{"data":{"Lingularia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Linguliformea","Class":"Lingulata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Lingulida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Linguloidea","Family":"Lingulidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Lingularia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lingularia Biernat & EMIG, 1993, p. 10","Type_species":"L. similis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell elongate oval with subparallel lateral margins, ventral pseudointerarea small, with broad triangular pedicle groove and vestigial propareas, umbonal muscle scar heart-shaped, bisected by impression of pedicle nerve, dorsal visceral area extending anteriorly beyond midlength, with short median ridge bisecting anterior lateral muscle scars, vascula lateralia in both valves convergent, but generally somewhat shorter in ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Carboniferous","First_Occurrence":"Carboniferous","Ending_age":"Cretaceous, ?Tertiary","Last_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Carboniferous-Cretaceous, ?Tertiary","Geography":"Tertiary: Europe, Carboniferous\u2013Cretaceous; North America, TriassicCretaceous; ? South America, Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary; Australia, ? Antarctica, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Cretaceous; Bear Island, Spitsbergen, Triassic\u2013Jurassic; Russia, ?Japan, New Zealand, northern Siberia, Pakistan, Triassic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 9,3a\u2013d. *L. similis, Brentskardhaugen beds, Toarcian\u2013Aalenian, Wimanfjellet, Spitsbergen; a, holotype, internal mold of dorsal valve, ZPAL Br XXIV\/385, \u00d71.7; b, paratype, internal mold of dorsal valve, ZPAL Br XXIV\/432, \u00d7 2.5; c, paratype, internal mold ofventral valve, ZPAL Br XXIV\/418, \u00d7 2.5; d, paratype, internal mold of ventral valve, ZPAL Br XXIV\/416, \u00d7 2.5 (Biernat & Emig, 1993).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 9. lingulidae (p. 36-38).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-068.jpg?height=1833&width=1293&top_left_y=147&top_left_x=169)","beginning_stage":"Tournaisian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":359.3,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Crania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Crania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Crania RETZIUS, 1781, p. 72","Type_species":"*Anomia craniolaris Linnaeus, 1758, p. 700, SD SCHMIDT, 1818, p. 71","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Dorsal valve subconical to conical, ventral valve convex, attached posteriorly at large cicatrix, beaks posterocentral, dorsal posterior face steep, pseudointerarea commonly developed, dorsal posterior margin straight, smooth with only faint growth laminae, ventral musculature deeply incised, posterior scars marginal, directed posteriorly, often perforating the valve externally, anterior scars central, united across rounded median ridge, with bounding rim, dorsal posterior adductors large, thickened, weak myophragm extending into anterior half of valve, well-developed, thickened, pustulose limbus.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Sweden, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Belgium, western Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 96, 1a-k. * C. craniolaris (Linnaeus), a-c, paralectotype, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, lower Campanian chalk, Iv\u00f6, Scania, southern Sweden, LS 183C, X3 (Lee & Brunton, 1986), d, e, ventral valve interior, exterior, lower Campanian chalk, Kristianstad, Scania, southern Sweden, PM Sk96, X3, f, g, ventral valve interior, exterior with musculature perforating the posterior tip of the valve, lower Campanian chalk, Kristianstad, PM Sk97, x3, h, i, ventral valve interior, exterior with large cicatrix, lower Campanian chalk, Iv\u00f6, RM Br 102250, X3, j, k, dorsal valve interior, lateral, Senonian, Barnak\u00e4lla, Scania, RM Br 94816, X3 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Lee & Brunton, 1986","figure_index":"fig. 96. craniidae (p. 171-174).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-202.jpg?height=1785&width=1293&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=166)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ancistrocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Ancistrocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ancistrocrania DALL, 1877, p. 13","Type_species":"Crania parisiensis DEFRANCE, 1818, p. 313, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventral valve attached across entire surface and commonly simulates ornament of host, dorsal beak central, anterior face convex, posterior face long, concave, anterior dorsal adductors borne partly on two widely divergent, posterlaterally directed processes separated by short, high septum extending anteriorly as slender ridge, ventral anterior scars central, deeply incised, ventral rim commonly thickened, elevated as crest","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous ,  (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"lower Paleogene (?Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Maastrichtian), lower Paleogene (?Danian)","Geography":"France, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden, England, North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 97, 2a-f. *A. parisiensis (Defrance), upper Chalk, Senonian, England, a, b, dorsal valve exterior, lateral, Trimingham, Norfolk, SM B34482, x2, c, d, dorsal valve interior, oblique posterolateral showing processes, Trimingham, Norfolk, SM B34483b, X2, e, ventral valve interior, Norwich, SM B1067, X2, f, ventral valve interior, Gravesend, Kent, SM B807, x2 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"SM","figure_index":"fig. 97. craniidae (p. 171-172).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-203.jpg?height=1601&width=1280&top_left_y=151&top_left_x=173)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Danocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Danocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Danocrania ROSENKRANTZ, 1964, p. 515","Type_species":"Crania tuberculata Nilsson, 1826, p. 326, OD, nom. conserv., ICZN, 1988c, p. 63, Opinion 1469, pro Craniolites brattenburgicus SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 246","Synonyms_with_authors":"Westralicrania Cockbain, 1967, p. 119 (type, W. allani)","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Convexiplane, dorsal valve rarely subconical, ventral valve sometimes weakly concave, ornament pustulose to spinose, beaks set posteriorly, cicatrix at ventral umbo, pseudointerarea generally present, interiors commonly tuberculate, dorsal interior with articulatory ridge separating large, marginal posterior adductors, anterior scars widely separated, borne on low converging plates, short broad ridge extending anteriorly, short septum divides small anterior ventral scars, marginal rim rounded or as limbus","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"lower Paleogene (Danian, ?Thanetian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)-lower Paleogene (Danian, ?Thanetian)","Geography":"Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Austria, Ukraine, Crimea, western Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig . 98,2a\u2013f. *D. tuberculata (NILSSON), Danian, Denmark; a, dorsal valve interior, Faxe, BMNH BD3367, \u00d7 3; b,c, ventral valve interior, exterior, Faxe, BMNH BD3366, \u00d73; d, dorsal valve exterior, Saltholm Limestone, Copenhagen, BMNH B80856, \u00d7 3; e, ventral valve exterior, Saltholm Limestone, Copenhagen, BMNH B80850, \u00d7 3; f, ventral valve interior, Saltholm Limestone, Copenhagen, BMNH B80858, \u00d7 3 (Lee & Brunton, 1986).\u2014\u2014Fig . 98,2g\u2013k. D. spinulosa NILSSON, Senonian, Kjugestrand, Scania, southern Sweden; g,h, ventral valve interior, exterior, PM Sk110, \u00d73; i\u2013k, dorsal valve interior, exterior, lateral, PM Sk111, \u00d73 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 98. craniidae (p. 173-176).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-204.jpg?height=1565&width=1276&top_left_y=158&top_left_x=175)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Isocrania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Craniiformea","Class":"Craniata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Craniida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Craniodiea","Family":"Craniidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Isocrania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Isocrania JAEKEL, 1902, p. 1062","Type_species":"Crania egnabergensis Retzius, 1781, p. 75, SD Schuchert & LEVENE, 1929, p. 69","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subequally biconvex to subconical, dorsal curvature generally stronger, beaks excentric or well toward commonly straight posterior margin, attached at umbonal cicatrix in early growth, mostly free lying as adults, coarsely costellate, dorsal posterior adductors large, separated by broad articulatory ridge, anterior scars smaller, paired, broad median ridge extending well toward anterior margin, ventral posterior adductors large, well separated, anterior scars small, alongside short septum extending anteriorly as tapering ridge, limbus wide, coarsely pustulose","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Campanian","Ending_age":"lower Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian)-lower Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":"Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, England, Africa, Asia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 99, 1a-i. *I. egnabergensis (Retzius), lower Campanian chalk, southern Sweden, a, b, dorsal valve interior, exterior, Ignaberga, Scania, PM Sk115, X4, c, d, ventral valve interior, exterior, Ignaberga, Scania, PM Sk116, X4, e, f, dorsal valve interior, exterior, Ignaberga, Scania, PM Sk117, X4, g, ventral valve interior, Ignaberga, Scania, PM Sk118, X4, h, i, ventral, lateral views of complete shell, Maltesholm, Scania, RM Br 97732, x4 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 99. craniidae (p. 176-178).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_b7a0ad81814c0d2102a9g-205.jpg?height=1627&width=1274&top_left_y=153&top_left_x=176)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Probolarina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Probolarina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Probolarina COOPER, 1959, p. 37","Type_species":"Rhynchonella holmesii Dall, 1903, p. 1536, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subpentagonal, uniplicate, anteriorly costate, beak long, pointed, nearly straight, foramen hypothyrid to submesothyrid, deltidial plates auriculate, conjunct. Strong pedicle collar and dental plates, crura long, scimitar-like. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Eocene): ?central Asia, Upper Cretaceous, eastern USA, Jamaica, New Zealand (Chatham Islands), Paleocene-Eocene","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"central Asia, Upper Cretaceous, eastern USA, Jamaica, New Zealand (Chatham Islands), Paleocene-Eocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 819, 1a-e. * P. holmesii (Dall), Eocene, North Carolina, USA, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, USNM 549359a, x2, e, oblique view of crura, USNM 549359g, x6 (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 819. basiliolidae (p. 1202).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-322.jpg?height=1837&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Orbirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orbirhynchia PETTITT, 1954, p. 29","Type_species":"O. orbignyi PETTITT, 1954, p. 45, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, biconvex, orbicular with uniplication low, arcuate or ventral sulcus shallow, dorsal fold poorly developed, anterior commissure rarely asymmetrical, numerous finely rounded costae, shell smooth posteriorly, beak small, foramen circular, beak ridges indistinct. Dental plates slender, often close to wall, dorsal septum absent.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Caucasus, Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 822, 2a-r. *O. orbignyi, lower Cenomanian, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MZ VIII Bra-997, x2, d-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from first section, 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.8, 3.3, MZ VIII Bra-997\/a1 (Popiel-Barczyk, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popiel-Barczyk, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 822. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-326.jpg?height=1861&width=1280&top_left_y=242&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parthirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Parthirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parthirhynchia TITOVA, 1980, p. 77","Type_species":"P. unguiseformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"Partirhynchia Iasiukevich, 1974, p. 108, nom. nud.\"","Synonyms":"Partirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, costate or semicostate without dichotomy or bifurcation, elongate-oval, anterior commissure broad, arcuate with dorsal fold poorly developed and ventral sulcus shallow. Dental plates weakly ventrally divergent, dorsal valve with median ridge low, poorly developed or very low septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Turkmenistan, Bulgaria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 821, 1a-n. * P. unguiseformis, upper Maastrichtian, Kopet Dag, Turkmenistan, a- c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, CNIGR 148 \/ 10445, X1.5, d-n, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.05, 2.45, 2.55, 2.7, 2.95, 3.25, 3.4, 3.7, 4.35, 4.8, 4.95, CNIGR 134\/10445, approximately x2 (Titova, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nTitova, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 821. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-325.jpg?height=1891&width=1306&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Riorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Pamirorhynchiinae","Genus":"Riorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Riorhynchia IASIUKEVICH, 1974, p. 108","Type_species":"R. nechrikovae, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Rounded-pentagonal, with more or less strong radial ribs in the anterior part, short, curved beak, short pedicle collar, small ventral sulcus. Thick dental plates often almost fused to shell walls, outer hinge plates narrow and very thick, sometimes almost vestigial, crura hamiform, all elements of cardinalia massive, thickened.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene, ?Eocene)","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene, ?Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Paleocene, ?Eocene)","Geography":"Caucasus, Ukraine (Crimea), Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan, ?Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 820, 3a-u. R. rionensis (Anthula), Paleocene, Danian, Kopet Dagh, Turkmenistan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MG 35\/1915, x1, d-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.3, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, 1.9, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.9, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3, 4.8, 5.6, 6.0, 6.6, 6.9 (Vanchurov & Kalugin, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vanchurov & Kalugin, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 820. basiliolidae (p. 1204-1208).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-324.jpg?height=1886&width=1289&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=197)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Erymnaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Erymnariinae","Genus":"Erymnaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Erymnaria COOPER, 1959, p. 64","Type_species":"Terebratula polymorpha MASSALONGO, 1850, p. 18, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Subtrigonal to subpentagonal, dorsibiconvex, uniplication broadly arcuate, commissure sometimes asymmetrical, smooth or irregularly costate anteriorly, beak short, foramen hypothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct, planareas absent. Crural plates ventrally convergent, somewhat sigmoidal, or lyrate anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)-Paleogene (Eocene)","Geography":"Caucasus, Ukraine, Austria, Italy, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Cenomanian\u2013Danian; Mediterranean, Hungary, Cuba, western Kazakhstan, Eocene","Figure_captions":"Fig. 827, 1 a-i .*E. polymorpha (Massalongo), Eocene, Verona, Italy, a, dorsal view, USNM 75888a, x2, b, lateral view, USNM 549384a, x1, c, anterior view, USNM 75888a, x2, d-i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.0, 1.7, 1.95, 2.25, 2.6, 4.0, USNM 549384e (Cooper, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 827. erymnariidae (p. 1214-1218).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-334.jpg?height=1872&width=1289&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cryptoporella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dimerelloidea","Family":"Cryptoporidae?","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Cryptoporella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cryptoporella Bitner & PISERA, 1979, p. 71","Type_species":"C. antiqua, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, subtrigonal, externally similar to Cryptopora, rectimarginate, greatest width anterior to midvalve, moderately biconvex, beak sharp, fairly long, foramen large, triangular. Hinge teeth long, inwardly curved, and deeply inserted, supported by parallel dental plates, crura very short and wide, median septum absent. Lack of dorsal septum unusual, family allocation requires revision.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"eastern Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 848, 3a-e. *C. antiqua, lower Maastrichtian, Mielnik, a, dorsal valve interior, x20, b-d, ventral valve, dorsal valve, lateral view of ventral valve, x15, e, pedicle valve, inner view, x20 (Bitner & Pisera, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bitner & Pisera, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 848. cryptoporidae (p. 1243-1245).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-364.jpg?height=1495&width=1273&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Grasirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Grasirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Grasirhynchia OWEN, 1968, p. 19","Type_species":"Rhynchonella grasiana D'ORBIGNY, 1849 in 1848-1851, p. 38, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, transversely oval to subcircular, almost planoconvex, dorsal valve markedly convex with imperceptible median fold, ventral valve less convex with wide shallow sulcus, anterior commissure broadly arcuate, linguiform extension extensive, umbo short, beak suberect with small foramen and auriculate deltidial plates, interarea triangular, poorly exposed, beak ridges hypothyrid. Crura long.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (upper Albian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (upper Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Denmark, Belgium, ?Poland, Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 879, 1a-k. * G. grasiana (d'Orbigny), Cenomanian, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MNHN 6497, Le Havre, France, x2, detail of apical region showing auriculate deltidial plates, Le Havre, France, BMNH BB. 84908, X6, e-k, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.1, 2.6, 3.0, BMNH BB.43909, Sussex, England, x3.5 (Owen, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMNHN, \nOwen, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 879. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-413.jpg?height=191&width=1233&top_left_y=1256&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":106.85,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Malwirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Malwirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Malwirhynchia CHIPLONKER, 1938, p. 306","Type_species":"M. transversalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, transversely oval, uniplication low, broadly arcuate, and dorsal fold ill defined, costellae numerous and fine, bifurcating anteriorly, umbo short, beak suberect with relatively large foramen, deltidial plates conjunct, auriculate, dorsal umbo planate. Median septum low, up to one-half the length of dorsal valve, crural bases extended dorsally, crura ventrally deflected.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"India, ?Don basin","Figure_captions":"Fig. 880, 5a-c. * M. transversalis, India, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH unregistered, x1.5 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 880. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-414.jpg?height=1454&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rochatorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Rochatorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rochatorhynchia KATS, 1962, p. 132","Type_species":"R. rochatensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, equibiconvex, roundedpentagonal to broadly oval, maximum breadth and thickness at midvalve, sulcus and fold poorly defined, anterior commissure polyplicate with linguiform extension moderately long, beak short, suberect, beak ridges distinct, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid to permesothyrid. Pedicle collar present, dental plates thin, subparallel, dorsal septum low, short with septalium in early stages, hinge plates divided, crural bases often V-shaped.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Tadzhikistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 880,4a\u2013l. *R. rochatensis, lower Maastrichtian; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, KHGU 4-787, \u00d71;d\u2013l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.5, 1.6, 2.2, 3.1, 3.4, 3.7, 4.2, 4.3, 4.5, \u00d71 (Kats, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 880. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-414.jpg?height=1454&width=1275&top_left_y=239&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Urbanirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Rhynchonelloidea","Family":"Rhynchonellidae","Subfamily":"Ivanovielllinae","Genus":"Urbanirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Urbanirhynchia KATS, 1974, p. 252","Type_species":"U. urbani, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, subequibiconvex, paucicostate with some intercalations toward the anterior margin, uniplication broad, arcuate. Septalium narrow and buttressed by euseptum, crura well developed, reported as calcariform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian)","Geography":"Don basin, Crimea, Caucasus, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 878, 6a-d. *U. urbani, upper Turonian, Don basin, a, dorsal view, x2, b- d, holotype, ventral, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Kats, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kats, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 878. rhynchonellidae (p. 1292-1297).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-412.jpg?height=1853&width=1275&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Monticlarella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Norelloidea","Family":"Norellidae","Subfamily":"Monticlarellinae","Genus":"Monticlarella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Monticlarella WISNIEWSKA, 1932, p. 55","Type_species":"Rhynchonella czenstochowiensis ROEMER, 1870, p. 247, OD, error pro R. czenstochaviensis","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subtriangular to subpentagonal with maximum width anterior to midvalve, slightly ventribiconvex, posteriorly sulcate, umbonally capillate, becoming costellate anteriorly with some intercalation, anterior commissure polyplicate with characteristic lateral enlarged plicae, small, sharp beak, tiny foramen. Dental plates weak to vestigial, dorsal median septum poorly developed, crura arcuiform.","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (upper Callovian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Callovian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (upper Callovian) - Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland, Germany, western Carpathians, Poland, Bulgaria, Crimea, Caucasus, Algeria, ?China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 893, 2a-r. *M. czenstochaviensis (Roemer), Oxfordian, Czestochowa area, Poland, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, x1, e, detail of apical region showing deltidial plates, x5 (Wisniewska, 1932), f-r, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, J.1219\/2, Derek Ager, personal collection (Childs, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Wisniewska, 1932, \nChilds, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 893. norellidae (p. 1316-1319).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-436.jpg?height=1830&width=1277&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Callovian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":70,"beginning_date":162.66,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyclothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Cyclothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyclothyris M'COR, 1844, p. 103","Type_species":"Terebratula latissima J. de C. Sowerby, 1840 in 1840-1846, index, p. 7, SD Buckman, 1906, p. 326, =T. lata J. de C. Sowerby, 1825 in 1823-1825, p. 165, non J. SOWERBY, 1815","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Cyclothiris d'Orbigny, 1850, p. 323, nom. null.\"","Synonyms":"Cyclothiris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, wide, with uniplication low, arcuate, commonly asymmetrical, costellae numerous, fine posteriorly, given to bifurcation and antidichotomy anteriorly, beak erect, foramen large, auriculate, deltidial plates conjunct, well exposed. Dorsal septum short or absent, hinge plates distally concave, crura long, dorsally concave.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)-Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Spain, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Russia, Morocco, South Africa, Madagascar, ?Pakistan, India, Turkmenistan, USA, Chile","Figure_captions":"Fig. 900, 1a-q. * C. latissima (J. de C. Sowerby), upper Aptian, Berkshire, England, a- c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH BB.41494, x1 (new), d-q, topotype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.3, 1.7, 2.3, 2.7, 3.2, 3.6, 3.9, 4.1, 4.4, 4.8, 5.1, 5.3, 5.6, 5.8, BMNH BB. 5482 (Owen, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nOwen, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 900. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-448.jpg?height=1783&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Almerarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Almerarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Almerarhynchia Calzada BADIA, 1974, p. 94","Type_species":"A. virgiliana, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, equibiconvex, nearly as wide as long, median dorsal fold poorly developed, umbo short, massive, truncated by large foramen, costae rounded, deeply incised (4 to 8 on fold). Dental plates short, subparallel, hinge plates moderately long, ventrally deflected in early stages to horizontal, dorsal myophragm ridgelike to indistinct, crura incurved, distally canaliform.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Spain, ?eastern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 900, 2a-j. *A. virgiliana, Maastrichtian, Catalonian pre-Pyrenees, Spain, a-c, paratype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MGSB 11789, x1, d-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.6, 3.1, 3.5, 3.9, 4.6, 5.8, 6.2 (Calzada Badia, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada Badia, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 900. cyclothyrididae (p. 1328).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-448.jpg?height=1783&width=1284&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Hesperorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperorhynchia WARREN, 1937, p. 2","Type_species":"H. superba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, subtriangular to subcircular, semiglobose with uniplication moderate, wide, arcuate, and dorsal fold low, inconspicuous, costae few, strong, subangular (3 to 4 on fold), beak small, incurved. Dorsal septum and septalium reported as absent, dental plates short and weak. Very similar to Almerarhynchia. Upper Cretaceous: Canada, western USA.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Canada, western USA","Figure_captions":"Fig. 903, 3a-d. * H. superba, upper Senonian, Saskatchewan, Canada, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, UA H160 ct809, x1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 903. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1337).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-452.jpg?height=1797&width=1291&top_left_y=232&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Owenirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Owenirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Owenirhynchia C ALZADA in C ALZADA & P OCOV\u00cd , 1980, p. 14","Type_species":"O. rubra; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[Possibly a subgenus or a subjective synonym of Cyclothyris.]","Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, oval-subtriangular, equibiconvex, wider than long, similar to Cyclothyris, rather more densely multicostate; anterior commissure broadly arcuate, rectimarginate but given to slight asymmetry. Dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally divergent, supporting deeply inserted subquadrate hinge teeth; hinge plates long, ventrally de\ufb02ected, distally concave; inner and outer socket ridges well developed.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian\u2013upper Campanian)","Geography":"Spain, ? France, ? Bohemia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 902, 2a\u2013i. *O. rubra, upper Campanian, L\u00e9rida, Spain; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, MGSB 30294, \u00d71.3; d\u2013i, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.3, 3.7, 4.3, 4.7, 5.3, 5.9 (Calzada & Pocov\u00ed, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 902. cyclothyrididae (p. 1331-1334).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-451.jpg?height=1822&width=1299&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=192)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Viarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Viarhynchiinae","Genus":"Viarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Viarhynchia Calzada BADIA, 1975, p. 170","Type_species":"Rhynchonella cerdanyolae Bataller, 1947, p. 195, OD,  =Rhynchonella sardanyolae Bataller, 1947, p. 195, prevailing spelling is preserved under Article 33.3.1 of ICZN (1999)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, equibiconvex, globulose, costae numerous, strong, rounded, umbo massive, beak slightly incurved, foramen relatively small, uniplicate with dorsal fold poorly developed, ventral sulcus high, shallow with linguiform extension extensive. Dental plates short, ventrally divergent, hinge plates long, dorsally directed, raduliform crura with concave distal ends. Septum reduced to low, median ridge persistent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"northeastern Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 925, 1 a-j . *V. cerdanyolae (Bataller), upper Campanian, Catalonian prePyrenees, a-c, lectotype, dorsal, ventral, anterior views, MGSB 6605, x1, d, lateral view, x1, e-j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.8, 4.4, 4.8, 5.9, 6.6, 7.0 (Calzada Badia, 1975).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada Badia, 1975","figure_index":"fig. 925. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1364-1365).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-483.jpg?height=1167&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hemithyropsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Viarhynchiinae","Genus":"Hemithyropsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hemithyropsis KATS, 1974, p. 254","Type_species":"H. globulosa, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell variable in outline, usually elongate with fold and sulcus weakly developed and beak high, suberect, Hinge plates and socket ridges fused, forming cardinalium, often protruding near cardinal margin, producing muscle platform","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"north of Don basin, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 925, 2a-c. *H. globulosa, lower Maastrichtian, Russia, a, holotype, dorsal view, x2, b-c, lateral, anterior views, x1 (Kats, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Kats, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 925. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1364-1365).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-483.jpg?height=1167&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Septatoechia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Viarhynchiinae","Genus":"Septatoechia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Septatoechia Lobacheva & TITOVA, 1977, p. 102","Type_species":"S. inflata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subtrigonal to subcircular, acutely biconvex, fold and sulcus well developed, costae numerous, rounded, originating from umbonal area, becoming more angular anteriorly, umbo short, beak massive, small, slightly incurved, foramen small, epithyrid, sometimes obscured by deltidial plates. Dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally convergent, hinge plates short, dorsal septum high, long, crural bases ventrally deflected. Anterior commissure with sulcus high, arcuate, and dorsal fold well defined.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian), Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"France, Spain, Bulgaria, Crimea, Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 925, 3a-l. * S. inflata, upper Maastrichtian, Tuarkyr, Turkmenistan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, anterior views, CNIGR 1 \/ 10153, X1, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.2, 3.2, 3.4, 3.85, 4.35, 4.7, 5.6, 6.0, \u00d72.7 (Lobacheva & Titova, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nLobacheva & Titova, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 925. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1364-1365).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-483.jpg?height=1167&width=1279&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cretirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Cretirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cretirhynchia PETTITT, 1950, p. 1","Type_species":"Terebratula plicatilis J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Crettirhynchia Makridin in Sarycheva, 1960, p. 257, nom. null.","Synonyms":"Crettirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, transversely oval to subpentagonal, acutely dorsibiconvex, dorsal fold low, broad, flattened, developed anteriorly, well-marked shallow trapezoidal linguiform extension of ventral sulcus dorsally directed, ornament of rounded costellae, umbo small, beak erect. Hinge teeth subquadrate, deeply inserted, dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally convergent, hinge plates short, triangular, median septum and septalium developed, crura long.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Europe, northern Africa, ?Kazakhstan, ?Turkey, ?Turkmenistan, ?Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 926, 1a-l. *C. plicatilis (J. Sowerby), upper Chalk, lower Senonian, Northfleet, Kent, England, a-c, topotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.79814, x1 (new), d-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.7, 2.4, 3.3, 3.5, 3.9, 4.2, 4.4, 6.0, 6.7, x1 (Pettitt, 1950).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pettitt, 1950","figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Begiarslania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Begiarslania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Begiarslania TITOVA, 1992, p. 142","Type_species":"Cretirhynchia begiarslanensis NEKHRIKOVA, 1967, p. 32, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subpentagonal, moderately dorsibiconvex, dorsal valve with slight umbonal inflation and median fold poorly developed, anteriorly sulcate, ventral valve with broad but shallow sulcus and linguiform extension trapezoidal, umbo short, beak slightly incurved. Pedicle collar present, dental plates subparallel to slightly ventrally convergent, teeth subquadrate, inner and outer socket ridges well developed, hinge plates short, horizontal to slightly ventrally deflected, crura distally concave, median septum or septalium absent.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Turkmenistan, western Kazakhstan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 926, 2a-u. *B. begiarslanensis (Nekhrikova), upper Maastrichtian, Tuarkyr, Turkmenistan, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, CNIGR 34\/10445, x1, e-u, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.75, 1.4, 2.1, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.7, 4.0, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, approximately x1.5 (Titova, 1992).","Museum_or_author_information":"CNIGR, \nTitova, 1992","figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bohemirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Bohemirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bohemirhynchia NEKVASILOV\u00c1, 1973, p. 78","Type_species":"B. soukupi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, heart-shaped, dorsibiconvex to almost convexoplane, broadly oval to subpentagonal, uniplicate, bisulcate, multicostate with some bifurcation, beak short, suberect, foramen small, submesothyrid, deltidial plates auriculate. Dental plates ventrally convergent, teeth massive, crenulated, median septum low, thick shelled, crura slightly concave dorsally.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Slovakia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 926, 4a-k. * B. soukupi, upper Cenomanian, Miscovice, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, CGS ON 12\/2, x1.5, d-k, paratype, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.4, 2.85, 3.25, 3.65, 4.1, 4.7, 5.3, 5.7, CGS ON 12 \/ 35, X1.5 (Nekvasilov\u00e1, 1973).","Museum_or_author_information":"CGS, \nNekvasilov\u00e1, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Burrirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Burrirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Burrirhynchia OWEN, 1962, p. 58","Type_species":"Rhynchonella leightonensis Lamplugh & WALKER, 1903, p. 261, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, dorsibiconvex, elongatetriangular to subquadrate. Similar to Cretirhynchia but deltidial plates disjunct, hinge plates thinner and longer, and dorsal fold almost imperceptible, broadly uniplicate with linguiform extension extensive, trapezoidal, shell ornament fine, costellate. Dental plates subparallel to slightly convergent, median septum variable, crura moderately long.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (?Barremian, Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Barremian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (?Barremian, Aptian)-Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, France, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, Poland, Romania, Caucasus, Morocco, Donets basin, Turkmenistan","Figure_captions":"Fig . 926,3a\u2013j. *B. leightonensis (LAMPLUGH & WALKER), lower Albian, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire,United Kingdom; a, dorsal view, BMNH B.26573, \u00d71.5; b\u2013c, lateral, anterior views, BMNH B.26573, \u00d71.65 (new); d\u2013j, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 1.5, 2.5, 2.9, 3.1, 3.4, 4.0, 4.5, \u00d71.5 (Owen, 1956).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 926. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 1365-1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-485.jpg?height=1894&width=1301&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":126.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Protegulorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Notosariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Protegulorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Protegulorhynchia OWEN, 1980, p. 129","Type_species":"P. meridionalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to broadly oval, uniplicate, dorsal fold poorly developed, shell ornament costellate with marked concentric growth lines becoming more lamellose anteriorly, ventral sulcus shallow with narrow but acutely arcuate anterior commissure and poorly defined linguiform extension, beak sharp, short, suberect, beak ridges distinct, foramen small","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Geography":"Antarctica, southern India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 927, 2a-c. * P. meridionalis, lower Campanian, James Ross Island, Antarctica, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, BMNH BB.76770, x1.5 (Owen, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nOwen, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 927. notosariidae (p. 1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-487.jpg?height=1883&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tegulorhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Notosariidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Tegulorhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tegulorhynchia Chapman & CRESPIN, 1923, p. 175","Type_species":"Rhynchonella squamosa HUTTON, 1873, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Trigonal to subpentagonal, uniplicate, dorsal fold low, ornament of strong costae that are lamellose and often with hollow spines, beak long, straight, foramen large, hypothyrid, deltidial plates usually conjunct. Crura short, dorsal median septum short, low. Paleogene (lower Paleocene)-Neogene (Miocene): Australasia, Antarctica.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (lower Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"lower Paleocene","Ending_age":"Neogene (Miocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Miocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (lower Paleocene)-Neogene (Miocene)","Geography":"Australasia, Antarctica","Figure_captions":"Fig. 927, 5ac. * T. squamosa (Hutton), upper Oligocene, Duntroonian, northern Otago, New Zealand, dorsal, lateral, anterior views, OU NZ DL20, x2 (Lee, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"OU, \nT, \nLee, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 927. notosariidae (p. 1367).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_14222bb8f76b29167144g-487.jpg?height=1883&width=1282&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Messinian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":5.34,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orbignyrhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Unavailable Genera mentioned in print","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Orbignyrhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":null,"Type_species":"Orbignyrhynchia MICHAL\u00cdK, 1992, p. 61 [nom. null., personal communication, 1995].","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[further details unknown; might refer to Neocirpa PROZOROVSKAIA, 1985, p. 110]","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","First_Occurrence":"Danian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":null,"Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eothecidellina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Eothecidellina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eothecidellina BAKER, 1991, p. 816","Type_species":"Thecidiopsis (Thecidiopsis) bohemica imperfecta NEKVASILOV\u00c1, 1967, p. 115, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Roughly pyriform with shallow, ventral, anterior sulcus, cicatrix rounded triangular, relatively large, free ventral wall well developed, giving characteristic triangular lateral profile, ventral interarea anacline to apsacline, well defined with flat pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve with interarea, cardinal process with pronounced dorsal deflection, brachial lobes similar to Bifolium but canopy anterior perforations sealed by subsequent thickening, lophophore muscle scars present, fibrous secondary shell continuous in ventral valve, heavily suppressed in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Cenomanian)","Geography":"Czech Republic, Slovakia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1298, 2a-q. *E. imperfecta (Nekvasilov\u00c1), Zbyslav, Bohemia, Czech Republic, a, dorsal view, b, oblique lateral view, X12, c, dorsal valve interior, d, dorsal valve anterior view, e, dorsal valve posterior view, X13 (Baker, 1991), f-q, serial horizontal sections showing morphology of brachial lobes, 0.18, 0.22, 0.26, 0.28, 0.32, 0.34, 0.38, 0.42, 0.46, 0.48, 0.52, 0.56 mm from free ventral wall, X10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Baker, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1298. thecidellinidae (p. 1949-1953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-310.jpg?height=1430&width=1285&top_left_y=230&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":75,"beginning_date":95.55,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Mesoseptina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecidellinidae","Subfamily":"Thecidellininae","Genus":"Mesoseptina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Mesoseptina MU\u00d1OZ, 1994, p. 167","Type_species":"M. minima, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"\"=Midiseptina Mu\u00d1oz, 1989, nom. nud.\"","Synonyms":"Midiseptina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Pyriform shape, lophophore muscle scars present, fibrous secondary shell heavily suppressed, restricted to inner socket ridges of dorsal valve, possibly endopunctate","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)","First_Occurrence":"Santonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"northeastern Spain, Santonian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1297, 1a-c. *M. minima, Santonian, Serra del Montsec, south central Pyrenees, a, dorsal view, b, dorsal valve interior, X30, c, dorsal valve interior, oblique posterior view showing apophysis, X60 (Mu\u00f1oz, 1994).","Museum_or_author_information":"Mu\u00f1oz, 1994","figure_index":"fig. 1297. thecidellinidae (p. 1949-1953).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-309.jpg?height=1903&width=1291&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":85.7,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Thecidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecidea DEFRANCE , 1822, p. 325","Type_species":"Terebratulites papillatus S CHLOTHEIM , 1813, p. 113; OD;  =Thecidea radians D EFRANCE , 1822, p. 325","Synonyms_with_authors":"Thecidium G. B. SOWERBY , 1823, p. 248, nom. null.; Thecidaea KEFERSTEIN , 1829, p. 82, nom. null.; Thecideum FISCHER DE WALDHEIM, 1834, p. 279, nom. null.; Thecedea D \u2019ORBIGNY , 1847 in 1847\u20131851, p. 249, nom. null.]","Synonyms":"Thecidium, Thecidaea, Thecideum, Thecedea","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Relatively large, symmetrical, with minute cicatrix at rostral extremity, high ventral interarea with clear growth lines and narrow convex pseudodeltidium with longitudinal ridge on ventral surface, costellate radial ornament; ventral valve thick with densely tuberculate border, internal median ridge, supported hemispondylium and conspicuous lateral adductor muscle scars; dorsal valve almost circular with wide, densely tuberculate border and small, acutely triangular, longitudinally grooved interarea, cardinal process, small, square, obscurely bilobed, with longitudinal groove extended on dorsal surface, complementing ridge on underside of pseudodeltidium, bridge with marsupial notch, median septum divided into regularly incurving septules, brachial lobes interdigitating with septules, reticulum weakly developed; \ufb01brous secondary shell completely suppressed, acicular crystallite tracts in ventral valve.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"The Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1301, 4a\u2013i. *T. papillata ( SCHLO THEIM), Ciply, Belgium; a, dorsal view; b, oblique lateral view; c, hypotype, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9402; \u00d76.5; d, dorsal valve interior; e, dorsal valve anterior view; f, dorsal valve, oblique lateral view; g, hypotype, dorsal valve, oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9403, \u00d77; h, ventral valve interior, \u00d76.5; i, hypotype, ventral valve interior showing hemispondylium, BMNH BD9404, \u00d712 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1301. thecideidae (p. 1957).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-316.jpg?height=1681&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":69.72,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Backhausina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Backhausina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Backhausina PAJAUD, 1966d, p. 125","Type_species":"Thecidea rugosa D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 153, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, outline subtrigonal, cicatrix well developed, ventral interarea indistinct with convex pseudodeltidium, ventral valve interior ornamented by tuberculate ridges, dorsal valve subcircular but with longer hinge line than Thecidea, 1 or 2 lateral septa, median septum divided to form almost straight septules, brachial lobes interdigitating, reticulum depressed.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"lower Paleogene (Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian), lower Paleogene (Paleocene)","Geography":"France, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Cenomanian in Le Mans, France","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1301, 1a-b. *B*. rugosa (d'Orbigny), Cenomanian, Le Mans, France, a, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 7.5 (Pajaud, 1970), b, ventral valve interior, \u00d7 6 (Backhaus, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Pajaud, 1970, \nBackhaus, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1301. thecideidae (p. 1957).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-316.jpg?height=1681&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parathecidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Parathecidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parathecidea BACKHAUS, 1959, p. 55","Type_species":"Thecidea hieroglyphica GOLDFUSS, 1840, p. 290, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size to large, ventral valve with several irregular, longitudinal-radial, internal ridges, adductor muscle scars deeply impressed, and hemispondylium supported by thin septum, dorsal valve with wide border commonly ornamented by short, radial grooves, median septum divided to form long, approximately straight septules, 3 or 4 lateral septa, brachial lobes interdigitate with septa and septules, narrow reticulum present in some.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Sweden, upper Campanian, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, upper Maastrichtian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1302, 1a-b. *P. hieroglyphica (Goldfuss), upper Maastrichtian, Maastricht, The Netherlands, a, dorsal valve interior, b, ventral valve interior, X3 (Backhaus, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Backhaus, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1302. thecideidae (p. 1957-1959).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-317.jpg?height=1293&width=1275&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Thecidiopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Thecideinae","Genus":"Thecidiopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Thecidiopsis MUNIER-CHALMAS, 1887, p. 40","Type_species":"Thecidium digitatum G. B. SOWERBY, 1823, p. 249; OD]","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Size variable, commonly large; normally transversely elliptical with ventral and dorsal interareas clearly developed; ventral valve with large hemispondylium with robust supporting septum; dorsal valve with up to 12 (usually 8 to 10) lateral septa and median septum more or less divided to form septules, brachial lobe interdigitations bordered by spinules, narrow reticulum; \ufb01brous secondary shell strongly suppressed in both valves, acicular crystallite tracts present in both valves.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)\u2013Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Switzerland, France, Russia, Valanginian; Germany, Barremian; Czech Republic, Slovakia, CenomanianTuronian; The Netherlands, Maastrichtian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1302, 2a\u2013b. *T. digitata (S OWERBY ), upper Maastrichtian, Maastricht, The Netherlands; a, dorsal valve interior; b, ventral valve interior, \u00d74.5 (Elliott, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1302. thecideidae (p. 1957-1959).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-317.jpg?height=1293&width=1275&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=209)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Danella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Danella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Danella PAJAUD, 1966c, p. 70","Type_species":"*D. fragilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, outline commonly pyriform, externally smooth, cicatrix small to minute, rostral extremity strongly recurved in some species, ventral interarea obscure, pseudodeltidium clearly convex, hemispondylium sessile with low median and very high lateral ridges, dorsal valve convex at umbo, otherwise shallowly concave with narrow, acute, almost procline interarea, circular with relatively wide border ornamented by fine ribbing, median septum folded into 4 to 6 ramuli with spinose borders, brachial lobes large with well-developed reticulum and elaborate interdigitation with ramuli","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (middle Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"middle Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)-Paleogene (middle Danian)","Geography":"England, France, The Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1304, 1a-d. D. recurvirostris (Defrance), ?upper Maastrichtian, Nehou, France, a, dorsal view, b, anterior view, c, hypotype, oblique lateral view, BMNH BD9359, d, hypotype, ventral valve interior, BMNH BD9360, X8.5 (new).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1304, 1e. D. longirostris (Bosquet), middle Danian, Geulheim, The Netherlands, dorsal valve interior, X7.5 (Backhaus, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Backhaus, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).\nfig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":66,"ending_date":63.15,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Eolacazella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Eolacazella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Eolacazella ELLIOTT, 1953a, p. 694","Type_species":"Thecidium affine BOSQUET, 1860, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, irregular to trigonal, ventral valve with high, narrow pseudodeltidium, internal ventral median ridge spinose, dorsal valve laterally subrectangular, border ornamented by fine ribbing, median septum with few short ramuli, and sinus obscured by development of pair of lateral septa originating anteriorly, fibrous secondary shell completely suppressed, whole shell granular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"The Netherlands, Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1304, 2a-b. *E. affine (Bosquet), Saint-Pierre de Maastricht, The Netherlands, a, dorsal valve interior, X10 (Backhaus, 1959), b, ventral valve interior, X12 (Elliott, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Backhaus, 1959, \nElliott, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1304. thecideidae (p. 1960-1962).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-319.jpg?height=1886&width=1280&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":40,"beginning_date":69.72,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praelacazella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Praelacazella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praelacazella SMIRNOVA, 1969a, p. 81","Type_species":"Thecidium valangiense DE LORIOL, 1868, p. 59, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, elongately to rounded subtriangular with greatest width close to anterior margin, large cicatrix, ventral interarea obscure with convex pseudodeltidium, dorsal valve circular-tetragonal, dorsal interarea hypocline, cardinal process with pronounced dorsal deflection, median septum with wide sinus divided posteriorly to form pair of ramuli and central, jugal pillar, brachial lobes reniform with lanceolate interdigitation with ramuli, fibrous secondary shell partially suppressed in ventral valve, heavily suppressed in dorsal valve, acicular crystallite tracts in dorsal valve.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Valanginian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (upper Valanginian)-Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Switzerland, upper Valanginian, Crimea, western Germany, Hauterivian, France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Cenomanian-Santonian, southern England, Germany, Maastrichtian; Denmark, Coniacian.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1305, 5a\u2013f. P. lacazelliformis (ELLIOTT), upper Cenomanian, Zbyslav, Bohemia, Czech Republic; a, hypotype, dorsal view, BMNH BD9136; b, dorsal valve interior; c, dorsal valve, oblique anterior view; d, dorsal valve, interior oblique lateral view; e, hypotype, dorsal valve, interior oblique posterior view, BMNH BD9137; f, hypotype, ventral valve interior, BMNH BD9138, \u00d712 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1305. thecideidae (p. 1962-1964).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-321.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":45,"beginning_date":135.41,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Vermiculothecidea":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Thecideida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Thecideoidea","Family":"Thecideidae","Subfamily":"Lacazellinae","Genus":"Vermiculothecidea","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Vermiculothecidea ELLIOTT, 1953a, p. 694","Type_species":"Terebratulites vermicularis SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, irregularly elongate, ventral interarea and pseudodeltidium poorly differentiated, ventral valve deep with interior ornamented by small tubercles, dorsal valve subcircular to longitudinally oval, brachial apparatus elaborate, sinus very wide with septum free from valve floor posteriorly, folded into up to 12 ramuli with spinose edges, brachial lobes well developed with large reticulum and rodlike interdigitation with ramuli. Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Maastrichtian): The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Romania, upper Maastrichtian, southern England, Cenomanian.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Maastrichtian)","Geography":"The Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Switzerland, France, Romania, southern England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1305, 4ab. *V. vermicularis (Schlotheim), upper Maastrichtian, Maastricht, The Netherlands, a, dorsal valve interior, b, ventral valve interior, X6 (Elliott, 1965c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1305. thecideidae (p. 1962-1964).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-321.jpg?height=1886&width=1283&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhytisoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratulidae","Subfamily":"Terebratulinae","Genus":"Rhytisoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhytisoria COOPER, 1983, p. 239","Type_species":"R. alabamensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, smooth, anterior commissure sulciplicate, foramen submesothyrid, symphytium visible, crural bases broad, elevated, forming ridge along inner edge of narrow, outer hinge plates, and deep trough adjacent to socket ridges, loop triangular, wide posteriorly with broadly arched, narrow transverse band. Differs from Oleneothyris in position of crural processes, shorter terminal points, and angular transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Geography":"USA (Alabama)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1359, 2a-d. *R. alabamensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 549392a, d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1359. terebratulidae (p. 2056-2057).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-413.jpg?height=1813&width=1279&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sellithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Sellithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sellithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 113","Type_species":"Terebratula sella J. de C. SOWERBY, 1823 in 1823-1825, p. 53, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subpentagonal in outline, anterior commissure strongly sulciplicate, shell may be faintly capillate, beak short, erect, foramen large, marginate, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, cardinal process semiellipse, outer hinge plates wide, concave, forming deep, U-shaped troughs between socket ridges and crural bases, no inner hinge plates, loop wide, triangular, transverse band narrow, strongly arched and protuberant.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Berriasian","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Berriasian-Turonian)","Geography":"Ukraine, Kazakstan, Caucasus, Georgia, Mexico, England, France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Sardinia, Egypt, Turkmenia, Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1363, 1a-t. *S. sella (J. DE C. Sowerby), Aptian, Isle of Wight, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71, d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983), e-t, serial transverse sections 3.6, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.0, 6.8, 7.4, 8.0, 9.2, 9.8, 10.0 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d71 (Middlemiss, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMiddlemiss, 1959","figure_index":"fig. 1363. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-421.jpg?height=1872&width=1269&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Boubeithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Boubeithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Boubeithyris Cox & MIDDLEMISS, 1978, p. 419","Type_species":"Terebratula boubei D'ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 320, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Oval pentagonal in outline, biconvex, foramen large, circular, mesothyrid, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate to bisulcate, hinge plates thin, concave, transverse band highly arched.\"","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (?Hauterivian, Barremian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (?Hauterivian, Barremian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Morocco","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 3a-d. *B. boubei (d'Archiac), Cenomanian, Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of neotype, IRScNB M.T.C.10154, \u00d71 (Cox & Middlemiss, 1978), d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nCox & Middlemiss, 1978, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ovatathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Ovatathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ovatathyris OWEN, 1988, p. 106","Type_species":"Terebratula ovata J. SOWERBY, 1812 in 1812-1815, p. 46, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval, shell ornament of short, radiating spinules, anterior commissure unisulcate to paraplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid, cardinal process low, flat. Differs internally from Boubeithyris in longer, more acutely concave outer hinge plates.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 2a-d. * O. ovata (J. Sowerby), a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, enlargement of spinules on dorsal valve exterior, X10 (Owen, 1988).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1988","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Phaseolina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Sellithyridinae","Genus":"Phaseolina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Phaseolina Gaspard, 1988, p. 163","Type_species":"Terebratula phaseolina Lamarck, 1819, p. 252, OD, =Aphragmus sohli COOPER, 1983, p. 172","Synonyms_with_authors":"Aphragmus Cooper, 1983, p. 171, nom. imperf. (type, A. sobli, OD)","Synonyms":"Aphragmus","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, subpentagonal to subcircular in outline, biconvex, smooth with fine lateral capillae, anterior commissure sulciplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, cardinal process small, bilobed, loop similar to that of Sellithyris, but narrow anteriorly, outer hinge plates long, narrow, concave, tapering anteriorly into crural processes.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"France, Spain, Czech Republic, Slovakia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1364, 4a-d. * P. phaseolina (Lamarck), France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71, d, closeup of loop, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1364. sellithyrididae (p. 2062-2065).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-422.jpg?height=95&width=835&top_left_y=1147&top_left_x=626)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nerthebrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Nerthbebrochinae","Genus":"Nerthebrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nerthebrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 206","Type_species":"*Terebratula robertoni D\u2019ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 315, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Planoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to slightly uniplicate, foramen submesothyrid, symphytium exposed, cardinal process wide, semiellipse, outer hinge plates wide, triangular, concave, attached along dorsal edge of crural bases, loop short, triangular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1365, 1a-d. *N. robertoni (D'ARCHIAC), Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 1, d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d7 1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1365. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-425.jpg?height=1493&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dilophosina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Nerthbebrochinae","Genus":"Dilophosina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dilophosina COOPER, 1983, p. 187","Type_species":"D. paraplicata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure paraplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid, no inner hinge plates, outer hinge plates attached to dorsal part of crural bases, loop short, squarish, transverse band narrow, nearly horizontal. Similar to Boubeithyris, but paraplicate rather than sulciplicate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"France, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1365, 3a-d. *D. paraplicata, France, a-c, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550932a, X1, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1365. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-425.jpg?height=1493&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harmatosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Nerthbebrochinae","Genus":"Harmatosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harmatosia COOPER, 1983, p. 196","Type_species":"Terebratula crassa D'ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 318, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Similar to Dilophosina, but with well-developed inner hinge plates","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Belgium, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1365, 2a-d. *H. crassa (d'ARCHIAC), Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1365. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-425.jpg?height=1493&width=1271&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rectithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Rectithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rectithyris SAhni, 1929, p. 9, =Cyranoia COOPER, 1983, p. 185","Type_species":"Terebratula depressa Valenciennes in Lamarck, 1819, p. 249, OD, = T. nerviensis D'ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 313","Synonyms_with_authors":"Cyranoia Cooper, 1983, p. 185 (type, Terebratula depressa vissae Hadding, 1919, p. 20, OD)","Synonyms":"Cyranoia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Ventribiconvex, elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak long, erect, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium large, convex, cardinal process transverse semiellipse, inner hinge plates variably developed in some adult specimens, thick, inclined socket ridges, crural bases and outer hinge plates forming U shaped troughs (virgate keeled outer hinge plates), transverse band of loop medianly horizontal.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Coniacian)","Last_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Coniacian)","Geography":"Spain, Crimea, Belgium, England, Germany, Poland, Russia, Tibet, India, Antarctic Peninsula","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1366, 1a-i. * R. depressa (Valenciennes), Cenomanian, Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, closeup of loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983), e-i, serial transverse sections 6.0, 6.5, 8.0, 9.0, 11.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Cox & Middlemiss, 1978).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nCox & Middlemiss, 1978","figure_index":"fig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":85.7,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cyrtothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Cyrtothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cyrtothyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 123","Type_species":"Terebratula depressa var. cyrta WALKER, 1868, p. 404, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Oval to subpentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak short, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium narrow, exposed, cardinal process small, loop wide, hinge plates ventrally concave, slightly clubbed, keeled.\"","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian)","First_Occurrence":"Valanginian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Valanginian-Campanian)","Geography":"Mexico, Valanginian, Europe, Greenland, Aptian, Madagascar, ?Albian, South Africa (Zululand), Aptian-Campanian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1366, 2a-b. *C. cyrta (Walker), Aptian, England, dorsal view, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1366, 2c-e. C. uniplicata Walker, Aptian, England, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH 67843, \u00d71 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).\nfig. 1366. sellithyrididae (p. 2066).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-426.jpg?height=1806&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Valanginian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":137.7,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moutonithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Moutonithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moutonithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1976, p. 63","Type_species":"Terebratula moutoniana D'ORBIGNY, 1849 in 1849-1852, p. 89, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Atactosia Cooper, 1983, p. 173 (type, Terebratula obtusa J. De C. Sowerby, 1823 in 18231825, p. 53), Biplicatoria Cooper, 1983, p. 174 (type, B. ferruginea C OOPER , 1983, p. 175; =Terebratula biplicata dutempleana DAVIDSON, 1853, pl. 6,1, non T. dutempleana D\u2019ORBIGNY, 1847].","Synonyms":"Atactosia, Biplicatoria","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval to subcircular, anterior commissure rectimarginate to bisulcate; beak erect, foramen circular, permesothyrid; deltidium generally concealed; hinge plates horizontal or slightly convex, cuneate, keeled; crural \ufb02anges and keels may be present; loop narrow, transverse band low arched.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Berriasian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Berriasian\u2013Cenomanian)","Geography":"France, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, Portugal,Spain, Sardinia, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1367, 1a-p. *M. moutoniana (D'Orbigny), Aptian, France, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, MNHN 5529, X1, d-p, serial transverse sections 1.5, 3.1, 3.9, 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.5, 6.3, 6.7, 7.1, 7.9, 8.7, 9.1, 9.5 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Middlemiss, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"MNHN, \nMiddlemiss, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1367. sellithyrididae (p. 2066-2070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-427.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Neoliothyrina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Neoliothyrina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Neoliothyrina SAHNI, 1925, p. 375","Type_species":"Terebratula obesa Davidson, 1852a, p. 53, OD, non J. de C. Sowerby, 1823, p. 54, =N. obesa SAHNI, 1925, p. 375","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process small semiellipse, outer hinge plates narrow, concave, socket ridges, outer hinge plates, and crural bases forming narrow, U-shaped troughs, inner hinge plates well developed, may coalesce, transverse band broad, high arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1368, 2a-d. *N. obesa (Davidson), Senonian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, loop, X2 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1368. sellithyrididae (p. 2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-428.jpg?height=1120&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praelongithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Praelongithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praelongithyris MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 134","Type_species":"* P. praelongiforma, OD, =Terebratula praelonga J. DE C. Sowerby in FITTON, 1836, p. 339, auctt., partim","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Elongate oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, becoming sulciplicate, beak long, suberect, foramen large, circular, permesothyrid, hinge plates in section ventrally concave, becoming V-shaped, clubbed, and anteriorly keeled, loop long, high arched.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Hauterivian)","First_Occurrence":"Hauterivian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Hauterivian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Europe, Greenland, Asia, South Africa (Zululand), ?Madagascar, Iran, Albian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1368, 1a-d. *P. praelongiforma, Aptian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH BM67590, X1 (Middlemiss, 1959), d, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983)","Museum_or_author_information":"Middlemiss, 1959, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1368. sellithyrididae (p. 2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-428.jpg?height=1120&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Hauterivian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":132.6,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tropeothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Sellithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rectithyridinae","Genus":"Tropeothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tropeothyris SMIRNOVA, 1972, p. 69","Type_species":"T. kugusemi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Oval or rounded pentagonal, anterior commissure parasulcate, beak long, massive, suberect to incurved, beak ridges weak, symphytium high, exposed, pedicle collar present, cardinal process small, transverse, hinge plates horizontal or concave in section, may be keeled, loop wide, short, transverse band strongly arched","Beginning_age":"Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous (Berriasian)","First_Occurrence":"Upper Jurassic","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Jurassic, Cretaceous (Berriasian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Western Europe, Turkmenia, Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1367, 3a-v. *T. kugusemi, Hauterivian, Mangyschlak, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, MGU No. 16 060\/89, X1, d-v, serial transverse sections 0.00, 2.65, 2.85, 3.05, 3.75, 3.85, 4.25, 4.65, 5.15, 5.55, 6.15, 6.5, 6.85, 7.35, 7.95, 8.25, 8.8, 9.6, 9.75 mm from first section, X1 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"T","figure_index":"fig. 1367. sellithyrididae (p. 2066-2070).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-427.jpg?height=1298&width=1283&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Oxfordian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":161.53,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Capillithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Capillithyridinae","Genus":"Capillithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Capillithyris KATZ, 1974, p. 258","Type_species":"Terebratula capillata D'ARCHIAC, 1847, p. 323, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Capillarina CooPER, 1983, p. 177 (type, Platythyris diversa Cox & Middlemiss, 1978, p. 434)","Synonyms":"Capillarina","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular to subpentagonal, anterior commissure rectimarginate, uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak short, symphytium short, partly exposed, cardinal process small, hinge plates parallel to valve floor, becoming slightly concave anteriorly, loop variable, short (0.25 to 0.3 dorsal valve length), subtriangular, with broad, transverse band. Spicules may be preserved.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Russia, Belgium, England, France, Poland, Germany, Spain, ?Antarctic Peninsula","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1369, 3a-s. * C. capillata (d\u2019Archiac), Cenomanian, Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-s, serial transverse sections 0.6, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.5, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5, 4.9, 5.3, 6.0, 6.6, 7.0, 7.3, 7.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Bilinkevich & Popiel-Barczyk, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nBilinkevich & Popiel-Barczyk, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1369. capillithyrididae (p. 2070-2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-429.jpg?height=925&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Liramia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Capillithyridinae","Genus":"Liramia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Liramia COOPER, 1983, p. 199","Type_species":"Terebratula disparilis D \u2019O RBIGNY , 1849 in 1849\u20131852, p. 100; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"[May be a synonym of Paracapillithyris.]","Synonyms":"Paracapillithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, anterior commissure slightly unisulcate; loop stout, narrow.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Geography":"France, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1369, 1a\u2013d. *L. disparilis (D\u2019ORBIGNY); a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve interior, \u00d72 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1369. capillithyrididae (p. 2070-2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-429.jpg?height=925&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Paracapillithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Capillithyridinae","Genus":"Paracapillithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Paracapillithyris Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 26","Type_species":"P. alexeevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, elongate oval, rectimarginate, beak narrow, incurved, foramen apical, hinge plates broad, low, crura wide with dorsal and lateral carinae. The description does not provide details of the loop, and no illustrations of the interior are available for this genus.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus, Crimea","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1369, 2a-c. * P. alexeevi, ?Ukraine, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Katz & Popov, 1974a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Katz & Popov, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1369. capillithyrididae (p. 2070-2071).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-429.jpg?height=925&width=1263&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=210)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aniabrochus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Aniabrochus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aniabrochus COOPER, 1983, p. 170","Type_species":"Platythyris comptonensis MIDDLEMISS, 1959, p. 109, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval to subpentagonal, biconvex, smooth to faintly capillate on flanks, anterior commissure rectimarginate, uniplicate, sulciplicate, or unisulcate, beak short, truncated, foramen large, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium very short, cardinal process small, hinge plates in section horizontal to very slightly concave, tapering, or with rounded inner margins, becoming cuneate and keeled in gerontic stage, crural processes incurved, loop short (0.3 dorsal valve length), transverse band broad, low arched.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Barremian)","First_Occurrence":"Barremian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Barremian-Turonian)","Geography":"England, Belgium, France, Italy, Poland, Sardinia, Spain, Crimea, Georgia, Tibet, ?Sarawak","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1370, 5a-r. *A. comptonensis (Middlemiss), Aptian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, closeup of loop, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-r, serial tranverse sections 2.4, 2.5, 3.6, 3.8, 4.1, 4.6, 4.9, 5.4, 6.2, 8.3, 9.2, 9.6, 10.0, 10.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Middlemiss, 1959).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMiddlemiss, 1959","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Barremian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":126.5,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bolgarithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Bolgarithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bolgarithyris TITOVA, 1986, p. 118","Type_species":"B. boncevi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or unisulcate, oval to subtriangular in outline, may be faintly capillate, cardinal process lamellar, hinge plates horizontal or dorsally deflected, often straight, crural bases prolongations of hinge plates, loop short, transverse band low arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1370, 1a-n. *B. boncevi, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior view of holotype, TsNIGR Museum No. 203\/10445, X1, d-n, serial transverse sections 1.4, 3.15, 3.35, 3.8, 4.2, 4.55, 4.95, 5.25, 5.85, 6.25, 6.6 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Titova, 1986).","Museum_or_author_information":"Titova, 1986","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dyscritothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Dyscritothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dyscritothyris COOPER, 1979, p. 15","Type_species":"D. cubensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to subpentagonal, smooth or may be faintly capillate, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, beak small, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct, outer hinge plates nearly flat, horizontally tapering, loop short, about 0.3 dorsal valve length, imperfectly known.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Cuba","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1371, 1a-m. *D. cubensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 550460a, X2 (Cooper, 1983), d-m, serial transverse sections 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.4, 1.5, 1.7, 1.9, 2.3, 2.3, 2.5 mm from ventral umbo, X5 (Sandy & others, 1997).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983, \nSandy & others, 1997","figure_index":"fig. 1371. capillithyrididae (p. 2072).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-432.jpg?height=426&width=1247&top_left_y=483&top_left_x=223)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lunpolaia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Capillithyrididae","Subfamily":"Aniabrochinae","Genus":"Lunpolaia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lunpolaia Ching & Ye in Ye & YANG, 1979, p. 67","Type_species":"L. cymbaliformis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Smooth or with faint capillae, subcircular, ventribiconvex, uniplicate, beak erect, foramen large, pedicle collar short, cardinal process small, hinge plates horizontal, tapering, and with low, rounded margins anteriorly, outer hinge plates narrowly concave, loop short, wide, transverse band gently convex.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1370, 4a-d. * L. cymbaliformis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, closeup view of loop, X3 (Ye & Yang, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ye & Yang, 1979","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gibbithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Gibbithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gibbithyris SAHNI, 1925, p. 372","Type_species":"G. gibba, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kestonithyris SaHni, 1925, p. 363 (type, K. inflata), Piarothyris SAHNI, 1925, p. 370 (type, P. rotunda)","Synonyms":"Kestonithyris, Piarothyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, strongly biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to sulciplicate, beak short, suberect to erect, incurved, symphytium usually concealed, foramen minute, epithyrid to permesothyrid, beak ridges strong, cardinal process small, transverse, crural bases broad, dorsally directed, outer hinge plates in section usually convex or horizontal, with pendant, dorsally directed crural bases, loop short, 0.3 dorsal valve length, triangular, transverse band gently arched","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Santonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Santonian)","Geography":"England, France, Sweden, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1373, 1a-d. G. semiglobosa J. Sowerby, Cenomanian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH B. 49833, X0.9, d, close up view of loop, X1.8 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1373, 1e-q. G. subrotunda J. Sowerby, Turonian, England, serial transverse sections 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 3.2, 3.6, 4.4, 4.8, 5.6, 6.0, 6.4, 7.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Middlemiss, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nMiddlemiss, 1991","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":83.65,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Concinnithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Concinnithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Concinnithyris SAHNI, 1929, p. 11","Type_species":"Terebratula obesa J. de C. SOWERBY, 1823 in 1823-1825, p. 54, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, elongate oval to subcircular in outline, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or sulciplicate, beak slightly incurved to erect, truncated, foramen small to large, circular, permesothyrid to epithyrid, rarely labiate, symphytium concealed, beak ridges indistinct, cardinal process low, flat, poorly developed, outer hinge plates horizontal to gently convex, may be keeled, attached to ventral edge of broad, flat crural bases, crural processes high, tapering, inwardly curving, thin, descending branches of short, narrow loop with low, arched transverse band, may have small depression or sulcus posteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Turonian)","Geography":"England, France, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1373, 2a-n. *C. obesa (J. de C. Sowerby), Cenomanian, Lower Chalk, Wiltshire, England, a- c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH B.49832, X1, d-n, serial transverse sections 4.1, 5.7, 6.5, 6.8, 7.2, 7.8, 8.2, 8.6, 9.0, 9.3, 9.9 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Owen, 1988)., Fig. 1373, 2o. C. rouenensis Cooper, Cenomanian, France, close up view of loop, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1988, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Hesperosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Hesperosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Hesperosia COOPER, 1983, p. 197","Type_species":"Rectithyris vespertina COOPER, 1955b, p. 4, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, oval, ventribiconvex, rectimarginate, smooth, beak large, protuberant, erect, foramen large, permesothyrid, cardinal process small semiellipse, loop similar to that of Concinnithyris but with narrow crural bases and wider loop angle.\"","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous","Geography":"USA (Arizona), Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1374, 1a-d. * H. vespertina (Cooper), Arizona, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, USNM 124194b, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1374. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-435.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orientothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Orientothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orientothyris Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 28","Type_species":"Gryphus orientalis Vantschurov & KALUGIN, 1966, p. 119, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval, anterior commissure uniplicate, faint lateral capillae may be present, beak massive, foramen large, epithyrid, crural bases attached to wide hinge plates that hang low into dorsal apical cavity, almost uniting with floor of valve, crural bases with high ventral keels. Differs from Concinnithyris in wide hinge plates and type of crura.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)-Paleogene (Paleocene)","Geography":"Crimea, Caucasus, Kazakstan, Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1374, 4a-r. *O. orientalis (Vantschurov), ?Maastrichtian, ?Crimea, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X0.5, e-r, serial transverse sections 0.4, 1.0, 1.6, 2.6, 3.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.6, 5.1, 5.5, 6.4, 7.1, 7.7, 8.5 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Vantschurov & Kalugin, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":"Vantschurov & Kalugin, 1966","figure_index":"fig. 1374. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-435.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ornatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Ornatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ornatothyris SAHNI, 1929, p. 45","Type_species":"Terebratula sulcifera Morris in Morris & DAVIDSON, 1847, p. 254, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, ovate to subpentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure gently uniplicate to sulciplicate, ornament of strong, concentric lamellae, beak massive, short, foramen permesothyrid, large, labiate, symphytium visible or hidden, pedicle collar well developed, cardinal process narrow semiellipse, crural bases broad, extending under short, narrow, horizontal outer hinge plates to produce a keeled hinge plate in section, loop narrow but variable, transverse band broad.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, France, Poland, Switzerland, Russia, ?Sarawak, China","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1374, 3a-d. * O. sulcifera (Morris), England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH Davidson Collection, 50822, X0.6 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nCooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1374. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-435.jpg?height=1881&width=1291&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=196)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Pseudogibbithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Pseudogibbithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Pseudogibbithyris OWEN, 1995, p. 275","Type_species":"P. arabica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium size, elongate oval to subcircular, biconvex, uniplicate, beak short, suberect, foramen small, permesothyrid, cardinal process flat, bifid, hinge trough deep, hinge plates short, triangular","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"United Arab Emirates (Jebel Huwayyah), Oman","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1375, 1a-m. *P. arabica, a-c*, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, BMNH BF47, \u00d7 1, d-m, serial tranverse sections 1.3, 1.5, 1.9, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 3.3, 3.7, 4.0 mm from first section, \u00d7 1 (Owen, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1375. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-437.jpg?height=778&width=1127&top_left_y=971&top_left_x=326)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Sahnithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Gibbithyridinae","Genus":"Sahnithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Sahnithyris Radulovi\u0107 & RAMAMOORTHY, 1995, p. 187","Type_species":"Concinnithyris andurensis SAHNI, 1960, p. 10, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Very large, elongate oval, ventribiconvex, beak short, massive, concealing symphytium, foramen mesothyrid, anteriorly commissure broadly sulciplicate, pedicle collar present, cardinal process wide, concave with well-defined myophore, loop thin, transverse band broad, strongly arched. Upper Cretaceous (Campanian): southern India, ?Bulgaria.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Geography":"southern India, ?Bulgaria","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1375, 2a-p. * S. andurensis (Sahni), southern India, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, GSI 1553, X1 (Sahni, 1960), d- p, serial transverse sections 2.1, 6.4, 7.2, 9.3, 10.3, 12.5, 13.5, 14.0, 15.2, 18.7, 19.1, 19.5, 20.7 ~mm from ventral umbo, X0.5 (Radulovi\u0107 & Ramamoorthy, 1995).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sahni, 1960, \nRadulovi\u0107 & Ramamoorthy, 1995","figure_index":"fig. 1375. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-437.jpg?height=778&width=1127&top_left_y=971&top_left_x=326)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Carneithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Carneithyriidinae","Genus":"Carneithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Carneithyris SAHNI, 1925, p. 364","Type_species":"C. subpentagonalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Chatwinothyris Sahni, 1925, p. 368 (type, C. subcardinalis, OD), Ellipsothyris SAHNI, 1925, p. 371 (type, E. similis, OD), Magnithyris Sahni, 1925, p. 367 (type, M. magna, OD), Ornithothyris Sahni, 1925, p. 374 (type, O. carinata, OD), Pulchrithyris Sahni, 1925, p. 361 (type, P. gracilis, OD), Ogmusia Cooper, 1983, p. 207 (type, Terebratula incissa von Buch, 1835, p. 95)","Synonyms":"Chatwinothyris, Ellipsothyris, Magnithyris, Ornithothyris, Pulchrithyris, Ogmusia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, oval to subcircular, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate or unisulcate, foramen small to minute, beak ridges angular, mesothyrid to permesothyrid, symphytium hidden, cardinal process large to massive, bulbous","Beginning_age":"Senonian","First_Occurrence":"Senonian","Ending_age":"Senonian","Last_Occurrence":"Senonian","Geological_periods":"Senonian","Geography":"England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1376, 2e. C. rotunda Sahni, Senonian, England, interior of dorsal valve, X1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1376. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078-2080).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-438.jpg?height=1207&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhombaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Gibbithyrididae","Subfamily":"Rhombarinae","Genus":"Rhombaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhombaria COOPER, 1983, p. 215","Type_species":"*Terebratula rhomboidalis NILSSON, 1827, p. 34, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, elongate oval, strongly ventribiconvex, beak long, narrow, erect, beak ridges rounded, foramen small, symphytium exposed, permesothyrid, cardinal process large, shelflike, outer hinge plates very narrow, attached ventrally, tapering anteriorly to crural processes, crural bases, outer hinge plates and socket ridges forming V-shaped troughs, loop triangular, as wide as long.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Sweden","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1376, 1a-d. * R. rhomboidalis (Nilsson), Senonian, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, interior of dorsal valve, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1376. gibbithyrididae (p. 2078-2080).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-438.jpg?height=1207&width=1284&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Heligothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Heligothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Heligothyris MIDDLEMISS, 1991, p. 230","Type_species":"* H. schmidi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded triangular, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, dorsal valve strongly inflated posteriorly, umbo suberect, foramen circular, mesothyrid, deltidium hidden in gerontic forms, cardinal process small, hinge plates initially horizontal, becoming convex, cuneate, attached crural bases given off dorsally and ventrally, free crural bases extended dorsally as thin, curved plates, loop narrow, transverse band low arched.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Geography":"North Sea (Helgoland), ?Ireland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1377, 2a-m. *H. schmidi, Helgoland, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, HG1700a, X1, d-f, serial transverse sections 2.0, 2.4, 2.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2, g-m, serial transverse sections 3.2, 3.6, 4.4, 5.2, 5.6, 6.4, 6.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Middlemiss, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Middlemiss, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1377. uncertain (p. 2080-2081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-439.jpg?height=965&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Longithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Longithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Longithyris Katz & POPOV, 1974a, p. 30","Type_species":"* Najdinothyris? longa KATZ, 1974, p. 260, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, elongate oval, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, smooth or with lateral capillae, beak incurved, foramen large, epithyrid, crural bases attached to broad, thin, outer hinge plates that are suspended in dorsal umbonal cavity, almost reaching valve floor, loop short, 0.25 dorsal valve length, narrow, with wide transverse band.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1377, 3a-c. *L. longa (Katz), dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, \u00d7 1 (Katz, 1974).","Museum_or_author_information":"Katz, 1974","figure_index":"fig. 1377. uncertain (p. 2080-2081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-439.jpg?height=965&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Najdinothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Najdinothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Najdinothyris KATZ, 1974, p. 260","Type_species":"Terebratula becksii ROEMER, 1841, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium size, elongate, smooth, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, dorsal valve strongly inflated posteriorly, beak suberect, foramen large, circular, permesothyrid, cardinal process small, inner socket ridges well differentiated from hinge plates, hinge plates initially concave, cuneate, becoming wide, thin, horizontal, crura given off ventrally, hinge plates attached to free crural bases, loop narrow, transverse band low arched.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Germany, Poland, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1377, 1 a-o .* N. becksii (Roemer), Turonian, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, d, dorsal valve interior, X1 (Cooper, 1983), e-o, serial transverse sections 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 4.0, 4.8, 5.6, 6.0, 7.2, 7.6 mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Middlemiss, 1991).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nMiddlemiss, 1991","figure_index":"fig. 1377. uncertain (p. 2080-2081).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-439.jpg?height=965&width=1280&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Moraviaturia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Dyscoliinae","Genus":"Moraviaturia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Moraviaturia SAHNI, 1960, p. 19","Type_species":"Terebratula diphimorpha STOLICZKA, 1872, p. 25, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subtrigonal, ventribiconvex, anterior margin geniculate, surface capillate with steplike growth lamellae, beak massive, slightly incurved, symphytium narrow, foramen large, beak ridges obscure, internal characters unknown, probably dyscoliid","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"southern India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1418, 1a-c. *M. diphimorpha (Stolicz\u043a\u0430), dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of holotype, X1 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"MuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1418. dyscoliidae (p. 2136-2138).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-495.jpg?height=1775&width=1275&top_left_y=236&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Faksethyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Dyscoliidae","Subfamily":"Aenigmathyridinae","Genus":"Faksethyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Faksethyris ASGAARD, 1971, p. 385","Type_species":"F. nielseni ASGAND, 1971, p. 386, OD, = Terebratula cincta","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"pedicle collar long, cardinal process weak, transverse, hinge plates not developed, crural processes posterior to midloop, loop narrow, rounded anteriorly","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","First_Occurrence":"Danian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":"Denmark","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1420, 5a-d. *F. nielseni, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of lectotype, mmH 574, X10, d, interior of dorsal valve, X25 (Asgaard, 1971).","Museum_or_author_information":"Asgaard, 1971","figure_index":"fig. 1420. dyscoliidae (p. 2138-2140).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-497.jpg?height=1757&width=1293&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ortholina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cancellothyridinae","Genus":"Ortholina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ortholina Calzada BADIA, 1984b, p. 5","Type_species":"Terebratella decorata VIDAL, 1921, p. 56, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subcircular in outline, planoconvex, hinge line wide, almost straight, anterior commissure rectimarginate, surface finely costellate, foramen small, submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Cardinal process small, bilobed, loop wide, myophragm present.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1424, 5a-c. *O. decorata (Vidal), Maastrichtian, dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, X1.5 (Calzada Badia, 1984b)., Fig. 1424, 5d. O. lujana Vidal, Maastrichtian, interior of dorsal valve, X3 (Calzada Badia, 1984b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Calzada Badia, 1984, \nCalzada Badia, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).\nfig. 1424. cancellothyrididae (p. 2145-2147).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-504.jpg?height=1849&width=1287&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=198)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cricosia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Cricosia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cricosia COOPER, 1973c, p. 384","Type_species":"Terebratulina filosa CONRAD, 1866, p. 77, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular to oval, finely costellate, anterior commissure nearly rectimarginate, foramen small, oval, hypothyrid, deltidial plates small, disjunct, extended adjacent to dorsal valve margin and obliquely raised, pedicle collar narrow. Thin, elevated socket ridges join with thickened posterior area that serves as cardinal process, crura stout, narrow, crural processes united to form narrow, tubelike loop.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"southwestern USA (Texas)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1426, 1a-f. * C. filosa (Conrad), a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X2, e-f, ventral and posterior views of reconstructed loop, X4 (Cooper, 1973c).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973","figure_index":"fig. 1426. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-507.jpg?height=1793&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bisulcina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Bisulcina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bisulcina TITOVA, 1977, p. 81","Type_species":"Terebratulina tunicata Vantschurov in Vantschurov & KALUGIN, 1966, p. 121, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, rounded to oval, slightly biconvex, beak blunt, foramen large, deltidial plates disjunct, shell capillate (up to 100 ribs present), small tubercles prominent in posterior and lateral parts of shell. Pedicle collar present, hinge teeth narrow with denticulum, inner socket ridges more prominent than outer. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Danian): western Turkmenia, Western Europe, Upper Cretaceous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian),","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Danian),","Geography":"western Turkmenia, Western Europe, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1426, 2 a-u .* B. tunicata (Vantschurov), Danian, western Turkmenia, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X5, e-u, serial transverse sections 0.10, 0.25, 0.45, 0.55, 0.65, 0.75, 0.90, 1.05, 1.35, 1.80, 2.00, 2.15, 2.30, 2.55, 2.70, 3.05, 3.25 ~mm from ventral umbo, X3 (Titova, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Titova, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1426. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-507.jpg?height=1793&width=1303&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Cruralina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Cruralina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Cruralina SMIRNOVA, 1966, p. 32","Type_species":"C. cruralinica SMIRNOVA, 1966, p. 33, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded to pentagonal, anterior margin rectimarginate to uniplicate, costellate, beak suberect or slightly incurved, beak ridges sharp, with false interarea, foramen large, pedicle collar present. Cardinal process small, inner margins of hinge plates forming projections on valve floor that connect with crural bases, crural bases close together, separated by depressions from inner socket ridges that are low, parallel to, and almost united with valve floor, crura short, crural processes join to form single cross piece that is strongly curved ventrally, transverse band bent ventrally medianly at acute angle.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Crimea, Europe, Lower Cretaceous, USA (Texas), Cuba, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1427, 2a-jj. *C. cruralinica, Lower Cretaceous, Crimea, a-d, holotype, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X1, e-f, ventral and lateral views of reconstructed loop, \u00d72 (Smirnova, 1966); g\u2013jj, serial transverse sections 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.9, 1.2,1.3, 1.32, 1.35, 1.37, 1.40, 1.45, 1.50, 1.55, 1.60,1.63, 1.68, 1.71, 1.81, 1.91, 2.01, 2.11, 2.21, 2.31,2.41, 2.51, 2.61, 2.71, 2.81, 2.91, 3.01 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d72 (Smirnova, 1990a).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1427. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-508.jpg?height=143&width=1183&top_left_y=1367&top_left_x=229)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gyrosoria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cricosiinae","Genus":"Gyrosoria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gyrosoria COOPER, 1973c, p. 386","Type_species":"Terebratulites gracilis SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 112, pl. 3, 3, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, outline elongate-oval in juveniles, subcircular in adults, planoconvex, costellae strong, often granulose or beaded, beak short, incurved, foramen small, deltidial plates disjunct, extended adjacent to dorsal valve margin, pedicle collar absent, teeth strong. Cardinalia narrow, socket ridges stout, cardinal process small, supported by short ridge, crura thick, oblique, supporting a narrow, tubelike loop.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Denmark, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1428a-k. * G. gracilis (Schlotheim), Trimingham, Norfolk, England, a- d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, X3, e, dorsal valve interior, X4, f-g, interiors of dorsal and ventral valves, X4 (Cooper, 1973c), b-k, growth stages, 1.4 ~mm, 2.1 ~mm, 4.8 ~mm, 10.7 ~mm (Surlyk, 1972).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1973, \nSurlyk, 1972","figure_index":"fig. 1428. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-509.jpg?height=899&width=1275&top_left_y=237&top_left_x=211)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Alithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cancellothyrididae","Subfamily":"Alithyridinae","Genus":"Alithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Alithyris SUN, 1981, p. 242","Type_species":"A. shiquanheensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, slightly incurved, delthyrium open, surface with subangular plicae branches short, transverse band incurved ventrally with low arch.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1429 a-t. *A. shiqanheensis, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 3, e-t, serial transverse sections 0.5, 0.7, 7.0, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 8.0, 8.1, 8.15, 8.25, 8.3, 8.4, 8.45, 8.5 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 6 (Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1429. cancellothyrididae (p. 2148-2150).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-510.jpg?height=1536&width=1287&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gisilina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Gisilina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gisilina STEINICH, 1963, p. 735","Type_species":"Terebratula gisii ROEMER, 1841, p. 40, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded, auriculate, valves biconvex, with narrow interarea, anterior commissure rectimarginate or incipiently uniplicate, capillae simple, prominent, smooth or enlarged at intersection with growth lines, umbo short, suberect or erect, foramen ovoid, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar present, hinge teeth with swollen bases, loop ventrally directed, crural processes converging, lophophore from spicule arrangement probably plectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian, ?Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene (Danian, ?Eocene)","Geography":"Denmark, Germany, Romania, England, Ukraine, Australia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1432, 1a-i. * G. gisii (Roemer), Rugen, a-b, dorsal and lateral views, X3, c-f, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and ventral valve interior views, X4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), g, dorsal","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1432. chlidonophoridae (p. 2152-2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-513.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Meonia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Meonia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Meonia STEINICH, 1963, p. 732","Type_species":"Terebratula semiglobularis POSSELT, 1894, p. 35, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, rounded shells with straight hinge line and narrow interarea, strongly planoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly sulcate, umbo short, foramen small, mesothyrid, capillae simple, granular. Cardinal process crenulated, hinge teeth with deep sockets on inner face, loop short, ventrally projecting, crural processes scarcely developed, narrow transverse band uniting broader converging crura, lophophore probably spirolophous, with spirals set at angle to plane of symmetry.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene (?Danian, ?Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous, Paleogene (?Danian, ?Eocene)","Geography":"Denmark, Sardinia, Spain, ?Gulf of Gascogne, Upper Cretaceous; Denmark, ?Danian; Ukraine, ?Eocene.","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1431, 2a-g. *M. semiglobularis (Posselt), a-d, dorsal valve, lateral, anterior, ventral valve interior, X3 (Muir-Wood, 1965a), e-f, dorsal valve interior showing loop, same, more posterior view, g, dorsal valve interior with brachial spirals silicified and part of interior restored, X10 (Steinich, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965, \nSteinich, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1431. chlidonophoridae (p. 2151-2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-512.jpg?height=1881&width=1280&top_left_y=223&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rugia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Chlidonophorinae","Genus":"Rugia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rugia STEINICH, 1963, p. 735","Type_species":"R. tenuicostata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, resembles Terebratulina in hinge characters and probable plectolophous lophophore, but differs in small size of adult shells, rectimarginate commissure, more elongate umbo, long tapering deltidial plates and long pedicle collar, hypothyrid foramen, and more granular shell surface.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Denmark, Germany, Poland, England, Sweden, Spain","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1432, 2a-g. * R. tenuicostata, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, e-f, dorsal valve interior showing loop and crural processes in ventral and lateral views, g, ventral valve umbo showing deltidial plates, X10 (Steinich, 1963).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1963","figure_index":"fig. 1432. chlidonophoridae (p. 2152-2156).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-513.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dracius":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Draciinae","Genus":"Dracius","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dracius STEINICH, 1967, p. 1, 146","Type_species":"D. carnifex, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, planoconvex to concavoconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, foramen amphithyrid, dorsal valve nearly smooth, ventral valve ribbed, deltidial plates disjunct. Socket ridges high, projecting above hinge line, cardinal process absent, crura flattened, with short, ventrally directed crural processes, transverse band strongly arched toward posterior margin, lophophore subplectolophous.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Germany, Denmark, England","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1435, 3a-f. *D. carnifex, lower Maastrichtian, Rugen, a-d, holotype, dorsal valve, ventral valve, lateral, and anterior views, X9, e-f, dorsal valve interiors, X15 (Steinich, 1967).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1967","figure_index":"fig. 1435. chlidonophoridae (p. 2158-2159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-517.jpg?height=964&width=1271&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Orthothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Chlidonophoridae","Subfamily":"Orthothyridinae","Genus":"Orthothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Orthothyris COOPER, 1955a, p. 64","Type_species":"O. radiata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular in outline with wide, straight hinge, slightly biconvex, becoming concavoconvex, anterior commissure broadly sulcate, ornament of coarse costae medianly and anteriorly, and posteriorly mediolaterally directed costellae, delthyrium margined by elevated deltidial plates, interarea well developed, beak ridges strong, foramen small. Sockets deep, with erect socket ridges, crura short, stout, crural processes large, expanded, loop a thin ribbon, projecting ventrally, attached to socket ridges, interior margin scalloped anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Caribbean, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1435, 2a\u2013d. *O. radiata, Habana Province, Cuba; a\u2013c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, USNM 108687; d, dorsal interior view, \u00d78 (Cooper, 1973c).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1435. chlidonophoridae (p. 2158-2159).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-517.jpg?height=964&width=1271&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arcuatothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cnismatocentridae","Subfamily":"Arcuatothyridinae","Genus":"Arcuatothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arcuatothyris POPIEL-BARCZYK, 1972, p. 136","Type_species":"Terebratula arcuata ROEMER, 1841, p. 44, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell medium size, biconvex, oval to pentagonal in outline, anterior commissure rectimarginate or unisulcate, shell ornament of irregular, radial striae, beak large, suberect, foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium distinct. Cardinal process small with distinct myophore, socket ridges stout, long, high, crural bases narrow, small, triangular, thin plate separating socket ridge and fulcral plate, loop short, straight, transverse band narrow, nearly horizontal ribbon attached just beyond anterior end of crural processes. Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian): Germany, England, France, Poland, Russia.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Germany, England, France, Poland, Russia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1436, 2a\u2013e. *A. arcuata (ROEMER), Rouen, France; a, dorsal view, \u00d73; b\u2013c, ventral and anterior views, \u00d71; d, dorsal valve with cardinalia exposed, \u00d73; e, drawing of ventral view of loop, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1436. cnismatocentridae (p. 2159-2161).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-518.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nucleatina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Cnismatocentridae","Subfamily":"Arcuatothyridinae","Genus":"Nucleatina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nucleatina KATZ, 1962, p. 135","Type_species":"Terebratula nanclasi COQUAND, 1862, p. 237; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular to elongate pentagonal, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate; smooth or with faint radial ornament; beak short, suberect; foramen large, permesothyrid, symphytium hidden. Cardinal process small, narrow, semielliptical; inner socket ridges well developed, incurved laterally; crural bases developing directly from lateral valve sides in front of socket ridges; loop short, wide posteriorly, narrow and truncated anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"France, Russia, Spain, central Asia, southern India, northern Africa, southern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1436, 1a\u2013g. *N. nanclasi (C OQUAND ), Santonian, Rouen, France; a\u2013c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d71; d\u2013e, dorsal valves showing loops; f\u2013g, drawings of loops, \u00d71 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1436. cnismatocentridae (p. 2159-2161).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-518.jpg?height=1293&width=1282&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=205)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Inopinatarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Cancellothyridoidea","Family":"Inopinatarculidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Inopinatarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Inopinatarcula ELLIOTT, 1952, p. 2","Type_species":"Trigonosemus acanthodes ETHERIDGE, 1913, p. 15, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular in outline, biconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate, surface finely costellate, costellae with short spines, beak short, suberect, foramen minute, permesothyrid, symphytium triangular, transversely rugose. Cardinal process small, trilobed, socket ridges erect, massive, fulcral plates thick, massive, no outer hinge plates, crural bases concealed beneath thickened socket ridges, crura short, crural processes short, transverse band broad, medially arched. Lower Cretaceous (Albian)-Upper Cretaceous (Campanian): Australia, Santonian-Campanian, New Zealand, Albian.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous (Albian)-Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Geography":"Australia, Santonian-Campanian, New Zealand, Albian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1437, 1a-e. *I. acanthodes (Etheridge), Senonian, Australia, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2, d-e, dorsal valve, ventral valve interiors, X2 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1437. inopinatarculidae and uncertain (p. 2161-2162).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-519.jpg?height=668&width=1283&top_left_y=235&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kingena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Kingenoidea","Family":"Kingenidae","Subfamily":"Kingeninae","Genus":"Kingena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kingena DAVIDSON, 1852a, p. 40","Type_species":"Terebratula lima DEFRANCE, 1828b, p. 156, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Kingia Schloenbach, 1866, p. 296, nom. null., non Theobald, 1910, nec Malloch, 1921","Synonyms":"Kingia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to large, biconvex, elongate-oval to pentagonal, rectimarginate to faintly uniplicate to ligate, shell ornament granular, beak short, suberect, foramen subcircular, permesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Pedicle collar sessile. Cardinal process small, transversely oval myophore, septalium broad, shallow, supported by long, thin, moderately high median septum, loop bilacunar, may be thickened. Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous: Europe, Australasia, India.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, Australasia, India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1454, 3a-c. ^*K. lima (Defrance), Upper Cretaceous, England, dorsal, anterior, and lateral views of exterior of neotype, NHM B79709, X2 (Owen, 1970), Fig. 1454, 3d-e. K. mesembrina (Etheridge), Upper Cretaceous, Western Australia, ventral and anterior views of partially complete loop showing strong, mediovertical connecting bands, X9 (new)","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).\nfig. 1454. kingenidae (p. 2189-2192).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-548.jpg?height=1736&width=1289&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Parakingena":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Parakingeninae","Genus":"Parakingena","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Parakingena SUN, 1981, p. 250","Type_species":"* P. xizangensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, roundly pentagonal, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak short, erect, beak ridges angular, foramen large, subcircular, permesothyrid, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct, exterior finely pustulate with low plicae near anterior margin. Dental plates long, divergent. Cardinal process low, bilobate, inner hinge plates subhorizontal, uniting medianly and supported by bladelike median septum, loop bilacunar.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1463, 1a-dd. *P. xizangensis, Lower Cretaceous, a- c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1 (Sun, 1981), d-d d, serial transverse sections 0.2, 0.9, 1.8, 2.2, 2.6, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, 5.2, 5.7, 6.8, 7.0, 7.1, 7.4, 7.8, 8.1, 8.5, 9.0, 9.7, 11.0, 11.3, 12.0, 15.3, 15.5, 15.8 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (adapted from Sun, 1981).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun, 1981, \nadapted from Sun, 1981","figure_index":"fig. 1463. laqueidae (p. 2203).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-562.jpg?height=222&width=1257&top_left_y=1572&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rossithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Parakingeninae","Genus":"Rossithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rossithyris OWEN, 1980, p. 138","Type_species":"*. humpensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, oval, biconvex, rectimarginate, shell smooth, beak low, erect, foramen small, permesothyrid. Dental plates short, subparallel, supporting inwardly directed, peglike hinge teeth. Septalium Y-shaped, consisting of steeply inclined inner hinge plates fused to high, bladelike median septum, loop bilateral. Upper Cretaceous (Campanian): Antarctica (James Ross Island).","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","Geography":"Antarctica (James Ross Island)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1463, 3a-p. * R. humpensis, a, dorsal view of holotype, NHM BB 76773, X1.5 (Owen, 1980), b-p, serial transverse sections 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 2.0, 2.2, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9, 3.1, 3.3, 3.5, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.5 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (adapted from Owen, 1980).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nOwen, 1980, \nadapted from Owen, 1980","figure_index":"fig. 1463. laqueidae (p. 2203).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-562.jpg?height=222&width=1257&top_left_y=1572&top_left_x=206)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Waconella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Parakingeninae","Genus":"Waconella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Waconella OWEN, 1970, p. 74","Type_species":"Terebratula wacoensis ROEMER, 1852, p. 81, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Medium, smooth, biconvex, oval-pentagonal to elongate-oval, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, beak ridges sharp, foramen small, permesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Cardinal process not differentiated, septalium well developed, median septum extending about half valve length, adult loop bilateral.\"","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"USA (Texas), Mexico","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1464, 2a-y. *W. wacoensis (Roemer), Texas, USA, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1970), d-y, serial transverse sections 0.4, 1.4, 1.7, 2.1, 2.6, 3.0, 3.6, 4.0, 4.4, 4.7, 5.1, 5.6, 6.9, 6.3, 6.6, 7.1, 7.5, 7.9, 8.2, 8.6, 8.9, 9.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (adapted from Owen, 1970).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1970, \nadapted from Owen, 1970","figure_index":"fig. 1464. laqueidae (p. 2203).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-563.jpg?height=154&width=1238&top_left_y=1728&top_left_x=213)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kafirnigania":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliopsinae","Genus":"Kafirnigania","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kafirnigania KATZ, 1962, p. 138","Type_species":"K. pentangulata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Small, elongate-subpentagonal in outline, smooth, biconvex, anterior commissure weakly uniplicate, less commonly rectimarginate, beak erect, beak ridges sharp, foramen submesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct. Dental plates slightly convex, diverging from beak, lateral umbonal cavities deep. Well-developed, Y-shaped septalium. Loop (possibly incipiently) trabecular, haptoid and diploform juvenile loop stages also known.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Last_Occurrence":"Turonian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","Geography":"Tadzhikistan Republic","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1466, 2a-bh. * K. pentangulata, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, No. 4-770\/1, author's collection, Kharkov State University, X1, d-g g, transverse serial sections 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.1, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1, 3.7, 3.9, 4.1, 4.3, 4.5, 4.7, 4.9, 5.0, 5.3, 5.7, 6.2, 6.8, 7.4, 8.0, 8.2 ~mm from ventral umbo, X1 (Katz, 1962), h h, loop reconstruction, X2 (adapted from Katz, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Katz, 1962, \nadapted from Katz, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1466. laqueidae (p. 2206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-566.jpg?height=1185&width=1277&top_left_y=883&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":89.39,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Psilothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliopsinae","Genus":"Psilothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Psilothyris COOPER, 1955b, p. 10","Type_species":"P. occidentalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Tamarella Owen, 1965, p. 57 (type, Terebratula tamarindus J. de C. Sowerby in Fitton, 1836, p. 338)","Synonyms":"Tamarella","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, smooth, biconvex, ovate to subpentagonal, rectimarginate to uniplicate, umbo erect, foramen small to large, round, mesothyrid, deltidial plates disjunct to conjunct, dental plates bladelike, cardinal process small, hinge plates fused, medianly concave, median septum short, slender, extending about 0.3 valve length, hinge plates fused with septum posteriorly to form septalium but may be free of hinge plates anteriorly, loop teloform, with short crura and long crural processes","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"North America, Europe, Lower Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1466, 1a-e. *P. occidentalis, Lower Cretaceous, Arizona, USA, a-d, dorsal, lateral, anterior, and posterior views of holotype, USNM 124191, X2 (Cooper, 1955b), e, posterior part of interior of conjoined valves showing dental plates, medianly fused inner hinge plates with upturned edges, crura, and partially descending loop branches, X4 (Cooper, 1955b).","Museum_or_author_information":"USNM, \nCooper, 1955, \nCooper, 1955","figure_index":"fig. 1466. laqueidae (p. 2206).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-566.jpg?height=1185&width=1277&top_left_y=883&top_left_x=208)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dalligas":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Laqueidae","Subfamily":"Dalligadinae","Genus":"Dalligas","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dalligas STEINICH, 1968b, p. 336","Type_species":"D. nobilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute to small, thin-shelled, elongate-oval to subcircular, weakly capillate, hinge line straight, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, foramen large, hypothyrid. Cardinal process not differentiated, cardinalia consisting of sessile septalium, crura absent, loop axial with laterally directed septal flanges on posteroventral edge of high septal pillar. Lophophore spiculate.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1462, 3a-e. *D. nobilis, Germany, a-d, dorsal, ventral, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 10 (Steinich, 1968), e, lateral oblique view of dorsal interior, \u00d7 10 (Steinich, 1968b).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1968, \nSteinich, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1462. laqueidae (p. 2201-2209).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-560.jpg?height=1677&width=1275&top_left_y=229&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xenothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Terebrataliinae","Genus":"Xenothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xenothyris Ching, Rong, & SUN, 1976, p. 337","Type_species":"X. tuilaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, hinge line straight, ventribiconvex, multiplicate, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, beak short, suberect, foramen semicircular, without deltidial plates. No ventral septum, dental plates short, highly divergent. Cardinal process low, flattened, narrow outer hinge plates present between divergent inner socket ridges, and crural bases as in Terebratalia, loop imperfectly known, possibly trabecular, dorsal median septum long, low posteriorly, high at midvalve, and forming a low ridge anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1468, 3a-d. * X. tuilaensis, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X1, d, reconstruction of dorsal interior showing possibly incomplete loop, X4 (Ching, Rong, & Sun, 1976).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ching, Rong, & Sun, 1976","figure_index":"fig. 1468. terebrataliidae (p. 2211-2213).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-570.jpg?height=1884&width=1284&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=202)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gemmarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Gemmarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gemmarcula ELLIOTT, 1947, p. 145","Type_species":"G. aurea, OD, = Terebratula truncata J. de C. Sowerby, 1826 in 1826-1829, p. 21, non Anomia truncata LINNAEUS, 1767, p. 1, 152","Synonyms_with_authors":"Trifidarcula Elliott, 1959, p. 147 (type, Terebratella trifida Meyer, 1864, p. 167, OD)","Synonyms":"Trifidarcula","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, biconvex, strophic, ovate to subquadrate, costate, rectimarginate to parasulcate, umbo short, suberect, attrite, foramen large, submesothyrid, symphytium present. Dental plates short, ventrally divergent, pedicle collar present. Cardinalia strong, buttressed by median septum, cardinal process transverse and countersunk in shallow hinge trough, adult loop trabecular, with small flanges extending laterally from transverse band, loop ontogeny similar to Terebratalia.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe, North America, Upper Cretaceous","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 1a-d. *G. aurea, Lower Cretaceous, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, anterior views of holotype, BMNH BB 9251, X2 (new), d, dorsal valve interior, X6.5 (MuirWood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"BB, \nMuirWood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Arenaciarcula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Arenaciarcula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Arenaciarcula ELLIOTT, 1959, p. 147","Type_species":"Terebratella fittoni MEYER, 1864, p. 250, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ovate, costate, commissure uniplicate to parasulcate, beak erect, beak ridges sharp, foramen mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates fused to side of valve. Septalium with raised inner socket ridges, crural bases, and median septal ridge, cardinal process consisting of medianly bifid myophore. Adult loop possibly trabecular. Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian): England, France, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Russia, Turkmenistan.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Aptian)","First_Occurrence":"Aptian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Aptian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"England, France, Belgium, Poland, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Russia, Turkmenistan","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 5a-m. * A. fittoni (Meyer), Aptian, England, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views of exterior, X2, d-m, serial transverse sections 1.1, 1.4, 1.9, 2.2, 2.6, 2.9, 3.2, 3.6, 3.9, 4.3 ~mm from ventral umbo, X2 (Owen, 1977).\u2014\u2014Fig. 1470, 5n. A. beaumonti (D'Archiac), Cenomanian, Belgium, dorsal interior, X2 (Owen, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977, \nOwen, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).\nfig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Aptian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":121.4,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Choristothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Choristothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Choristothyris COOPER, 1942, p. 233","Type_species":"Terebratula plicata SAY, 1820, p. 43, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, subcircular, multicostate to plicate, sulcate, shell thick, beak suberect to erect, foramen large, submesothyrid, deltidial plates small, disjunct, Hinge teeth large, with deep fossettes in supporting callus, ventral muscle area large, flabellate, divided by low, stout median ridge, Cardinalia strong, inner socket ridges strong and high, hinge plate small, concave, cardinal process massive, trilobed, median septum high, thin, reaching to center of valve, crural processes long, slender, loop trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"North America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 2a-c. * C. plicata (Say), New Jersey, USA, a, dorsal exterior, X1, b-c, dorsal valve interior, interior showing calciteencrusted loop, \u00d72 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Ruegenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Gemmarculinae","Genus":"Ruegenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Ruegenella OWEN, 1977, p. 224","Type_species":"Terebratula bumboldti HAGENOW, 1842, p. 539, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium size, subquadrate to oval, costae rounded, anterior commissure rectimarginate to parasulcate, beak acuminate, incurved, foramen small, circular, mesothyrid, symphytium well exposed, beak ridges sharp, interarea extensive. Cardinal process massive, bilobed, hinge plates thickened, fused, median septum low. Adult loop trabecular. Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian): Belgium, Germany.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","First_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Belgium, Germany","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1470, 6a-e. * R. humboldti (Hagenow), R\u00fcgen, Germany, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977), d-e, views of dorsal valve interior showing trabecular loop, X4 (Steinich, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977, \nSteinich, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1470. terebrataliidae (p. 2213-2215).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-572.jpg?height=1898&width=1306&top_left_y=219&top_left_x=191)","beginning_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":72.17,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Trigonosemus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Trigonoseminae","Genus":"Trigonosemus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Trigonosemus K\u00d6NIG, 1825, p. 3","Type_species":"T. elegans, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Delthyridea M'Coy, 1844, p. 150 (type, Delthyridaea McCoy King, 1850, p. 141, OD), Fissirostra D'Orbigny, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 269 (type, Terebratula recurva Defrance, 1828b, p. 133), Fissurirostra d'Orbigny, 1850 in 1849-1852, p. 132, nom. null., errore pro Fissirostra","Synonyms":"Delthyridea, Fissirostra, Fissurirostra, Fissirostra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, unequally biconvex to planoconvex, strophic, beak high, incurved, acutely pointed, unisulcate, shell thick, costate, interarea high, smooth, concave, foramen small, circular, permesothyrid, symphytium high and narrow. Ventral valve posteriorly thickened, teeth heavy, dental plates thick, lateral umbonal cavities vestigial. Cardinalia dominated by massive cardinal process with swollen base, dorsal diductor muscle scars deeply sunken, median septum thick, extending anteriorly to just over half valve length, loop narrow, rather small, trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"France, Belgium, Holland, England, Turkmenia","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1472, 1a-d. *T. elegans, Maastrichtian, Ciply, Belgium, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977), d, dorsal valve interior, X4 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nOwen, 1977, \nMuir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Dereta":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Trigonoseminae","Genus":"Dereta","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Dereta ELLIOTT, 1959, p. 147","Type_species":"Terebratula pectita J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium to large, subcircular, strongly biconvex, costate, anterior commissure unisulcate, foramen round to oval, mesothyrid, beak suberect, beak ridges angular, lateral areas smooth, bordering symphytium. Pedicle collar present, median ridge in ventral umbonal area, dental lamellae strong. Cardinal platform small, thick, cardinal process high, narrow, pillarlike, hinge plates fused anteriorly and supported by high median septum, adult loop possibly trabecular.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous (Albian)","First_Occurrence":"Albian","Ending_age":"Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian)","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1472, 3a-c. *D. pectita (Sowerby), England, dorsal valve, lateral, and anterior views, X2 (Owen, 1977).","Museum_or_author_information":"Owen, 1977","figure_index":"fig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Albian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":113.2,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Terebrirostra":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Laqueoidea","Family":"Terebrataliidae","Subfamily":"Trigonoseminae","Genus":"Terebrirostra","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Terebrirostra D'ORBIGNY, 1847 in 1847-1851, p. 269","Type_species":"Terebratula lyra J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 83, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Lyra Cumberland in J. Sowerby, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 84, nom. nud.","Synonyms":"Lyra","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium, biconvex, ornament of wavy radial costellae, dorsal valve elongate-oval to subtrigonal in outline, ventral valve very elongate, suberect beak, anterior commissure rectimarginate or slightly unisulcate, beak ridges angular, deltidial plates conjunct. Dental plates extending whole length of umbo, anteriorly curved and uniting with lateral margin. Cardinalia with large, triangular sockets, central hinge trough deep, cardinal process large, trilobed, median septum long, thin, extending anteriorly from cardinalia, adult loop teloform, long, thin.","Beginning_age":"Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Cretaceous","Geography":"Western Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1472, 2a-b. *T. lyra (Sowerby), England, lateral and dorsal views of exterior, X1.5 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1934)., \u2014\u2014Fig. 1472, 2c. T. incurvirostrum Lamplugh & Walker, England, dorsal valve interior, X2.5 (adapted from Muir-Wood, 1934).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1934, \nadapted from Muir-Wood, 1934","figure_index":"fig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).\nfig. 1472. terebrataliidae (p. 2215-2216).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)\n![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-574.jpg?height=1162&width=1280&top_left_y=228&top_left_x=204)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bronnothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Megathyridoidea","Family":"Megathyrididae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bronnothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bronnothyris Popiel-Barczyk & SMIRNOVA, 1978, p. 134","Type_species":"Terebratula bronnii ROEMER, 1841, p. 41, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, semicircular to subpentagonal in outline, wider than long, biconvex to planoconvex, plicate, with 6 to 10 broad, low costae, beak erect, foramen large, trigonal, deltidial plates narrow, disjunct. Pedicle collar well developed, ventral septum thin, short. Cardinal process low, broad, hinge plates broad, circular, concave, dorsal septum high, long, reaching from cardinalia to anterior margin, short septal flanges extending ventrally from dorsal septum.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (lower Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)-Paleogene (lower Danian)","Geography":"Germany, Denmark, Poland, England, The Netherlands","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1474 a-o . * B. bronnii (Roemer), lower Maastrichtian, Kronsmoor, northwestern Germany, a, dorsal valve view, \u00d7 10, b, dorsal valve interior, \u00d715 (Johansen & Surlyk, 1990); c\u2013o, serial transverse sections 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 1.1, 1.2, 1.35, 1.5, 1.75, 1.8 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d718 (Steinich, 1966).","Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":"fig. 1474. megathyrididae (p. 2218-2220)","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-577.jpg?height=1969&width=1283&top_left_y=144&top_left_x=207)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":64.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Bouchardiella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Bouchardioidea","Family":"Bouchardiidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Bouchardiella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Bouchardiella Doello-Jurado, 1922, p. 200","Type_species":"Bouchardia patagonica IHERING, 1903a, p. 210, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, ventribiconvex, elongate-oval, thick shelled, beak short, straight, foramen permesothyrid, attrite, symphytium flat to concave. Ventral valve greatly thickened, bearing prominent grooves to accommodate inner socket ridges. Cardinal process small, bilobed myophore, posteriorly inserted on cardinal platform, socket ridges prominent, septal pillar high anteriorly and bearing 2 short, posteriorly inclined flanges. Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene: Australia, South America.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Paleogene","Last_Occurrence":"Paleogene","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene","Geography":"Australia, South America","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1478, 2a. * B. patagonica (Ihering), Paleogene, Argentina, dorsal view of holotype, X2 (Ihering, 1903a)., Fig. 1478, 2 b-e. B. cretacea (Etheridge), Western Australia, b, dorsal view, X6, c, dorsal valve interior, X7, d, ventral valve interior, X6, e, oblique anterior view of conjoined valves showing septal pillar and septal flange abutting ventral valve, X10 (new).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ihering, 1903","figure_index":"fig. 1478. bouchardiidae (p. 2223-2224).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-582.jpg?height=1581&width=1297&top_left_y=220&top_left_x=193)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Chattian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":23.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Aemula":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Platidiinae","Genus":"Aemula","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Aemula STEINICH, 1968a, p. 193","Type_species":"A. inusitata, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Shell small (up to 8 mm in length), thin, oval to irregular subcircular, may be wider than long, planoconvex, dorsal valve smooth, ventral valve may carry fine spines, beak short, suberect, foramen large, amphithyrid, irregular in outline, deltidial plates narrow. Pedicle collar short, teeth small, dental plates slender. Hinge plates weakly developed, crura absent, septal pillar triangular with small, divergent septal flanges on apex, lophophore schizolophous to zygolophous. Differs from Platidia in lacking both crura and descending branches.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)","First_Occurrence":"Santonian","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"Danian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)-Paleogene (Danian)","Geography":"northwestern Germany, Santonian-Maastrichtian, England, Campanian, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Maastrichtian-lower Danian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1479, 1a-c. *A. inusitata, Maastrichtian, Hvidskud, Mon, Denmark, a-b, dorsal and ventral views, X10 (Surlyk, 1974), c, dorsal valve interior, X10 (Steinich, 1968a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Surlyk, 1974, \nSteinich, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1479. platidiidae (p. 2225-2226).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-584.jpg?height=1708&width=1287&top_left_y=218&top_left_x=203)","beginning_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":85.7,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":61.66,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Scumulus":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Platidioidea","Family":"Platidiidae","Subfamily":"Platidiinae","Genus":"Scumulus","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Scumulus STEINICH, 1968a, p. 199","Type_species":"*S. inopinatus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, thin shelled, outline subtriangular to elongate-oval, flattened biconvex, short, straight beak, foramen large, amphithyrid in juveniles to hypothyrid in adults. Pedicle collar distinct. Brachidium represented by descending branches that extend between crura and narrow, high, subtriangular septal pillar with truncated apex, lophophore strongly spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"England, upper Campanian, Denmark, Maastrichtian","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1480, 1a-d. * S. inopinatus, Maastrichtian, Denmark, a-b, dorsal and lateral view of small specimen, c, dorsal valve interior, d, lateral view of brachidium, X20 (Steinich, 1968a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Steinich, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1480. platidiidae (p. 2226-2227).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-585.jpg?height=751&width=1298&top_left_y=226&top_left_x=195)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":50,"beginning_date":77.91,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Tioriorithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Stethothyridinae","Genus":"Tioriorithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Tioriorithyris Hiller & MACKINNON, 2000, p. 74","Type_species":"Campages chathamensis ALLAN, 1932b, p. 14, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subtriangular to subpentagonal, smooth, biconvex, parasulcate, beak suberect, attrite, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium low, gently convex, beak ridges not developed. Crural bases prominent, diverging from immediately anterior of linguiform, elevated cardinal process, and enclosing a narrow, elongate, nearly flat septalium, loop teloform. Paleogene (Paleocene-Eocene): New Zealand (Chatham Islands).","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Eocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Eocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Paleocene-Eocene)","Geography":"New Zealand (Chatham Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1489, 1 a- d. ^* T. chathamensis (Allan), a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, UCM 1436, X2, d, detail of dorsal interior, X5 (Hiller & MacKinnon, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"T, \nHiller & MacKinnon, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1489. terebratellidae (p. 2240).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-598.jpg?height=962&width=1283&top_left_y=224&top_left_x=200)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Priabonian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":33.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chathamithyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratellidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratelloidea","Family":"Terebratellidae","Subfamily":"Terebratellidae - Subfamily uncertain","Genus":"Chathamithyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chathamithyris ALLAN, 1932b, p. 15","Type_species":"C. traversi, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, elongate oval, strongly biconvex, rectimarginate to gently unisulcate, beak suberect, foramen large, mesothyrid, symphytium low. Cardinalia lamellar, septalium with gently inclined, equidimensional, inner and outer hinge plates separated by indistinct crural bases, cardinal process with ovate myophore, crura short, loop teloform. Paleogene (Paleocene): New Zealand (Chatham Islands).","Beginning_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleogene (Paleocene)","Geography":"New Zealand (Chatham Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1490, 1 a-b .*C. traversi, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, UCM 1439, x4.6 (Muir-Wood, 1965a).","Museum_or_author_information":"Muir-Wood, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1490. terebratellidae (p. 2240-2242).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-599.jpg?height=1531&width=1285&top_left_y=222&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Nucleata":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Dyscolioidea","Family":"Nucleatidae","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Nucleata","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Nucleata QUENSTEDT, 1868 in 1868-1871, p. 25","Type_species":"N. collina, OD, =Terebratulites nucleatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1820, p. 281","Synonyms_with_authors":"Glossothyris Douvill\u00e9, 1879, p. 267, obj., Vjalovithyris Tchorszhevsky, 1989b, p. 33 (type, V. pinguis Tchorszhevsky, 1989b, p. 34, OD)","Synonyms":"Glossothyris, Vjalovithyris","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subrounded to subpentagonal in outline, ventribiconvex or planoconvex, anterior commissure unisulcate, beak short, truncated by small to medium foramen, beak ridges obscure, no symphytium, cardinal process small, short crural bases expanding directly into crural processes and curving into wide transverse band of very short, wide, rounded loop","Beginning_age":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)","First_Occurrence":"Bathonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Last_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Geological_periods":"Middle Jurassic (Bathonian), Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian)-Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","Geography":"Indonesia (Sula Islands)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1423, 5a-o. *N. nucleata (Schlotheim), White Jura, Bavaria, Germany, a-b, dorsal and anterior views of silicified specimen, X2, c, ventral valve with loop exposed, X2 (Cooper, 1983), d-0, serial transverse sections, 1.2, 1.7, 2.2, 2.5, 2.9, 3.5, 4.1, 4.4, 4.7, 4.9, 5.3, 5.7 ~mm from first section, X1 (Barczyk, 1969).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983, \nBarczyk, 1969","figure_index":"fig. 1423. nucleatidae and uncertain (p. 2142-2144).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_968d276220dcf6c203b5g-501.jpg?height=1830&width=1285&top_left_y=225&top_left_x=199)","beginning_stage":"Bathonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":168.17,"ending_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":93.9,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Basiliocostella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Basiliolidae","Subfamily":"Basiliolinae","Genus":"Basiliocostella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Basiliocostella dulai, Bitner, & M\u00fcller, 2007","Type_species":"*B. kambueheli; OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"[This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Dulai, Alfr\u00e9d, M. A. Bitner, & P\u00e1l M\u00fcller. 2007 (in press). A monospeci\ufb01c assemblage of a new rhynchonellide brachiopod from the Paleocene of Austria. Proceedings of the Fifth International Brachiopod Congress, Copenhagen 2005, Fossils and Strata 47.]","Beginning_age":"Paleocene","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleocene","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleocene","Geography":"Austria","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Costerymnaria":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Pugnacoidea","Family":"Erymnariidae","Subfamily":"Erymnariinae","Genus":"Costerymnaria","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Costerymnaria Motchurova-Dekova & TADDEIRUGGIERO, 2000, p. 182","Type_species":"C. italica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A shell with numerous, well-developed costae beginning from the umbonal region, elongate-subtriangular to subcircular in shape, strongly subequibiconvex, anterior commissure asymmetrically twisted, internal characters similar to Erymnaria, dental plates convex in cross section, septiform crura, sometimes lyre-shaped distally","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian)","First_Occurrence":"Cenomanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-upper Campanian)","Geography":"Italy","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1820, 2a-l. *C. italica, Cenomanian, Matese Group, Molise, a-d, holotype, dorsal, lateral, anterior, ventral views, PMNUF 6\/M 16999, x2, e-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.1, 2.8, 3.2, 3.8, 4.3, 4.7, 5.2, 5.4, PMNUF 7\/M 16998-2, x2.5 (Motchurova-Dekova & Taddei-Ruggiero, 2000).","Museum_or_author_information":"Motchurova-Dekova & Taddei-Ruggiero, 2000","figure_index":"fig. 1820. basiliolidae and erymnariidae (p. 2730).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-461.jpg?height=1667&width=1266&top_left_y=249&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Woodwardirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Cyclothyrididae","Subfamily":"Cyclothyridinae","Genus":"Woodwardirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Woodwardirhynchia Simon & OWEN, 2001, p. 57","Type_species":"Cretirhynchia cuneiformis \u0420\u0415\u0422TITT, 1950, p. 6, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Costate dorsibiconvex shells, slightly wider than long, costae dense, becoming subangular toward margins, with narrow intervening sulci, beak short and curved, beak ridges distinct, flanking conspicuous palintrope, hypothyridid, auriculate foramen. Pedicle collar well developed, dental plates divergent ventrally in their early stages and subparallel to slightly convergent anteriorly, forked hinge plates, generally short, triangular in outline with a ventral concave surface, crura diverging laterally, inwardly concave, and becoming straight in transverse section near distal end, thin median septum persistent on dorsal valve floor.   [This genus was segregated from Cretirhynchia Pettitt and assigned to Cyclothyridinae.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian)","First_Occurrence":"Turonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"England, France, Belgium, ?Poland, ?India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1828a-m. *W. cuneiformis (Pettitt), upper Turonian, Bardouville near Rouen, Seine Maritime, France, a-e, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, IRScNB IST 10832, x1.74, f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.35, 2.65 , 3.15, 3.75, 4.2, 4.55, 4.8, 5.05, IRScNB IST 10832, approximately x1.65 (Simon & Owen, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simon & Owen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1828. cyclothyrididae (p. 2736).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-469.jpg?height=842&width=1271&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Turonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":93.9,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Harmignirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Harmignirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Harmignirhynchia Simon & OWEN, 2001, p. 85","Type_species":"Cretirhynchia intermedia PETTITT, 1950, p. 14, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, this genus is a close ally to Homaletarhynchia Simon & Owen, yet, both may be treated independently for having also such affinities to aphelesiines as inwardly concave crura, resembling subfalciform-hamiform in scope.","Synonyms":"Cretirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Multicostate, slightly biconvex, symmetrical shells, transversely oval in outline, always wider than long, lenticular in anterior view and lateral profile, numerous faint costae, sometimes reduced in number near commissure. Dental plates convergent ventrally, dorsal myophragm low, short, hinge plates relatively wide and crural bases subquadrate but often inwardly concave, posterior part of crura strongly concave, crura steep, deflected ventrally, remaining close together or slightly diverging laterally, angle formed by distal parts of crura widely obtuse in transverse section. Originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, this genus is a close ally to Homaletarhynchia Simon & Owen, yet, both may be treated independently for having also such affinities to aphelesiines as inwardly concave crura, resembling subfalciform-hamiform in scope.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian)","Last_Occurrence":"upper Campanian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian-upper Campanian)","Geography":"United Kingdom, Belgium","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1829, 1a-m. *H. intermedia (\u0420\u0435\u0442\u0442\u0456\u0442\u0442), lower Campanian, East Harnham, Wiltshire, England, a-e, topotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, BMNH B.92742-5, x2.4, f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 2.3, 3.0, 3.8, 4.15, 4.65, 4.85, 5.15, 5.55, BMNH B. 92742-5, approximately x1.46 (Simon & Owen, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simon & Owen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1829. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 2736-2741).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-470.jpg?height=1713&width=1281&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":72.17,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Lewesirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Lewesirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Lewesirhynchia Simon & OWEN, 2001, p. 77","Type_species":"*Terebratula octoplicata J. Sowerby, 1816, in 1815-1818, p. 37, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"This genus was originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, but both genera may be treated independently, pending further revision.","Synonyms":"Cretirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Multicostate, biconvex, symmetrical shells, with numerous costae generally faint near umbo, becoming elevated toward margins, near commissure, costae sometimes reduced in number, but incipient splitting of them is observed occasionally. Thick shelled, umbo filled with callus, pedicle collar absent, thick dental plates, convergent ventrally, dorsal myophragm variably developed, inner socket ridges extending anteriorly, hinge plates very small, triangular, becoming anteriorly indistinct, crural base inwardly concave, developing with hinge plate and anterior part of inner socket ridge, original hook structure visible in transverse section, crura raduliform, slightly diverging.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian)","First_Occurrence":"Coniacian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian, ?lower Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-lower Campanian, ?lower Maastrichtian)","Geography":"United Kingdom, ?India","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1830a-m. *L. octoplicata (Sowerby), Coniacian, Chalk, Lewes, Sussex, England, a-e, topotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, BMNH B.8379-1, x1.77, f-m, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 3.5, 4.35, 4.75, 5.65, 6.1, 6.65, 7.3, 8.05, BMNH B.8379-1, approximately x1 (Simon & Owen, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simon & Owen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1830. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 2741).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-471.jpg?height=1158&width=1286&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=225)","beginning_stage":"Coniacian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":89.39,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":50,"ending_date":69.72,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Chathamirhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Hemithiridoidea(?) - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Chathamirhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Chathamirhynchia Lee & MOTCHUROVA-DEKOVA, 2007","Type_species":"C. kahuitara, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"A genus of rhynchonellide brachiopods described by Lee & Motchurova-Dekova in 2007, found in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) of New Zealand. The new genus and species Chathamirhynchia kahuitara were described from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand.    [This genus was published or found in the literature since September 2004, the cutoff date for inclusion of full generic descriptions for Treatise Brachiopod Volume 6.   SOURCE: Lee, D. E., & Neva Motchurova-Dekova. 2007. Chathamirhynchia kahuitara, a new genus and species of Late Cretaceous rhynchonellide brachiopod from the Chatham Islands, New Zea land: Shell structure, paleoecology and biogeography. In Brachiopod Research into the Third Millennium, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth and Environmental Sci ence, vol. 98(parts 3 and 4). Edinburgh.]","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian)","First_Occurrence":"Campanian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"New Zealand, Chatham Islands","Figure_captions":null,"Museum_or_author_information":null,"figure_index":null,"figure_link":null,"beginning_stage":"Campanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":83.65,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Oleneothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratuloidea","Family":"Terebratuloidea - Family uncertain","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Oleneothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Oleneothyris COOPER, 1942, p. 233","Type_species":"Terebratula harlani MORTON, 1828, p. 73, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, smooth, elongate oval, ventribiconvex, anterior commissure uniplicate to sulciplicate, foramen large, submesothyrid, symphytium mostly concealed. Ventral valve thickened posteriorly, pedicle collar long, tubular, cardinal process large, semielliptical, crural processes large, triangular, crural bases forming ridge along inner edge of narrow, concave outer hinge plates, loop variable, 0.3 dorsal valve length, triangular, with strongly arched transverse band, some loops with long terminal points resembling those of some Jurassic loboidothyridoids.","Beginning_age":"Paleocene","First_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Ending_age":"Paleocene","Last_Occurrence":"Paleocene","Geological_periods":"Paleocene","Geography":"USA (New Jersey, North Carolina)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1879, 4a-d. *O. harlani (Morton), New Jersey, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x0.5, d, interior of dorsal valve, x1 (Cooper, 1983).","Museum_or_author_information":"Cooper, 1983","figure_index":"fig. 1879. uncertain and orthotomidae (p. 2803-2807).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-533.jpg?height=169&width=1262&top_left_y=634&top_left_x=242)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Thanetian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":56,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Zenobiathyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulidina","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulidina - Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Zenobiathyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Zenobiathyris CRAIG, 1999, p. 427","Type_species":"Z. mutabilis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subpentagonal, biconvex, capillate, rugose, anterior commissure rectimarginate to uniplicate, foramen large, mesothyrid, deltidial plates conjunct. Pedicle collar narrow, sessile, cardinal process delicate, no median septum, crural base fused to inner socket ridge, no hinge plates discernible, loop short, thin, transverse band short, wide, with median fold. No illustration of loop available.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian)","First_Occurrence":"Santonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-Maastrichtian)","Geography":"Western Australia (Perth Basin, Carnarvon Basin)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1881, 3a-c. * Z. mutabilis, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, WAM83.3148a, x2 (Craig, 1999).","Museum_or_author_information":"Craig, 1999","figure_index":"fig. 1881. uncertain (p. 2807-2808).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-537.jpg?height=1425&width=1284&top_left_y=264&top_left_x=233)","beginning_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":85.7,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Gwyniella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Gwyniella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Gwyniella JOHANSEN, 1987, p. 26","Type_species":"G. persica, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, smooth, subcircular to subpentagonal in outline, resupinate to biconvex, beak very low, recessed, foramen hypothyrid. Hinge weak, brachidium poorly developed, consisting of short, delicate crura and short, high, pointed septal pillar, lophophore probably schizolophous.\"","Beginning_age":"Paleocene (lower Danian)","First_Occurrence":"lower Danian","Ending_age":"Paleocene (lower Danian)","Last_Occurrence":"lower Danian","Geological_periods":"Paleocene (lower Danian)","Geography":"Denmark","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 3a-c. *G. persica, a, holotype, dorsal view, MGUH 16953, x10, b, interior of ventral valve, x10, c, interior of dorsal valve, x10 (Johansen, 1987).","Museum_or_author_information":"MGUH, \nJohansen, 1987","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":66.04,"ending_stage":"Danian","fraction_up_ending_stage":33,"ending_date":64.6,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Kingenella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Kingenella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Kingenella POPIEL-BARCZY\u041a, 1968, p. 72","Type_species":"K. kongieli, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small to medium, subcircular to oval in outline, smooth or slightly capillate, strongly biconvex, rectimarginate, beak ridges weak, beak obtuse, generally truncated but may be recurved, deltidial plates disjunct, foramen hypothyrid. Ventral valve with short pedicle collar, hinge teeth small, thick, no dental plates, cardinal process vestigial, outer and inner hinge plates fused to produce a flat platform attached to very long median septum, crura short, loop trabecular, strongly spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Poland, Belgium, Ukraine","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 8a-d. *K. kongieli, Maastrichtian, Poland, a-c, holotype, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, MZ VIII Bra. 411\/7, x2, d, dorsal valve interior, x2 (Popiel-Barczyk, 1968).","Museum_or_author_information":"Popiel-Barczyk, 1968","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Leptothyrellopsis":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Leptothyrellopsis","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Leptothyrellopsis Bitner & PISERA, 1979, p. 82","Type_species":"* L. polonicus, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"\"Minute, shell smooth, elongate oval, flatly biconvex, anterior commissure rectimarginate, beak erect, foramen large, subtriangular, hypothyrid, deltidial plates narrow. No pedicle collar, inner socket ridges high, high, platelike septal pillar in dorsal valve.\"","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Poland, Denmark","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1883, 7a-c. * L. polonicus, Poland, a-b, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, x10, c, dorsal valve interior, x10 (Bitner & Pisera, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Bitner & Pisera, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1883. uncertain (p. 2810-2812).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-541.jpg?height=1870&width=1276&top_left_y=256&top_left_x=235)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Magas":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Magas","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Magas J. SOWERBY, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 39","Type_species":"Magas J. Sowerby, 1816 in 1815-1818, p. 39 *M. pumilus (illustrated in FaUJas, 1798, pl. 26, 6), OD, = Terebratulites chitoniformis VON Schlotheim, 1813, p. 113 (see WIND, 1954, p. 79)","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, smooth, planoconvex, unisulcate, beak strongly incurved, deltidial plates narrow, triangular, beak ridges sharp. Ventral interior with constricted beak area, hinge teeth with swollen bases, short, low median ridge tapering anteriorly and posteriorly with deep muscle scars. Cardinalia wide, inner socket ridges thick, sunken median cardinal platform with small cardinal process raised on this, septalium but tressing cardinalia and rising very high as anteriorly directed pillar, crura short, descending branches narrow, straight, broadly attached to septum beneath two posteriorly directed curved lamellae, loop annular, spiculate.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1884, 1a-e. * M. chitoniformis (vON Schlotheim), a-b, dorsal and lateral views, x2, c-d, interior views of ventral and dorsal valve with reconstructed loop, x4.2, e, lateral view of reconstructed loop, x2 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1884. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-543.jpg?height=1838&width=1272&top_left_y=265&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Praeneothyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Praeneothyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Praeneothyris KATZ, 1962, p. 143","Type_species":"P. darvaensis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, subcircular, smooth, rectimarginate, beak erect, strongly incurved, foramen minute, mesothyrid. Hinge teeth large, cardinal process and dorsal median septum thickened, ventral septum may be present, loop teloform.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Tadzhikistan, Caucasus, Bulgaria, India, Madagascar","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1885, 4a-d. *P. darvaensis, Tadzhikistan, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, x1, d, reconstruction of loop, x1 (Katz, 1962).","Museum_or_author_information":"Katz, 1962","figure_index":"fig. 1885. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-544.jpg?height=1614&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchora":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchora","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchora DALMAN, 1828, p. 135","Type_species":"Terebratula costata Nilsson, 1827, p. 37, OD, =Anomites costatus Wahlenberg, 1821, p. 62, Anomia pectinata LINNAEUS, 1758, p. 701","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, thick shelled, ventribiconvex, coarsely costate, unisulcate; foramen very large, small deltidial plates; hinge teeth large, widely separated, short, low median ridge; cardinalia thick, rounded, socket ridges thick and fused with cardinal platform; cardinal process a large, slightly raised median surface area on platform, hollows under cardinal platform beneath crural processes, median septum thin, supporting cardinalia, high posteriorly and extending to midvalve, loop unknown.","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"northwestern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1885, 1a-f. * R. pectinata (Linnaeus), Sweden, a-d, lectotype, exterior, interior, lateral, and anterior views of dorsal valve, Linnean Collection, Linnean Society of London, x1 (Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967), e-f, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Brunton, Cocks, & Dance, 1967, \nElliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1885. uncertain (p. 2812-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-544.jpg?height=1614&width=1279&top_left_y=259&top_left_x=238)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Rhynchorina":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Rhynchorina","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Rhynchorina OEHLERT, 1887, p. 1326","Type_species":"Anomites spathulatus WAHLENBERG, 1821, p. 62, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"smooth exterior, cardinalia with very wide concave outer hinge plates, marked crural bases with convex inner hinge plates arching over septum and meeting in median ridge, which runs back to cardinal process, loop similar to that of Magas","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"northwestern Europe","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 3. *R. spathulata (Wahlenberg), interior of dorsal valve, x5 (Elliott & Hatai, 1965).","Museum_or_author_information":"Elliott & Hatai, 1965","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Xinjiangthyris":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Xinjiangthyris","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Xinjiangthyris Sun & WANG, 1984, p. 95","Type_species":"X. ovalis, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Large, transversely oval, rectimarginate, smooth, planoconvex to biconvex, beak slightly incurved, foramen mesothyrid, delthyrium covered with henidium, beak ridges angular. Teeth large, with swollen bases, no dental plates, cardinalia strong, massive, cardinal process high, bulbous, with bilobate myophore, hinge plates thick, united with and supported by stout septum, septalium short, loop teloform. Upper Cretaceous: China (Xinjiang).","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"China (Xinjiang)","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 2a-b. *X. ovalis, holotype, dorsal and lateral views, x1 (Sun & Wang, 1984).","Museum_or_author_information":"Sun & Wang, 1984","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Cenomanian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":100.5,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Yuezhuella":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Terebratulida","Suborder":"Terebratulida - Suborder uncertain","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Terebratulida - Suborder,  Superfamily and Family uncertain","Family":"None","Subfamily":"None","Genus":"Yuezhuella","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Yuezhuella Jin & Ye in Ye & YANG, 1979, p. 69","Type_species":"* Y. minor, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":null,"Synonyms":null,"Distinguishing_characteristics":"Small, roundly pentagonal, biconvex, smooth, anterior commissure rectimarginate to weakly uniplicate, foramen submesothyrid. Dental plates short, slightly divergent, hinge plates fused with inner socket ridges, septalium wide, shallow, supported by long, high septum, crura short, loop long (about 0.5 dorsal valve length), descending branches uniting with septum anteriorly.","Beginning_age":"Lower Cretaceous","First_Occurrence":"Lower Cretaceous","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous","Last_Occurrence":"Upper Cretaceous","Geological_periods":"Lower Cretaceous-Upper Cretaceous","Geography":"Tibet","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1886, 4a-m. * Y. minor, a-c, dorsal, lateral, and anterior views, \u00d7 2, d, anterior view of interior, \u00d7 2, e-l, serial transverse sections 0.12, 1.0, 1.5, 1.9, 2.1, 2.6, 3.0, 3.3 mm from ventral umbo, \u00d7 2, m, loop reconstruction, \u00d7 2 (Ye & Yang, 1979).","Museum_or_author_information":"Ye & Yang, 1979","figure_index":"fig. 1886. uncertain (p. 2815-2816).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-545.jpg?height=95&width=280&top_left_y=1467&top_left_x=986)","beginning_stage":"Berriasian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":143.1,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"},"Homaletarhynchia":{"Phylum":"Brachiopoda","Subphylum":"Rhynchonelliformea","Class":"Rhynchonellata","Subclass":"None","Order":"Rhynchonellida","Suborder":"None","Infraorder":"None","Superfamily":"Hemithiridoidea","Family":"Tetrarhynchiidae","Subfamily":"Cretirhynchiinae","Genus":"Homaletarhynchia","Formal_genus_name_and_reference":"Homaletarhynchia Simon & OWEN, 2001, p. 91","Type_species":"Terebratulites limbatus von SCHLOTHEIM, 1813, p. 113, OD","Synonyms_with_authors":"Originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, this may be regarded as a full genus","Synonyms":"Cretirhynchia","Distinguishing_characteristics":"Medium-sized, symmetrical, biconvex shells, ornamentation generally smooth or with very faint radial grooves, development of costae limited to anterolateral commissure, beak small, pointed, and generally curved, beak ridges well developed, hypothyridid foramen with conjunct, protruding deltidial plates. Dental plates ventrally convergent, pedicle collar rarely developed, dorsal myophragm stout, long, very strong hinge structure, with ventrally expanded inner socket ridges, crural bases subquadrate, crura slightly concave in their posterior part, remaining close together.   [Originally proposed as a subgenus of Cretirhynchia Pettitt, this may be regarded as a full genus, perhaps ancestral to Aphelesia c OOPer , due to inwardly concave crura, resembling hamiform-subfalciform in scope. Additional evidence in support of sound family reallocation is forthcoming from current detailed SEM studies of excavated crura and shell microstructure by MOtchurOva-deKOva and SiMOn (2007).]","Beginning_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian-)","First_Occurrence":"Santonian","Ending_age":"Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)","Last_Occurrence":"Maastrichtian","Geological_periods":"Upper Cretaceous (Santonian- Maastrichtian)","Geography":"England, Ireland, France, Belgium, Germany, Poland","Figure_captions":"Fig. 1829, 2a-l. *H. limbata (von Schlotheim), upper Maastrichtian, Jandrain, Brabant, Belgium, a-e, hypotype, ventral, dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior views, IRScNB IST 10838, x1.87, f-l, transverse serial sections, distances in mm from ventral umbo, 0.8, 1.6, 2.0, 2.3, 2.55, 2.9, 3.2, IRScNB IST 10838, approximately x1.65 (Simon & Owen, 2001).","Museum_or_author_information":"Simon & Owen, 2001","figure_index":"fig. 1829. tetrarhynchiidae (p. 2736-2741).","figure_link":"![] (https:\/\/cdn.mathpix.com\/cropped\/2025_02_26_d7774e0ab85147588859g-470.jpg?height=1713&width=1281&top_left_y=260&top_left_x=232)","beginning_stage":"Santonian","fraction_up_beginning_stage":0,"beginning_date":85.7,"ending_stage":"Maastrichtian","fraction_up_ending_stage":100,"ending_date":66.04,"geojson":"Unkown","region":"Unkown","sub-region":"Unkown","province":"Unkown","sub_province":"Unkown"}},"isSynonym":false}