1803. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2705-2707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-436.jpg?height=1901&width=1288&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Porthmorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Porthmorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Porthmorhynchus Sartenaer, 2001, p. 200, Hypselororhynchus SARTENAER, 2001, p. 199","Type_species":"Rhynchonella ferquensis GOSSELET, 1887, p. 199, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Hypselororhynchus Sartenaer, 2001, p. 199 (type, Ripidiorhynchus farsani Brice in Brice & Farsan, 1977, p. 227, OD)","Synonyms":"Hypselororhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile. Ventral beak suberect to erect. Fold and sulcus strong, extending from near beaks, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoidal, dentate. Costae strong, simple, angular with rounded crests, arising at beaks, parietal costae rarely present. Dental plates vertical, subparallel, short, umbonal cavities distinct, teeth stout. Dorsal median septum short, low, hinge plates separated by short, moderately deep septalium, cover plate present anteriorly, crura triangular in cross section proximally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian)","Geography":"Europe, Iran, Afghanistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1802, 3a-k. *P. ferquensis (Gosselet), middle Frasnian, Boulonnais, northern France, a-c, hypotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Massif d'Hestrud, Hestrud, x1 (Gosselet, 1887), d, lectotype, ventral view, Calcaire de Ferques, Ferques, x1, e-k, paratype, serial sections 0.65, 1.15, 1.4, 1.55, 1.75, 1.9, 2.1 mm from posterior, Calcaire de Ferques, Ferques, x3 (Brice & Meats, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gosselet, 1887, \nBrice & Meats, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1802. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2703-2705).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-434.jpg?height=315&width=965&top_left_y=1751&top_left_x=526)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saxulirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Trigonirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Ripidiorhynchinae","Genus":"Saxulirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saxulirostrum SARTENAER, 2001, p. 203","Type_species":"Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) contracta var. saxatilis HALL, 1867, pl. 54A, 44-48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kedridorhynchus Sartenaer, 2001, p. 199 (type, Camarotoechia cedarensis Stainbrook, 1942, p. 611, OD)","Synonyms":"Kedridorhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, Ventral beak suberect to erect, Fold and sulcus strong, wide, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, dentate, Costae strong, few, arising at beaks, angular with rounded crests, present on fold, sulcus, and flanks, Dental plates well developed, extend past hinge area, subvertical to slightly convergent ventrally, umbonal cavities large, teeth stout, Dorsal median septum short, low, septalium deep, hinge plates undivided, crura rodlike proximally in section, then V-shaped, then crescentic distally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1803, 2a-p. * S. saxatile (Hall), Lime Creek Formation, Cerro Gordo Member, Rockford, Floyd County, Iowa, a-e, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1 (Hall, 1867), f-p, topotype, serial sections 0.55, 1.0, 1.05, 1.15, 1.2, 1.4, 1.55, 1.75, 1.95, 2.0, 2.6 mm from posterior, x4.4 (Sartenaer, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hall, 1867, \nSartenaer, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1803. trigonirhynchiidae (p. 2705-2707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-436.jpg?height=1901&width=1288&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":373.44,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antelocoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchotrematoidea","Family":"Leptocoeliidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Antelocoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antelocoelia Isaachon, 1977, p. 171","Type_species":"*A. johnsoni; M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Isaacson, P. E. 1977. Devonian stratigraphy and brachiopod paleontology of Bolivia. Part B, Spiriferida and Terebratulida. Palaeontographica (Abt. A) 156(4-6):168\u2013217, pl. 1\u20139.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian\u2013Middle Devonian","Geography":"Bolivia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cerveratoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Cerveratoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cerveratoechia GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 1998, p. 774","Type_species":"Hebetoechia cantabrica BINNEKAMP, 1965, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal to subcircular outline with length slightly greater than width, equibiconvex to subglobular. Beak erect, foramen with disjunct deltidial plates. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus arising at about one-third valve length, umbones smooth, tongue strong, rectangular, costae broad, angular, but with rounded crests, 3 or 4 on fold, 2 or 3 in sulcus, 4 or 5 on flanks, anterior commissure dentate with short marginal spines, squamae and glottae well developed. Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, teeth small. Dorsal median septum high, septalium small, with short cover plate, calluslike cardinal process developed in more mature specimens, crural bases triangular in section, crura closely set, laterally flattened. Muscle fields well impressed.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Spain, ?North Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1804, 2a-l. * C. cantabrica (Binnekamp), Lochkovian, Lebanza Formation, Cantabrian Mountains, Dominio Palentino, northern Spain, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-l, serial sections 0.5, 1.1, 1.45, 2.1, 2.45, 3.85, 4.1, 4.4 ~mm from posterior of young specimen, x1.5 (Garc\u00edaAlcalde, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00edaAlcalde, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1804. hebetoechiidae (p. 2707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-438.jpg?height=1476&width=1284&top_left_y=253&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lebanzuella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hebetoechiidae","Subfamily":"Hebetoechiinae","Genus":"Lebanzuella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lebanzuella Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1999, p. 250","Type_species":"Uncinulus lebanzus BINNEKAMP, 1965, p. 24, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal outline, equibiconvex to subglobular, beak suberect, foramen with deltidial plates, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus arising at about one-third valve length, umbones smooth, tongue strong, rectangular, costae broad, angular but with rounded crests, 3 to 5 on fold, 2 to 4 in sulcus, 7 to 8 on flanks, anterior commissure dentate with short marginal spines, squamae and glottae well developed. Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, teeth stout. Dorsal median septum moderately high, septalium small, multilobed cardinal process with about 6 thin lobes separated medially by groove, crural bases triangular in section, crura closely set, horizontally flattened proximally, laterally flattened distally. Muscle fields well impressed with low median myophragm in each valve.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1804, 1a-l. *L. lebanza (Binnekamp), Lebanza Formation, Cantabrian Mountains, northern Spain, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, top, Member E, of Lebanza Formation, Lebanza village, x1 (Binnekamp, 1965), e-l, serial sections 0.9, 1.75, 2.05, 2.6, 2.95, 3.15, 4.1, 5.5 mm from posterior of hypotype from Member E of Lebanza Formation, Lebanza village, e-h, x6, i-l, x3 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1999).\"","Museum_or_author_information":"Binnekamp, 1965, \nGarc\u00eda-Alcalde, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1804. hebetoechiidae (p. 2707).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-438.jpg?height=1476&width=1284&top_left_y=253&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dubovikovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Innaechiinae","Genus":"Dubovikovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dubovikovia Baranov in Alekseeva & OTHERS, 1996, p. 82","Type_species":"Hebetoechia settedabanica Rzhonsnitskaia in ALEKSEEVA, 1967, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with transversely subpentagonal outline, dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly inflated. Beak erect. Fold and sulcus developed anteriorly, tongue high, rectangular. Costae simple, developed from about midlength, flattened and grooved on paries geniculatus, marginal spines present. Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, teeth very short. Dorsal median septum high, thin, extending about one-quarter valve length, hinge plates divided anterior of very short septalium, crural bases inclined mediodorsally, crura rodlike proximally, laterally flattened distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochkovian-Pragian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1805, 1a-i. *D. settedabanica (Rzhonsnitskaia), Lochkovian, lower part of Settedaban Formation, Sette-Daban Range, Tikhiy Creek, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-i, serial sections, intervals and distance from posterior not given, reoriented, x3 (Alekseeva, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1805. innaechiidae and hypothyridinidae (p. 2707-2708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-439.jpg?height=661&width=1201&top_left_y=573&top_left_x=264)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yarkhodonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Dogdoinae","Genus":"Yarkhodonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yarkhodonia Baranov in Alekseeva & others, 1996, p. 78","Type_species":"Y. recta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Junior synonym of Dogdoa Baranov, 1982, p. 42. See also Savage in Savage & others, 2002, p. 1120.","Synonyms":"Dogdoa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subcircular outline with dorsibiconvex profile, Beak erect to incurved, Fold and sulcus arising at about midlength, Anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue serrate, Costae few, coarse, subangular, restricted to anterior, Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally, Dorsal median septum short, low, septalium small, V-shaped, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crura closely set proximally, unknown distally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Frasnian)","Geography":"northeastern Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1815, 2a-h. *Y. recta, Yarkhodonskaya Formation, Mucrospirifer novosibiricus Zone, upper reaches of Malii Yarkhodon River, Sredne Prikolimbyi, northeastern Asiatic Russia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-h, paratype, serial sections 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.7 ~mm from posterior, x5 (Alekseeva & others, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva & others, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1815. synonyms (p. 2723).","figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":376.33,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gonopugnax":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Innaechiidae","Subfamily":"Dogdoinae","Genus":"Gonopugnax","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gonopugnax Baranov in Alekseeva & others, 1996, p. 94","Type_species":"G. galkini; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Junior synonym of Dogdoa Baranov, 1982, p. 42. See also Savage in Savage & others, 2002, p. 1120. See also Savage in Savage & others, 2002, p. 1120","Synonyms":"Dogdoa","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size; transversely subpentagonal outline; dorsibiconvex profile. Beak erect. Fold and sulcus arising at umbones; strong anteriorly; anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue distinct, wide, rounded to trapezoid. Costae medium, simple, rounded, arising at umbones, flattened and grooved on paries genicularis ; marginal spines present. Dental plates absent or mostly buried in callus. Hinge plates divided, horizontal; septalium, dorsal septum, and crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Geography":"eastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1815, 4a\u2013f. *G. galkini, Sagyr Formation, Selennyakh ridge; a\u2013d , holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, right bank of Talyndzha River, Krivoy stream, \u00d71.1; e\u2013f, paratype, two serial sections, intervals and distances from posterior, right bank of Talyndzha River, Gon stream, scale not given (Alekseeva & others, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1815. synonyms (p. 2723).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-452.jpg?height=1882&width=1301&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":416.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tullypothyridina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Uncinuloidea","Family":"Hypothyridinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tullypothyridina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tullypothyridina SARTENAER, 2003, p. 31","Type_species":"Rhynchonella venustula HALL, 1867, p. 346, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large; subcuboidal with subcircular outline and strongly dorsibiconvex profile; lateral and anterior margins steep to vertical. Ventral beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus weak, becoming most evident anteriorly; tongue very high, rectangular to rounded. Costae numerous, simple or rarely divided, arising at beaks, fl attened and bearing median grooves from about midlength and especially on tongue; marginal spines developed. Dental plates short, slender, ventrally convergent; teeth small, short. Dorsal median septum and septalium absent; hinge plates divided, horizontal; cardinal process comprising distinct central ridge and several thin flanking growths; crura closely set, flattened horizontally, short, delicate.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (upper Givetian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1805, 2 a-p. * T. venustula (Hall), Tully Limestone, Apulia Member, June's quarry, central New York, a, lectotype, anterior view, x1 (Hall, 1867), b-f, topotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, anterior, and lateral views, x1, g-p, topotype, serial sections 0.95, 1.25, 1.325, 1.4, 1.55, 1.75, 1.95, 2.1, 2.25, 2.5 mm from posterior, x2.3 but with enlargements ( x4.6 ) of the cardinal process shown within sections h-j (Sartenaer, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHall, 1867, \nSartenaer, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1805. innaechiidae and hypothyridinidae (p. 2707-2708).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-439.jpg?height=661&width=1201&top_left_y=573&top_left_x=264)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":78,"beginning_date":380.31,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Barentserhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Barentserhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Barentserhynchia TCHERKESOVA, 1999, p. 39","Type_species":"B. gorbovensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Junior synonym of Orbiculatisinurostrum Sartenaer, 1984, p. 2. See also Savage in Savage & others, 2002, p. 1142.","Synonyms":"Orbiculatisinurostrum","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, biconvex profile, lateral and anterior slopes gentle. Beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus extending from umbones, progressively widening anteriorly, fold with medium groove that divides anteriorly, sulcus with low median ridge that divides anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate. Costae low, weak, arising at umbones, increasing by bifurcation. Dental plates very short. Dorsal median septum thin, high, extending over one-fifth valve length, septalium short, hinge plates short, divided, crura closely set, slightly flattened rods, curving into ventral valve distally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1815, 1a-o. * B. gorbovensis, Voroninskaya Formation, lower part of Menshikov Horizon, southwestern William Island, northwestern Novaya Zemlya, northern Russia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f_-o, topotype, serial sections 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.3, 1.7 ~mm from posterior, scale not given (Tcherkesova, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tcherkesova, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1815. synonyms (p. 2723).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-452.jpg?height=1882&width=1301&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Azurduya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Azurduya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Azurduya CISTERNA & ISAACSON, 2003, p. 65","Type_species":"Camarotoechia chavelensis a mos , 1958, p. 839; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subtriangular to subpentagonal outline with width and length about equal; dorsibiconvex profile; lateral and anterior slopes gentle. Beak suberect. Dorsal fold and ventral sulcus developed only anteriorly. Simple subangular costae arising at umbones, 7\u20138 on fold and sulcus, up to 8 on flanks. Anterior commissure uniplicate. Dental plates anteriorly divergent, reaching up to one-fifth of valve length; teeth small, smooth, rounded. Dorsal median septum long, reaching one-third to half valve length; short septalium uniting hinge plates; dorsal muscle scars subrhomboidal in outline; crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1806 ,1a\u2013g. *A. chavelensis (a mos ), lower part of Malim\u00e1n Formation, Cortaderas Creek, about 5 km northeast of Malim\u00e1n, San Juan province; a\u2013e, neotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, \u00d72; f\u2013g, topotypes, internal mold of ventral valve, and dorsal view of internal mold of articulated specimen, \u00d72 (Cisterna & Isaacson, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1806. leiorhynchidae (p. 2709-2710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-440.jpg?height=1417&width=1293&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sphaeridiorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Sphaeridiorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sphaeridiorhynchus Sartenaer, Pushkin, & KOTLYAR, 1997, p. 39","Type_species":"S. kuzmichiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, globular, subcircular outline and inflated, dorsibiconvex profile. Beak wide, slightly incurved, with small foramen, deltidial plates evident in sections. Fold and sulcus low, only visible anteriorly, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue low. Median costae very weak, lateral costae absent. Dental plates lacking, teeth simple, short. Hinge plates short, divided, median septum and septalium absent, long crura closely set, oval to rounded in cross section.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Belarus, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1807a\u2013n. *S. kuzmichiensis, Kuz\u2019michi 1 borehole, Kuz\u2019michi village, Pripyat Depression, near Minsk, Belarus; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d7 1; f\u2013n, paratype, serial sections 1.15, 1.25, 1.45, 1.7, 1.9, 2.3, 2.5, 2.85, 4.3 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2.15 (Sartenaer, Pushkin, & Kotlyar, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tebetorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Leiorhynchinae","Genus":"Tebetorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tebetorhynchus Baranov in Alekseeva & OTHERS, 1996, p. 74","Type_species":"T. abramovi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to transversely ovate outline, dorsibiconvex profile. Beak suberect. Fold and sulcus arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate with high, rounded tongue. Costae very weak, restricted to fold and sulcus. Dental plates short, close to valve walls. Dorsal median septum short, low, septalium very short to absent, hinge plates divided, crura closely set, rodlike proximally, unknown distally.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"northeastern Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1806, 2a-k. *T. abramovi, Khobochalinska Formation, Ivdelinia ivdelensis Zone, lower Emsian, right bank lower reaches of Tebeti River, Tas-Khayakhtakh, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-k, paratype, serial sections 0.5, 1.9, 2.9, 3.8, 4.1, 4.6, 5.7 mm from posterior, scale not given (Alekseeva & others, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nAlekseeva & others, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1806. leiorhynchidae (p. 2709-2710).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-440.jpg?height=1417&width=1293&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sthenarirhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Sthenarirhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sthenarirhynchus SARTENAER, 1999c, p. 275","Type_species":"S. dionanti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Junior synonym of Plionoptycherhynchus Sartenaer, 1979, p. 537. See also Savage in Savage & others, 2002, p. 1151.","Synonyms":"Plionoptycherhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, with transversely ovate outline and dorsibiconvex profile, gentle lateral slopes. Beak erect to incurved, foramen obscured by dorsal umbo. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, trapezoid, serrate. Costae distinct, subangular, simple, extending from umbones, present on fold, sulcus, and flanks. Dental plates barely visible in serial sections at extreme posterior, ventral muscle field narrow, deeply impressed in thick shell material. Dorsal median septum long, high, thick, septalium short, hinge plates dividing immediately anterior of septalium, crura closely placed, fine, rodlike, straight.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1815, 3a-m. *S. dionanti, Palmatolepis punctata Zone, Marloie railway station, west of Dinant, southern Belgium, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f-m, serial sections 0.65, 0.8, 1.15, 1.45, 1.65, 1.9, 2.2, 3.5 ~mm from posterior, x3.25 (Sartenaer, 1999c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1815. synonyms (p. 2723).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-452.jpg?height=1882&width=1301&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Villirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Villirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Villirhynchia TCHERKESOVA, 1999, p. 41","Type_species":"V. villiamensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Junior synonym of Plionoptycherhynchus Sartenaer, 1979, p. 537.  See also Savage in Savage & others, 2002, p. 1151.","Synonyms":"Plionoptycherhynchus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transversely ovate to subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, gentle lateral slopes. Ventral beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, dentate. Costae strong, angular, simple, extending from umbones, approximately 4 on fold, 3 in sulcus, several on flanks. Dental plates short, slightly convergent ventrally. Dorsal median septum long, high, thin, septalium short, hinge plates horizontal, divided anterior of septalium, crura closely set. Upper Devonian (Frasnian): Russia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1815, 5a-m. * V. villiamensis, Voroninskaya Formation, lower part of Menshikov Horizon, southeastern coast of William Island, northwestern Novaya Zemlya, northern Russia, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x1, f-m, topotype, serial sections 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.3 ~mm from posterior, scale not given (Tcherkesova, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tcherkesova, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1815. synonyms (p. 2723).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-452.jpg?height=1882&width=1301&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":378.9,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tchernarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Tchernarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tchernarhynchia TCHERKESOVA, 1998, p. 44","Type_species":"T. dichotoma, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large size, with transversely ovate to subpentagonal outline and dorsibiconvex profile, anteriorly swollen, gentle lateral slopes. Ventral beak incurved, dorsal beak erect. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, rounded, serrate. Costae fine, numerous, angular to rounded, arising at beaks, dichotomizing, strongly developed over whole shell surface. Dental plates short, teeth large. Dorsal median septum high, thin, septalium short, distinct, hinge plates divide just anterior of septalium, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1808, 2a-k. *T. dichotoma, upper Zhandr Horizon, Lichutin, Gorbov Islands, Novaya Zemlya, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x1, f-k, paratype, serial sections, intervals and scale not given (Tcherkesova, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nTcherkesova, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1808. leiorhynchidae (p. 2711-2712).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-441.jpg?height=816&width=1284&top_left_y=1367&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kumzharhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Calvinariinae","Genus":"Kumzharhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kumzharhynchia TCHERKESOVA, 1998, p. 41","Type_species":"K. bondarevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Synonym of Tchernarhynchia Tcherkesova, 1998, p. 44, chosen herein by first revising author.  See also Savage, herein, p. 2711","Synonyms":"Tchernarhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell large, transversely ovate (holotype probably transversely deformed), dorsibiconvex profile, expanded anteriorly by fold. Ventral beak incurved. Fold and sulcus wide, arising at about one-third shell length, anterior commissure uniplicate. Costae fine, numerous, dichotomizing, developed over whole shell surface. Dental plates short, teeth poorly known. Dorsal median septum poorly known, septalium short, poorly known, hinge plates divided, crural bases triangular in section, crura rodlike, thin, closely set.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1816 a-o. *K. bondarevi, upper Zhandr Horizon, upper reaches of Kumzha River, South Island of Novaya Zemlya; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; e\u2013o, paratype, serial sections, intervals and scale not given (Tcherkesova, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1816. synonyms (p. 2723-2724).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-454.jpg?height=748&width=1286&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":70,"ending_date":373.44,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Abramovia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Camarotoechioidea","Family":"Leiorhynchidae","Subfamily":"Basilicorhynchinae","Genus":"Abramovia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Abramovia Baranov in Alekseeva & OTHERS, 1996, p. 76","Type_species":"A. pteroidea, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly transversely ovate outline with emarginate anterior margin, dorsibiconvex profile modified anteriorly by high fold. Ventral beak erect to incurved. Fold and sulcus arising at umbones and becoming strong anteriorly, fold with median broad groove, and sulcus with median rounded ridge, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate. Dental plates short, ventrally convergent. Dorsal median septum high, long, septalium short, hinge plates divided anterior of septalium, crura not described.","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian-Famennian)","Geography":"Russia, Alaska","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1808, 1 a-h .* A. pteroidea, Emsian, lower part of Krivoy Ruchey Formation, Selennyakh Ridge, right bank of Talyndzha River, upper reaches of Krivoy stream, northeastern Russia, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x1, e-h, paratype, serial sections, intervals not given, x3.5 (Alekseeva & others, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Alekseeva & others, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1808. leiorhynchidae (p. 2711-2712).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-441.jpg?height=816&width=1284&top_left_y=1367&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iphinerrhynx":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Iphinerrhynx","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iphinerrhynx Havl\u00ed\u010dek & VAN\u011aK, 1998, p. 72","Type_species":"I. iphinoe, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal to rounded outline, ventribiconvex profile. Beak incurved, ventral fold and dorsal sulcus wide, poorly differentiated, anterior commissure unisulcate, both valves smooth or with barely visible undulations. Dental plates short, thin, almost vertical or slightly divergent toward valve floor. Hinge plates divided, dorsal median septum lacking, crural bases and crura not recorded.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1809,1a\u2013e. *I. iphinoe, Slivenec Limestone, Kacak valley south of Hostim, Prague Basin, Bohemia; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, \u00d75; d\u2013e, serial sections 6.5, 6.0 mm from anterior, \u00d78 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1809. rozmanariidae (p. 2712-2714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-443.jpg?height=1647&width=1272&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptoterorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptoterorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptoterorhynchus SARTENAER, 1998, p. 121","Type_species":"Rozmanaria magna Biernat & RACKI, 1986, p. 90, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Transversely ovate outline and equibiconvex, lenticular profile, Beak wide, suberect to erect, may be resorbed by small foramen, Low ventral fold and shallow dorsal sulcus, anterior commissure unisulcate, Costae lacking, Dental plates short, rudimentary, teeth short and stout, ventral muscle field with distinct diductor scars enclosing elongate adductor scars, Hinge plates short, divided, septalium and dorsal median septum absent, crura laterally compressed with distal ends curved ventrally","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Poland, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1809, 2a-l. *L. magnus (Biernat & Racki), middle Famennian, Wola Quarry, Kowala, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2 (Biernat, 1988), e-l, topotype, serial sections 0.4, 0.7, 0.9, 1.15, 1.25, 1.45, 1.8, 2.6 ~mm from posterior, x2.2 (Sartenaer, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Biernat, 1988, \nSartenaer, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1809. rozmanariidae (p. 2712-2714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-443.jpg?height=1647&width=1272&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Novaplatirostrum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Novaplatirostrum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Novaplatirostrum SARTENAER, 1997, p. 27","Type_species":"* N. sauerlandense, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A medium-sized brachiopod genus with a subcircular outline and flattened, equibiconvex, lenticular profile. The beak is erect to slightly incurved and in contact with the dorsal posterior, with the foramen or delthyrium unknown. It has a low, wide dorsal fold and shallow ventral sulcus, with an uniplicate, undulate anterior commissure. The costae are low, angular with rounded tops, most evident anteriorly on the fold and in the sulcus, and the shell surface is mostly smooth. Dental plates are rarely visible in the thick shell walls, and the teeth are small, wide, and strong. Hinge plates are divided and flat, with no dorsal median septum or septalium. The crural bases are stout and subtriangular in section, and the crura are short, convex ventrolaterally, and hooked distally. Muscle fields are well impressed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1810, 1 a-o . * N. sauerlandense, upper Famennian, Wocklum Limestone, Hasselbachtal, northwestern Saurerland, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Sartenaer, 1997), f-o, paratype, serial sections 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.25, 2.5, 2.8, 3.0 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2.2 (Sartenaer, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sartenaer, 1997, \nSartenaer, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1810. rozmanariidae (p. 2712-2713).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-444.jpg?height=1262&width=1298&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phacoiderhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phacoiderhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phacoiderhynchus SARTENAER, 2000, p. 75","Type_species":"* P. antiatlasicus ; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large; transversely elliptical outline; equibiconvex, lenticular profile. Beak erect to incurved. Low, wide, dorsal fold and shallow ventral sulcus arising at about two-thirds valve length; anterior commissure uniplicate, undulate. Costae low, angular, arising at about two-thirds shell length, well developed on fold, in sulcus, and also on flanks anterolaterally. Dental plates strong, convergent; teeth short, stout. Divided hinge plates wide, flattened; crural bases subtriangular in section; crura convex ventrolaterally in section, slightly curved distally toward ventral valve. Very short, delicate cardinal process. Dorsal median septum absent. Muscle fields well impressed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1810, 2a\u2013q. *P. antiatlasicus, middle Famennian, Ma\u00efder, southern Morocco; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1; f\u2013k, paratype, serial sections 0.75, 0.85, 0.925, 1.05, 1.25, 1.4 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2.4; l\u2013q, paratype, serial sections 0.8, 1.0, 1.15, 1.55, 2.1, 3.1 mm from posterior, \u00d72.4 (Sartenaer, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1810. rozmanariidae (p. 2712-2713).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-444.jpg?height=1262&width=1298&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tetragonorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Rozmanariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tetragonorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tetragonorhynchus SARTENAER, 1999a, p. 67","Type_species":"*T. mrakibensis; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size shell; subquadrangular to transversely ovate in outline with an equibiconvex, lenticular profile. Beak erect to incurved and resorbed by circular foramen. Low, wide dorsal fold and shallow ventral sulcus arising at about one-third valve length; faint median depression on fold and corresponding rise in sulcus; anterior commissure uniplicate, undulate. Costae low, rounded, from about midlength; most evident on fold and in sulcus, barely developed on flanks. Dental plates not visible in thick shell wall; teeth short. Divided hinge plates passing into short, flattened crural bases; crura short, ventrally curved at distal ends. Very short, delicate cardinal process visible in serial sections. Dorsal median septum absent. Muscle fields well impressed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1809,3a\u2013o. *T. mrakibensis, upper Famennian, upper Ibaoune Formation, Ma\u00efder, southern Morocco; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d71; f\u2013o, paratype, serial sections 0.7, 1.05, 1.15,  1.31, , 1.49, \u00d71.55, 3.25, 1.85, 2.45, 3.5, 3.9 mm from posterior (Sartenaer, 1999a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1809. rozmanariidae (p. 2712-2714).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-443.jpg?height=1647&width=1272&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Polyptychorhynchus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Aseptirhynchiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Polyptychorhynchus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Polyptychorhynchus SARTENAER, 1999b, p. 79","Type_species":"P. cavernosus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A very large brachiopod genus with a transversely elliptical outline and biconvex profile, The ventral beak is small and incurved, with a delthyrium that has deltidial plates, It has a wide, well-marked fold and sulcus, with the fold gently convex and the sulcus strong anteriorly, The anterior commissure is uniplicate, with a pronounced, trapezoidal tongue, Both valves have convex flanks, The costae are strong on the fold and in the sulcus, simple, and arise at the umbones, with rounded tops, Costae on the flanks arise at about midlength, are wide, and rounded, The shell is thick, especially posteriorly, Dental plates are short and mostly buried in the shell wall, and the teeth are stout, short, and tate, the whole shell surface bears fine radial striae, Dental plates are short and subvertical, the dorsal median septum is high, thin, and extends anterior of the hinge area, the septalium is short, and the hinge plates are horizontal, divided anterior of the septalium, crural bases are horizontal, and the crura are horizontal proximally, with unknown distal structure.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"northwestern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1811,1a\u2013n. *P. cavernosus, middle Famennian, Middle to Late Marginifera Zones, near Casey Falls, Virgin Hills Formation, Emanual Range, Canning Basin, Western Australia; a\u2013d, paratype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, \u00d7 1; e\u2013n, serial sections 1.9, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 2.8, 3.0, 3.3, 3.9, 5.1, 6.4 mm from posterior, \u00d7 2 (Sartenaer, 1999b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1811. aseptirhynchiidae and yunnanellidae (p. 2714-2716).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-445.jpg?height=1739&width=1284&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Taksarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Yunnanellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Taksarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Taksarhynchia TCHERKESOVA, 1997, p. 48","Type_species":"* T. sobolevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subpentagonal outline with greatest width near hinge line, dorsibiconvex profile. Ventral beak incurved. Fold and sulcus strong, arising at umbones. Anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, typically tridentate. Costae coarse, angular with rounded crests, arising at umbones. Whole shell surface bearing fine radial striae. Dental plates short, subvertical. Dorsal median septum high, thin, extending anterior of hinge area. Septalium short, hinge plates horizontal, divided anterior of septalium, crural bases horizontal, crura horizontal proximally, unknown distally.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1811, 2a-p. * T. sobolevi, Taksagerbei unit, Yurtaraga River, Taksa Range, central Taimyr, Russia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, posterior, and lateral views, x1, d, holotype, striae, x3, e, paratype, anterior view, f-p, same paratype, serial sections, intervals and distances from posterior and scale not given (Tcherkesova, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nTcherkesova, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1811. aseptirhynchiidae and yunnanellidae (p. 2714-2716).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-445.jpg?height=1739&width=1284&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":365.2,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mondegia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Mondegia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mondegia ANDRADE, 2006, p. 59","Type_species":"M. limica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Andrade, Benito. 2006. Los braqui\u00f3podos del tr\u00e1nsito Jur\u00e1sico Inferior-Jur\u00e1sico Medio de la Cuenca Lusit\u00e1nica (Portugal). Coloquios de Paleontolog\u00eda 56:5\u2013194.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Portugal","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Basiliocostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Basiliocostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Basiliocostella dulai, Bitner, & M\u00fcller, 2007","Type_species":"*B. kambueheli; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Dulai, Alfr\u00e9d, M. A. Bitner, & P\u00e1l M\u00fcller. 2007 (in press). A monospeci\ufb01c assemblage of a new rhynchonellide brachiopod from the Paleocene of Austria. Proceedings of the Fifth International Brachiopod Congress, Copenhagen 2005, Fossils and Strata 47.]","Beginning_age":"Paleocene","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleocene","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleocene","Geography":"Austria","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbirhynchopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Orbirhynchopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbirhynchopsis Sun & ZHANG, 1998, p. 227","Type_species":"O. tianshuihaiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, gently biconvex, roundly oval in outline, beak short, nearly straight, beak ridges angular, foramen circular, permesothyrid, deltidial plates triangular, barely touching, fold and sulcus scarcely developed, commissure rectimarginate to slightly and broadly uniplicate, ornamented with numerous low, round costae, occasionally bifurcating, umbonal region with fine costae or smooth. Dental plates conspicuous and slightly divergent ventrally, umbonal chambers narrow, hinge plates divided, crura falciform, pedicle collar present.   [Readily referable to Pamirorhynchiinae, being very similar to Orbirhynchia Pettit and Rahouiarhynchia Tchoumatchenko. Thus, in the previous entry for the latter (Savage & others, 2002, p. 1208), the queried record from China may be deleted.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"China (northern Karakorum, Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1820,1a\u2013l. *O. tianshuihaiensis, Longshan Formation, Tianwendian and Tianshuihai; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, NIGP121059, \u00d71.5; e\u2013l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 1.0, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, NIGP 121060, approxi mately \u00d74 (Sun & Zhang, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1820. basiliolidae and erymnariidae (p. 2730).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-461.jpg?height=1667&width=1266&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costerymnaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Erymnariinae","Genus":"Costerymnaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costerymnaria Motchurova-Dekova & TADDEIRUGGIERO, 2000, p. 182","Type_species":"C. italica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A shell with numerous, well-developed costae beginning from the umbonal region, elongate-subtriangular to subcircular in shape, strongly subequibiconvex, anterior commissure asymmetrically twisted, internal characters similar to Erymnaria, dental plates convex in cross section, septiform crura, sometimes lyre-shaped distally","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Campanian)","Geography":"Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1820, 2a-l. *C. italica, Cenomanian, Matese Group, Molise, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, PMNUF 6\/M 16999, x2, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.1, 2.8, 3.2, 3.8, 4.3, 4.7, 5.2, 5.4, PMNUF 7\/M 16998-2, x2.5 (Motchurova-Dekova & Taddei-Ruggiero, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Motchurova-Dekova & Taddei-Ruggiero, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1820. basiliolidae and erymnariidae (p. 2730).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-461.jpg?height=1667&width=1266&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liufaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Liufaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liufaia WATERHOUSE, 2004, p. 84","Type_species":"Stenoscisma tetricum GRANT, 1976, p. 185, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Mediumsized shells, elongated, narrow triangular outline, maximum shell width near anterior margin, numerous, subequal costae may be absent from umbo or straight lateral flanks or present on entire valve, commonly bifurcating or intercalating, may be simple, commissure rather weakly uniplicate, valve edges between beak and stolidium smooth, flattened, with dorsal valve strongly overlapping ventral, stolidium present on both valves but discontinuous between fold and flanks, nature of delthyrium unclear, deep spondylium sessile, supported anteriorly only by very low median septum, intercamarophorial plate extending beyond anterior edge of hinge plate, may be buried in gerontic shell material, hinge plate flat, broad, narrowing distally, crura present, similar to Stenoscisma, cardinal process wedge shaped, with apex pointing posteriorly. Similar to Stenoscisma overall, but with triangular valve outline, costae that branch and intercalate, and weak uniplication.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (upper Artinskian)","Geography":"Thailand, South Primoyre, Ussuriland, Japan, Inner Mongolia, northeastern China.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1813, 1a\u2013g. *L. tetricum (granT), Rat Buri Limestone, Ko Muk locality, southern Thailand; a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d71; b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, camarophorium and spondylium visible through broken exterior, \u00d71; c, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, stolidium visible, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d71; e, ventral valve interior, \u00d72; f, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71; g, detached camarophorium with crura and part of septum below, \u00d72 (Grant, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1813. stenoscismatidae (p. 2717-2719).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-449.jpg?height=1224&width=1272&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":285.75,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sedecularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Stenoscismatidae","Subfamily":"Stenoscismatinae","Genus":"Sedecularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sedecularia WATERHOUSE, 2004, p. 82","Type_species":"Stenoscisma glabra Waterhouse in Waterhouse & BRIGGS, 1986, p. 67, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small- to medium-sized smooth shells, outline oval to subrounded, valves only weakly dorsibiconvex, commissure weakly uniplicate to rectimarginate, extent of valve edge overlap unknown; stolidium not apparent; beak straight; nature of delthyrium unclear; spondylium sessile, but supported anteriorly only by very low median septum extending a short distance anterior to spondylium; intercamarophorial plate high, short; cardinal process laminated; crura unknown. Similar to Stenoscisma but smooth, with subrounded and weakly dorsibiconvex valves.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Sakmarian\u2013Kazanian)","Geography":"Australia (Queensland)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1813, 2a-i. *S. glabra (Waterhouse), Brae Formation, Bowen Basin, a, dorsal valve external mold with portion of ventral interior attached, x3.2, b, ventral valve interior, partially crushed, x2, c, dorsal valve internal mold, x2, d-i, serial sections at 1 mm intervals from specimen posterior, ventral valve below, x1 (Waterhouse, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1813. stenoscismatidae (p. 2717-2719).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-449.jpg?height=1224&width=1272&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":293.52,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bicamella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Bicamella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bicamella Waterhouse, 2004, p. 88","Type_species":"*Camarophoria timorensis Hayasaka & GAN, 1940, p. 129, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized shells, typically wider than long, outline subtriangular, weakly to strongly uniplicate, rounded to sharp costae, variable in number and intercalation style, commonly absent on valve flanks and near umbos, may be present on entire valve, beak prominent, incurved over delthyrium, delthyrium apparently open but constricted by dorsal valve, valve edges nonoverlapping, stolidium present, spondylium duplex supported by high median septum, hinge plate divided, very short but broad posteriorly, extending anterolaterally on each side of small, narrow, steep-sided camarophorium, intercamarophorial plate absent, cardinal process small, crura unknown. Similar to Stenoscisma externally and Camarophorinella internally but with stolidium.","Beginning_age":"Permian (?Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Permian (?Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (?Artinskian)","Geography":"Timor","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1812, 1a-d. * B. timorensis (Hayasaka & Gan), Besleo Beds, a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 1, b, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on left, \u00d7 1, c, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 1 (Hayasaka & Gan, 1940), d, section near posterior end of specimen, ventral valve below, \u00d7 1 (Broili, 1916).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hayasaka & Gan, 1940, \nBroili, 1916","figure_index":"fig. 1812. psilocamaridae (p. 2717).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-448.jpg?height=1260&width=1288&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neopsilocamara":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Psilocamarinae","Genus":"Neopsilocamara","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neopsilocamara Shen & OTHERS, 2000, p. 747","Type_species":"*N*. laevis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized, smooth, thick shells, weakly to moderately dorsibiconvex, outline subcircular, commissure rectimarginate, beak prominent, incurved over delthyrium, delthyrium apparently open but constricted by dorsal valve, valve edges nonoverlapping, stolidium unknown, well-developed spondylium duplex supported by low median septum extending anterior to spondylium, intercamarophorial plate absent, cardinal process unknown, crura unknown. Similar to Camarophorinella but lacking costae and fold and sulcus, similar to Psilocamara but not uniplicate and not strongly dorsibiconvex.","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian lower Tatarian)","First_Occurrence":"Wuchiapingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian lower Tatarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wuchiapingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian lower Tatarian)","Geography":"China (Tibet)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1812, 2a-e. * N. laevis, Selong Group, Selong Xishan section, a, ventral valve exterior, x1.5, b, posterior view, dorsal valve above, x1.5, c-e, serial sections 0.54, 1.80, 2.29 ~mm from posterior end of specimen, dorsal valve above, x2.5 (Shen & others, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shen & others, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1812. psilocamaridae (p. 2717).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-448.jpg?height=1260&width=1288&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":254.24,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Careoseptum":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stenoscismatoidea","Family":"Psilocamaridae","Subfamily":"Cyrolexinae","Genus":"Careoseptum","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Careoseptum Carter & POLETAEV, 1998, p. 139","Type_species":"* C. septentrionalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Valves small, rounded pentameral in outline, strongly dorsibiconvex, smooth, strongly uniplicate, rarely weakly sulciplicate, valve edges nonoverlapping, beak short, erect to incurved, stolidium not apparent, delthyrium apparently open but constricted by dorsal valve, spondylium sessile posteriorly, elevated on low septum or more commonly free anteriorly, camarophorium supported by median septum only in extreme posterior, otherwise free, intercamarophorial plate absent, cardinal process unknown, crura unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (lower Moscovian)","Geography":"Arctic Canada (northern Ellesmere Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1812, 3 a-k. *C. septentrionalis, Hare Fiord Formation, Hare Fiord, a, ventral valve exterior, \u00d7 2, b, articulated valves, anterior view, ventral below, \u00d7 2, c, articulated valves, lateral view, ventral on right, \u00d7 2, d, dorsal valve exterior, \u00d7 2, e-k, serial sections 1.4, 1.7, 1.8, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 3.0 mm from posterior end of specimen, ventral valve above, \u00d7 4 (Carter & Poletaev, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter & Poletaev, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1812. psilocamaridae (p. 2717).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-448.jpg?height=1260&width=1288&top_left_y=257&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":315.15,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ibergirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Peregrinellidae","Subfamily":"Peregrinellinae","Genus":"Ibergirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ibergirhynchia Gischler, Sandy, & Peckmann, 2003, p. 293, *Terebratula contraria ROEMER, 1850, p. 31, OD","Type_species":"*Terebratula contraria ROEMER, 1850, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large with transversely ovate to subpentagonal shell and biconvex profile, Biconvex profile with greater convexity in ventral valve, weakly sulcate dorsal valve with corresponding fold in ventral valve, fold may be flat topped, Anterior commissure weakly sulcate, Costae numerous, arising at beaks, Dental plates short, convex toward valve walls, convergent ventrally, teeth small, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, Dorsal median ridge short, low, wide, flat hinge plates, crura thin, rodlike.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1814, 2a-k. *I. contraria (Roemer), Iberg Reef, Harz Mountains, a-d, neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views, x2.4, e-k, topotype, serial sections 0.3 , 0.5, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 1.5 ~mm from posterior, x7 (Gischler, Sandy, & Peckmann, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gischler, Sandy, & Peckmann, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1814. peregrinellidae and wellerellidae (p. 2720).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-451.jpg?height=1865&width=1303&top_left_y=254&top_left_x=219)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Exlaminella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Wellerellidae","Subfamily":"Exlaminellinae","Genus":"Exlaminella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Exlaminella Carter & POLETAEV, 1998, p. 142","Type_species":"* E. insolita, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular to subpentagonal outline with dorsibiconvex profile, strongly inflated anteriorly, Ventral beak small, slightly incurved, foramen and delthyrium not observed, Fold and sulcus starting at midlength, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, wide, typically tridentate, Plicae strong, simple, angular, arising at midlength, Dental plates and dorsal median septum absent, Hinge plates divided, crura falciform, Dorsal and ventral muscle scars well impressed","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian or lower Moscovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian or lower Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Bashkirian or lower Moscovian)","Geography":"Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1814, 1a-l. * E. insolita, lower Hare Fiord Formation, Ellesmere Island, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, x2, e-l, paratype, serial sections 0.6 , 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4 ~mm from posterior, x4 (Carter & Poletaev, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Carter & Poletaev, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1814. peregrinellidae and wellerellidae (p. 2720).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-451.jpg?height=1865&width=1303&top_left_y=254&top_left_x=219)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":312.47,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Livarirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Allorhynchidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Livarirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Livarirhynchia V. Radulovi\u010d , 2007","Type_species":"* L. rajkae ; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Radulovi\u010d, Vladan. 2007 (in press). A new Pliensbachian rhynchonellide brachiopod from Livari (Rumija Mountain, Montenegro). Proceedings of the Fifth International Brachiopod Congress, Copenhagen 2005, Fossils and Strata 47.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Montenegro, Italy","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":192.9,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Saubachia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Wellerelloidea","Family":"Pontisiidae","Subfamily":"Pontisiinae","Genus":"Saubachia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Saubachia SIBL\u00cdK, 2000, p. 421","Type_species":"*S. inflata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, equibiconvex shells, globose, subtrigonal in outline, pronounced smooth stage, initial ribbing or a few rounded costae anteriorly, strong uniplication, fold slightly elevated, beak strong and low, suberect. Delthyrial cavity quadrate in cross section between thin, subparallel dental plates, lateral umbonal cavities semicircular, pedicle collar not observed, hinge teeth strongly crenulated, laterally expanded, with hollows for reception of outer and inner socket ridges, septalium absent, hinge plates fused, their inner and outer parts characteristically delimited, dorsal median septum confined posteriorly only and reduced anteriorly to a low ridge, alleged raduliform crura, convex outward in cross section, fitting better into hamiform type.    [This monotypic new genus was originally referred to Wellerellidae, which is consistent with hamiform (rather than raduliform) crura seen in sections, yet, it may likewise belong in Pontisiidae, as suggested by entire hinge plates and strong overall similarity to Bodrakella MOiSeev (it is probably ancestral to, if not synonymous with, the latter).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","Last_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","Geography":"Alps (Austria, Germany)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1821a-k. *S. inflata, Kendlbach Beds, Saubachgraben, near Salzburg, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, coll. IPW, x3, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.1, 1.5, 1.7, 2.1, 2.25, \u00d72 (Sibl\u00edk, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sibl\u00edk, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1821. pontisiidae (p. 2730-2732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-462.jpg?height=594&width=1148&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=311)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":199.46,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Choffatirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Choffatirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Choffatirhynchia Garc\u00eda Joral & GOY, 2004, p. 242","Type_species":"Rhynchonella Vasconcellosi Choffat in DUBAR, 1931, p. 122, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized, dorsibiconvex shells, subtetrahedral to globose, usually wider than long, well-marked subrectangular uniplication in anterior commissure, but rather ill-defined trilobation, with numerous, dense, simple, subangular costae (5 to 8 on fold) that extend full length (somewhat effaced near umbos, at most), suberect, narrow, prominent beak, foramen relatively large, cardinal area ill developed. Narrow, shallow septalium, dental plates thin, subparallel or slightly convergent ventrally, in section, crura raduliform.    [Although this new genus was originally placed among Rhynchonellinae, certain affinities with Ivanoviellines may not be disregarded.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Last_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","Geography":"Spain, Portugal, France, northern Africa","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1822a-k. * C. vasconcellosi (\u0421hoffat), lower Toarcian, Turmiel Formation, Ari\u00f1o, Teruel, Spain, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, DPUCM Ar.11.402, x1.5, d-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0, 1.9, 2.1, 2.5, 3.3, 4.0, 4.7, 5.0, DPUCM Ar.11.501, x2.6 (Garc\u00eda Joral & Goy, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda Joral & Goy, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1822. rhynchonellidae (p. 2732).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-463.jpg?height=1040&width=1074&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=331)","beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grestenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Rhynchonellinae","Genus":"Grestenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grestenella SIBL\u00cdK, 2000, p. 435","Type_species":"Rhynchonella austriaca SUESS, 1854, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized shells, subtrigonal to subcircular in outline, dorsibiconvex, with strong uniplication in anterior commissure, and high fold well developed in anterior half of shell, multicostate, sharp, angular costae, rarely short, smooth area around umbones, beak usually high and strong, but shorter, slightly incurved in some globular specimens, beak ridges delimiting small impressed planareas. Delthyrial cavity subquadrate in cross section, lateral umbonal cavities subtrigonal, dental plates subparallel or slightly divergent ventrally, sometimes with pedicle collar and double deltidial plates, hinge teeth strong, straight, and crenulated, conspicuous, deep, V-shaped septalium between subhorizontal hinge plates, raduliform crura distally curving toward ventral valve, with strongly expanded ventral parts.   [This monotypic new genus is referred to Rhynchonellidae, established mainly for subcynocephalous shells with unusual development of crural terminations; seems most closely related to Rhynchonelloidea Buckman .]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Austria (Alps, pre-Alps)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1823a-m. *G. austriaca (SuEss), Sinemurian-Pliensbachian, Gresten Limestone, Pechgraben, near Weyer, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GBA 1854 \/ 6 \/ 13, x1.5 (new, courtesy of M. Sibl\u00edk), d-m, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 3.1, 3.7, 4.6, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6, coll GBA, x1.5 (Sibl\u00edk, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sibl\u00edk, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1823. rhynchonellidae (p. 2732-2733).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-464.jpg?height=1026&width=1296&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Superbirhyncha":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Uralorhynchiinae","Genus":"Superbirhyncha","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Superbirhyncha SIBL\u00cdK, 2002, p. 101","Type_species":"Rhynchonella superba BITTNER, 1890, p. 228, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subtrigonal to rounded pentagonal in outline, width exceeding length in most cases, strongly dorsibiconvex in profile, ventral valve almost flat sometimes, fold and sulcus well developed anteriorly, but poorly detached from lateral slopes, anterior commissure with broad, strong uniplication, few, low, blunt costae on fold and sulcus, prominent anteriorly, but indistinct toward umbos, lateral and posterior parts nearly smooth or with poorly developed ribbing, slight posterior dorsal sulcation present, growth lines conspicuous along margins, ventral beak erect and slightly swollen, foramen small, submesothyrid. Shell walls very thick, lateral umbonal chambers filled largely with secondary callus, almost completely obscuring dorsally divergent dental plates, teeth strong, crenulated, inserted into large sockets, septalium short, narrow, but relatively deep and thickened, dorsal median septum strong, short, reduced to a ridge, inner socket ridges continuous with thick hinge plates, crura raduliform, proximally close to median septum, muscle scars usually strongly impressed.    [This monotypic new genus was initially referred to Tetrarhynchiinae but in view of noticeable lack of squama and glotta, it may be better allocated among Rhynchonellidae, with affinities to Uralorhynchiinae most likely, on the basis of evident similarities to other Late Triassic genera such as Sulcorhynchia d agyS and Omolonella MOiSeev (whereas resemblance to Moisseievia dagyS seems superficial only). The species has been recorded from China, too, but such extension of the new genus range would require further substantiation.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Northern Alps (Austria), China (possibly)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1824a-o. *S. superba (Bittner), Hallstatt Limestone, H\u00fctteneckalpe, a-c, dorsal, anterior, lateral views, NHMW, x1.5, d-0, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.7, 0.9, 1.3, 1.7, 2.3, 2.7, 3.4, 3.7, 3.9, 4.4, 4.6, 5.7, \u00d71.5 (Sibl\u00edk, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1824. rhynchonellidae (p. 2733-2734).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-465.jpg?height=977&width=1291&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laevorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Paranorellininae","Genus":"Laevorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laevorhynchia Shen & HE, 1994, p. 449","Type_species":"L. tenuis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell very small, ventribiconvex, transversely elliptical in outline, beak indistinct, dorsal valve nearly flat with anterior part slightly concave, forming wide and shallow sulcus, anterior commissure sulcate, surface smooth. Ventral interior with short dental plates, dorsal interior with an undivided hinge plate, but with shallow notch at anterior edge, crura \"extending anteriorly\" (Shen & He, 1994, p. 453, =possibly spinuliform).    [This is an overlooked genus with evident affinities to Paranorellininae, yet discrimination from Meishanorhynchia c hen & S hi in c hen , S hi , & KaihO, 2002, and Paranorellina dagyS, 1974, not adequately solved, in part because serial sections.    (implicit in description of internal characters) were not published in original paper, and no comparisons with material from around Meishan-Changxing (Zhejiang) were given.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic (lowest Scythian)","First_Occurrence":"lowest Scythian","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic (lowest Scythian)","Last_Occurrence":"lowest Scythian","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic (lowest Scythian)","Geography":"China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1825, 2a-d. *L. tenuis, lower Induan, Feihsienkuan Formation, Guiding, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, GD-8190, x2 (Shen & He, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shen & He, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1825. norellidae (p. 2734-2735).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-466.jpg?height=821&width=1284&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_ending_stage":46.2,"ending_date":248.41,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parasphenarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Frieleiidae","Subfamily":"Frieleiinae","Genus":"Parasphenarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parasphenarina Motchurova-Dekova, Saito, & ENDO, 2002, p. 301","Type_species":"P. cavernicola, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Micromorphic, teardrop-shaped, subcircular to suboval in outline, subequibiconvex in profile, shell thin, translucent to transparent, mostly smooth, but may bear radial striae on protegular nodes, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak pointed, suberect, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, auriculate. Dorsal valve lacking median ridge, but a shallow groove between two paired low ridges is often present instead. Crura spinuliform, cardinal process and septalium absent, hinge plates and inner socket ridges discrete posteriorly.  Living species are bathyal or from submarine caves.   [This further requires deletion of the Holocene record from Flores Sea in the previous entry for Sphenarina (Mance\u00f1idO & others, 2002, p. 1325). In addition, the validity of distinguishing Frieleiinae from Hispanorhynchiinae on the basis of presence or absence of septalium has been questioned by Motchurova-Dekova, Salto & Endo (2002).]","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Japan, Flores Sea (off Bali) -- Living species are bathyal or from submarine caves.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1826a-l. *P. cavernicola, Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, UMUT RB 28220-MN01-a, x15, d, detail of protegular nodes, UMUT RB 28220-R1-7, e, detail of ventral beak, UMUT RB 28219-R4-1, f, juvenile ventral interior, UMUT RB 28220-R5-11, g-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.95, 1.05, 1.2, UMUT RB 28220-MN01-c, x18 (MotchurovaDekova, Saito, & Endo, 2002).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1827a-f. * P. cavernicola, Miyako Island, Okinawa, Japan, a, ventral interior, UMUT RB 28220-R2-9, b, dorsal interior oblique view, UMUT RB 28220-R1-12; c, cardinalia, UMUT RB 28220-R1-3; d, detail of juvenile crus, UMUT RB 28220-R5-4; e, detail of crura, UMUT RB 28220-R1-10; f, schizolophe inside juvenile, UMUT RB 28214-MD03-a, \u00d732 (Motchurova-Dekova, Saito, & Endo, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"MotchurovaDekova, Saito, & Endo, 2002","figure_index":"\nfig. 1827. frieleiidae (p. 2735-2736).","figure_link":"\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-467.jpg?height=1752&width=1296&top_left_y=255&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Woodwardirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Woodwardirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Woodwardirhynchia Simon & OWEN, 2001, p. 57","Type_species":"Cretirhynchia cuneiformis \u0420\u0415\u0422TITT, 1950, p. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costate dorsibiconvex shells, slightly wider than long, costae dense, becoming subangular toward margins, with narrow intervening sulci, beak short and curved, beak ridges distinct, flanking conspicuous palintrope, hypothyridid, auriculate foramen. Pedicle collar well developed, dental plates divergent ventrally in their early stages and subparallel to slightly convergent anteriorly, forked hinge plates, generally short, triangular in outline with a ventral concave surface, crura diverging laterally, inwardly concave, and becoming straight in transverse section near distal end, thin median septum persistent on dorsal valve floor.   [This genus was segregated from Cretirhynchia Pettitt and assigned to Cyclothyridinae.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"England, France, Belgium, ?Poland, ?India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1828a-m. *W. cuneiformis (Pettitt), upper Turonian, Bardouville near Rouen, Seine Maritime, France, a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, IRScNB IST 10832, x1.74, f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.35, 2.65 , 3.15, 3.75, 4.2, 4.55, 4.8, 5.05, IRScNB IST 10832, approximately x1.65 (Simon & Owen, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simon & Owen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1828. cyclothyrididae (p. 2736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-469.jpg?height=842&width=1271&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antulanella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Viarhynchiinae","Genus":"Antulanella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antulanella Radulovi\u010d in Radulovi\u010d, Motchurova-Dekova, & Radulovi\u010d, 2007 , 2007","Type_species":"*Rhynchonella Pancici Antula, 1903; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Radulovi\u010d , Barbara, Neda Motchurova-Dekova, & Vladan Radulovi\u010d . 2007. New Barremian rhynchonellide brachiopod from Serbia and the shell ultrastructure of Tetrarhynchiidae. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, in press [cf. Abstracts, Fifth International Brachiopod Congress, Co penhagen 2005: 46\u201347].]","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","First_Occurrence":"Barremian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"Barremian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian)","Geography":"Serbia","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":126.5,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harmignirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Harmignirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harmignirhynchia Simon & OWEN, 2001, p. 85","Type_species":"Cretirhynchia intermedia PETTITT, 1950, p. 14, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, this genus is a close ally to Homaletarhynchia Simon & Owen, yet, both may be treated independently for having also such affinities to aphelesiines as inwardly concave crura, resembling subfalciform-hamiform in scope.","Synonyms":"Cretirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Multicostate, slightly biconvex, symmetrical shells, transversely oval in outline, always wider than long, lenticular in anterior view and lateral profile, numerous faint costae, sometimes reduced in number near commissure. Dental plates convergent ventrally, dorsal myophragm low, short, hinge plates relatively wide and crural bases subquadrate but often inwardly concave, posterior part of crura strongly concave, crura steep, deflected ventrally, remaining close together or slightly diverging laterally, angle formed by distal parts of crura widely obtuse in transverse section. Originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, this genus is a close ally to Homaletarhynchia Simon & Owen, yet, both may be treated independently for having also such affinities to aphelesiines as inwardly concave crura, resembling subfalciform-hamiform in scope.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian-upper Campanian)","Geography":"United Kingdom, Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1829, 1a-m. *H. intermedia (\u0420\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0456\u0442\u0442), lower Campanian, East Harnham, Wiltshire, England, a-e, topotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, BMNH B.92742-5, x2.4, f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.3, 3.0, 3.8, 4.15, 4.65, 4.85, 5.15, 5.55, BMNH B. 92742-5, approximately x1.46 (Simon & Owen, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simon & Owen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1829. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 2736-2741).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-470.jpg?height=1713&width=1281&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lewesirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Lewesirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lewesirhynchia Simon & OWEN, 2001, p. 77","Type_species":"*Terebratula octoplicata J. Sowerby, 1816, in 1815-1818, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"This genus was originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, but both genera may be treated independently, pending further revision.","Synonyms":"Cretirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Multicostate, biconvex, symmetrical shells, with numerous costae generally faint near umbo, becoming elevated toward margins, near commissure, costae sometimes reduced in number, but incipient splitting of them is observed occasionally. Thick shelled, umbo filled with callus, pedicle collar absent, thick dental plates, convergent ventrally, dorsal myophragm variably developed, inner socket ridges extending anteriorly, hinge plates very small, triangular, becoming anteriorly indistinct, crural base inwardly concave, developing with hinge plate and anterior part of inner socket ridge, original hook structure visible in transverse section, crura raduliform, slightly diverging.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian, ?lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-lower Campanian, ?lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"United Kingdom, ?India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1830a-m. *L. octoplicata (Sowerby), Coniacian, Chalk, Lewes, Sussex, England, a-e, topotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, BMNH B.8379-1, x1.77, f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.5, 4.35, 4.75, 5.65, 6.1, 6.65, 7.3, 8.05, BMNH B.8379-1, approximately x1 (Simon & Owen, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simon & Owen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1830. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 2741).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-471.jpg?height=1158&width=1286&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chathamirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Hemithiridoidea(?) - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chathamirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chathamirhynchia Lee & MOTCHUROVA-DEKOVA, 2007","Type_species":"C. kahuitara, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of rhynchonellide brachiopods described by Lee & Motchurova-Dekova in 2007, found in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of New Zealand. The new genus and species Chathamirhynchia kahuitara were described from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand.    [This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Lee, D. E., & Neva Motchurova-Dekova. 2007. Chathamirhynchia kahuitara, a new genus and species of Late Cretaceous rhynchonellide brachiopod from the Chatham Islands, New Zea land: Shell structure, paleoecology and biogeography. In Brachiopod Research into the Third Millennium, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth and Environmental Sci ence, vol. 98(parts 3 and 4). Edinburgh.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"New Zealand, Chatham Islands","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Altaethyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Altaethyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Altaethyrella SEVERGINA, 1978, p. 38","Type_species":"* A. megala, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell subpentagonal, fold and sulcus from umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue moderately high, costae arising at beaks, short dental plates. Short, ridgelike cardinal process, lacking septalium and dorsal median septum.   The figures of holotype mold specimen are poor, and the internal features are unclear. This genus is best considered as a nomen dubium until better topotype material is available. kulkov and severgina (1989, p. 160\u2013161) decided to make Otarorhyncha a junior subjective synonym of Altaethyrella and assign it to the Ancistorhynchoidea, a decision followed by Popov, Nikitin and Cocks (2000), who assigned their subtriangular, more elongate material to Otarorhyncha otarica (r ukavisHnikova ), the type species of Otarorhyncha. The type material of Otarorhyncha has a short median septum, however, and appears to belong to the Rhynchotrematoidea. The photographs of the calcareous topotype specimen provided for the revised Treatise (Savage in Savage & others, 2002, p. 1048, Fig. 707,3a\u2013d ) by nikiForova show a transversly subpentagonal specimen with distinctive ribbing different from that of the mold material of Popov, Nikitin and Cocks (2000), which clearly lacks a median septum. Thus, assigning the material of Popov, Nikitin and Cocks to O. otarica is unsound and does not help clarify the features of Altaethyrella.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","First_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (Ashgill)","Geography":"Altai, Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1817, 4a-d. *A. megala, northwestern Altai, Kolmogorovo area, locality 12 of Severgina, Ordovsky suite, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and posterior views of internal mold, x2 (Severgina, 1978)","Museum_or_author_information":"Severgina, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1817. nomina dubia (p. 2724-2726).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-455.jpg?height=1267&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66.7,"beginning_date":447.72,"ending_stage":"Hirnantian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":443.07,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Angustispatulata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Angustispatulata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Angustispatulata Qian & ROBERTS, 1995, p. 265","Type_species":"*A*. campbelli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small with subpentagonal outline and biconvex profile, foramen small, deltidial plates conjunct. Fold and sulcus arising at umbones, anterior commissure uniplicate, tongue high, serrated, costae strong, simple, angular, arising at beaks, covering whole of shell. Dental plates short. Dorsal median septum long, slender, septalium short, without cover plate, hinge plates dividing immediately anterior of septalium, crura highly curved ventrally, laterally flattened.   [Holotype (internal mold) is poorly illustrated, and features are uncertain. Other photographs of molds are inadequate. Serial sections are of specimen from a locality and formation different from that of the holotype. This genus should be considered a nomen dubium until it is reillustrated using better topotype specimens.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","Geography":"eastern Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1817, 2a-n. *A. campbelli, Schellwienella burlingtonensis brachiopod Zone, New England area of New South Wales, a-b, holotype, Ararat Formation, two views of internal mold, x2, c, hypotype, mold of dorsal valve interior, x2, d, mold of ventral valve exterior, x2, e, mold of ventral valve interior, \u00d72; f\u2013n, hypotype, serial sections, Namoi Formation, intervals not given, \u00d71.5 (Qian & Roberts, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1817. nomina dubia (p. 2724-2726).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-455.jpg?height=1267&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atlanticoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonellida - Nomina dubia","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Atlanticoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atlanticoelia KOCH, 1996, p. 1088","Type_species":"Atrypa acutiplicata CONRAD, 1841, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to subpentagonal outline, planoconvex to biconvex lateral profile, costae simple, strong, rounded crests, extending from beaks, broad dorsal sulcus. Interior poorly known.    [This genus is best considered a nomen dubium until the type species is fully described and a lectotype designated. Conrad, 1841, p. 54, gave a brief description of material from the Onondaga Limestone near Waterville, New York, but without illustrations. Hall, 1867, pl. 57, 30\u201339, and Hall & Clarke , 1895, pl. 53,32\u201335, described and illustrated the exterior of a specimen assigned to the species but from Jamesville, New York, 40 miles from Waterville, along with illustrations of interiors from Waterloo, New York, 50 miles west of Jamesville. Kindle, 1912, p. 84, described the species but used interiors from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland. KOch (1996, p. 1088, fig. 1), in proposing the new genus, illustrated a single dorsal internal mold from Rosendale, New York, many miles from all the above localities, and gave emphasis to the presence of a large, knoblike cardinal process, not noted by Conrad, Hall, or Kindle.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"USA (New York)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1817, 3. *A. acutiplicata (Conrad), dorsal internal mold, x1 (Koch, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Koch, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1817. nomina dubia (p. 2724-2726).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-455.jpg?height=1267&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ceresathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Ceresathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ceresathyris Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & VAN\u011aK, 1998, p. 89","Type_species":"Terebratula ceres BARRANDE, 1847, p. 395, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"May be synonymous with Athyris","Synonyms":"Athyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex shells of subpentagonal to elongated elliptical outline, maximum width at midvalve, with numerous (up to 40 in a specimen 15 mm long), evenly spaced, short growth lamellae, with shallow ventral sulcus and low dorsal fold with or without shallow median groove, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, ventral beak moderately to strongly incurved, with small, circular foramen in permesothyridid position, delthyrium open, obscured by dorsal beak, shell thick in umbonal region, dental plates obscured by callus, free only anteriorly, subparallel to slightly convergent ventrally, lateral apical cavities very short, ventral muscle field weakly impressed, cardinalia thick posteriorly, dental sockets poorly developed anteriorly, cardinal flanges absent, hinge plate short, apically perforated by large foramen, slightly convex ventrally, without dorsal septum or myophragm, spiral cones laterally directed, jugum unknown.   [This genus resembles Athyris M\u2019cOy externally, but the umbonal region is thick shelled in both valves, dental plates are subparallel to slightly convex ventrally, obscured by callus, free only anteriorly, and reportedly without ventral foramen, but it seems to be present in some of h avl\u00ed \u010de K \u2019 s illustrations (e.g., h avl\u00ed \u010de K in havl\u00ed\u010deK & van\u011bK, 1998, pl. 8,12a). It differs from Leptathyris S iehl in its hinge plate being slightly convex ventrally as in some Pachyplax a lvare Z & b runt O n , from which Ceresathyris differs in growth lamellae morphology and ventral interior. The lack of information on the brachiojugal system makes impossible its comparison with those developed by other athryridid genera. May be synonymous with Athyris. ]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1831, 2a-l. * C. ceres (Barrande), Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, Prague Basin, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH 12123a, \u00d72 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, photographs courtesy of the late V . Havl\u00ed\u010dek), d-l, transverse serial sections 13.7, 13.5, 13.0, 12.7, 12.6, 11.1, 11.6, 11.8, 12.2 mm from anterior margin of shell (adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1831. athyrididae (p. 2742-2744).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-473.jpg?height=226&width=1096&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Drovithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Drovithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Drovithyris Jafarian, 1973, unpublished manuscript deposited in the Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard, Lyon, France, Drovithyris JAFARIAN, 2000, p. 223, tables 3-4 respectively","Type_species":"Athyris (Drovithyris) genus nov. and sp. nov.","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"This genus was described as a subgenus of Athyris by Jafarian, 1973, and listed but not described or diagnosed, as both subgenus and genus by Jafarian, 2000, p. 223, tables 3-4 respectively. Only one species, Athyris (Drovithyris) genus nov. and sp. nov. sic was included in the genus-subgenus by Jafarian (2000, p. 229, pl. 3, 10 a-b, 11 a-b). This genus is in need of proper validation.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (?middle Frasnian, upper Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (?middle Frasnian, upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (?middle Frasnian, upper Famennian)","Geography":"southeastern Anarak, north of Esfahan, Chah-Riceh, Iran","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grinnellathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Grinnellathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grinnellathyris Li & JONES, 2002, p. 656","Type_species":"^* G. alvarezis, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, commonly elongate, subelliptical, rarely circular or slightly transverse, equally biconvex to slightly ventribiconvex shells, maximum width near midvalve, surface with numerous (up to 16 in a specimen 12 mm long) short growth lamellae, ventral beak prominent, recurved, foramen large, rounded, permesothyrid, delthyrium open, shallow sulcus originating at about midlength, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate to slightly parasulcate, dental plates short, dorsally convergent, lateral apical cavities narrow, teeth small, cardinal plate imperforate, subtriangular, flat to slightly concave ventrally, cardinal flanges absent, socket ridges low, no dorsal septum or myophragm, laterally directed spiralia of fewer than about 10 whorls, U-shaped jugum, lateral branches of jugum almost vertical, starting midway along length of dorsal valve, jugal saddle moderately developed, jugal stem and accessory lamellae absent.    [This genus differs from externally similar Athyris M\u2019cOy and Protathyris K OZ lOw SK y mainly in its imperforate cardinal plate, which is not trilobed anteriorly ( Protathyris ), jugum without stem and accessory jugal lamellae, and jugal saddle only moderately developed; differs from Buchanathyris t alent in shorter dental plates, not being concave medially, jugum with jugal saddle moderately developed and without short, posteriorly directed, stemlike process. Although similar in shell size and internal structures, Johnsonathyris S avage , e berlein , & churKin differs in shell being strongly biconvex, subglobular, ventral foramen minute, commissure strongly uniplicate anteriorly, shell exterior with fine growth lamellae crossed by regularly developed fine costellae, cardinal plate medially crested, and jugum placed anterior of midlength, without any saddle. When erected, Grinnellathyris was tenta tively included in the Athyridinae, although the authors considered it advisable to establish a new subfamily, Johnsonathyridinae, for athyridines, as Johnsonathyris and Grinnellathyris, with imperforate cardinal plate. In the athyridids, the dorsal foramen is generally small or even very small, and easy to be overlooked when dorsal interiors are studied from serial sections of few specimens that are commonly adults. This feature is not evident if only adult or gerontic specimens are studied as it may become partially or completely infilled by secondary shell thickening during ontogeny. Grinnellathyris is therefore kept here also within the Athyridinae.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","First_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Geography":"Bathurst Island, Grinnell Peninsula, North Kent Island, Arctic Canada","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1832a\u2013s. *G. alvarezis, Bird Fiord Formation, Grinnell Peninsula, Devon Insland, Arctic Canada; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, UA 12090, \u00d75.5; f, ventral view showing growth lamellae, UA 12091, \u00d73 (Li & Jones, 2002); g\u2013s, transverse serial sections 0.7, 1.3, 1.7, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 3.1, 4.5, 6.85, 7.1, 7.5 mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Li & Jones, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Jones, 2002, \nadapted from Grunt & Racki, 1998","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":394.3,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":385.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pachyplaxoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Atrypida","Suborder":"Atrypidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Atrypoidea","Family":"Atrypidae","Subfamily":"Variatrypinae","Genus":"Pachyplaxoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pachyplaxoides Grunt in Grunt & RACKI, 1998, p. 369","Type_species":"* P. postgyralea, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, ventribiconvex to nearly equally biconvex shells of subpentagonal to subcircular outline, equidimensional to slightly wider than long, commonly widest near midlength, with maximum thickness at posterior third of shell, with numerous (up to 20 in a specimen 27 mm long), variably developed growth lamellae, shallow ventral sulcus and flat, or slightly depressed medianly, dorsal fold beginning in posterior third of shell, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, ventral beak short, incurved, truncated by small, permesothyridid foramen, delthyrium open, obscured by dorsal beak, internally without dental plates, no dorsal septum or myophragm, cardinal flanges absent, cardinal plate thin, subtrapezoidal, apically perforated, ventrally concave anteriorly, crural bases poorly developed, spires seem to be present but their number, disposition, and jugum unknown.    [This genus differs from closely related athyridids such as Protathyris K OZ lOw SK i and Alvarezites S truve , with similar, delicate, and not very long growth lamellae, in its general morphology and internal characters. It differs from Lamellosathyris Jin & Fang and Pachyplax alvareZ & bruntOn in its external ornamentation, type of cardinalia, and lack of dental plates. Lamellosathyris has long, radially corrugated shell flanges extending from rugae of both valves. In Pachyplax, the growth lamellae are thick and overlap strongly so that the combination of lamellae and the entrapped sediment between them gives a rough, rugose external appearance to the shells, which are rather different than those of Pachyplaxoides. Internally, in Pachyplax as in many other Devonian related genera, more or less developed cardinal flanges are confined posteriorly on the hinge plate, a myophragm divides the dorsal muscle scars, and more or less clear dental plates support the hinge teeth; all these structures are absent in Pachyplax\u00ad oides. In Lamellosathyris the cardinal flanges project posteroventrally and the diductor myophores spread over most of ventral surface of the reduced but heavily thickened cardinal plate. The genus differs externally from Planalvus c arter and Densalvus c arter , also without dental plates; Planalvus is slightly uniplicate, dorsibiconvex with an almost flat ventral valve; while Densalvus is rectimarginate, with strongly inflated ventral valve and weakly convex dorsal valve. The lamellae of Pachyplaxoides are not finely striated and fringed with minute solid spines ( Planalvus ) or weakly and finely capillate (Densalvus). Lack of information on the brachiojugal system makes impossible its comparison with those developed by other athryridid genera.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian), Upper Devonian (upper Famennian)","Geography":"central Poland (Holy Cross Mountains), Germany (Eifel)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1831, 1a\u2013s. *P. postgyralea ; a\u2013d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, Quarry Reichle, Pr\u00fcmer Mulde, Eifel, Germany, SFM 59509, \u00d71.2; e, enlargement of ornament of ventral valve, \u0141gawa Hill, Bolechowice, Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland, GIUS 4-1477\/GL-102, \u00d7 7.5 (Grunt & Racki, 1998); f\u2013s, transverse serial sections 1.4,","Museum_or_author_information":"Li & Jones, 2002, \nadapted from Li & Jones, 2002, \nGrunt & Racki, 1998, \nadapted from Grunt & Racki, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1831. athyrididae (p. 2742-2744).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-473.jpg?height=226&width=1096&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":373.44,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bruntosina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Athyrisininae","Genus":"Bruntosina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bruntosina Rong & OTHERS, 2004, p. 837","Type_species":"Athyrisinopsis gansuensis Zhang in Zhang & Fu, 1983, p. 355, OD, =Athyrisinopsis trapeziformis ZHANG, 1987, p. 126","Synonyms_with_authors":"Athyrisinopsis gansuensis Zhang in Zhang & Fu, 1983, p. 355, OD, =Athyrisinopsis trapeziformis Zhang, 1987, p. 126","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate oval, subcircular to transversely oval and nearly equally biconvex shells, ventral sulcus and dorsal fold well developed, pauciplicate on flanks, without bifurcation or intercalation, a single costa characteristically present in the middle of the sulcus, and shallow furrow on the middle of the fold, variably spaced growth lamellae, on any of which there are up to 80 growth lines, dental plates thin, long, and parallel, lateral apical cavities wider than for subfamily, cardinalia, spiralium, and jugum essentially as in Athyrisina.   [Bruntosina has a more restricted distribution than the other athyrisinins: it is only known from upper Emsian and Eifelian of the West Qinling Mountains. It resembles Athyrisina hayaSaKa, type genus of Athyrisininae, but has fewer plications (generally 2) on flanks, and ribs bounding the sulcus are stronger. Radial elements are more numerous in Athyrisina, being simple costae or less frequently costae and costellae. Bruntosina characteristically has a single, narrow costa in the middle of the sulcus, whereas Athyrisina has three or more ribs (of the same width as those on the flanks) in the sulcus, and Parathyrisina wang has no radial elements on the sulcus or  fold. Growth lamellae are numerous and regularly spaced in Athyrisina, but in Bruntosina they are variably spaced (up to 5 on adult valves), with up to 80 fine growth lines on each lamellae. Internally, dental plates are long and parallel in Bruntosina, but very short, with very narrow lateral apical cavities in Athyrisina and Parathyrisina.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)\u2013Middle Devonian (Eifelian):","Geography":"China (western and eastern Qinling, southeastern Gansu).","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1834a\u2013j. *B. gansuensis (Zhang), Dangduo Formation, upper Emsian\u2013lower Eifelian; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Pulaigou, Tewo County, south-eastern Gansu, XB 239, \u00d71.5; f\u2013h, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Xiawunagou, Tewo County, southeastern Gansu, XB 231, \u00d7 1.5; i\u2013j, ventral view and enlargement showing characteristic single costa in middle of sulcus and concentric ornamentation, Dangduobeigou, Tewo County, southeastern Gansu, XB 230, \u00d7 1.5, \u00d7 8.5 (Rong & others, 2004).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1835a\u2013u. *B. gansuensis (Zhang), Dangduo Formation, upper Emsian\u2013lower Eifelian; transverse serial sections 1.2, 1.9, 2.6, 3.0, 4.0, 4.6,5.0, 5.5, 5.9, 6.1, 6.7, 8.6, 9.7, 10.3, 10.6, 10.8, 11.4, 12.2, 12.5, 14.9, 15.2 mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, Pulaigou, Tewo County, southeastern Gansu, \u00d71.5 (Rong & others, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bruntonathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Bruntonathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bruntonathyris Chen, Shi, & ZHAN, 2003, p. 853","Type_species":"* B. amunikeensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"External shape, folding, and concentric ornamentation resembling those of transverse Actinoconchus, exfoliated surfaces displaying a delicate radial pattern, interior similar to that of some cleiothyridinins, cardinalia with poorly developed cardinal flanges, spiralium and jugum unknown.    [This genus was assigned by its authors to the Cleiothyridininae notwithstanding the absence of flat, solid spinelike projections from growth lamellae, anteriorly and anterolaterally directed, which are diagnostic of that subfamily. In fact, these shells could be either athyridinins or cleiothyridinins dependent on their ornamentation, which is not well preserved in the material studied; internal structure of brachidia unknown.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (upper Tournaisian-Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"northwestern China (Qaidam Basin), southern China, Japan (Akiyoshi), Russia (Urals, Moscow Basin, Donetsk Basin), England","Figure_captions":"Fig . 1836 a\u2013p. * B. amunikeensis, Tournaisian, Chuanshangou section, Qaidam Basin, northwestern China; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, NMV P309563, \u00d7 1.5; f\u2013h, dorsal and ventral views, and detail of ventral umbonal region, exfoliated, showing radial striae, NMV P309561, \u00d7 1.5, \u00d7 3; i\u2013o, transverse serial sections 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.2, 3.7, 4.0 mm from ventral umbo, NMV P309564; p, dorsal interior reconstructed from serial sections, NMV P309564 (Chen, Shi, & Zhan, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMV, \nChen, Shi, & Zhan, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1836. athyrididae (p. 2747).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-480.jpg?height=1872&width=1293&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":351,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Baliqliqia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Cleiothyridininae","Genus":"Baliqliqia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Baliqliqia Chen & Shi, 2006, p. 29","Type_species":"*B. baliqliqensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Chen Z. Q., & Shi G. R. 2006. ArtinskianKungurian (Early Permian) brachiopod faunas from the Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Part 2: Paleobiogeography, and systematics of Orthotetida, Orthida, Spiriferida, Spiriferinida, Rhynchonellida, Athyridida and Terebratulida. Palaeontographica (Abt. A) 275(1-3):1\u201353.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"Northwest China (Tarim Basin)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Transcaucasathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Comelicaniinae","Genus":"Transcaucasathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Transcaucasathyris Shen , Grunt , & Jin , 2004, p. 893","Type_species":"*Araxathyris araxensis Grunt in Ruzhentsev & Sarytcheva, 1965, p. 247; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Shen Shu-Zhong, T. A. Grunt, & Jin Yu-Gan. 2004. A comparative study of Comelicaniidae Merla, 1930 (Brachiopoda: Athyridida) from the Lopingian (Late Permian) of south China and Transcaucasia in Azerbaijan and Iran. Journal of Paleontology 78(5):884\u2013899.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"South China, Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan, Iran)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fastigata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Fastigata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fastigata Baranov & AL'\u041a\u041d\u041eVI\u041a, 2001, p. 41","Type_species":"* F. longa, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small-sized, elongate subelliptical to subpentagonal, subequally biconvex, rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate shells, widest and thickest near midlength, ventral beak slightly curved, delthyrium reportedly covered by deltidial plates, valve surface with spaced growth lamellae and fine tubular ribs similar to that of some atrypids, dental plates short, thin to more or less thick, converging slightly dorsally, cardinal plate apically perforated, slightly ventrally concave posteriorly to slightly ventrally convex anteriorly, cardinal flanges absent, low and short dorsal myphragm may be present, spiralia with up to six laterally directed whorls, jugum with relatively short saddle and stem, accessory jugal lamellae very short or absent.    [ Fastigata is similar to Pseudoprotathyris in shape, but differs in its ornamentation, cardinalia, and jugum. It differs from Atrythyris in its hinge plate not being depressed medially, poorly developed cardinal flanges, and much shorter accessory jugal lamellae; it differs from Bruntonathyris by inner hinge plates situated in similar plane to the outer hinge plates. Exfoliated surfaces in Bruntonathyris display a delicate radial pattern; in Fastigata, although material is too poorly preserved, fine tubular ribs seem to be interrupted by regular growth lamellae.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lower Lochkovian)","Geography":"Tas-Khayakhtakh Ridge, southern Verkhoyansk region, eastern Yakutia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1837, 2a-t. *F. longa, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, lower Sette-Daban Formation, Sette-Daban Ridge, southern Verkhoyansk region, eastern Yakutia, IGN SO RAN 171 \/ 1, x3, e-f, partly exfoliated ventral valve showing tubular ribs, basal Datna Formation, Tas-Khayakhtakh Ridge, IGN SO RAN 171\/7, x3, x10 (Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001), g-s, transverse serial sections 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.1, 1.85, 2.6, 2.7, 3.4, 3.6, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5, 4.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, lower Sette-Daban Formation, Sette-Daban Ridge, southern Verkhoyansk region, eastern Yakutia IGN SO RAN 171\/8, t, transverse serial section at approximately 2.0 mm from ventral umbo, lower Sette-Daban Formation, Sette-Daban Ridge, southern Verkhoyansk region, eastern Yakutia, IGN SO RAN 171\/9 (adapted from Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001, \nadapted from Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1837. athyrididae (p. 2747-2752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-481.jpg?height=1701&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":416.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Mica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mica Baranov & AL'KHOVIK, 2001, p. 44","Type_species":"M. borea, M","Synonyms_with_authors":"Micathyris Baranov & Al'\u043a'\u043a\u043evi\u043a, 2001, p. 42, fig. 2, incorrect subsequent spelling","Synonyms":"Micathyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, subequally biconvex shells with outline elongate subelliptical, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus absent or poorly developed anteriorly, growth lines weak, ventral beak high, slightly curved, delthyrium reportedly covered by deltidial plates, dental plates thin, high, short, subparallel, teeth small, hinge plate ventrally concave, apically perforated, septum or dorsal myophragm absent, spiralia with up to four laterally directed whorls, jugum poorly preserved, seemingly without saddle, stem, or accessory jugal lamellae.    [Mica resembles Fastigata, Glassina, Dogdathyiris, or Svetlania in outline and lateral profile, but differs internally by nature of cardinalia and brachidium; this genus requires revision.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"Ulakhan-Sis Ridge, eastern Yakutia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1837, 1a-l. * M. borea, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, Krivoi Ruchei Formation, Ulakhan-Sis Ridge, eastern Yakutia, IGN SO RAN 171\/16, x3 (Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001), e-l, transverse serial sections 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.3\\n\\nSource 1:\\neastern Yakutia, IGN SO RAN 171 \/ 1, x3, e-f, partly exfoliated ventral valve showing tubular ribs, basal Datna Formation, Tas-Khayakhtakh Ridge, IGN SO RAN 171\/7, x3, x10 (Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001), g-s, transverse serial sections 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 1.1, 1.85, 2.6, 2.7, 3.4, 3.6, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5, 4.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, distance from ventral umbo to first section approximate, lower Sette-Daban Formation, Sette-Daban Ridge, southern Verkhoyansk region, eastern Yakutia IGN SO RAN 171\/8, t, transverse serial section at approximately 2.0 mm from ventral umbo, lower Sette-Daban Formation, Sette-Daban Ridge, southern Verkhoyansk region, eastern Yakutia, IGN SO RAN 171\/9 (adapted from Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001, \nBaranov & Al'khovik, 2001, \nadapted from Baranov & Al'khovik, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1837. athyrididae (p. 2747-2752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-481.jpg?height=1701&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pygmis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Didymothyridinae","Genus":"Pygmis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pygmis BALI\u0143SKI, 2002, p. 299","Type_species":"Nucleospira jablonensis BIERNAT, 1983, p. 142, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, slightly rostrate, ventribiconvex to nearly equally biconvex, weakly uniplicate, delthyrium open, subcircular to subpentagonal, commonly widest near midlength, internally with short, subparallel dental plates, cardinal plate apically perforated, spiralia with up to 5 laterally directed whorls and complete jugal arch.    [This genus differs from externally similar Helenathyridinae in lacking a double spiralium with the accessory jugal lamellae intercalating with spiralial loops to apex; differs from Leptathyris in weakly uniplicate, not faintly bisulcate, anterior commissure and cardinal plate without a medial depression. Pygmis differs from Nucleospira , where the type species was placed originally, in having dental plates, very different cardinalia, and neither low median ridge on both valves nor the typical external ornamentation of fine, solid spines covering entire shell and projecting radially at different angles from valve surface of well-preserved Nucleospira. Most features are typically didymothyridine, but shell interiors are affected by recrystallization, and consequently the details of the cardinalia, spiralium, and jugum were missed on serial sections; better, nonrecrystal lized specimens are needed to check its taxonomic position within the Athyrididae and its possible phylogenetic relationship with the Helenathy ridinae.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"southern and central Poland (Krak\u00f3w area, Holy Cross Mountains), ?Turkestan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1838a-y. *P. jablonensis (Biernat), a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, Jab\u0142onna, Holy Cross Mountains, central Poland, x3 (new, photographs courtesy of A. Bali\u0144ski), f-h, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, D\u0119bnik, Krak\u00f3w area, southern Poland ZPAL Bp 46\/57b, x1.5 (Bali\u0144ski, 2002, photographs courtesy of A. Bali\u0144ski), i-p, transverse serial sections 0.4, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, ZPAL Bp 46\/57e, q-v, transverse serial sections 0.6, 0.7, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, ZPAL Bp 46\/58, w-y, transverse serial sections 3.25, 3.4, 3.7 mm from ventral umbo, ZPAL Bp 46\/57f (adapted from Bali\u0144ski, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"ZPAL, \nBali\u0144ski, 2002, \nadapted from Bali\u0144ski, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1838. athyrididae (p. 2752).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-483.jpg?height=1886&width=1286&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=237)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anathyris (Anathyris)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Plicathyridinae","Genus":"Anathyris (Anathyris)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anathyris (Anathyris) VON PEETZ, 1901, p. 134","Type_species":"Spirifera phalaena PhilliPS, 1841, p. 71; SD Schuchert & Levene, 1929a, p. 29","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to very large transverse Anathyris with overall winged outline; hinge line almost straight, equal to or slightly shorter than maximum width; folding almost opposite and anterior commissure straight in juveniles, passing during ontogeny to develop a clearer mixed folding; ventral cardinal area well defined, rather high, subtrapezoidal, concave, ranging from apsacline to almost catacline in lateral regions to strongly curved anacline centrally; area covered by numerous, close and horizontal, well-marked growth lines; internally teeth and dental plates thicker than in Plicathyris; in late growth stages of some specimens dorsal foramen filled.   [For discussion of its type species and other species included, see AlvareZ, 1990, p. 206\u2013207. The inclusion of A. rhomboidalis from the Lower Carboniferous of Hunan, China, may extend the range from the Upper Devonian, Frasnian, but its assignment is uncertain.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Frasnian), ?Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)\u2013Upper Devonian (Frasnian), ?Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"northwestern Spain, France, northern Africa, Saudi Arabia, Emsian; England, Timan, Kuznetsk Basin, North America, Middle Devonian; Timan, Urals, Kuznetsk basin, Afghanistan, Frasnian; ?Hunan, ? Lower Carboniferous .","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1039a-x. *A. phalaena (Phillips), a, lectotype, ventral view, Middle Devonian, Devon, United Kingdom, GSM 6866, Phillips Collection, x1 (Alvarez, 1990, photograph courtesy of D. E. Butler), b-f, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, upper Emsian, Asturias, Spain, EM 20142, de Verneuil Collection, x1 (Alvarez, 1990), g-w, transverse serial sections 0.80, 1.40, 1.70, 3.00, 3.40, 4.00, 5.75, 6.20, 8.25, 8.75, 9.00, 9.70, 11.00, 11.50, 12.80, 15.50, 18.85 ~mm from ventral umbo, upper Emsian, Asturias, Spain, DPO 24481, x1.5 (adapted from Alvarez, 1990), x, dorsal view of winged specimen, upper Emsian, Le\u00f3n, Spain, DPO 24777, x1.5 (Alvarez, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"GSM, \nAlvarez, 1990, \nAlvarez, 1990, \nadapted from Alvarez, 1990, \nAlvarez, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1039. athyrididae (p. 1528).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-650.jpg?height=1860&width=1272&top_left_y=231&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gruntea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Gruntea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gruntea SHI, SHEN, & ARCHBOLD, 1999, p. 347","Type_species":"Posicomta GRANT, SHI & SHEN, 1997, p. 46, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, moderately subequally biconvex shells, subpentagonal or rounded subtriangular to subcircular, equidimensional to wider than long, commonly widest slightly anterior to midlength, with broadly spaced growth lamellae; ventral sulcus narrow, originating from beak as a prominent groove, slightly widening and deepening anteriorly; anterior commissure uniplicate; ventral beak strongly incurved, often closely appressed to dorsal umbo, foramen very small or absent, delthyrium completely filled by dorsal umbo without deltidial plates; dental plates thin, fused to thick shell walls or obscured by callus; cardinalia typically spirigerellin; spiralia and jugum unknown.   [Gruntea is possibly synonymous with Posicomta g runt , but with a slightly more subtriangular outline, dental plates being fused to thick shell walls, and having a deeper impressed ventral muscle field; internal structure of brachidia unknown.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"China (Xizang, southern Tibet), ?northwestern India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1843, 2a-i. * G. grunti (Shi & Shen), ?Kazanian, Tatarian, Selong Group, Selong Xishan section, southen Tibet, China, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, NMV P145689, \u00d72.8 (Shi & Shen, 1997), d-i, transverse serial sections 0.8, 1.2, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 7.0 mm from ventral umbo (adapted from Shi & Shen, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMV, \nShi & Shen, 1997, \nadapted from Shi & Shen, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1843. athyrididae (p. 2758-2760).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-490.jpg?height=1409&width=1291&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tarimathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Spirigerellinae","Genus":"Tarimathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tarimathyris Chen & Shi, 2006, p. 31","Type_species":"*Athyris postambigua uStritSKy, 1960; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Chen Z. Q., & Shi G. R. 2006. ArtinskianKungurian (Early Permian) brachiopod faunas from the Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Part 2: Paleobiogeography, and systematics of Orthotetida, Orthida, Spiriferida, Spiriferinida, Rhynchonellida, Athyridida and Terebratulida. Palaeontographica (Abt. A) 275(1-3):1\u201353.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"Northwest China (Tarim Basin)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Comelicothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Janicepsinae","Genus":"Comelicothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Comelicothyris POSENATO, 2001, p. 217","Type_species":"Athyris protea var. recticardinis MERLA, 1930, p. 67, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium sized, strongly biconvex, rounded triangular to subpentagonal or transverse subrectangular, almost strophic, maximum width near midvalve, ventral sinus relatively deep and dorsal sulcus on slightly raised fold, dental plates very thin and short, not fused to thick lateral walls, cardinalia as in Comelicania, with well-developed cardinal flanges and myophores facing sagittal plane, spiralia and jugum poorly known.  [The outline of C cothyris juveniles is rounded-subtriangular and Janiceps-like, while the outline of adults resembles that of late Comelicania species. This genus differs from Comelicania in its smaller size, maximum width near midvalve, not at hinge margin, lack of small winglike extensions at cardinal extremities, dental plates thin, short, and not fused to lateral walls. Juveniles and adult Janiceps have an astrophic, subtriangular to rhomboidal shell with maximum width at anterior third of shell, close to front. In Janiceps the thin and short dental plates may be buried in secondary shell material that is strongly developed in umbonal cavities, and low dental flanges may support teeth anteriorly (see P OS enatO , 1998, 2001). Araxathyris differs from Comelicothyris in its parasulcate to bisul cate anterior commissure; growth laminae widely and irregularly spaced; medially concave dental plates forming narrow sessile spondylium; cardinal plate thinner, triangular, apically perforated, with lower cardinal flanges; short and low myophragm, tertiary layer present (e.g., grunt, 1965, 1986).]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian (upper Changhsingian)","Geography":"eastern southern Alps","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1842a-p. * C. recticardinis (Merla), a, lectotype, ventral view, Monte Croce di Comelico, Merla collection, MDGP 24840, x1, b, ventral view, Monte Croce di Comelico, Merla collection, MDGP 24834, x1 (Posenato, 2001, photographs courtesy of R. Posenato), c-p, transverse serial sections 0.45, 1.5, 2.55, 2.7, 3.2, 4.05, 4.15, 4.3, 4.5, 4.85, 5.35, 6.15, 6.85, 7.1 mm from ventral umbo, Val Brutta, MDTF 15 (Posenato, 2001)., Fig. 1842q-t. C. laterosulcata Posenato, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views, Sass de Putia, Bolzano, MDTF 54, x0.8 (Posenato, 2001, photographs courtesy of R. Posenato).","Museum_or_author_information":"Posenato, 2001, \nPosenato, 2001, \nPosenato, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1842. athyrididae (p. 2758).\nfig. 1842. athyrididae (p. 2758).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-489.jpg?height=1399&width=1296&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=225)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-489.jpg?height=1399&width=1296&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":253.07,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cammerista":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristinae","Genus":"Cammerista","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cammerista Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, p. 85, Terebratula calypso BARRANDE, 1847, pl. 16, 10","Type_species":"Terebratula calypso BARRANDE, 1847, pl. 16, 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongate oval in outline, longer than wide, subequally biconvex, smooth but for few growth lines and low, rounded costellae, present only on anterior half, rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate anterior commissure, ventral beak moderately incurved, pierced by minute foramen, small, conjunct deltidial plates reportedly present, dental plates high, long, converging ventrally, reinforced by mystrochial plates, thin, gently convex shoelifter developing between dental plates, starting anterior of plates, septalium supported by high and thin median septum, spiralium and jugum unknown.   [Cammerista is similar to Dicamara but with mystrochial plates and lacking dorsal shoelifter. It differs from Dicamaropsis in its ventral shoelifter being relatively narrow, placed between ventrally converging dental plates, deeper septalium without middle knob, and lack of dorsal shoelifter. In Dicamaropsis the shoelifter supports ventrally parallel dental plates.   Lack of information on the brachiojugal system makes impossible its comparison with those developed by other meristelloid genera.]","Beginning_age":"Silurian (?Llandovery, ?Ludlow)","First_Occurrence":"Llandovery","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (?Llandovery, ?Ludlow), Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"North America (Oklahoma), Ludlow, ?Russia (Gorny Altai), Llandovery, Europe (Bohemia), Pragian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1844a-k. *C. calypso (Barrande), Pragian, Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, Prague Basin, Bohemia, a-c, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, L 23898, x3.4, d-e, ventral, and lateral views, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH 10798a, x2.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, photographs courtesy of the late V. Havli\u010dek), f-k, transverse serial sections 12.8, 12.4, 12.0, 11.9, 11.4, 10.3 ~mm from anterior margin of shell (adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, \nadapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1844. meristidae (p. 2760-2761).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-491.jpg?height=681&width=1271&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Rhuddanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":443.07,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Muhuathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristidae","Subfamily":"Meristidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Muhuathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Muhuathyris Sun & OTHERS, 2004, p. 240","Type_species":"*M. circularis, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium-sized meristids with subcircular to subpentagonal outline, dorsal fold and ventral sulcus commonly weak, well-developed dental plates, laterally buttressed by mystrochial plates, converging to form a spondylium sitting on a long, low median septum, septalium rhombic, relatively broad, supported by a low median septum and by a pair of plates laterally, spiralium and jugum unknown.    [Articulated shells were not found; the diagnosis is presently based on isolated valves, 13 dorsal and 11 ventral, found in the same beds. Assigned by its authors to the Rowleyellinae, these medium-sized meristid shells resemble Camarophorella Hall & Clarke externally and in their ventral interior, but clearly differ in the dorsal interior; in Muhuathyris the septalium is typically meristelloid but a pair of plates support laterally the septalium; Muhuathyris also lacks the dorsal shoe-lifter characteristic of Meristidae subfamilies and the long cruralium characteristic of Rowleyellinae, so its subfamily affinity is uncertain.]\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"southwestern China (Guizhou)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1845 a-s . * M. circularis, Muhua III section, Changshun County, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and posterior views of dorsal valve, PKUM02 0012, x1.3, e, cardinalia viewed anteroventrally, PKUM02 0012, x7.7, f, cardinalia viewed anteriorly, PKUM02 0014, x8, g, paratype, dorsal interior viewed anterolaterally, PKUM02 0015, \u00d710.2, h-j, paratype, external, internal, and posterior views of ventral valve, PKUM02 0004, x1.5, k, paratype, anterior view of ventral valve, PKUM02 0005, \u00d7 1.8; l\u2013s, transverse serial sections of broken dorsal valve, 0.16, 0.25, 0.34, 0.50, 0.65, 0.82, 0.91, 1.00 mm from dorsal umbo (Sun & others, 2004; photographs courtesy of Yualin Sun).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1845. meristidae (p. 2761-2762).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-492.jpg?height=1353&width=1283&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bimeristina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bimeristina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bimeristina GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 2003, p. 107","Type_species":"B. binnekampi, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate to equidimensional, rounded-subpentagonal, moderately biconvex, faint sulcus on both valves, anterior commissure rectimarginate or almost rectimarginate, dorsal septum long, jugal arch projecting as a long stem, moderately inclined posteriorly, bifurcating into accessory jugal lamellae that reunite with the stem, a second pair of accessory jugal lamellae joining laterally the jugal arch with the second whorl of each spiralial cone.   [This genus resembles externally the subfamily Whitfieldellinae; septalium and dental plates are as in Triathyridinae; the jugum is similar to that of Meristella h all except that in Bimeristina, the jugum projects also laterally into two apophyses that connect the jugal arch with secondary lamellae of spiralium; this unusual jugal system was reconstructed from serial sections made parallel to commissural plane from one specimen; sections of more specimens, especially those perpendicular to the plane of symmetry, are important to confirm the morphology of this complex jugum. At present, although all other features are typically meristellide, the development of laterally directed apophyses on the jugal arch makes the family assignment uncertain.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Spain (Palencia, Arag\u00f3n, Guadalajara), ?Czech Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1846, 1a-p. *B. binnekampi, Lebanza Formation, Lebanza, Palencia, northern Spain, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, DPO 30895, x1, e-i, transverse serial sections 2.0, 2.5, 2.95, 3.5, 4.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, DPO 38570, j-o, tangential serial sections, parallel to commissural plane, 3.2, 3.7, 4.65, 5.1, 5.55, 5.7 ~mm to ventral valve, DPO 38572, p, ventral view of reconstructed jugum, x3 (adapted from Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1846. uncertain (p. 2762-2768).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-494.jpg?height=1872&width=1296&top_left_y=253&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Fayettella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Fayettella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Fayettella WATKINS, 1999, p. 16","Type_species":"F. peninsulensis, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thin, smooth, with few growth lines, subtrigonal to elongate oval in outline, greatest width anterior to midvalve, dorsi- to almost equibiconvex, rectimarginate, ventral beak prominent, narrow, slightly to moderately curved, delthyrium high, open, anteriorly obscured by strongly incurved dorsal beak, foramen small, permesothyrid, long, cyrtomatodont hinge teeth supported by short dental plates, dorsal interior without septum and septalium but with spoon-shaped cardinal plate supported by two crural plates connected to valve floor, median ridge or myophragm dividing long, elongate, but poorly impressed muscle scars, spiralium and jugum unknown.   [When erected, this genus was included in the superfamily Meristelloidea, but no family assignment was attempted. Externally, this genus resembles young Whitfieldella, but its unusual cardinalia makes the assignment uncertain. Lack of information on the brachio jugal system makes impossible its comparison with those of other meristelloid genera.]","Beginning_age":"lower Silurian (Aeronian)","First_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Ending_age":"lower Silurian (Aeronian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aeronian","Geological_periods":"lower Silurian (Aeronian)","Geography":"USA (Burnt Bluff Group, Great Lakes Region, Wisconsin, Michigan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1847a-i. *F. peninsulensis, Hendricks Formation, Fayette, Michigan, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, MPM28522, x12.6, x13, x6.25, x11.7, x6.5, f, ventral interior, MPM28525, x4.5, g-h, dorsal interior viewed ventrally and anteroventrally, MPM28523, x5, i, drawing of dorsal interior viewed anteroventrally (Watkins, 1999, drawing and photographs courtesy of R. Watkins & P. Mayer).","Museum_or_author_information":"Watkins, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1847. uncertain (p. 2763).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-495.jpg?height=1313&width=1276&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":440.49,"ending_stage":"Aeronian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":438.59,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Iuxtathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Iuxtathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Iuxtathyris Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9 & VAN\u011aK, 1998, p. 90","Type_species":"Terebratula vultur BARRANDE, 1847, p. 385, pl. 14, 4, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, equibiconvex, smooth shells with subquadrate to transversely elliptical outline, maximum width at midvalve, ventral beak short, incurved, closely appressed on dorsal umbo, weak dorsal fold and ventral sulcus starting near umbo, less commonly developed only anteriorly, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, tongue low, wide, trapezoidal, dental plates short, medially concave, dorsal valve with short, shallow septalium supported by high, long, bladelike septum, spiralia with up to 5 laterally directed whorls and reportedly with angular jugal saddle, with a sharp crest anteroventrally, without jugal stem.   [This rare genus has an unusual combina tion of dorsal internal characters including dorsal septalium, typically meristelloid; and jugum with jugal saddle, typically athyridoid. Jugal system known from few serial sections taken in only one specimen; jugal morphology requires further investigation. Presence of supported septalium suggests affinity with Meristelloidea.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Europe (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1848a-l. *I. vultur (Barrande), Kon\u011bprusy Limestone, Kon\u011bprusy, Prague Basin, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH 12777a, x2.3, d-l, transverse serial sections 13.9, 13.0, 12.0, 11.1, 10.6, 10.4, 10.1, 9.8, 9.7 mm from anterior margin of shell (adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998, photographs courtesy of the late V. Havl\u00ed\u010dek).","Museum_or_author_information":"adapted from Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1848. uncertain (p. 2763).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-496.jpg?height=1443&width=1274&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=241)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kellerella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kellerella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kellerella Nikitin & Popov in Nikitin, Popov, & HOLMER, 1996, p. 93","Type_species":"K. ditissima, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, ventribiconvex, elongate subtriangular to subpentagonal outline, anterior commissure more or less parasulcate, sulcus very shallow, occasionally with low median plication, fold very low, both originating in anterior third of shell, often near anterior margin, bounded laterally by two plications, ventral valve often subcarinate posteriorly, small, strongly curved beak, delthyrium narrow, deltidial plates absent, interior with small, delicate teeth supported by small dental plates, close to posterolateral valve margins, cardinalia small, without inner hinge plates, median septum or myophragm absent, spiralia with up to 4 laterally directed whorls and very short, discrete, posteroventrally directed jugal processes.   [This genus is differentiated from Ordovician smooth Lissatrypidae in having the spiralial whorls laterally directed and short, disjunct jugal processes posteroventrally directed. It resembles Nikolaispira, from which it mainly differs in the type of cardinalia. For overall affinity, see comments in square brackets in Nikolaispira.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"southeastern Kazakhstan (Chu Ili Range), lower Caradoc-middle Caradoc, central Kazakhstan (Dulankara Regional Stage, northern Betpak-Dala Desert), upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1849 a-q . * K. ditissima, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, CNIGR 39\/12888, x3 (Nikitin, Popov, & Holmer, 1996, photographs courtesy of L. E. Popov), f-o, transverse serial sections 0.7, 1.2, 1.6, 2.6, 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, 4.3, 6.0 mm from ventral umbo, distance approximate from ventral umbo to first section, and between sections (Nikitin, Popov, & Holmer, 1996), p-q, ventral and lateral views showing reconstructed spiralium and jugal processes (Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999)._\u2014FIG. 1849 r-dd . K. misiusi Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, Anderken Formation, lower Caradoc-middle Caradoc, eastern Kazakhstan, r-bb, transverse serial sections 0.1, 0.9, 1.2, 1.3, 1.8, 2.8, 3.8, 4.8, 5.8, 7.5, 8.8 mm from ventral umbo, cc-dd, ventral and lateral views showing reconstructed spiralium, short jugal processes, and approximate position of serial sections (adapted from Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nNikitin, Popov, & Holmer, 1996, \nNikitin, Popov, & Holmer, 1996, \nPopov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999, \nadapted from Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1849. uncertain (p. 2763).\nfig. 1849. uncertain (p. 2763).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-497.jpg?height=1852&width=1278&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=229)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-497.jpg?height=1852&width=1278&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nikolaispira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Meristelloidea","Family":"Meristelloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nikolaispira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nikolaispira Nikitin & Popov in Nikitin, Popov, & HOLMER, 1996, p. 95","Type_species":"N. rasilis, M","Synonyms_with_authors":"Nikolaespira is an incorrect subsequent spelling of Nikolaispira","Synonyms":"Nikolaespira","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth,ventribiconvex, elongate subpentagonal; parasulcate; shallow ventral sulcus and low dorsal fold originating anterior to midvalve, bounded laterally by two plications; small, incurved beak, delthyrium open; interior with small teeth supported by short, thin, laterally placed dental plates; deep, narrow septalium, also reported as cruralium, supported by low, thin median septum reportedly present; spiralia with up to 4 laterally directed whorls and small, discrete, posteroventrally directed jugal processes.  [This genus is similar to such coeval smooth atrypids as Cyclospira or Rozmanospira, from which it differs in having more than one laterally directed spiral whorl. It has a less corrugated adult commissure than Manespira. It resembles the Silurian Dayia, from which it differs in having small, discrete jugal processes instead of the simple and medially to anteriorly located, jugum of Dayia. Nikolaispira is possibly synonymous with Kellerella, but with different cardinalia. When erected, Nikolaispira and Kellerella were included in the Athyridoidea, Meristellidae, and considered as the earliest athyridides. The cardinalia of these two genera are distinctly different from those developed by early Athyridida as Hindella (= Cryptothyrella) or Whitfieldella. Only some Upper Ordovician (?Caradoc, Ashgill), strongly convex and rostrate Hyattidinidae developed a cardinalia with thin, flat, triangular, inner hinge plates separated by a narrow fissure, which could resemble the small cardinalia, without inner hinge plates, of Kellerella. Weibeia and Apheathyris, both from the lower Caradoc of northern China, are too poorly known to allow comparison. Nikolaispira and Kellerella have small, discrete, jugal processes (as Manespira and derived Atrypida) but lack the complete jugum of most primitive Atrypida and all Athyrididina and Retziidina. In both genera, the spiral whorls are, as in most primitive Atrypida and homeomorphic Dayioidea, placed ventrally, with the jugal processes dorsally or posterodorsally located. In the Athyridida, however, the spiral whorls tend to occupy the complete volume available in the shell interior, and the jugum is typically placed between the spiral cones, not below them (near the dorsal interior). This genus is assigned to Athyridida because it has more than one spiral whorl that is laterally directed, but its overall affinity is uncertain. To better evaluate affinities between closely related early spire bearers and envisage phyletic lineages, new discoveries of internally well-preserved Ordovician brachiopods are needed. Nikolaespira is an incorrect subsequent spelling of Nikolaispira.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc)","First_Occurrence":"lower Caradoc","Ending_age":"Upper Ordovician (lower Ashgill)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Ashgill","Geological_periods":"Upper Ordovician (lower Caradoc-lower Ashgill)","Geography":"southeastern Kazakhstan (Chu Ili Range), lower Caradoc-middle Caradoc, central Kazakhstan (Dulankara Regional Stage, northern Betpak-Dala Desert), upper Caradoc-lower Ashgill","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1846, 2a-x. * N. rasilis, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, CNIGR 44\/12888, x3, f-j, paratype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, CNIGR 45\/12888, x3 (Nikitin, Popov, & Holmer, 1996, photographs courtesy of L. E. Popov), k-v, transverse serial sections; w, lateral view of sectioned specimen showing approximate position of serial sections (adapted from Nikitin, Popov, & Holmer, 1996); x, ventral view showing reconstructed spiralium and jugal processes (adapted from Popov, Nikitin, & Sokiran, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nNikitin, Popov, & Holmer, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1846. uncertain (p. 2762-2768).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-494.jpg?height=1872&width=1296&top_left_y=253&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Sandbian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":458.18,"ending_stage":"Katian","fraction_up_ending_stage":85,"ending_date":446.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Coveenia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Retziidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Retzioidea","Family":"Neoretziidae","Subfamily":"Hustediinae","Genus":"Coveenia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Coveenia ALVAREZ & BRUNTON, 2000, p. 821","Type_species":"*Retzia ulothrix de KonincK, 1843 in 1841\u20131844, p. 292; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized shells with subcircular to transversely oval outline and biconvex to dorsibiconvex profile, 7 to 11 strong costae on ventral valves and a median dorsal costa, forming a highly zigzag anterior commissure; fine pustulose to spinose microornament, frequently present; internally dorsal median septum and pedicle collar weak to absent; cardinalia lacking ligulate process, jugum without spines, jugal stem poorly developed or absent.","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an)","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian\u2013Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"western Europe (including British Isles)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1852 a\u2013i. *C. ulothrix (de KOnincK), Ivorian, Tournaisian, Tournai, Belgium; transverse serial sections 1.4, 3.1, 3.7, 3.9, 5.1, 6.4, 6.7, 6.8, 7.7 mm from ventral umbo, BMNH B20147 (Alvarez & Brunton, 2000).   \u2014\u2014Fig. 1852 j\u2013z. C. tilsleia a lvareZ & bruntOn; j\u2013x, transverse serial sections 0.2, 0.7, 0.8, 2.2, 2.5, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5, 3.8, 4.3, 4.7, 5.2, 6.2, 6.4, 6.9 mm from ventral umbo, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Treak Cliff, Derbyshire, England, BD 10479; y\u2013z, ventral and lateral reconstruction of jugum (Alvarez & Brunton, 2000).   \u2014\u2014Fig. 1853 a\u2013g. C. tilsleia alvareZ & bruntOn; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Treak Cliff, Derbyshire, England, Tilsley collection, BD9701, \u00d72.2; d, detail of external microornamentation, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Alstonfield, Staffordshire, England, Davidson collection, B5388, \u00d7 10; e, interior of dorsal valve, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Carrich Lough, County Fermanagh, Ireland, BB63417, \u00d75; f\u2013g, cardinalia on posteroventral and anteroventral views, Asbian, Vis\u00e9an, Carrich Lough, County Fermanagh, Ireland, BB63417, \u00d7 43.5, \u00d7 37.6 (Alvarez & Brunton, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"Fig. 1852  and Fig. 1853","figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Brevispinifera":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Brevispinifera","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Brevispinifera GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 2005, p. 81","Type_species":"Spirifer Cabanillas de Verneuil & D'ARCHIAC, 1845, p. 475, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Capillate with pustulose spine bases normal to surface, long dental plates and occasional delthyrial plate, short crural plates and ctenophoridium present, otherwise similar to Brevispirifer.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"northern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1854, 3a-e. *B. cabanillas (de Verneuil & d'Archiac), a-d, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, e, enlarged view of ventral valve showing spinose ornament, x5 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1854. adolfiidae and ambocoeliidae (p. 2772-2776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-503.jpg?height=1537&width=1274&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ferronia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Ferronia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ferronia Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005, p. 75","Type_species":"Spirifer subspeciosus de VERNEUIL, 1850, p. 179, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, curved apsacline ventral interarea with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus smooth, somewhat flattened anteriorly, flanks plicate, surface capillate with marginal spines, long dental plates, delthyrial plate lacking, short crural plates, ctenophoridium present on secondary shell elevation.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"northern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1854, 2a-d. * F. subspeciosa (de Verneuil), a-c, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, x1 (Comte, 1938), d, dorsal interior, x1 (Garc\u00edaAlcalde, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"Comte, 1938, \nGarc\u00edaAlcalde, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1854. adolfiidae and ambocoeliidae (p. 2772-2776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-503.jpg?height=1537&width=1274&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paillettia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Adolfiinae","Genus":"Paillettia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paillettia GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 2005, p. 83","Type_species":"Spirifer paillettii de VERNEUIL, 1850, p. 177, OD   [The species name (a dedication to A. Paillette) was incorrectly spelled paillettii by de VerneuiL in place of paillettei. The latter, correct spelling was used by subsequent authors and is accepted here.]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, with acute cardinal angles, ventral interarea high, slightly curved with open delthyrium, fold and strong median sulcus rib developing a typical long anterior protrusion of shell, flanks costate, surface capillate with marginal spines, dental plates thin and short, short crural plates and ctenophoridium present on a thick secondary shell platform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Eifelian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian), Middle Devonian (lower Eifelian)","Geography":"northern Spain, Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1854, 5a-e. * P. paillettei (De Verneuil), upper Emsian, northern Spain, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x2 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1854, 5f. P. sp. cf. cancellata Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, upper Emsian, northern Spain, enlargement of ventral valve showing ornament, x5 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005, \nGarc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1854. adolfiidae and ambocoeliidae (p. 2772-2776).\nfig. 1854. adolfiidae and ambocoeliidae (p. 2772-2776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-503.jpg?height=1537&width=1274&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-503.jpg?height=1537&width=1274&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Eifelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":389.8,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Microttia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Alolfioidea","Family":"Adolfiidae","Subfamily":"Pinguispiriferinae","Genus":"Microttia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Microttia GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 2005, p. 90","Type_species":"M. collensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, slightly transverse, ventral interarea apsacline to catacline, with narrow deltidium, fold and sulcus smooth, narrow, somewhat flattened, flanks with few strong costae, surface with capillae and microfila, long dental plates, crural plates lacking.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"northern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1854, 1a-e. * M. collensis, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views, x3 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1854. adolfiidae and ambocoeliidae (p. 2772-2776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-503.jpg?height=1537&width=1274&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nikospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Nikospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nikospirifer GRETCHISHNIKOVA, 1996, p. 34","Type_species":"N. praebisinus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, transverse with acute cardinal extremities, ventral interarea high, curved, apsacline to catacline, fold and sulcus well delimited, costate, flanks with numerous simple costae, surface with tubercles, dental plates thin, long, subparallel, delthyrial plate present, dorsal interior unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","First_Occurrence":"Givetian","Ending_age":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Givetian","Geological_periods":"Middle Devonian (Givetian)","Geography":"Transcaucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1855, 1a-g. * N. praebisinus, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f, microornament, x4, g, transverse section, x2 (Gretchishnikova, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Gretchishnikova, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1855. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 2772-2773).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-504.jpg?height=1145&width=1287&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":385.3,"ending_stage":"Givetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":378.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pripyatispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Pripyatispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pripyatispirifer PUSHKIN, 1996, p. 43","Type_species":"*Cyrtospirifer belorussicus LIASHENKO, 1959, p. 207, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, cardinal angles acute to slightly mucronate, ventral interarea low, curved, apsacline, delthyrium narrow, almost entirely covered by deltidium (or possibly stegidium) with central foramen, fold and sulcus well defined, costate, surface with fila and capillae, dental plates short, subparallel, thick crural bases without crural plates, multilobed cardinal process possibly lacking ctenophoridium","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"Belarus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1855, 2a-g. *P. belorussicus (Liashenko), Pripyat, Lyakhovichi 54 borehole, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1.5, f-g, dorsal and ventral interiors, x5 (Pushkin, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pushkin, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1855. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 2772-2773).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-504.jpg?height=1145&width=1287&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Plicapustula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtospiriferinae","Genus":"Plicapustula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Plicapustula MA & DAY, 2007, p. 298","Type_species":"Spirifer (Sinospirifer) gortanioides GRABAU, 1931, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Ma xueping, & Jed Day. 2007. Morphology and revision of Late Devonian (Early Famennian) Cyrtospirifer (Brachiopoda) and related genera from South China and North America. Journal of Paleontology 81(2):286\u2013311.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Southern China, North America","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudocyrtiopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Pseudocyrtiopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudocyrtiopsis MA & DAY, 1999, p. 618","Type_species":"* Cyrtiopsis spiriferoides GRABAU, 1931b, p. 486, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, cardinal angles generally mucronate, high, slightly curved, apsacline ventral interarea, delthyrium covered by pseudodeltidium apically pierced by foramen, fold and sulcus well delimited, costate, flanks costate, microornament capillate, becoming pustulate on adult stage, dental plates and delthyrial plate present, bilobed ctenophoridium located on cardinal platform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Famennian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (lower Famennian)","Geography":"southern and northwestern China, ?Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1856, 1a-g. *P. spiriferoides (Grabau), central Hunan, southern China, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1.5, f, transverse section of dorsal valve, x5, g, transverse section of ventral valve, x2.5 (Ma & Day, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ma & Day, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1856. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 2773-2774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-505.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":371.1,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":365.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tiocyrspis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Tiocyrspis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tiocyrspis Sartenaer, 1994b, p. 32, *Spirifer (Cyrtiopsis) kl\u00e4hni PAECKELMANN, 1942, p. 163, OD","Type_species":"Spirifer (Cyrtiopsis) kl\u00e4hni PAECKELMANN, 1942, p. 163, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, generally ventribiconvex with obtuse and blunt cardinal extremities, ventral interarea apsacline, delthyrium entirely covered by pseudodeltidium (stegidium), fold and sulcus costate, well delimited, median costae generally narrower and divided, flanks with numerous, flat-rounded, simple plications, surface with radial or subradial capillae and spines, dental plates thick, long, intrasinal, no delthyrial plate, crural bases and ctenophoridium present.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Geography":"Germany, Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1856, 2a-g. *T. klaehni (Paeckelmann), Germany, a-e, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, x1, f, microornament, x7, g, transverse section, x1.5 (Sartenaer, 1994b).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nSartenaer, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1856. cyrtospiriferidae (p. 2773-2774).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-505.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":373.44,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cratospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Cyrtospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtiopsininae","Genus":"Cratospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cratospirifer TONG, 1986, p. 682[684]","Type_species":"C. biconvexu s, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Tong, Zheng-xiang. 1986. Early Early Carboniferous brachiopod fauna in northwest Sichuan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 25(6):672\u2013686, pl. 1\u20133. -- In Chinese, with English summary.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous","Geography":"China (Sichuan)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Conispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Conispiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Conispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Conispirifer LIASHENKO, 1985, p. 16","Type_species":"C. rotundus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subrectangular cardinal extremities, fold and sulcus weak, obsolescent, variably developed anteriorly, delthyrial plate short, budlike ctenophoridium, otherwise similar to Pyramidaspirifer","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"middle Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (middle Frasnian-upper Frasnian)","Geography":"central and western North America, Germany, central Russian Platform","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1857, 1a-e. *C. rotundus, Timan, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, approximately x1 (Liashenko, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Liashenko, 1985","figure_index":"fig. 1857. conispiriferidae (p. 2774-2775).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-506.jpg?height=732&width=1281&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":33,"beginning_date":376.33,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pyramidaspirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtospiriferoidea","Family":"Conispiriferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pyramidaspirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pyramidaspirifer M_A & D_A, 2000, p. 459","Type_species":"Platyrachella alta Fenton & FENTON, 1924, p. 165, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size with wide hinge line and extended cardinal extremities, ventral interarea high, flat, catacline to slightly procline, narrow delthyrium with small apical pseudodeltidium, fold and sulcus costate, poorly defined, originating close to apex, flanks plicate, surface with fila and pustulose capillae, short, widely spaced dental plates and delthyrial plate present, ctenophoridium on septalium-like cardinal platform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Ending_age":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Frasnian","Geological_periods":"Upper Devonian (upper Frasnian)","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1857,2a\u2013f. *P. alta (Fenton & Fenton), Iowa, USA; a\u2013e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d72; f, transverse section of dorsal valve, \u00d74 (Ma & Day, 2000). [R\u00e9my Gourvennec]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1857. conispiriferidae (p. 2774-2775).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-506.jpg?height=732&width=1281&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":373.44,"ending_stage":"Frasnian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":371.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ogilviecoelia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Ambocoelioidea","Family":"Ambocoeliidae","Subfamily":"Ambocoeliinae","Genus":"Ogilviecoelia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ogilviecoelia Shi & WATERHOUSE, 1996, p. 119","Type_species":"O. inflata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small, subrounded, length and width subequal, ventribiconvex but dorsal valve anteriorly flattened or slightly concave, sulcus narrow, deep, microornament of few short elongate grooves, spines absent, ventral muscle field large, elongate-oval, well differentiated, crural plates sessile","Beginning_age":"Permian (upper Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Ending_age":"Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (upper Sakmarian)","Geography":"Canada (Yukon Territory)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1854, 4a-c. *O. inflata, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, x2 (Shi & Waterhouse, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shi & Waterhouse, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1854. adolfiidae and ambocoeliidae (p. 2772-2776).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-503.jpg?height=1537&width=1274&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":292.02,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Planispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Elythynidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Planispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Planispirifer Breivel & BREIVEL, 1999, p. 91","Type_species":"P. apertus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, slightly transverse, cardinal extremities angular to rounded, ventral interarea moderately high, curved, apsacline, with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus well delimited, wide anteriorly, smooth or with incipient ridge in sulcus anteriorly, surface with densely crowded elongate tubercles radially distributed in quincunx, dental plates present, well-developed crural bases not meeting valve floor, ctenophoridium present","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"northeastern Urals","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1858, 5a-f. *P. apertus, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 0.7, e, ornament, \u00d7 3, f, apical section of dorsal valve, \u00d7 3 (Breivel & Breivel, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Breivel & Breivel, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1858. elythynidae, martiniidae, and ingelarellidae (p. 2776-2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-507.jpg?height=1716&width=1294&top_left_y=169&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chapursania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Chapursania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chapursania ANGIOLINI, 1995, p. 210","Type_species":"C. tatianae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"With coarse sinuous vascular impressions connected by transverse channels, otherwise similar to Tiramnia Grunt, 1977.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Geography":"northern Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1858, 4a-b. *C. tatianae, a, holotype, mold of ventral interior, x1, b, diagram of ventral vascular system, x1.5 (Angiolini, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Angiolini, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1858. elythynidae, martiniidae, and ingelarellidae (p. 2776-2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-507.jpg?height=1716&width=1294&top_left_y=169&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ladoplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Martiniinae","Genus":"Ladoplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ladoplica Xu & GRANT, 1996, p. 310","Type_species":"L. zigzagiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, moderately to strongly inflated, subequally biconvex, outline subpentagonal, beak strongly incurved, small interareas on both valves, sulcus shallow, flattened, producing large tongue anteriorly in type species","Beginning_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","First_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Changhsingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Changhsingian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1858, 1a-d. *L. zigzagiformis, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Xu & Grant, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Grant, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1858. elythynidae, martiniidae, and ingelarellidae (p. 2776-2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-507.jpg?height=1716&width=1294&top_left_y=169&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":254.24,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chuiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Martiniidae","Subfamily":"Elivellinae","Genus":"Chuiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chuiella Chen & SHI, 1999, p. 266","Type_species":"Martiniella chinglungensis CHU, 1933, p. 48, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"This genus is proposed as a replacement name for all the previously described species ascribed to the genus Martiniella Grabau & Tien, 1931. The authors restrict Martiniella to its type species, M. nasuta Grabau & Tien, 1931, a nomen nudum.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, ventribiconvex, outline subovate to transversely subquadrate, ventral interarea well developed, delthyrium wide and open, sulcus variably developed, microornament of capillae and growth lines, interior with dental adminicula and short crural plates","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1858, 2a-c. * C. chinglungensis (\u0421\u043du), syntype, ventral, posterior, and lateral views of ventral valve, x1 (Chu, 1933).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chu, 1933","figure_index":"fig. 1858. elythynidae, martiniidae, and ingelarellidae (p. 2776-2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-507.jpg?height=1716&width=1294&top_left_y=169&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Geothomasia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Geothomasia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Geothomasia WATERHOUSE, 1998, p. 23","Type_species":"Tomiopsis teicherti Archbold & THOMAS, 1986b, p. 593, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"This taxon was originally proposed as a subgenus of Tomiopsis Benediktova, 1956.","Synonyms":"Tomiopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subovate, fold and sulcus well developed, flanks with low plicae, shell substance thin, ventral adminicula thin, often subparallel, extending forward to near midlength, dorsal adminicula short to moderate in length, often widely diverging.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Guadalupian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1859, 2a-c. * G. teicherti (Archbold & Thomas), Artinskian, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and anterior views, x1 (Archbold & Thomas, 1986b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold & Thomas, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1859. ingelarellidae (p. 2778-2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-508.jpg?height=1330&width=1286&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Johndearia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Johndearia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Johndearia WATERHOUSE, 1998, p. 18","Type_species":"Ingelarella isbelli camPbeLL, 1961, p. 181; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"This taxon was originally proposed as a subgenus of Tomiopsis Benediktova, 1956.","Synonyms":"Tomiopsis","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, with thickened valves; flanks smooth or weakly plicate; fold and sulcus weak; ventral and dorsal adminicula short, often buried in callus; ventral median ridge anterior to muscle field; otherwise similar to Ingelarella.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian\u2013Lopingian)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1859, 1a\u2013b. *J. isbelli ( c am P be LL ), Australia; holotype, ventral and dorsal internal molds, \u00d7 1 (Campbell, 1961). [John Carter]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1859. ingelarellidae (p. 2778-2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-508.jpg?height=1330&width=1286&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tigillumia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Ingelarellinae","Genus":"Tigillumia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tigillumia WATERHOUSE, 1998, p. 26","Type_species":"Martiniopsis biparallela WATERHOUSE, 1987, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Flanks lacking plicae, sulcus absent or weak, fold generally lacking, ventral adminicula long, closely set, enclosing narrow muscle field bounded laterally by ridges that coalesce anteriorly, dorsal adminicula of moderate length, otherwise similar to Martiniopsis.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Guadalupian)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1858, 3a-b. *T. biparallela (Waterhouse), Artinskian, Australia, a, holotype, ventral internal mold, x1, b, ventral internal mold, x2 (Waterhouse, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nWaterhouse, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1858. elythynidae, martiniidae, and ingelarellidae (p. 2776-2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-507.jpg?height=1716&width=1294&top_left_y=169&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Papulinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Notospiriferinae","Genus":"Papulinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Papulinella WATERHOUSE, 1998, p. 34","Type_species":"Notospirifer hillae CAMPBELL, 1961, p. 185, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transversely subovate outline, fold and sulcus moderately well developed, sulcus smooth, fold rarely with median groove, flanks with few broad low plicae, microornament of quincuncially and densely arranged spinules with narrow anterior grooves passing into globose cavities within primary layer, otherwise similar to Notospirifer","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (?Kasimovian)","First_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (?Kasimovian), Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Australia, New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1860, 1a-c. *P. hillae (\u0421ampbell), Cisuralian, Australia, a-b, holotype, ventral valve mold and latex cast, x1, c, enlarged latex cast of dorsal valve exterior, x2 (Campbell, 1961).","Museum_or_author_information":"Campbell, 1961","figure_index":"fig. 1860. ingelarellidae (p. 2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-510.jpg?height=1802&width=1279&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesopunctia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Glendoniinae","Genus":"Mesopunctia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesopunctia WATERHOUSE, 1998, p. 41","Type_species":"Notospirifer macropustulosus WATERHOUSE, 1968, p. 76, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, slightly transverse, fold and sulcus smooth, rounded, flanks with few rounded plicae, microornament of fine elongate grooves with small thick pustules posteriorly and short mesopunctae anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Guadalupian)","Geography":"New Zealand, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1860, 3a-b. *M. macropustulosus (Waterhouse), Cisuralian, New Zealand, a, holotype, mold of ventral interior, x3, b, mold of dorsal interior, x3 (Waterhouse, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1860. ingelarellidae (p. 2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-510.jpg?height=1802&width=1279&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Capitanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":259.55,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monklandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Glendoniinae","Genus":"Monklandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monklandia WATERHOUSE, 1998, p. 37","Type_species":"M. gympiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, slightly transverse, strongly plicate, sulcus wide, shallow, with two weak plicae, fold low, flattened, with median groove, microornament of C-spines with fine anterior grooves, ventral adminicula long, dorsal adminicula short but long for family","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1860, 4a-b. * M. gympiensis, a, holotype, mold of dorsal interior, b, internal mold of ventral valve, x1 (McClung, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"McClung, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1860. ingelarellidae (p. 2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-510.jpg?height=1802&width=1279&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Wairakispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Martinioidea","Family":"Ingelarellidae","Subfamily":"Glendoniinae","Genus":"Wairakispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Wairakispirifer WATERHOUSE, 1998, p. 40","Type_species":"Notospirifer microstriatus WATERHOUSE, 1964, p. 170, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, weakly inflated, sulcus well developed, smooth, fold low, wide, flanks with well-developed plicae, ventral adminicula well developed, dorsal adminicula lacking, microornament of quincuncially arranged fine grooves with punctae anteriorly penetrating secondary layer","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"New Zealand, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1860, 2a-b. *W*. microstriatus (Waterhouse), New Zealand, holotype, a, ventral valve mold, \u00d7 2, b, latex cast showing exterior ornament, \u00d7 4 (Waterhouse, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1860. ingelarellidae (p. 2779).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-510.jpg?height=1802&width=1279&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Atylephorus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"Atylephorus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Atylephorus Sartenaer & PLODOWSKI, 1996, p. 57","Type_species":"Spirifer tornacensis de KONINCK, 1883, p. 373, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transverse, ventribiconvex, mucronate, ventral interarea apsacline, weakly concave, with subparallel borders, sulcus narrow, shallow, costate, poorly defined, fold narrow, low, costate, rising above flanks only near anterior margin, well delimited by fold bounding grooves, flanks with numerous, slightly flattened costae with narrow interspaces, costae near fold and sulcus freely bifurcating, ventral interior with stout divergent adminicula and short delthyrial plate buried in callus","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Last_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","Geography":"Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1861, 2a\u2013e. *A. tornacensis (de koninck); neotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and lateral views, \u00d7 1 (Sartenaer & Plodowski, 1996). [John Carter]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1861. spiriferidae and choristitidae (p. 2781).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-512.jpg?height=1874&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":346.73,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Donispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferinae","Genus":"Donispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Donispirifer POLETAEV, 2000, p. 279","Type_species":"Spirifer (Neospirifer?) baschkovensis ROTAI, 1951, p. 34, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, subsemicircular to subquadrate in outline, moderately subequally biconvex, maximum width at hinge line, ears slightly mucronate, fold and sulcus moderately narrow, well defined, sulcus rounded to subangular, fold low, sharply delimited by deep bounding interspaces, ventral interarea low, sharply defined, almost parallel sided, truncated laterally, flanks with moderately numerous, simple, bifurcating, or more rarely, trifurcating costae near fold-sulcus, ventral interior with short divergent dental adminicula.\"","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian-Moscovian)","Geography":"Ukraine, Urals, USA (?New Mexico)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1861, 1a-d. * D. baschkovensis (Rotai), Moscovian, Ukraine, holotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and posterior views, x1 (Rotai, 1951).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rotai, 1951","figure_index":"fig. 1861. spiriferidae and choristitidae (p. 2781).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-512.jpg?height=1874&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":323.4,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Unicostatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Choristitidae","Subfamily":"Angiospiriferinae","Genus":"Unicostatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Unicostatina WATERHOUSE, 2004, p. 184","Type_species":"Sulciplica subglobosa CLARKE, 1990, p. 64, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, with obtuse to rounded cardinal angles, delthyrium open, sulcus with single median costa, dental plates present, otherwise similar to Sulciplica.    [This genus, as other genera in the subfamily Angiospiriferinae, was assigned to the Trigonotretidae by Waterhouse (2004) but is maintained here in the Choristitidae.]","Beginning_age":"Permian (Asselian)","First_Occurrence":"Asselian","Ending_age":"Permian (Asselian)","Last_Occurrence":"Asselian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Asselian)","Geography":"Tasmania","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1861, 3a-c. *U. subglobosa (Clarke), Tasmania, a, ventral view, x1, b, holotype, posterior view, x1, c, ventral interior, x1 (Clarke, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Clarke, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1861. spiriferidae and choristitidae (p. 2781).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-512.jpg?height=1874&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":293.52,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lutuginia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Lutuginia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lutuginia POLETAEV, 1997, p. 309","Type_species":"Spirifer lutugini ROTAI, 1931, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline transversely subovate, cardinal extremities rounded, hinge line shorter than maximum width in adults, fold and sulcus well developed, almost V-shaped, sulcus flaring anteriorly, incorporating additional costae, fold rising moderately, almost carinate, ventral interarea low, acutely triangular, costae numerous, bifurcating 2 or 3 times to form distinct fascicles on lateral slopes, each fascicle composed of 3 to 6 costae, entire surface regularly imbricate, ventral interior with short, thin delthyrial plate and short, thin, subparallel adminicula, shell substance thin.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an)","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (lower Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an-lower Bashkirian)","Geography":"Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1862, 1a-d. * L. lutugini (Rotai), upper Serpukhovian, Ukraine, holotype, ventral, dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, x1 (Rotai, 1931).","Museum_or_author_information":"Rotai, 1931","figure_index":"fig. 1862. trigonotretidae (p. 2784).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-513.jpg?height=1797&width=1276&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":319.28,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ovispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Ovispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ovispirifer WATERHOUSE, 2004, p. 99","Type_species":"Spirifer oldhamianus WAAGEN, 1883, p. 518, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Hinge line short, widely rounded cardinal angles, plicae few with simple bifurcating costae, otherwise similar to Gypospirifer.","Beginning_age":"Middle Permian (lower Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Middle Permian (lower Guadalupian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Guadalupian","Geological_periods":"Middle Permian (lower Guadalupian)","Geography":"Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1863a-b. *O. oldhamianus (Wafgen), Salt Range, dorsal, ventral views, x1 (Waagen, 1883).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waagen, 1883","figure_index":"fig. 1863. trigonotretidae (p. 2784).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-514.jpg?height=850&width=618&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Quadrospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Quadrospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Quadrospira ARCHBOLD, 1997, p. 214","Type_species":"Neospirifer plicatus ARCHIBOLD & THOMAS, 1986a, p. 133, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, outline subquadrate in type species, fold and sulcus well developed, flanks with few medium to strong plicae with fasciculate costae, ventral interarea wide, truncated by small mucronations, microornament tegulate and capillate.    [This genus was proposed as a subgenus of Neospirifer. The latter cannot be firmly diagnosed until its microornament is elucidated, however. It seems prudent to consider Quadrospira a separate genus for the time being.]","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Australia, Timor, and southeastern Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1862, 3a-d. * Q. plicata (Archbold & Thomas), Artinskian, Western Australia, holotype, dorsal, posterior, anterior, and ventral views, x1 (Archbold & Thomas, 1986a). John Carter","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold & Thomas, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1862. trigonotretidae (p. 2784).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-513.jpg?height=1797&width=1276&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costuloplica":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Trigonotretinae","Genus":"Costuloplica","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costuloplica WATERHOUSE, 2004, p. 188","Type_species":"Neospirifer campbelli senilis MAXWELL, 1964, p. 31, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, transverse, 6-9 pairs of ribs separated by narrow interspaces, dental adminicula short, dental plates low, umbonal callosity present, crural plates low and strong, low to absent dorsal median septum.   [This genus was originally assigned to the subfamily Costuloplicinae, which is not recognized here.]","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Moscovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Moscovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-Moscovian)","Geography":"Australia, Russia (Baikal region), Kazakhstan, Argentina","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1864, 2a-d. * C. senilis (Maxwell), Australia, a-b, dorsal, ventral views, x1, c, internal mold of dorsal valve, x1, d, holotype, interior of ventral valve, x1 (Maxwell, 1964).","Museum_or_author_information":"Maxwell, 1964","figure_index":"fig. 1864. trigonotretidae (p. 2784-2785).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-515.jpg?height=1291&width=1289&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Moscovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":307.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Maxwellispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Trigonotretinae","Genus":"Maxwellispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Maxwellispirifer WATERHOUSE, 2004, p. 127","Type_species":"Neospirifer campbelli exora McKellar, 1965, p. 10; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, with rounded cardinal angles; delthyrium open; costae coarse; dental plates and short adminicula present; delthyrial plate lacking; moderate apical shell thickening; ctenophoridium, thick crural plates, and low median septum (possible myophragm) present.    [This is a poorly defined genus, possibly a synonym of some neospiriferin.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1864,3a\u2013b. *M. campbelli exora (m c k eLLaR ); a, dorsal view, \u00d7 1.5; b, holotype; ventral view, \u00d71.5 (McKellar, 1965). [R\u00e9my Gourvennec]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1864. trigonotretidae (p. 2784-2785).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-515.jpg?height=1291&width=1289&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tegulispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Trigonotretinae","Genus":"Tegulispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tegulispirifer POLETAEV, 2000, p. 282","Type_species":"Spirifer tegulatus TRAUTSCHOLD, 1876, p. 354, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, outline subrhomboidal in juveniles to transversely subovate in adults, maximum width attained at hinge line, cardinal extremities mucronate in juveniles, often subangular in adults, fold and sulcus well developed and defined, rounded to subangular, ventral interarea acutely triangular in juveniles, truncated in adults, delthyrium closed by stegidial plates fused with apical callosity, flanks with numerous freely bifurcating costae, forming fascicles of 7 to 9 ribs at anterior commissure, fascicles usually forming 1 or 2 weak plicae on each flank, microornament regularly imbricate, ventral interior obscured by callus.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Kasimovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kasimovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian-Kasimovian)","Geography":"Ukraine, Russia, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1864, 1a-c. *T. tegulatus (Trautschold), Moscovian-Kasimovian, Moscow Basin, a-b, holotype, ventral and lateral views, x1, c, dorsal valve, x1 (Ivanov & Ivanova, 1937).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nIvanov & Ivanova, 1937","figure_index":"fig. 1864. trigonotretidae (p. 2784-2785).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-515.jpg?height=1291&width=1289&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":326.87,"ending_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":303.68,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bamberina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bamberina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bamberina WATERHOUSE , 2004, p. 218","Type_species":"Elivina? annectens COOPER & GRANT , 1976a, p. 2242; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, hinge line short, sulcus shallow with median trough, flanks with broad, low, rarely bifurcate costae, microornament pustulose, short dental plates and adminicula, small, thick crural plates, ctenophoridium and low median septum (possible myophragm) present.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Lopingian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Canada, Himalaya, Verkhoiansk Range, Western Timor","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1865, 1a-g. *B. annectens (Cooper & Grant), Lopingian, Texas, USA, a-e, holotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, lateral views, x1, f, ventral interior, x2, g, dorsal interior, x2 (Cooper & Grant, 1976a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper & Grant, 1976","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Darbandia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Darbandia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Darbandia ANGIOLINI, 2001b, p. 336","Type_species":"D. vagabunda, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, with extended ventral umbo and very high, weakly apsacline to nearly orthocline, ventral interarea, hinge line moderately narrow, flanks with bifurcating costae that produce poorly defined fascicles, microornament absent, ventral interior with apical callosity and divergent dental adminicula","Beginning_age":"Permian (Guadalupian)","First_Occurrence":"Guadalupian","Ending_age":"Permian (Wordian)","Last_Occurrence":"Wordian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Guadalupian-Wordian)","Geography":"Pakistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1865, 4a-c. *D. vagabunda, Wordian, holotype, ventral, dorsal, and lateral views, x1 (Angiolini, 2001b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Angiolini, 2001","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Wordian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":264.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hunzina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hunzina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hunzina ANGIOLINI, 1995, p. 186","Type_species":"* H. electa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, outline subovate to subtriangular, hinge line narrow, apsacline, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus moderately developed, slightly narrow, surface costate with bifurcations near fold-sulcus and sometimes forming few fascicles, ventral valve with thick callus obscuring adminicula, microornament of pustules and capillae","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"Pakistan, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1865, 2a-c. * H. electa, Sakmarian, Pakistan, a-b, holotype, lateral and ventral views, x1, c, dorsal valve, x1 (Angiolini, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Angiolini, 1995","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tintoriella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Spiriferellidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tintoriella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tintoriella ANGIOLINI, 1996, p. 195","Type_species":"Spirifera rajah Salter in Salter & BLANDFORD, 1865, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, strongly plicate, hinge line less than maximum width, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus narrow, flanks with strong fascicles of 3 to 6 costae, dental adminicula long and high, otherwise similar to Spiriferella","Beginning_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","First_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Ending_age":"Permian (Lopingian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lopingian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Lopingian)","Geography":"Himalayan Region","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1865, 3a\u2013b. *T. rajah ( s a Lte R ), Wuchiapingian, Kashmir; holotype, dorsal and ventral views, \u00d7 1 (Davidson, 1866). [John Carter]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Triangularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Strophopleurinae","Genus":"Triangularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Triangularia POLETAEV, 2001, p. 492","Type_species":"T. tumida, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtriangular to subquadrate in outline, maximum width at hinge line, ears subangular to mucronate, sulcus narrow, with single subangular rib, fold moderately to well developed, with carinate median crest, forming anterior prolongation with ventral median rib, ventral interarea moderately high, concave, variable in inclination, delthyrium narrow, flanks with few rounded plications separated by interspaces of equal width, microornament of regularly spaced growth lamellae and fine capillae, ventral interior lacking septa or plates","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Serpukhovian)","Geography":"Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1866, 2a-c. *T. tumida, holotype, ventral, lateral, and dorsal views, x2 (Poletaev, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nPoletaev, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1866. strophopleuridae and brachythyrididae (p. 2786-2789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-517.jpg?height=1877&width=1274&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":326.87,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":323.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Varuna":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Bashkiriinae","Genus":"Varuna","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Varuna Waterhouse, 2004, p. 186,","Type_species":"Spirifer varuna DIENER, 1915, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, dental plates and short crural plates present, otherwise similar to Adminiculoria.   [This genus was originally assigned to the Angiospiriferinae, but tentatively placed in the Strophopleuridae.]","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-Bashkirian)","First_Occurrence":"Serpukhovian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Bashkirian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bashkirian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-Bashkirian)","Geography":"India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1866, 1 a-b .* V. varuna (Diener), a, lectotype, dorsal view, x1, b, ventral interior, x1 (Waterhouse, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Waterhouse, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1866. strophopleuridae and brachythyrididae (p. 2786-2789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-517.jpg?height=1877&width=1274&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":330.34,"ending_stage":"Bashkirian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":315.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yukonospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Paeckelmannelloidea","Family":"Strophopleuridae","Subfamily":"Pterospiriferinae","Genus":"Yukonospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yukonospirifer Shi & WATERHOUSE, 1996, p. 122","Type_species":"Y. yukonensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, transversely subtrigonal in outline, subpyramidal in profile, ventral umbo poorly produced, fold and sulcus rounded, not well defined, ventral interarea high, flattened, almost catacline, vertically grooved, hinge line denticulate, flanks and fold-sulcus covered with numerous, freely bifurcating, subfasciculate costae, ventral interior with delthyrial plate and high, long adminicula, dorsal interior and microornament unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian-Sakmarian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"Canada (Yukon Territory)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1866, 4a-e. *Y. yukonensis; holotype, lateral, anterior, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views, \u00d71 (Shi & Waterhouse, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1866. strophopleuridae and brachythyrididae (p. 2786-2789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-517.jpg?height=1877&width=1274&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phragmobrachythyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Brachythyridoidea","Family":"Skelidorygmidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Phragmobrachythyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phragmobrachythyris POLETAEV , 1999, p. 260","Type_species":"P. stylaensis ; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, outline transversely subquadrate, moderately to strongly inflated; hinge line narrow, cardinal extremities rounded; delthyrium covered by deltidium; fold and sulcus moderately developed, rounded, ribbed; lateral slopes costate; median sulcal costa weaker than lateral sulcal costae; costae on flanks broad, flattened, those nearest fold-sulcus may bifur cate at umbo; ventral interior with short distinct myophragm; otherwise similar to Skelidorygma .","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian)","First_Occurrence":"Tournaisian","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (Vis\u00e9an )","Last_Occurrence":"Vis\u00e9an","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (Tournaisian\u2013Vis\u00e9an)","Geography":"Ukraine, Russia, Mongolia, Australia, Britain, USA.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1866, 3 a\u2013c. * P. stylaensis, Vis\u00e9an , Donetz Basin; holotype, ventral, posterior, and lateral views of ventral valve, \u00d71 (Poletaev, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1866. strophopleuridae and brachythyrididae (p. 2786-2789).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-517.jpg?height=1877&width=1274&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":330.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gaspespirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Hysterolitinae","Genus":"Gaspespirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gaspespirifer Bizzarro & LESP\u00c9RANCE, 1999, p. 1065","Type_species":"Spirifer gaspensis BILLINGS, 1874, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, transverse, cardinal extremities acute to mucronate, ventral interarea curved, apsacline, fold and sulcus smooth with subtrapezoidal section anteriorly, flanks with simple plications, surface with growth lamellae and marginal spines, curved dental plates present, ventral muscle field variably impressed, short crural plates and ctenophoridium present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"North and South America, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1867, 1a-c. *G. gaspensis (Billings), Emsian, Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula, a, lectotype, posterior view, x1.1, b-c, dorsal and ventral views of internal mold, x1.2 and x0.9 respectively (Bizzarro & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bizzarro & Lesp\u00e9rance, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1867. hysterolitidae, acrospiriferidae, and cyrtinopsidae (p. 2789-2791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-520.jpg?height=1790&width=1286&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bultynckia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Hysterolitidae","Subfamily":"Fimbrispiriferina","Genus":"Bultynckia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bultynckia GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 2004, p. 22","Type_species":"Spirifer Rojasi de VERNEUIL, 1850, p. 178, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium to large, brachythyrid, entirely ribbed, ventral interarea curved, apsacline with deltidial plates joining apically in a short deltidial cover, ribs generally simple or 1 to 3 internal pairs bifurcating anteriorly, microornament capillate with marginal spines, long dental plates and short crural plates present.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian-Emsian)","Geography":"Spain, western France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1867, 2a-f. *B. rojasi (DE Verneuil), a-e, dorsal, anterior, posterior, ventral, and lateral views, x1, f, transverse section, x7 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1867. hysterolitidae, acrospiriferidae, and cyrtinopsidae (p. 2789-2791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-520.jpg?height=1790&width=1286&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jehlanaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Cyrtininae","Genus":"Jehlanaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jehlanaria Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9 in Havl\u00ed\u010d\u00e9 & VAN\u011aK, 1998, p. 94","Type_species":"Cyrtina vlasta HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 607, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, cyrtiniform, with high catacline to procline ventral interarea, narrow deltidial plates fused apically, fold and sulcus well delimited, smooth, flanks with one obsolete plication, dental plates united to median septum to form narrow spondylium.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic (Prague Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1867, 4a-c. * J. Boucotiellina Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2004, p. 27  * Ezquerra de Verneuil, 1850, p. 178, OD. Small, transverse to slightly mucronate, high, apsacline ventral interarea with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus smooth, lateral plications strong, angular, microornament capillate and spinose, dental plates and low, short, poorly developed median septum, short crural plates and small, rudimentary ctenophoridium The genus is assigned to the Araspiriferinae due to the presence of short crural plates. A median septum is a characteristic of the Cyrtinopsinae, but it is poorly developed here, and moreover the Cyrtinopsinae lack crural plates. Lower Devonian (upper Emsian): northern Spain, northern China (?Nei Mongol).\u2014\u2014FIg. 1867, 3a-e. *B. ezquerrai (de Verneuil), a-d, ventral, posterior, dorsal, and anterior views, x2, e, transverse section, x3 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1867. hysterolitidae, acrospiriferidae, and cyrtinopsidae (p. 2789-2791).\nfig. 1867. hysterolitidae, acrospiriferidae, and cyrtinopsidae (p. 2789-2791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-520.jpg?height=1790&width=1286&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=230)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-520.jpg?height=1790&width=1286&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boucotiellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Cyrtinopsidae","Subfamily":"Araspiriferina","Genus":"Boucotiellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boucotiellina GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 2004, p. 27","Type_species":"Spirifer Ezquerra de VERNEUIL, 1850, p. 178, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse to slightly mucronate, high, apsacline ventral interarea with open delthyrium, fold and sulcus smooth, lateral plications strong, angular, microornament capillate and spinose, dental plates and low, short, poorly developed median septum, short crural plates and small, rudimentary ctenophoridium.   [The genus is assigned to the A erinae due to the presence of short crural plates. A median septum is a characteristic of the Cyrtinopsinae, but it is poorly developed here, and moreover the Cyrtinopsinae lack crural plates.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"northern Spain, northern China (?Nei Mongol)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1867, 3a-e. *B. ezquerrai (de Verneuil), a-d, ventral, posterior, dorsal, and anterior views, x2, e, transverse section, x3 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2004). R\u00e9my Gourvennec","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2004","figure_index":"fig. 1867. hysterolitidae, acrospiriferidae, and cyrtinopsidae (p. 2789-2791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-520.jpg?height=1790&width=1286&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lubricospirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Reticularioidea","Family":"Reticulariidae","Subfamily":"Rhenothyridinae","Genus":"Lubricospirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lubricospirifer Chen & YAO, 1999, p. 238","Type_species":"L. gumoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, rounded or slightly elongate with high, apsacline, curved ventral interarea, delthyrium open, fold and sulcus well defined, flanks smooth or with 1-2 weak plicae, surface with growth lamellae and marginal spines, dental plates thin, subparallel, faint delthyrial ridges, crural plates united in trough or septalium, ctenophoridium present.","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"southern China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1868a-f. * L. gumoensis, central Guangxi, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x1.5, d, lateral view, x1, e, microornament, x10, f, transverse section, x2 (Chen & Yao, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Chen & Yao, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1868. reticulariidae (p. 2791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-522.jpg?height=611&width=1286&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtina (Hystricocyrtina)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Cyrtinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cyrtina (Hystricocyrtina)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtina (Hystricocyrtina) Havl\u00ed\u010dek in Havl\u00ed\u010dek & VAN\u011aK, 1998, p. 100","Type_species":"Cyrtina kazi kazi HAVL\u00cd\u010c\u00c9, 1956, p. 606, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pseudodeltidium pierced by large foramen; ornament of relatively strong, erect, randomly distributed spines; otherwise similar to Cyrtina (Cyrtina).   [Hystricocyrtina was erected as a new genus by havL\u00ed\u010dek (1998), but it is so close to Cyrtina, except for its ornament, that we retain it here only at the subgeneric rank. Thus the genus Cyrtina now includes two subgenera: C. (Cyrtina), the diagnosis of which corresponds to that given in J ohnson , 2006, p. 1881, and C. (Hystricocyrtina) here described.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pragian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Pragian)","Geography":"Czech Republic (Prague Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1869, 1a-d. *C. (H.) kazi (HavL\u00ed\u010d\u00e9), a-c, dorsal, ventral, and posterior views, x6.5, d, dorsal interior, x9.2 (Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havl\u00ed\u010dek & Van\u011bk, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1869. cyrtinidae (p. 2792).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-523.jpg?height=1185&width=1281&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":410.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moniellocyrtina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Cyrtinoidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cyrtinoidea","Family":"Cyrtinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Moniellocyrtina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moniellocyrtina GARC\u00cdA-ALCALDE, 2001, p. 126","Type_species":"M. orthoclina, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large with orthocline to slightly anacline, strongly curved, high ventral interarea, otherwise similar to Cyrtina","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper Emsian)","Geography":"northern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1869, 2a-d. * M. orthoclina, ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x3 (Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Garc\u00eda-Alcalde, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1869. cyrtinidae (p. 2792).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-523.jpg?height=1185&width=1281&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":399.81,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cundaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Cundaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cundaria ARCHBOLD, 1996, p. 28","Type_species":"C. aquilaformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Outline transversely and acutely triangular with wide alate cardinal extremities, costae on ears may bifurcate, fold with shallow median groove, sulcus with pair of weak costae on sides, fold well delineated, delthyrium very wide, microornament of grooves with posterior papillae and anterior pits","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Artinskian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1870, 1a-e. * C. aquilaformis holotype, internal mold in dorsal, ventral, and posterior views and incomplete latex cast of dorsal and posterior exteriors, \u00d7 1 (Archbold, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1870. syringothyrididae (p. 2792-2793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-524.jpg?height=1856&width=1269&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kyutepia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Kyutepia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kyutepia KLETS, 1998, p. 95","Type_species":"K. alata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Presence of perideltidial areas unknown; otherwise similar to Myodelthyrium. [If Kyutepia alata KLets, 1998, lacks perideltidial areas then the genus is valid and should be assigned to the Licharewiidae.]","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian)","Geography":"northeastern Siberia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1870, 2a-c. * K. alata, a, holotype, partial internal mold of ventral interarea, x1.5, b, internal mold of ventral interarea showing muscle impressions and median ridge on delthyrial plate, x1, c, mold of dorsal valve interior, x1 (Klets, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Klets, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1870. syringothyrididae (p. 2792-2793).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-524.jpg?height=1856&width=1269&top_left_y=268&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pachycyrtella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Pachycyrtella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pachycyrtella ANGIOLINI, 2001a, p. 126","Type_species":"P. omanensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, outline subtrigonal, ventral interarea high, concave, apsacline to orthocline, sulcus narrow, shallow, smooth, fold well delineated, low, with deep mesial furrow, flanks with moderately coarse costae, ventral interior with long thick delthyrial plate and long adminicula that surround much of muscle field, shell substance very thick, otherwise similar to Cyrtella.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Sakmarian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sakmarian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Sakmarian)","Geography":"Oman, Afghanistan, India, ?Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1871, 2a-b. * P. omanensis, Sakmarian, Oman, holotype, dorsal and ventral views, x1 (Angiolini, 2001a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Angiolini, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1871. syringothyrididae (p. 2793-2796).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-525.jpg?height=1706&width=1278&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Sakmarian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":290.51,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Syrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Syrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Syrella ARCHBOLD, 1996, p. 32","Type_species":"S. occidenta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, transversely subovate in outline, ventribiconvex, flanks with up to 12 pairs of rounded simple costae, ventral interarea of moderate height, concave, apsacline, fold and sulcus well delineated, fold with shallow depression or groove for entire length, ventral adminicula extending forward about one-third valve length, ventral muscle field with several myophragms that become stronger with age.    [Assignment of this genus to the Permasyrinxinae is uncertain because perideltidial areas are unknown. It could well belong in the Licharewiidae.]","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Artinskian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1871, 3a-e. *S. occidenta, a-d, holotype, internal mold in dorsal, posterior, and anterior views, latex cast of dorsal valve, x1.25, e, ventral view showing muscle field, x1 (Archbold, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1871. syringothyrididae (p. 2793-2796).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-525.jpg?height=1706&width=1278&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Woolagia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Syringothyrididae","Subfamily":"Permasyrinxinae","Genus":"Woolagia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Woolagia ARCHBOLD, 1997, p. 218","Type_species":"W. playfordi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, strongly transverse, with acutely subtrigonal outline, fold with broad mesial furrow and pair of low lateral costae, sulcus smooth or with weak pair of lateral costae, flanks with moderately numerous, simple, rounded costae, ventral interarea moderately low, concave, apsacline, ventral interior with short, thick dental adminicula and short, thick delthyrial plate, microornament of delicate radial grooves only.\"","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Artinskian)","Geography":"Western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1871, 1a-d. *W. playfordi, holotype, posterior, anterior, dorsal, and ventral views of internal mold, x1 (Archbold, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"Archbold, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1871. syringothyrididae (p. 2793-2796).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-525.jpg?height=1706&width=1278&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nahoniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Syringothyridoidea","Family":"Licharewiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nahoniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nahoniella SHI, 1998, p. 935, Yukonella Shi & WATERHOUSE, 1996, p. 127","Type_species":"Yukonella plana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"nom. nov. pro Yukonella Shi & Waterhouse, 1996, p. 127, non Yukonella Senowbari-Daryan & Reid, 1986, p. 900","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Delthyrial plate large, covering half or more of delthyrium, ovarian impressions poorly developed, otherwise similar to Permospirifer","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Artinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Artinskian)","Geography":"Canada (Yukon Territory)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1872 a-c. *N. plana (Shi & Waterhouse), a, holotype, ventral valve, x1, b, ventral interior, latex cast, x1, c, dorsal exterior, x1 (Shi & Waterhouse, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":"Shi & Waterhouse, 1996","figure_index":"fig. 1872. licharewiidae (p. 2796).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-526.jpg?height=744&width=640&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Spiropunctifera (Larbontella)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pennospiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiropunctiferidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Spiropunctifera (Larbontella)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Spiropunctifera ( Larbontella) LEGRAND-BLAIN , 1996, p. 201","Type_species":"Spiropunctifera (Larbontella) dubari; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costae freely bifurcating on flanks and foldsulcus; dorsal adminicula moderately long; otherwise similar to S. (Spiropunctifera).","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an or lower Serpukhovian):","First_Occurrence":"upper Vis\u00e9an","Ending_age":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an or lower Serpukhovian):","Last_Occurrence":"lower Serpukhovian","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous (upper Vis\u00e9an or lower Serpukhovian):","Geography":"French Pyrenees","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1873a\u2013c. *S. (L.) dubari; holotype, exterior, interior, and posterior mold, ventral valve, \u00d7 1.5 (Legrand-Blain, 1996).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Visean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":66,"beginning_date":335.91,"ending_stage":"Serpukhovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":326.87,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cisnerospira":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferinida","Suborder":"Spiriferinidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferinoidea","Family":"Spiriferinidae","Subfamily":"Spiriferininae","Genus":"Cisnerospira","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cisnerospira MANCENIDO, 2004, p. 272","Type_species":"\"Spiriferina adscendens DESLONGCHAMPS, 1859, OD\"","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Mance\u00f1ido, M. O. 2004. Las \u201cespiriferinas\u201d del Jur\u00e1sico Inferior: una mirada retrospectiva a los estudios de Daniel Jim\u00e9nez de Cisneros. GeoTemas 7:269\u2013272 + Errata: 1-2 (2005).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Mediterranean Europe","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kakanuiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Kakanuiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kakanuiella Lee & ROBINSON, 2003, p. 344","Type_species":"Thecidellina hedleyi THOMSON, 1915, p. 463, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular, hinge line relatively short, ventral interarea flat with no trace of pseudodeltidium or delthyrial notch; ventral valve with sessile hemispondylium bounded laterally by slightly concave vertical plates, teeth subtriangular, relatively widely spaced, floor of valve ornamented by tiny, acicular crystallite calcite spines on either side of high bladelike median septum extending almost to anterior border; dorsal valve variable but usually subquadrate, relatively flattened away from convex umbonal region, cardinal process broad rectangular in outline, border narrow, outer surface of subperipheral rim ornamental by low ribs, brachial bridge with ventral groove (marsupial notch) and small, posteriorly directed spur, median septum typically tapering posteriorly, extending to edge of body cavity, ventral edge flanked by anteriorly diver gent, serrated ridges to create appearance of small central depression, brachial lobes auriform with serrated margins but without intrabrachial depressions, probably not canopied; fibrous secondary shell completely suppressed, shell composed of acicular crystallite calcite intermixed with patches of interlocking granules of calcite, especially in teeth; groove and spur structure on brachial bridge possibly indicative of sexual dimorphism.   [L\u00fcteR (2005, p. 105) regarded the marsupial notch as a diagnostic lacazellin character and placed Kakanuiella in subfamily Uncertain. Because it is only present in females, however, and the pres ence or absence of a marsupial notch cannot be established in the majority of fossil thecideides, Kakanuiella currently remains assigned to the Thecidellininae.]","Beginning_age":"Paleogene","First_Occurrence":"Paleogene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene-Holocene","Geography":"New Zealand (Oamaru District), lower Eocene (Ypresian)\u2013lower Oligocene (Rupelian) ; New Zealand (Chatham Rise), Holocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1874a-e. * K. hedleyi (Thomson), a, ventral valve interior, Priabonian, Cape Wanbrow, x14, b, acicular crystallites on valve floor, Priabonian, Cape Wanbrow, University of Otago, OU43125a, x1400, c, dorsal valve interior, Priabonian, Cape Wanbrow, OU43127, \u00d716","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1874. thecidellinidae (p. 2797).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-528.jpg?height=1674&width=1289&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ospreyella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Ospreyella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ospreyella L\u00fcter & W\u00f6rheide in L\u00fcter, W\u00f6rheide, & REITNER, 2003, p. 1425","Type_species":"O. depressa L\u00fcter in L\u00fcter, W\u00f6rheide, & REITNER, 2003, p. 1425, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, pyriform, unequally biconvex, dorsal valve almost lidlike, with low anterior uniplication, ventral valve cup-shaped with small cicatrix, ventral interarea flat, clearly developed with convex pseudodeltidium; ventral valve interior papillose with papillae more prominent near edge, hemispondylium projecting anteriorly with upraised edges and prominent median myophragm; outer rim of dorsal valve strongly papillose, cardinal process incipiently trilobed with bulbous median ridge, median septum with sinus replaced anteriorly by shallow sulcus breaching subperipheral rim to reach anterior margin, posteriorly median ridge upraised, free-standing, and folded backward with edges convoluted to form up to four short ramuli and terminating as a median concave channel (median ramus) connected to jugum, brachial lobes long, narrow, crescentic with serrated edges and small perforate reticulum connecting with jugum and posterior extensions interdigitating with ramuli; endopunctate; mantle spiculate; sexually dimor phic, brachial bridge of females with marsupial notch.    [The organization of the brachial skeletal elements is reminiscent of the arrangement in Vermiculothecidea.]","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"Western Pacific (Coral Sea)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1875a-g. *O. depressa, Coral Sea, Osprey Reef, off Cooktown, Australia, a, holotype, female ventral valve interior, QM G318534, x5, b, paratype, female dorsal valve interior, ZMB 2000, x7, c, three-quarters profile view showing marsupial notch, x30, d, paratype, male dorsal valve anterior view showing sulcus, ZMB 2005, x7, e, enlargement of ventral valve interior showing hemispondylium, x27, f, paratype, male ventral valve showing jugum (arrow) and bridge (arrowhead), ZMB 2004, x15, g, juvenile dorsal valve interior, ZMB 2001, x30 (L\u00fcter, W\u00f6rheide, & Reitner, 2003).","Museum_or_author_information":"L\u00fcter, W\u00f6rheide, & Reitner, 2003","figure_index":"fig. 1875. thecideidae (p. 2797).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-529.jpg?height=799&width=1279&top_left_y=266&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protolacazella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Protolacazella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protolacazella BAKER, 2005, p. 1311","Type_species":"* P. scripta BAKER, 2005, p. 1312, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline rounded to rounded and transversely oblong, large attachment scar and high free ventral wall usually with shallow anterior sulcus, hinge line only slightly less than maximum width of shell, ventral interarea narrow, laterally attenuated with small, indistinct, shallowly convex pseudodeltidium; ventral valve with large sessile hemispondylium with characteristic W outline, inner surface of free ventral wall ornamented by low tubercles; dorsal valve with high subperipheral rim with outer surface ornamented by elongate tubercles, median septum with well-developed sinus and short ramuli, brachial cavities occupied typically by two brachial tubercles supporting perforate brachial lobes, posteriorly arching toward midline to form a reticulum united with jugal pillar; impunctate; probably possessed marsupium indicative of sexual dimorphism. The unobtrusive ventral interarea together with an angle of intersection between commissural plane and plane containing attachment scar typically about 60\u00b0, giving shell a characteristically triangular lateral profile.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Aalenian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Aalenian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Aalenian)","Geography":"England (Cotswolds)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1876a-z. * P. scripta, a-c, sectioned paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH BD9381, x20, d, paratype, ventral valve interior, BMNH BD9380, x20, e-f, holotype, dorsal valve interior, anterior view, BMNH BD9379, x20, g, paratype, typically preserved dorsal valve interior, BMNH BD9382, \u00d720, h, early juvenile dorsal valve interior, BMNH BD9383, x35, i-z, paratype, serial horizontal sections, ventral valve stippled, BMNH BD9381, x10 (Baker, 2005).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker, 2005","figure_index":"fig. 1876. thecideidae (p. 2797-2799).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-530.jpg?height=1325&width=1281&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":172.8,"ending_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":170.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aqqikkolia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Meganterididae","Subfamily":"Mutationellinae","Genus":"Aqqikkolia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aqqikkolia Sun & CHEN, 1998, p. 198","Type_species":"A. kalachukaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, coarsely costate, subcircular, triangular delthyrium, Strong hinge teeth, short dental lamellae, Cardinal plate unsupported by crural plates, Loop unknown, Punctae unrecognized.   [The absence of fold or sulcus removes this taxon from placement in the Brachzyginae or Adreninae of the Meganteridae, but makes placement in the Mutationellinae reasonable, However, the nonrecognition of either a loop or punctae makes assignment to the terebratuloids somewhat uncertain]","Beginning_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"Emsian","Ending_age":"Devonian (Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"Emsian","Geological_periods":"Devonian (Emsian)","Geography":"China (Kunlun region, Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1888a-w. * A. kalachukaensis, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x5, e-w, serial transverse sections 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 ~mm from ventral umbo (Sun & Chen, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun & Chen, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1888. uncertain (p. 2817).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-549.jpg?height=1060&width=1294&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=226)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crassirensselaeria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Stringocephaloidea","Family":"Rhipidothyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhenorensselaerinae","Genus":"Crassirensselaeria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crassirensselaeria Schemm-Gregory & JANSEN, 2007, p. 415","Type_species":"* Rensselaeria crassicosta Koch in KAYSER, 1881, p. 387, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of brachiopods from the Lower Devonian period, found in Germany.    [This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCES: Kayser, E. 1881. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna des Taunusquarzits. Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaontologie 1881:386387.   AND   Schemm-Gergory, M., & U. Jansen. 2007. A new genus of terebratulid brachiopod from the Siegenian of the Rheinisches Scheifergebirge. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52(2): 413\u2013422.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Devonian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian","Geography":"Germany","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":394.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Albelenina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cryptonelloidea","Family":"Cryptonellidae","Subfamily":"Cryptonellinae","Genus":"Albelenina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Albelenina Perez-Huerta, 2004, p. 1528","Type_species":"*A. alvarezi Perez-Huerta, 2004, p. 1531; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: P\u00e9rez-Huerta, Alberto. 2004. New Carboniferous brachiopods from the eastern Great Basin, Nevada, USA: Implications for loop ontogeny and evolution in Late Paleozoic terebratuloids. Palaeontology 47(6):1519\u20131537.]","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Carboniferous","Last_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous","Geography":"Nevada (Great Basin)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Campbellelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Campbellelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Campbellelasma SMIRNOVA, 2004b, p. 24","Type_species":"* C. variiforme, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, biconvex, subpentagonal, may have slight sulcus in ventral valve, beak incurved, foramen labiate. Pedicle collar present, dental plates short, septalium resting on septum of variable height, outer hinge plates concave, crural processes wide, loop narrow.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Russia (eastern Russian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1877, 4a-j. *C. variiforme, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, PIN 4898\/1710, a, x2, b-c, x1, d-j, serial transverse sections 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.3, 3.65, 4.05, 5.05 ~mm from first section, x1 (Smirnova, 2004b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 2004","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grigorjevaelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Grigorjevaelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grigorjevaelasma Smirnova in Smirnova, Madison, & ESAULOVA, 2004, p. 40","Type_species":"*G. rossica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, ventribiconvex, elongate oval to subpentagonal, Pedicle collar present, dental plates long, inner hinge plates V-shaped, may be supported by septum, outer hinge plates slightly concave, crura long, crural bases oblique, loop 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band broadly arched","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Russia (eastern Russian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1877, 1a-e. * G. rossica, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, PIN 4898\/45, x1, d-e, reconstructions of loop, x1 (Smirnova, Madison, & Esaulova, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, Madison, & Esaulova, 2004","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gruntelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatidae","Subfamily":"Dielasmatinae","Genus":"Gruntelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gruntelasma Smirnova in Smirnova, Madison, & ESAULOVA, 2004, p. 50","Type_species":"G. bajtuganensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, ventribiconvex, elongate to subtrigonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, Pedicle collar present, dental plates short, inner hinge plates widely arched, outer hinge plates and crural bases horizontal, crura long, loop 0.3 dorsal valve length, transverse band strongly arched.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Russia (eastern Russian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1877, 2a-e. *G. bajtuganensis, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, PIN 4898\/1, x1, d-e, reconstructions of loop, x1 (Smirnova, Madison, & Esaulova, 2004).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, Madison, & Esaulova, 2004","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sokelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Beecheriidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sokelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sokelasma SMIRNOVA, 2004a, p. 166","Type_species":"S. guttiformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, biconvex, rounded, anterior commissure slightly uniplicate, Dental plates variable, narrow outer hinge plates discernible in apical region of beak, septalium supported by crural plates and distinct septum, crural plates attached to valve floor, close to or separated from inner socket ridges, loop narrow, 0.4 dorsal valve length, transverse band broadly arched, Differs from Beecheria in biconvex valves, distinct septum, narrow outer hinge plates and position of crural plates","Beginning_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","First_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Ending_age":"Permian (Kazanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kazanian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Kazanian)","Geography":"Russia (eastern Russian Platform)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1877, 3a-k. *S. guttiformis, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, PIN 4898\/75, x1, d-k, serial transverse sections 1.0, 1.4, 1.95, 2.2, 2.3, 2.9, 3.5, 3.9 ~mm from first section, x1 (Smirnova, 2004a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Smirnova, 2004","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":274.37,"ending_stage":"Roadian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":269.21,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Adygellopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Adygellopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Adygellopsis Sun & Shi in Jin & OTHERS, 1985, p. 228","Type_species":"A. pentagonalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, roundly pentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak massive, slightly incurved, beak ridges angular, foramen subcircular, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, deltidial plates covering delthyrium. Pedicle collar absent, dental plates inclined toward lateral wall, teeth thin, long, cardinal process obscure, hinge plates narrow, septalium shallow, small, inner socket ridges strongly developed, septum high, stout, extending to midvalve, crural process low, loop deltiform, more than 0.5 dorsal valve length, with low-arched transverse band. Differs from Adygella in lacking a septalium and in loop.","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China (Yunnan)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1878, 1a-i. *A. pentagonalis, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, x1, c-i, serial transverse sections 0.2, 3.9, 4.3, 4.5, 4.8, 6.9 mm from first section, x1 (Jin & others, 1985).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & others, 1985","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Athyrorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Athyrorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Athyrorhynchia XU & LIU, 1983, p. 91","Type_species":"A. athyroformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth or with fine costellae, subpentagonal, biconvex, ventral sulcus wide, shallow, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, strongly incurved, concealing delthyrium. Dental plates nearly parallel, hinge plates discrete, fused with socket ridges, no median septum, loop unknown. The status of this genus is uncertain as the loop is unknown.","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1878, 2a-h. *A. athyroformis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d-h, incomplete serial transverse sections 1.2, 1.6, 2.4, 3.1, 3.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, x1 (Xu & Liu, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Xu & Liu, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Proanadyrella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Proanadyrella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Proanadyrella XU & LIU, 1983, p. 106","Type_species":"P. circularia; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to oval, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate; beak small, incurved. Pedicle collar present; dental plates divergent, reaching lateral walls; cardinal process bilobate, hinge plates discrete, inner socket ridges well developed, crural plates attached to floor of dorsal valve; median septum present, loop long, possibly lacking ascending branches (loop may be broken). Differs from Antezeilleria in having median septum and sulciplicate commissure.    [The status of this genus is uncertain because loop of type specimen may be broken.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1878, 3a\u2013h. *P. circularia; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2; d\u2013h, serial transverse sections 0.9, 1.8, 2.5, 3.3, 4.6 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d72 (Xu & Liu, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudopygoides":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudopygoides","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudopygoides XU, 1978, p. 303","Type_species":"P. jueyongensis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subpentagonal, ventribiconvex; shell margin geniculate; anterior commissure rectimarginate, may have resorbed so-called keyhole; beak low, erect; foramen circular, mesothyrid; beak ridges obtusely rounded. No pedicle collar or dental plates; cardinal process may be present; dorsal septum low, short; septalium V-shaped, wide, deep; loop moderately long, deltiform.    [The status of this genus is uncertain because the internal structures are not fully known.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1878, 5a\u2013h. *P. jueyongensis; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013h, incomplete serial transverse sections, no distances given, \u00d71 (Xu, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thyratryaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dielasmatoidea","Family":"Dielasmatoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thyratryaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thyratryaria XU & LIU, 1983, p. 92","Type_species":"T. pinguis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elongate oval to pear shaped, rarely circular, strongly biconvex, smooth, inner layer of shell ornamented with irregular radial costellae, anterior commissure uniplicate or slightly sulciplicate; beak low, incurved, foramen large, incurved. Dental plates present; hinge plates narrow, divided; crural plates reaching floor of dorsal valve; loop short, not fully known.   [The status of this genus is uncertain because the internal structures are not fully known.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Ending_age":"Middle Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Triassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Triassic","Geography":"China (Qinghai)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1878, 4a\u2013h. * T. pinguis; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2; d\u2013h, serial transverse sections 0.9, 2.0, 3.1, 4.4, 5.1 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d72 (Xu & Liu, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Anisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":246.7,"ending_stage":"Ladinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":237,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Almiralthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Almiralthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Almiralthyris CALZADA BADIA, 1994, p. 42","Type_species":"Terebratula sampelayoi b ataLLeR , 1943, p. 33; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, smooth, ventribiconvex, oval to subpentagonal in outline, strongly biplicate; foramen small, permesothyrid, loop narrow, short, triangular, without crural points.","Beginning_age":"Eocene (Bartonian)","First_Occurrence":"Bartonian","Ending_age":"Eocene (Bartonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bartonian","Geological_periods":"Eocene (Bartonian)","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1879, 5a\u2013d. *A. sampelayoi (b ataLLeR ); a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, MGSB 2704, \u00d70.6; d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d71 (Calzada Badia, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1879. uncertain and orthotomidae (p. 2803-2807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-533.jpg?height=169&width=1262&top_left_y=634&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Bartonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":41.03,"ending_stage":"Bartonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":37.71,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eichwaldithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eichwaldithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eichwaldithyris SMIRNOVA, 2001, p. 602","Type_species":"R. rasilis; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, oval to pear shaped, anterior commissure uniplicate or biplicate; plications in anterior third; beak high, curved, foramen submesothyrid. Pedicle collar present; cardinal process low; hinge plates wide, concave; crural bases high, ventrally sharp and dorsally keeled; crural processes wide; loop slender, 0.25 dorsal valve length; descending branches short, transverse band arched.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1879,3a\u2013d. *R. rasilis; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, MGSB, \u00d7 1; d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d72 (Smirnova, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1879. uncertain and orthotomidae (p. 2803-2807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-533.jpg?height=169&width=1262&top_left_y=634&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":100.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oleneothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oleneothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oleneothyris COOPER, 1942, p. 233","Type_species":"Terebratula harlani MORTON, 1828, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, elongate oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, foramen large, submesothyrid, symphytium mostly concealed. Ventral valve thickened posteriorly, pedicle collar long, tubular, cardinal process large, semielliptical, crural processes large, triangular, crural bases forming ridge along inner edge of narrow, concave outer hinge plates, loop variable, 0.3 dorsal valve length, triangular, with strongly arched transverse band, some loops with long terminal points resembling those of some Jurassic loboidothyridoids.","Beginning_age":"Paleocene","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleocene","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleocene","Geography":"USA (New Jersey, North Carolina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1879, 4a-d. *O. harlani (Morton), New Jersey, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x0.5, d, interior of dorsal valve, x1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1879. uncertain and orthotomidae (p. 2803-2807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-533.jpg?height=169&width=1262&top_left_y=634&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lusothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Muirwoodellidae","Subfamily":"Muirwoodellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Lusothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lusothyris ANDRADE, 2006, p. 85","Type_species":"L. atlantica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Andrade, Benito. 2006. Los braqui\u00f3podos del tr\u00e1nsito Jur\u00e1sico Inferior-Jur\u00e1sico Medio de la Cuenca Lusit\u00e1nica (Portugal). Coloquios de Paleontolog\u00eda 56:5\u2013194.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Portugal","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aschuthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Aschuthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aschuthyris OVTSHARENKO, 1993, p. 17","Type_species":"*A. aschuensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, anterior lateral commissures rectimarginate, Outer hinge plates slender, fused with inner socket ridges, crura wide, directed ventrally, loop approximately 0.5 dorsal valve length, flanges slender, subparallel, transverse band strongly arched with median fold.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"southwestern Pamirs","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1880, 2a-c. * A. aschuensis, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Ovtsharenko, 1993)","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovtsharenko, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1880. uncertain (p. 2805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-536.jpg?height=1819&width=1300&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dhosathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Dhosathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dhosathyris OVTSHARENKO, 1993, p. 16","Type_species":"*Terebratula dhosaensis KITCHIN, 1900, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, biplicate, biconvex. Cardinal process well defined, outer hinge plates horizontal with subperpendicular crural bases, crura wide, directed ventrally, loop broad, less than 0.5 dorsal valve length, transverse band thin, flanges subparallel.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Pamirs, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1880, 3a-d. D. dhosaensis (Kitchin), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d, reconstructions of loop, x1 (Ovtsharenko, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ovtsharenko, 1993","figure_index":"fig. 1880. uncertain (p. 2805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-536.jpg?height=1819&width=1300&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neaguithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Neaguithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neaguithyris GEORGESCU, 1991, p. 242","Type_species":"* N. neagui, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, smooth, ventribiconvex, subpentagonal, anterior commissure sulciplicate. Cardinal process bilobate, hinge plates very thin, loop short (0.25 dorsal valve length), transverse band strongly bilobate.\"","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (lower Bathonian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Bathonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Bajocian-lower Bathonian)","Geography":"Romania (eastern Carpathians)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1880, 4a-i. * N. neagui, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, LPB IIIb0196, x1, d-i, serial transverse sections 1.2, 3.5, 5.0, 5.8, 7.5, 9.2 mm from ventral umbo, x1 (Georgescu, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Georgescu, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1880. uncertain (p. 2805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-536.jpg?height=1819&width=1300&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":169.67,"ending_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":40,"ending_date":167.02,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Peristerothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Peristerothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Peristerothyris MANCENIDO, 1983, p. 349","Type_species":"* P. columbiniformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, smooth, subcircular to subpentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure biplicate, beak massive, incurved, foramen large, permesothyrid. Cardinal process broad, flat, crenulated, hinge plates not keeled, with a distally cuneate, virgate core and a distally clubbed, concave sheath. Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian): Argentina, USA (?California).","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Pliensbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (?Sinemurian, Pliensbachian)","Geography":"Argentina, USA (?California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1880, 5a-h. * P. columbiniformis, Argentina, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x0.5, d-h, serial transverse sections 5.9, 8.3, 9.8, 12.2, 12.7 mm from ventral umbo, x1 (Mance\u00f1ido, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mance\u00f1ido, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1880. uncertain (p. 2805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-536.jpg?height=1819&width=1300&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":199.46,"ending_stage":"Pliensbachian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":184.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sogxianthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sogxianthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sogxianthyris SUN, 1981, p. 235","Type_species":"S. pentagonalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subpentagonal, unequally biconvex to nearly planoconvex, anterior commissure sulciplicate, smooth or weakly capillate, beak large, protuberant, foramen large, epithyrid. Pedicle collar ringlike, no dental plates, cardinal process low, bilobate, hinge plates divided and slightly concave, crural bases attached to outer hinge plates ventrally, loop trigonal, 0.5 dorsal valve length, terminal points long.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Middle Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1880, 6a-j. *S. pentagonalis, Tibet, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1880. uncertain (p. 2805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-536.jpg?height=1819&width=1300&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Aalenian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":174.7,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thadiqithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Loboidothyridoidea","Family":"Loboidothyridoidea - Family and Subfamily uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Thadiqithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thadiqithyris ALM\u00c9RAS, 1987, p. 189","Type_species":"* T. thadiqiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, rectimarginate, lateral and anterior commissure finely multiplicate, foramen large, labiate, epithyrid, symphytium narrow, loop 0.5 dorsal valve length","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"Callovian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Callovian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Callovian)","Geography":"Saudi Arabia, Syria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1880, 1a-c. *T. thadiqiensis, Syria, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Alm\u00e9ras, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nAlm\u00e9ras, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1880. uncertain (p. 2805).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-536.jpg?height=1819&width=1300&top_left_y=250&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":165.29,"ending_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":161.53,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Buckmanithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscolioidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Buckmanithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Buckmanithyris TCHORSZHEWSKY, 1990, p. 33","Type_species":"B. dziruliensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal, smooth, strongly unisulcate, cardinal process small, loop very short","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Carpathians, Caucasus","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1879, 6a-j. *B. dziruliensis, ?Carpathians, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d-j, serial transverse sections 1.3, 1.6, 1.85, 2.0, 2.3, 4.0, 4.8 mm from ventral umbo, x1.5 (Tchorszhewsky, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhewsky, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1879. uncertain and orthotomidae (p. 2803-2807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-533.jpg?height=169&width=1262&top_left_y=634&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carinatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscolioidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Carinatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carinatothyris TCHORSZHEWSKY, 1990, p. 33","Type_species":"Terebratula (Pygope) aspasia Meneghini MGH, var. carinata HAAS, 1912, p. 258, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, subtriangular to rhomboidal, median ridge in dorsal valve, anterior commissure strongly unisulcate, loop short, rounded","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1879, 1a-c. *C. carinata (HAAS), dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Tchorszhewsky, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchorszhewsky, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1879. uncertain and orthotomidae (p. 2803-2807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-533.jpg?height=169&width=1262&top_left_y=634&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthotoma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily uncertain","Family":"Orthotomidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orthotoma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthotoma QUENSTEDT, 1869 in 1868-1871, p. 315","Type_species":"Terebratula heyseana Quenstedt, 1869, p. 315, non Dunker, 1847, =Orthotoma spinati Rau, 1905, p. 54, SD BUCKMAN, 1918, p. 96","Synonyms_with_authors":"Orthoidea Friren, 1876, p. 1 (type, O. liasina, OD)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, becoming sulcoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, beak ridges angular, Cardinal process minute, projecting vertically as two small ears, hinge plates in transverse section ventrally convex, dorsally inclined, tapering, not differentiated from inner socket ridges, loop short (0.3 dorsal valve length) with low arched transverse band","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Europe, China, ?Saudi Arabia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1879, 2a-d. *O. spinati (R au ), Germany; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d72; d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d7 2 (Muir-Wood, 1965).  \u2014\u2014FiG. 1879,2e\u2013o. O. quenstedti, Germany, serial transverse sections at 0.1 to 0.3 mm intervals, \u00d73 (Muir-Wood, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1879. uncertain and orthotomidae (p. 2803-2807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-533.jpg?height=169&width=1262&top_left_y=634&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Falciferula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Falciferula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Falciferula TCHOUMATCHENCO, 1987, p. 56","Type_species":"F. stoytchevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subtriangular, biconvex, anterior commissure broadly unisulcate or sulcipli- cate, foramen large. Crural bases thin, falcifer, loop narrow, 0.3 dorsal valve length, may be spinose, transverse band strongly arched.","Beginning_age":"Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Jurassic","Ending_age":"Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Jurassic","Geography":"Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1881, la-d. * F. stoytchevi, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d, ventral view of loop, x1 (Tchoumatchenco, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Tchoumatchenco, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1881. uncertain (p. 2807-2808).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-537.jpg?height=1425&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mayaothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Mayaothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mayaothyris SUN, 1987, p. 74","Type_species":"M. typica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, oval, biconvex, shell ornamented with broad, sharply angular costae from umbo, foramen permesothyrid, delthyrium covered by symphytium, anterior commissure rectimarginate, no dental plates, cardinal process low, hinge plates separate, merged with inner socket ridges, crural plates united with floor of dorsal valve, slightly inclined toward midline, crural bases arising from ventral side of hinge plates, crura of Dielasma type, loop possibly short, other loop details unknown.   [Description is based on one incomplete, now sectioned, individual.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Last_Occurrence":"Aptian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","Geography":"northern Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1881, 4a-m. * M. typica, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, x1, e-m, serial transverse sections of incomplete damaged specimen 1.6, 2.9, 3.6, 4.8, 5.5, 6.4, 6.9, 7.2, 7.4 ~mm from ventral umbo, x1 (Sun, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1881. uncertain (p. 2807-2808).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-537.jpg?height=1425&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":113.2,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudorhaetina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Pseudorhaetina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudorhaetina Sandy in Stanley & OTHERS, 1994, p. 19","Type_species":"* ?. antimoniensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subpentagonal, biconvex, foramen permesothyrid, anterior commissure biplicate. Hinge plates narrow, crural bases well developed, crural processes high, no median septum, juvenile loop simple deltiform, adult loop 0.5 dorsal valve length, long flanged, transverse band high arched.   [The loop develops in characteristic terebratuloid fashion from simple extensions of the crura, but the adult loop resembles that of loboidothyridoids.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","First_Occurrence":"Norian","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Last_Occurrence":"Norian","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic (Norian)","Geography":"Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1881, 6a-f. * P. antimoniensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x2, d-e, reconstruction showing loop development, x5, f, reconstruction showing loop development, x2 (Sandy, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sandy, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1881. uncertain (p. 2807-2808).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-537.jpg?height=1425&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":227.3,"ending_stage":"Norian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":205.74,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vex":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Vex","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vex HOOVER, 1979, p. 9","Type_species":"Terebratula semisimplex WHITE, 1879, p. 108, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtriangular to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, smooth posteriorly, variably multicostate anteriorly, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, beak erect to incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates disjunct. Distinct pedicle collar, no dental plates, cardinal process well developed, bilobate, outer hinge plates broad, planar, no inner hinge plates, no median septum, loop delicate, with large crural processes, descending lamellae slender, loop not fully known.","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Triassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic","Geography":"USA (Idaho)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1881, 5a-e. * V. semisimplex (White), a-c, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 8190a, \u00d72 (Hoover, 1979), d-e, ventral and lateral views of cardinalia and broken loop, x2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nHoover, 1979, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1881. uncertain (p. 2807-2808).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-537.jpg?height=1425&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Olenekian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":246.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zenobiathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zenobiathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zenobiathyris CRAIG, 1999, p. 427","Type_species":"Z. mutabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subpentagonal, biconvex, capillate, rugose, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Pedicle collar narrow, sessile, cardinal process delicate, no median septum, crural base fused to inner socket ridge, no hinge plates discernible, loop short, thin, transverse band short, wide, with median fold. No illustration of loop available.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)","First_Occurrence":"Santonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Western Australia (Perth Basin, Carnarvon Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1881, 3a-c. * Z. mutabilis, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, WAM83.3148a, x2 (Craig, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Craig, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1881. uncertain (p. 2807-2808).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-537.jpg?height=1425&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":85.7,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paraulacothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Paraulacothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paraulacothyris SUn & ZHANG, 1998, p. 267","Type_species":"* P. qipuqiapuensis","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, globose, rounded subpentagonal, strongly sulcate, beak low, erect, beak ridges rounded, palintrope small, foramen small, circular and permesothyrid, delthyrium covered by symphytium. Dental plates parallel, pedicle collar short. Hinge plates thick, septalium narrow and shallow, supported by a stout and high median septum that extends almost to the anterior margin, crural bases attaching to the dorsal side of hinge plates, crura hamiform, crural processes not developed, cardinal process poorly developed, loop teloform, extending about 0.75 valve length, with narrow descending lamellae, broad ascending lamellae, and wide, saddle-shaped transverse band.   [Sun & Zhang (1998) assigned Paraulacothyris to the family Laqueidae, subfamily Aulacothyropsinae; however, similarities with Bakonyithyris Voros , 1983, and Aulacothyris Douvill\u00e9, 1879, particularly in sulcation and teloform loop, suggest assignment to the subfamily Zeilleriinae is more appropriate.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"China (Karakorum region)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1882, 3a-n. * P. qipuqiapuensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d-n, serial transverse sections 1.0, 1.7, 2.7, 4.0, 4.4, 5.1, 5.7, 6.1, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 mm from ventral umbo, x1 (Sun & Zhang, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun & Zhang, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1882. zeilleriidae, uncertain, terebratellidae, and dallinidae (p. 2808-2810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-539.jpg?height=659&width=1260&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pictetella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriinae","Genus":"Pictetella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pictetella  Radulovi\u0107, Radulovi\u0107, & Rabrenovi\u0107, 2002, p. 790","Type_species":"P. serbica; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, 7 to 8 strong costae, moderately biconvex, elongate oval to subcircular, anterior commissure multiplicate. Beak suberect to erect, beak ridges sharp and short, defining narrow palintrope; foramen large, mesothyrid. Dental plates lamellar and gently curved. Cardinal process not developed; septa lium well developed, concave posteriorly, broad ening and shallowing anteriorly, supported by high median septum; outer hinge plates buttressing inner socket ridges, inner hinge plates thin and anteriorly subhorizontal. Loop teloform, thin and very long with narrow descending and wide ascending branches.  [Radulovi\u0107, Radulovi\u0107, & Rabrenovi\u0107 (2002) assigned Pictetella to family Dallinidae, subfamily Gemmarculinae; on the basis of the revised diagnoses of both family Dallinidae and subfamily Gemmarculinae (McKinnon & Lee, 2006), Pictetella is now reassigned to the family Zeilleriidae.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian, ?Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Barremian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian, ?Valanginian)","Last_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Barremian, ?Valanginian)","Geography":"Serbia, ?Switzerland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1882,1a\u2013m. *P. serbica; Barremian, eastern Serbia; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, Museum d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, VR76\/1, \u00d71; d\u2013m, serial transverse sections 0.4, 1.7, 2.2, 2.5, 3.2, 3.6, 4.5, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 2 (Radulovi\u0107, Radulovi\u0107, & Rabrenovi\u0107, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1882. zeilleriidae, uncertain, terebratellidae, and dallinidae (p. 2808-2810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-539.jpg?height=659&width=1260&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":126.5,"ending_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":132.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neozeilleria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Zeillerioidea","Family":"Zeilieriidae","Subfamily":"Zeilieriidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Neozeilleria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neozeilleria Andrade , 2006, p. 119","Type_species":"* Terebratula (Waldheimia) sharpei Choffat, 1947; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Andrade, Benito. 2006. Los braqui\u00f3podos del tr\u00e1nsito Jur\u00e1sico Inferior-Jur\u00e1sico Medio de la Cuenca Lusit\u00e1nica (Portugal). Coloquios de Paleontolog\u00eda 56:5\u2013194.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)","First_Occurrence":"Toarcian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian).","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)\u2013Middle Jurassic (Bajocian).","Geography":"Portugal, Spain, England, France, Germany","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":184.2,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Trigonellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonellina BUCKMAN, 1907, p. 342","Type_species":"Terebratulites pectunculus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 272, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, shell thick, scaly, ornamented by several well-spaced, rounded, opposite carinae, foramen with conjunct deltidial plates, hinge line nearly strophic, small median septum in ventral umbo. Cardinalia with inner socket ridges prominent, cardinal process small, small cardinal platform buttressed by median septum extending to midvalve, loop small, diploform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1882, 2a-b. * T. pectunculus (von Schlotheim), Germany, a, dorsal view, b, drawing of dorsal valve interior, x4 (adapted from von Zittel, 1870).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nadapted from von Zittel, 1870","figure_index":"fig. 1882. zeilleriidae, uncertain, terebratellidae, and dallinidae (p. 2808-2810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-539.jpg?height=659&width=1260&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Laurinia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenoidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Laurinia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Laurinia Zezina, 2005, p. 31","Type_species":"*Fallax neocaledonensis laurin, 1997, p. 444; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":"This genus is probably a synonym of Fallax.","Synonyms":"Fallax","Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Zezina, O. N. 2005. On the systematic position of some recent brachiopod species from the Norfolk Ridge (West Paci\ufb01c). Invertebrate Zoology, Moscow University 2(1):29\u201333.  -- In Russian.]","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"New Caliedonia, West Pacific (Norfolk Ridge)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lusitanina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Laqueinae","Genus":"Lusitanina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lusitanina ANDRADE, 2006, p. 143","Type_species":"* L. bituminis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Andrade, Benito. 2006. Los braqui\u00f3podos del tr\u00e1nsito Jur\u00e1sico Inferior-Jur\u00e1sico Medio de la Cuenca Lusit\u00e1nica (Portugal). Coloquios de Paleontolog\u00eda 56:5\u2013194.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Last_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","Geography":"Portugal","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":168.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Erihadrosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Erihadrosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Erihadrosia Hiller & MACKINNON, 2000, p. 76","Type_species":"Stethothyris epsilon ALLAN, 1940, p. 287, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, smooth, elongate oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly unisulcate, beak slender, strongly incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid, cardinal area wide, low to hidden, convex to concave, shell strongly thickened posteriorly, but thin anteriorly. Cardinal process very large, cuplike, socket ridges, crural bases, and hinge plates becoming fused to restrict hinge trough, median septum high, bifurcating posteriorly to join with cardinalia posterior of crura, becoming thicker.","Beginning_age":"Neogene (lower Miocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Miocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (middle Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Miocene","Geological_periods":"Neogene (lower Miocene-middle Miocene)","Geography":"New Zealand","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1882, 5a-c. * E. epsilon (Allan), a-b, dorsal and lateral views, x0.5, c, interior view of broken conjoined valves, x0.5 (Hiller & MacKinnon, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hiller & MacKinnon, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1882. zeilleriidae, uncertain, terebratellidae, and dallinidae (p. 2808-2810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-539.jpg?height=659&width=1260&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Serravallian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":11.63,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pegmathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Dallinidae","Subfamily":"Dallininae","Genus":"Pegmathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pegmathyris Hatai, 1938, p. 225","Type_species":"Dallina miyatokoensis HATAI, 1936b, p. 315, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Dallina but differing in thicker shell, rectimarginate folding, high symphytium, straighter and stronger beak, strong cardinal process, stronger median septum, inner hinge plate horizontal instead of inclined","Beginning_age":"Miocene","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Miocene","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Miocene","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1882, 4. * P. miyatokoensis (Hatai), dorsal view, x1 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1882. zeilleriidae, uncertain, terebratellidae, and dallinidae (p. 2808-2810).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-539.jpg?height=659&width=1260&top_left_y=1262&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Compositelasma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Compositelasmatoidea","Family":"Compositelasmatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Compositelasma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Compositelasma Smirnova, 2006.","Type_species":null,"Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Smirnova, T. N. 2006. New Upper Permian Superfamily Compositelasmatoidea (Brachiopoda, Terebratulida) from the East of the Russian Platform: The speci\ufb01city of ontogenetic transformations. Paleontological Journal 40(1):66\u201374.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Permian","First_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"Upper Permian","Geography":"Russia (east of Russian platform)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Wuchiapingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":259.55,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Antigoniarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Antigoniarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Antigoniarcula ELLIOTT, 1959, p. 146","Type_species":"Argiope perrieri EUDES-DESLONGCHAMPS, 1853, p. 5, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transverse, alate, hinge line strophic, test costate and scaly, foramen large, deltidial plates narrow. Pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, hinge plates small, delimited by inner socket ridges, supported anteriorly by very short, thin median septum, crura thin and delicate, loop angular, apparently teloform, anteriorly produced into sharp points.   [The loop reconstruction is uncertain in this genus. ]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 1a-c. * A. perrieri (EudesDeslongChamps), France, a-b, dorsal and ventral valve views, x2, c, dorsal valve interior showing loop, reconstructed, x2 (Elliott, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eogryphus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Eogryphus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eogryphus Hertlein & GRANT, 1944, p. 88","Type_species":"* E. tolmani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, smooth, subcircular to ovate, ventribiconvex, dorsal valve with shallow median sulcus, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, beak short, slightly incurved, foramen very small, permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, thick dorsal median septum present, other internal characters unknown.","Beginning_age":"Eocene","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Eocene","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Eocene","Geography":"USA (California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 5. *E. tolmani, holotype, dorsal view, UCLA 6203, x1 (Hertlein & Grant, 1944).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hertlein & Grant, 1944","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gwyniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gwyniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gwyniella JOHANSEN, 1987, p. 26","Type_species":"G. persica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, smooth, subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, resupinate to biconvex, beak very low, recessed, foramen hypothyrid. Hinge weak, brachidium poorly developed, consisting of short, delicate crura and short, high, pointed septal pillar, lophophore probably schizolophous.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleocene (lower Danian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Danian","Ending_age":"Paleocene (lower Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Danian","Geological_periods":"Paleocene (lower Danian)","Geography":"Denmark","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 3a-c. *G. persica, a, holotype, dorsal view, MGUH 16953, x10, b, interior of ventral valve, x10, c, interior of dorsal valve, x10 (Johansen, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"MGUH, \nJohansen, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":64.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hercothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Hercothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hercothyris COOPER, 1979, p. 25","Type_species":"* H. borroi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, pentagonal to oval, ventribiconvex, smooth to faintly costellate in posterolateral regions, uniplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. No dental plates, ventral interior with strong median septum extending to midvalve. Cardinalia consisting of strong socket ridges fused to crural bases, no outer hinge plates, cardinal process small and transverse, dorsal median septum long, bladelike, triangular, loop probably long, possibly teloform.","Beginning_age":"Eocene","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Eocene","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Eocene","Geography":"Cuba","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 2a-f. *H. borroi, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 549396a, x1, d, dorsal interior, x1, e, transverse section showing dorsal median septum extending to ventral valve, x2, f, transverse section 10 mm anterior to beak, showing dorsal septum tapering anteriorly, x2 (Cooper, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Holobrachia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Holobrachia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Holobrachia ZEZINA, 2001b, p. 66","Type_species":"H. vietnamica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, smooth, subcircular to subpentagonal, anterior commisure unisulcate, deltidial plates conjunct, foramen small, submesothyrid, beak short, erect. Dental plates curved and partially obscured by shell thickening in gerontic specimens, cardinalia prominent, with small cardinal process located posteromedianly between stout inner hinge plates, cardinalia uniting anteriorly with median septum that extends for 0.33 valve length. Adult loop modified trabecular, lacking crura.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"off Vietnam","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 4a-c. * H. vietnamica, a-b, holotype, dorsal and anterior views, IO N XI-52-13\/1, x2, c, drawing of loop, x2 (Zezina, 2001b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Zezina, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kingenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kingenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kingenella POPIEL-BARCZY\u041a, 1968, p. 72","Type_species":"K. kongieli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to oval in outline, smooth or slightly capillate, strongly biconvex, rectimarginate, beak ridges weak, beak obtuse, generally truncated but may be recurved, deltidial plates disjunct, foramen hypothyrid. Ventral valve with short pedicle collar, hinge teeth small, thick, no dental plates, cardinal process vestigial, outer and inner hinge plates fused to produce a flat platform attached to very long median septum, crura short, loop trabecular, strongly spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Poland, Belgium, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 8a-d. *K. kongieli, Maastrichtian, Poland, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, MZ VIII Bra. 411\/7, x2, d, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Popiel-Barczyk, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popiel-Barczyk, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kurakithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kurakithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kurakithyris HATAI, 1946, p. 98","Type_species":"K. quantoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"The status of this genus is doubtful. It is based on a single specimen that was said to have no loop preserved (Hatai, 1948).","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Biconvex, rectimarginate to unisulcate, foramen possibly permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, median ridge low, hinge teeth weak, with ventrally recessive dental plates, no median ridge in ventral valve, pedicle collar indistinct. Cardinalia weak, divided into inner and outer hinge plates by swollen bases of crural processes, inner hinge plate troughlike, supported by median septum, excavated beneath, descending branches attached to median septum by short connecting bands in young but becoming free in adult.\"","Beginning_age":"Pliocene","First_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Ending_age":"Pliocene","Last_Occurrence":"Pliocene","Geological_periods":"Pliocene","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 6. * K. quantoensis, lateral view, x1 (Hatai, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Zanclean","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":5.34,"ending_stage":"Piacenzian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":2.58,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptothyrellopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptothyrellopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptothyrellopsis Bitner & PISERA, 1979, p. 82","Type_species":"* L. polonicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, shell smooth, elongate oval, flatly biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, foramen large, subtriangular, hypothyrid, deltidial plates narrow. No pedicle collar, inner socket ridges high, high, platelike septal pillar in dorsal valve.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Poland, Denmark","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 7a-c. * L. polonicus, Poland, a-b, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, x10, c, dorsal valve interior, x10 (Bitner & Pisera, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bitner & Pisera, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Luppovithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Luppovithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Luppovithyris LOBATSCHEVA, 1990, p. 100","Type_species":"* L. ovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, elongate-oval or rounded-pentagonal, prominently costate around commissure, rectimarginate to commonly uniplicate with weakly developed fold and sulcus, beak short, erect, beak ridges rounded, foramen small, mesothyrid. Dental plates short, ventrally divergent, pedicle collar present. Inner socket ridges fused to massive hinge plates, inner hinge plates long, well developed, septalium broad, buttressed by high, wedgelike septum extending for about 0.33 length of dorsal valve, cardinal process present, crural bases prominent dorsally, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian)","First_Occurrence":"Neocomian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian)","Last_Occurrence":"Neocomian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian)","Geography":"Turkmenistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1884, 4a-n. * L. ovalis, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views, x1, d-n, serial transverse sections 0.6, 1.4, 2.0, 3.1, 3.9, 4.3, 4.6, 5.3, 6.15, 7.3, 11.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, x1 (Lobatscheva, 1990).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lobatscheva, 1990","figure_index":"fig. 1884. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-543.jpg?height=1838&width=1272&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":126.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lutetiarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lutetiarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lutetiarcula ELLIOTT, 1954, p. 727","Type_species":"L. perplexa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, solid, strong brachial cardinalia, cardinal process low, median septum well developed, extending nearly to anterior margin, curved lateral brachial ridges on valve floor.","Beginning_age":"Eocene","First_Occurrence":"Eocene","Ending_age":"Eocene","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Eocene","Geography":"France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1884, 2a-b. * L. perplexa, a, dorsal valve interior, x5, b, posterior view of dorsal valve interior, x5 (Elliott, 1954).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott, 1954","figure_index":"fig. 1884. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-543.jpg?height=1838&width=1272&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Ypresian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":56,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magas":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Magas","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magas J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 39","Type_species":"Magas J. Sowerby, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 39 *M. pumilus (illustrated in FaUJas, 1798, pl. 26, 6), OD, = Terebratulites chitoniformis VON Schlotheim, 1813, p. 113 (see WIND, 1954, p. 79)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, planoconvex, unisulcate, beak strongly incurved, deltidial plates narrow, triangular, beak ridges sharp. Ventral interior with constricted beak area, hinge teeth with swollen bases, short, low median ridge tapering anteriorly and posteriorly with deep muscle scars. Cardinalia wide, inner socket ridges thick, sunken median cardinal platform with small cardinal process raised on this, septalium but tressing cardinalia and rising very high as anteriorly directed pillar, crura short, descending branches narrow, straight, broadly attached to septum beneath two posteriorly directed curved lamellae, loop annular, spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1884, 1a-e. * M. chitoniformis (vON Schlotheim), a-b, dorsal and lateral views, x2, c-d, interior views of ventral and dorsal valve with reconstructed loop, x4.2, e, lateral view of reconstructed loop, x2 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1884. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-543.jpg?height=1838&width=1272&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Miogryphus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Miogryphus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Miogryphus Hertlein & GRANT, 1944, p. 95","Type_species":"M. willetti, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, smooth or with few anterior radial plications, subpentagonal to ovate, biconvex with low dorsal median fold, anterior commissure rectimarginate to unisulcate, foramen large, possibly mesothyrid, symphytium present, dorsal median septum present, other internal characters unknown.\"","Beginning_age":"Miocene","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Miocene","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Miocene","Geography":"USA (California)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1885, 3a-c. * M. willetti, holotype, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, CAS 7361, x1 (Hertlein & Grant, 1944).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hertlein & Grant, 1944","figure_index":"fig. 1885. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-544.jpg?height=1614&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praeneothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Praeneothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praeneothyris KATZ, 1962, p. 143","Type_species":"P. darvaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, smooth, rectimarginate, beak erect, strongly incurved, foramen minute, mesothyrid. Hinge teeth large, cardinal process and dorsal median septum thickened, ventral septum may be present, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Caucasus, Bulgaria, India, Madagascar","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1885, 4a-d. *P. darvaensis, Tadzhikistan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d, reconstruction of loop, x1 (Katz, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Katz, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1885. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-544.jpg?height=1614&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchora DALMAN, 1828, p. 135","Type_species":"Terebratula costata Nilsson, 1827, p. 37, OD, =Anomites costatus Wahlenberg, 1821, p. 62, Anomia pectinata LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 701","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, thick shelled, ventribiconvex, coarsely costate, unisulcate; foramen very large, small deltidial plates; hinge teeth large, widely separated, short, low median ridge; cardinalia thick, rounded, socket ridges thick and fused with cardinal platform; cardinal process a large, slightly raised median surface area on platform, hollows under cardinal platform beneath crural processes, median septum thin, supporting cardinalia, high posteriorly and extending to midvalve, loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"northwestern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1885, 1a-f. * R. pectinata (Linnaeus), Sweden, a-d, lectotype, exterior, interior, lateral, and anterior views of dorsal valve, Linnean Collection, Linnean Society of London, x1 (Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967), e-f, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967, \nElliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1885. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-544.jpg?height=1614&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchorina OEHLERT, 1887, p. 1326","Type_species":"Anomites spathulatus WAHLENBERG, 1821, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"smooth exterior, cardinalia with very wide concave outer hinge plates, marked crural bases with convex inner hinge plates arching over septum and meeting in median ridge, which runs back to cardinal process, loop similar to that of Magas","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"northwestern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 3. *R. spathulata (Wahlenberg), interior of dorsal valve, x5 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Simplicithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Simplicithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Simplicithyris ZEZINA, 1976b, p. 101","Type_species":"S. kurilensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, slightly biconvex, rectimarginate to slightly unisulcate, foramen permesothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, pedicle collar broad, dental plates strong, median septum subrectangular, no cardinal process, crura, brachial loop, or spicules. Differs from Amphithyris in possession of dental plates and permesothyrid foramen and from Pumilus in possession of dental plates, smooth inner surface, and lack of spicules.","Beginning_age":"Holocene","First_Occurrence":"Holocene","Ending_age":"Holocene","Last_Occurrence":"Holocene","Geological_periods":"Holocene","Geography":"northwestern Pacific (Kurile-Kamchatka regions)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 1a\u2013d. * S. kurilensis ; a, holotype, dorsal view, IO XI-52-1, \u00d74; b, interior of ventral valve, \u00d7 4; c\u2013d, interior of dorsal valve, \u00d74 (Zezina, 1976b).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Greenlandian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":0.01,"ending_stage":"Meghalayan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":0,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tiaretithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tiaretithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tiaretithyris TCHOUMATCHENCO, 1986, p. 113","Type_species":"* T. tiaretensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, smooth, subcircular to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, commissure broadly uniplicate, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid. Dental plates well developed, cardinal process present or absent, septum long, crural bases short, adult loop teloform. Differs from Kachathyris in lacking capillae.","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Upper Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic","Geography":"Algeria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1885, 2 a-d . *T. tiaretensis, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d, reconstruction of loop, \u00d7 1 (Tchoumatchenco, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nTchoumatchenco, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 1885. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-544.jpg?height=1614&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Tithonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":143.1,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Timacella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Timacella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Timacella Radulovi\u0107 & RADULOVI\u0106, 2002, p. 405","Type_species":"Waldheimia (Zeilleria) timacensis ANTHULA, 1903, p. 50, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, biconvex, semi-ribbed, outline elongate oval to rarely subcircular, beak small, erect with mesothyrid circular foramen, fold and sulcus not developed, anterior commissure rectimarginate, crenulate, internal characters as in Psilothyris.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (upper Barremian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Barremian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (upper Barremian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Barremian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (upper Barremian)","Geography":"CarpathoBalkanides, eastern Serbia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 6a-c. *T. timacensis (Anthula), neotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, RGF VR 25\/15, x1 (Radulovi\u0107 & Radulovi\u0107, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nRadulovi\u0107 & Radulovi\u0107, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":123.95,"ending_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":121.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinjiangthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xinjiangthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinjiangthyris Sun & WANG, 1984, p. 95","Type_species":"X. ovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely oval, rectimarginate, smooth, planoconvex to biconvex, beak slightly incurved, foramen mesothyrid, delthyrium covered with henidium, beak ridges angular. Teeth large, with swollen bases, no dental plates, cardinalia strong, massive, cardinal process high, bulbous, with bilobate myophore, hinge plates thick, united with and supported by stout septum, septalium short, loop teloform. Upper Cretaceous: China (Xinjiang).","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 2a-b. *X. ovalis, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (Sun & Wang, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun & Wang, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yabeithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yabeithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yabeithyris HATAL, 1948, p. 498","Type_species":"* Y. notoensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate, symphytium short, with median ridge, pedicle collar indistinct. Dental plates ventrally recessive, cardinalia with deep divergent trough posteriorly, crural bases divergent, median septum well developed. Miocene: Japan.","Beginning_age":"Miocene","First_Occurrence":"Miocene","Ending_age":"Miocene","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Miocene","Geography":"Japan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1884, 3. * Y. notoensis, dorsal valve exterior, x1 (Hatai, 1948).","Museum_or_author_information":"Hatai, 1948","figure_index":"fig. 1884. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-543.jpg?height=1838&width=1272&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Aquitanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":23.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yuezhuella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yuezhuella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yuezhuella Jin & Ye in Ye & YANG, 1979, p. 69","Type_species":"* Y. minor, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, roundly pentagonal, biconvex, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly uniplicate, foramen submesothyrid. Dental plates short, slightly divergent, hinge plates fused with inner socket ridges, septalium wide, shallow, supported by long, high septum, crura short, loop long (about 0.5 dorsal valve length), descending branches uniting with septum anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 4a-m. * Y. minor, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2, d, anterior view of interior, \u00d7 2, e-l, serial transverse sections 0.12, 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 2.1, 2.6, 3.0, 3.3 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 2, m, loop reconstruction, \u00d7 2 (Ye & Yang, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ye & Yang, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zhidothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zhidothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zhidothyris Jin, Sun, & Ye in Jin & OTHERS, 1979, p. 216","Type_species":"Z. carinata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, elliptical, ventribiconvex, smooth, anterior commissure unisulcate, dorsal valve with wide, deep sulcus, ventral valve carinate posteriorly, beak strongly incurved, foramen small, mesothyrid, symphytium arched. Dental plates short, parallel, hinge plates narrow, separate, crural plates erect and attached to floor of valve, septum long, high, loop long","Beginning_age":"Upper Triassic","First_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Ending_age":"Upper Triassic","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Triassic","Geological_periods":"Upper Triassic","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 5a-c. * Z. carinata, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1 (Jin & others, 1979).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1886, 5d-q. Z. yulongensis Sun, serial transverse sections 1.7, 2.6, 2.8, 3.3, 3.7, 4.1, 5.0, 6.4, 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.5, 7.9, 9.7mm from ventral umbo, x1 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jin & others, 1979, \nSun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).\nfig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Carnian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":237,"ending_stage":"Rhaetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":201.36,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cardiarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order and Superfamily uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Cardiarinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cardiarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cardiarina COOPER, 1956b, p. 527","Type_species":"C. cordata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very small with cordiform, emarginated outline and biconvex profile, Beak straight, projecting, foramen round, apical, symphytium flat elongate, Bisulcate with strong dorsal sulcus and weak ventral sulcus, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulcate, Surface smooth, impunctate, Dorsal parathyridia deep, Dental plates extending from foramen along margins of symphytium to support teeth and then laterally to valve margin, teeth narrow, elongate, with medially directed tips, Hinge plates undivided, notothyrial platform thick, sockets elongate, curved, outer socket ridges thin, inner socket ridges thick, high, crura possibly supporting loop, muscle fields poorly known","Beginning_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Pennsylvanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Pennsylvanian","Ending_age":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Pennsylvanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Pennsylvanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Carboniferous (upper Pennsylvanian)","Geography":"USA, Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1889, 1 a-b . *C*. cordata, upper Magdalena Formation, Sacramento Mountains, Grapevine Canyon, New Mexico, USA, a-b, dorsal and oblique dorsolateral views of holotype, c, ventral valve interior, d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 20, e-f, drawings of interior and lateral views of ventral valve showing symphytium, teeth, and long dental plates, \u00d7 20, g-h, interior and lateral views of dorsal valve showing parathyridium and cardinalia, \u00d7 20 (Cooper, 1956b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1956","figure_index":"fig. 1889. cardiarinidae and tropidoleptidae (p. 2820-2821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-551.jpg?height=1253&width=1286&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Kasimovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":307.02,"ending_stage":"Gzhelian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":298.89,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tropidoleptus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order and Superfamily uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Tropidoleptidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tropidoleptus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tropidoleptus HALL, 1857, p. 151","Type_species":"Strophomena carinata c onRad , 1839, p. 64; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Concavo-convex, subquadrate with narrow ventral fold and dorsal sulcus, broad, rounded costae and costellae.","Beginning_age":"Devonian","First_Occurrence":"Devonian","Ending_age":"Devonian","Last_Occurrence":"Devonian","Geological_periods":"Devonian","Geography":"cosmopolitan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1889, 2a\u2013i. *T. carinatus (c onRad ); a\u2013e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views of conjoined valves, Hamilton Group, New York State, BMNH B 75889, \u00d71; f\u2013g, internal mold and rubber replica of ventral valve, Hamilton Group, New York State, BMNH B 10549, \u00d7 1; h\u2013i, internal mold and latex replica of dorsal interior, Stadtfeld Beds, Humerich, Oberstadtfeld, Germany, BMNH B 94629, \u00d71 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1889. cardiarinidae and tropidoleptidae (p. 2820-2821).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-551.jpg?height=1253&width=1286&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Apodosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order and Superfamily uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"Apodosiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Apodosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Apodosia Smirnova & MacKinnon , 1995, p. 686","Type_species":"*Argyrotheca lorioli Smirnova, 1972; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Smirnova, T. N., & D. I. MacKinnon. 1995. Apodosia, an enigmatic new genus of micromorphic brachiopod from the Cretaceous of Crimea, Ukraine, and the Jurassic of England. Journal of Paleontology 69(4):686\u2013692.]","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)","First_Occurrence":"Bajocian","Ending_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Last_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) - Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian)","Geography":"Ukraine (Crimea), Lower Cretaceous; England, Middle Jurassic","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Bajocian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":170.9,"ending_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":137.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arzonella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellata - Order and Family uncertain","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"None","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Arzonella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arzonella SULSER, 2004, p. 423","Type_species":"A. exotica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A new brachiopod of indeterminate systematic position from the Lower Liassic (Broccatello) of Arzo (Southern Alps of Switzerland).    [This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Sulser, H. 2004. Arzonella exotica n. g. n. sp., a new brachiopod of indeterminate systematic position from the Lower Liassic (Broccatello) of Arzo (Southern Alps of Switzerland): A short note. Eclogae Geologica Helvetica 97(3):423\u2013428.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic","First_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic","Last_Occurrence":"Lower Jurassic","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic","Geography":"Southern Alps of Switzerland","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Toarcian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":174.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monophthalma":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Acrotretida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Acrotretoidea","Family":"Ceratretidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Monophthalma","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monophthalma STRENG, 1999, p. 32","Type_species":"*Acrotreta eggegrundensis WIMAN, 1903, p. 55, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve convex to low subconical, ventral pseudointerarea procline to slightly apsacline, pedicle foramen not enclosed within larval shell, dorsal pseudointerarea wide, with broad, subtriangular median groove, propareas small, ventral interior with collarlike thickening around apical process, with low ridge extending along anterior valve slope, dorsal median buttress and median ridge vestigial to absent, cardinal scars of both valves oval, widely separated","Beginning_age":"Lower Cambrian (?Botomian)","First_Occurrence":"Botomian","Ending_age":"lower Middle Cambrian","Last_Occurrence":"lower Middle Cambrian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cambrian (?Botomian), lower Middle Cambrian","Geography":"Sweden (South Bothnian Sea), Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1704a-i. *M. eggegrundensis (Wiman), Cambrian glacial erratic boulder, ?Botomian, Eggegrund island, South Bothnian Sea, outside G\u00e4vle, Sweden, a, dorsal valve exterior, x57, b, oblique lateral view, x67, c, detail of larval shell, PMUB593, x165, d, oblique lateral view of dorsal interior, PMUB594, x49, e, ventral valve exterior, x35, f, oblique posterior view, x38, g, oblique lateral view, PMUB596, x35, h, detail of ventral larval shell, PMUB598, x135, i, ventral valve interior, PMUB597, x45 (Holmer & Ushatinskaya, 1994).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1705. * M. eggegrundensis (Wiman), Cambrian glacial erratic boulder, ?Botomian, Eggegrund island, South Bothnian Sea, outside G\u00e4vle, Sweden, oblique lateral view of dorsal pseudointerarea, PMUB595, x180 (Holmer & Ushatinskaya, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Holmer & Ushatinskaya, 1994, \nHolmer & Ushatinskaya, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1704. ceratretidae (p. 2570-2574).\nfig. 1705. ceratretidae (p. 2570-2574).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-303.jpg?height=1913&width=1296&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=225)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-304.jpg?height=604&width=563&top_left_y=267&top_left_x=266)","beginning_stage":"Cambrian Stage 3","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":516.13,"ending_stage":"Wuliuan","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":504.5,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dongpanoproductus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Productoidea","Family":"Productellidae","Subfamily":"Productellinae","Genus":"Dongpanoproductus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dongpanoproductus He, Shen, Feng, & GU, 2005, p. 931","Type_species":"*D. elegans, OD.  Type species, \ufb01g. 5.15.11, type specimen, holotype, DP730 (Micropalaeontology laboratory, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Wuhan, China)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A late Changhsingian (Late Permian) deepwater brachiopod fauna from the Talung Formation at the Dongpan section, southern Guangxi, South China.    [This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Weihong He, Shu-Zhong Shen, Qinglai Feng, & Songzhu Gu. 2005. A late Changhsingian (Late Permian) deepwater brachiopod fauna from the Talung Formation at the Dongpan section, southern Guangxi, South China. Journal of Paleontology 79(5):927\u2013938.]","Beginning_age":"upper Changhsingian","First_Occurrence":"upper Changhsingian","Ending_age":"Upper Permian","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Permian","Geological_periods":"upper Changhsingian, Late Permian","Geography":"South China (Dongpan Section, southern Guangxi)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":253.07,"ending_stage":"Changhsingian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":251.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Striapustula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Strophomenata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Productida","Suborder":"Productidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linoproductoidea","Family":"Monticuliferidae","Subfamily":"Auriculispininae (Tribe Auriculispinini)","Genus":"Striapustula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Striapustula Ganelin & LAZAREV, 1999, p. 33","Type_species":"* Productus koninckianus KEYSERLING, 1846, p. 203, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, thin-shelled, concavoconvex specimens with long trails, ribbing fine on both valves, spines only ventrally, at hinge line and ears, scattered with swollen elongate bases on corpus and trail, rugae only posterolaterally, cardinal process bilobed, sessile, with shallow cardinal pit between paired weak ridges, cardinal ridges diverging slightly from hinge line toward ears, do not reach lateral margin, median septum reaches 0.8 disc length.","Beginning_age":"Lower Permian (Artinskian)","First_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Ending_age":"Lower Permian (Kungurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Kungurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Permian (Artinskian-Kungurian)","Geography":"northeastern Asia (Verkhoyansk region, Pechora Basin), Spitsbergen","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1765, 3a-d. *S. koninckianus (Keyserling), a, ventral valve exterior, x1, b, ventral valve anterior view, x1, c, lateral view of shell, x1, d, partially exfoliated dorsal valve interior, x2 (Ganelin & Lazarev, 1999).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1765, 3e. S. pectiniformis Ganelin & Lazarev, Vokuta river, cast of natural external mold of ventral valve, x2 (Ganelin & Lazarev, 1999).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1765, 3f. S. spitsbergiana (Gob\u0432\u0435\u0442t), Spitsbergen, ventral valve viewed laterally, x1 (Ganelin & Lazarev, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ganelin & Lazarev, 1999, \nGanelin & Lazarev, 1999, \nGanelin & Lazarev, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1765. monticuliferidae (p. 2655-2656)\nfig. 1765. monticuliferidae (p. 2655-2656)\nfig. 1765. monticuliferidae (p. 2655-2656)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-387.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=233)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-387.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=233)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-387.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=261&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":290.51,"ending_stage":"Kungurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":274.37,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pelecymya":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Orthida","Suborder":"Dalmanellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dalmanelloidea","Family":"Dalmanellidae","Subfamily":"Isorthinae","Genus":"Pelecymya","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pelecymya Mawson & TALENT, 1999, p. 151","Type_species":"P. caperata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium sized, biconvex to planoconvex, slightly sulcate, multicostellate, ventral muscle scar cordate to subpentagonal, dorsal adductor scars separated by strip of thickened shell bearing low, thin median septum.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochovian)","First_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (Lochovian)","Last_Occurrence":"Lochkovian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (Lochovian)","Geography":"Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1794, 3a-d. * P. caperata, Windellama Limestone, southeastern Australia, a-b, ventral exterior and interior, AM F105137, x5, c-d, dorsal exterior and interior, AM F105133, X5 (Mawson & Talent, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mawson & Talent, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1794. dalmanellidae (p. 2692).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-424.jpg?height=1568&width=1274&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=236)","beginning_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":419,"ending_stage":"Lochkovian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":412.4,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Jakubirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Jakubirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Jakubirhynchia TOMA\u0160OV\u00ddCH, 2006, p. 213","Type_species":"* Rhynchonella latifrons GEYER, 1889, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A new Early Jurassic rhynchonellid brachiopod from the western Tethys, described by Adam Toma\u0161ov\u00fdch in 2006. It is found in the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian) period in the West Carpathians and Eastern Alps (Slovakia, Austria).   [This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Toma\u0161ov\u00fdch, Adam. 2006. A new Early Jurassic rhynchonellid brachiopod from the western Tethys and implications for systematics of rhynchonellids from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Journal of Paleontology 80(2):212\u2013228.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Jurassic (Hettangian)","First_Occurrence":"Hettangian","Ending_age":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","Last_Occurrence":"Sinemurian","Geological_periods":"Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian)","Geography":"West Carpathians, Eastern Alps (Slovakia, Austria)","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Hettangian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":201.36,"ending_stage":"Sinemurian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":192.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meishanorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Paranorellininae","Genus":"Meishanorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meishanorhynchia Chen & Shi in Chen, Shi, & Kaiho, 2002, p. 154, =Paranorellina? changxingensis LIAO, 1984, p. 283, subj.","Type_species":"M. meishanensis, OD, =Paranorellina? changxingensis LIAO, 1984, p. 283, subj.","Synonyms_with_authors":"Paranorellina? changxingensis Liao, 1984, p. 283, subj.","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small and smooth shells with reversed fold and sulcus, subpentagonal to subcircular in outline, subequi- to dorsibiconvex in profile, anterior commissure rectimarginate to broadly sulcate, ventral median fold visible on umbonal region, shallow dorsal median sulcus beginning anterior to midlength, external surface with concentric growth lines and microscopic radial striae, few, short, round plicae, limited to anterior margins, lateral slopes smooth, beak and foramen small but distinct. Ventral valve with short, indistinct teeth; dental plates thin, short, fused to shell walls in early stage, then separate but laterally placed; dorsal inner hinge plate united posteriorly and divided anteriorly; myophragm low, short; crura apparently spinuliform.   [The claim that Liao's species (which holds priority as a subjective synonym) is a nomen nudum is wrong; examination of well-preserved specimens held at Nanjing support a valid species with plainly smooth surface, thus alleged radial striae seem to be due to decortication of primary layer. In addition, spinuliform crura and overall shape are norellid features and may even be included within the scope of the genus Paranorellina dagyS (like the previous genus).]","Beginning_age":"Lower Triassic (lowest Scythian=Griesbachian)","First_Occurrence":"Griesbachian","Ending_age":"Lower Triassic (lowest Scythian=Griesbachian)","Last_Occurrence":"Griesbachian","Geological_periods":"Lower Triassic (lowest Scythian=Griesbachian)","Geography":"China (Zhejiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1825, 1a-l. *M. changxingensis (LiAO), Griesbachian, Induan, upper Yinkeng Formation, Meishan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, anterior, ventral, posterior views, NMV P1456852, x6, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.9, NMV P1456856, x4 (Chen, Shi, & Kaiho, 2002).","Museum_or_author_information":"NMV, \nChen, Shi, & Kaiho, 2002","figure_index":"fig. 1825. norellidae (p. 2734-2735).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-466.jpg?height=821&width=1284&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":251.9,"ending_stage":"Induan","fraction_up_ending_stage":46.2,"ending_date":250.97,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homaletarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Homaletarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homaletarhynchia Simon & OWEN, 2001, p. 91","Type_species":"Terebratulites limbatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, this may be regarded as a full genus","Synonyms":"Cretirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized, symmetrical, biconvex shells, ornamentation generally smooth or with very faint radial grooves, development of costae limited to anterolateral commissure, beak small, pointed, and generally curved, beak ridges well developed, hypothyridid foramen with conjunct, protruding deltidial plates. Dental plates ventrally convergent, pedicle collar rarely developed, dorsal myophragm stout, long, very strong hinge structure, with ventrally expanded inner socket ridges, crural bases subquadrate, crura slightly concave in their posterior part, remaining close together.   [Originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, this may be regarded as a full genus, perhaps ancestral to Aphelesia c OOPer , due to inwardly concave crura, resembling hamiform-subfalciform in scope. Additional evidence in support of sound family reallocation is forthcoming from current detailed SEM studies of excavated crura and shell microstructure by MOtchurOva-deKOva and SiMOn (2007).]","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-)","First_Occurrence":"Santonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian- Maastrichtian)","Geography":"England, Ireland, France, Belgium, Germany, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1829, 2a-l. *H. limbata (von Schlotheim), upper Maastrichtian, Jandrain, Brabant, Belgium, a-e, hypotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, IRScNB IST 10838, x1.87, f-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.6, 2.0, 2.3, 2.55, 2.9, 3.2, IRScNB IST 10838, approximately x1.65 (Simon & Owen, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simon & Owen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1829. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 2736-2741).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-470.jpg?height=1713&width=1281&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":85.7,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Anathyris (Ranathyris)":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Athyridida","Suborder":"Athyrididina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Athyridoidea","Family":"Athyrididae","Subfamily":"Plicathyridinae","Genus":"Anathyris (Ranathyris)","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Anathyris (Ranathyris) HAVL\u00cd\u010c\u0301\u00c9K, 1998, p. 120","Type_species":"Anathyris inconsueta HAVL\u00cd\u010cEK, 1956, p. 620, M","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, rounded subpentagonal Anathyris with strongly biconvex lateral profile, maximum width anterior to midlength, close to anterior margin, ventral beak thick, incurved, with large pedicle foramen, poorly developed mixed folding, folds round, poorly developed, or absent in ventral valve, ventral median sulcus shallow to moderately deep and subangular, dorsal valve with narrow median depression bounded by two rounded submedian folds, lateral folds gentle and rounded in both valves, teeth small, supported by short, thin, nearly parallel dental plates, spiralia and jugum unknown.   [Havl\u00ed\u010deK (1998) established a new subgenus for this widespread and relatively common mid-Paleozoic genus; Ranathyris is based only on A. inconsueta havl\u00ed\u010deK. As many of the diagnostic features of this subgenus are manifest in the main Anathyris line, their use is restricted.]","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (lowest Emsian)","First_Occurrence":"lowermost Emsian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lowest Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lowermost Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (lowest Emsian)","Geography":"Prague Basin (Bohemia)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1843, 1a-g. *A. (R.) inconsueta (Havl\u00ed\u010dek), Zl\u00edchov Formation, a, holotype, ventral view, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH13268b, x1 (Havli\u010dek, 1956), b-c, dorsal and ventral views, VH13268a, x1, d-e, ventral and anterior views, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH13190a, x1.4, f, dorsal interior, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH13274c, x2.7, g, drawing of ventral valve interior, Havl\u00ed\u010dek collection, VH13270a (Havl\u00ed\u010dek, 1998).","Museum_or_author_information":"Havli\u010dek, 1956, \nHavl\u00ed\u010dek, 1998","figure_index":"fig. 1843. athyrididae (p. 2758-2760).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-490.jpg?height=1409&width=1291&top_left_y=262&top_left_x=227)","beginning_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":410.51,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":17,"ending_date":407.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Occidalia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Spiriferina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Spiriferoidea","Family":"Trigonotretidae","Subfamily":"Nesospiriferinae","Genus":"Occidalia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Occidalia ARCHBOLD, 1997, p. 216","Type_species":"O. shahi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Strongly transverse with alate cardinal extremities, lateral slopes with several moderate to strong plicae covered with fasciculate costae, fold and sulcus narrow, crudely V-shaped, sulcus anteriorly deflected to form tongue nearly perpendicular to lateral commissure, microornament of tegulate growth lamellae and weak capillae.","Beginning_age":"Permian (Cisuralian)","First_Occurrence":"Cisuralian","Ending_age":"Permian (Arkinskian)","Last_Occurrence":"Artinskian","Geological_periods":"Permian (Cisuralian-Arkinskian)","Geography":"Western Australia, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1862, 2a-c. *O. shahi, Artinskian, Western Australia, holotype, dorsal, posterior, and anterior","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1862. trigonotretidae (p. 2784).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-513.jpg?height=1797&width=1276&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Asselian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":298.89,"ending_stage":"Artinskian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":283.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Filispirifer":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Spiriferida","Suborder":"Delthyridina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Delthyriodoidea","Family":"Acrospiriferidae","Subfamily":"Acrospiriferinae","Genus":"Filispirifer","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Filispirifer JANSEN, 2001b, p. 269","Type_species":"F. merzakhsaiensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"5 to 15 ribs on each flank, those bordering sulcus often deflated, ornament capillate (with a low tendency to develop marginal spines), notothyrial platform poorly expressed, otherwise similar to Acrospirifer","Beginning_age":"Lower Devonian (upper lower Pragian)","First_Occurrence":"Lower Pragian","Ending_age":"Lower Devonian (lower lower Emsian)","Last_Occurrence":"lowermost Emsian","Geological_periods":"Lower Devonian (upper lower Pragian-lower lower Emsian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, Turkey","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1867, 5a-c. * F. merzakhsaiensis, Dra-Ebene, Morocco, holotype, a-b, dorsal, posterior views, x0.7, c, ornament, x4.9 (Jansen, 2001b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Jansen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1867. hysterolitidae, acrospiriferidae, and cyrtinopsidae (p. 2789-2791).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-520.jpg?height=1790&width=1286&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Pragian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":412.4,"ending_stage":"Emsian","fraction_up_ending_stage":17,"ending_date":407.75,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Opatrilkiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Trematidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Opatrilkiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Opatrilkiella MERGL, 2001a, p. 29","Type_species":"* O. minuta, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval, equibiconvex, pitted postlarval microornamentation with wavy radial trails of minute pits superimposed on very finely pitted surface, ventral valve with submarginal apex, ventral pseudointerarea triangular, with narrow pedicle slit and broad propareas, dorsal valve with submarginal apex, dorsal pseudointerarea absent","Beginning_age":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (Pr\u00eddoli)-Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1689a-c. *O. minuta, Po\u017e\u00e1ry Formation, P\u0159\u00eddoli, Praha-Holyn\u011b, Opatr\u00edlka Quarry, Bohemia, a, ventral valve exterior, PCZCU472, x55, b, holotype, ventral valve interior, PCZCU130, x50, c, dorsal valve exterior, PCZCU124, x60 (new). [Michal Mergl]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1689. trematidae (p. 2556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-286.jpg?height=857&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=230)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sterbinella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Discinoidea","Family":"Discinidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Sterbinella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sterbinella MERGL, 2001a, p. 27","Type_species":"*S. daphne, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell circular, ornamentation of fine concentric, slightly wavy fila, ventral valve depressed conical, dorsal valve flat with submarginal apex, pedicle track narrow, parallel sided, with narrow parallel slit","Beginning_age":"Silurian (P\u0159idoli)","First_Occurrence":"Pridoli","Ending_age":"Devonian (Famennian)","Last_Occurrence":"Famennian","Geological_periods":"Silurian (P\u0159idoli)-Devonian (Famennian)","Geography":"Bohemia, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1687, 2a-c. *S. daphne, Po\u017e\u00e1ry Formation, P\u0159\u00eddoli, Kr\u00e1l\u016fv Dv\u016fr, Kosov Hill, Bohemia, a, ventral valve exterior, PCZCU525, x13, b, dorsal valve exterior, PCZCU519, x13, c, dorsal valve exterior, \\\\operatornamePCZCU522, ~ x13 (new). [Michal Mergl]","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1687. discinidae (p. 2555-2556).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-284.jpg?height=1764&width=1284&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=231)","beginning_stage":"Pridoli","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":422.73,"ending_stage":"Famennian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":359.3,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"}},"isSynonym":false}